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Government regulations In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e- The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-[1] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers’ personal [2] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC

电子商务发展战略 政府牵头战略 加快扬州信息化、发展电子商务既是一项高技术事业,更是一项社会事业。在信息化建设过程中,百分之二十是技术、资金,百分之八十是组织、协调,这就要求政府必须将信息化工作摆上重要议事日程,制定切实可行的目标和组织管理措施。电子商务是一项庞大的系统工程,牵涉到政策法规、认证体系、金融部门、物流配送等一系列相关因素,因此政府必须统筹规划,加强领导。 以电子政务带动电子商务战略 网上“中国扬州”(-)建站以来,取得了较好的效果,成了扬州政府对外的一扇重要窗口。电子商务的主体不是政府,而是广大企业,但扬州企业特别是中小企业对电子商务普遍认识不足,即使建站,大多数也是“拉动式”和“推动式”的,企业自身缺乏应有的热情,所以,这些网站发挥的作用并不大,再加上人才、资金等其它因素的制约,影响了电子商务的发展。 所以,必须实施以电子政务带动电子商务战略,如网上交税、网上通关、网上政策法规咨询、网上企业资信查询等,使广大企业充分认识到,没有互联网,根本就无法进行日常的企业经营管理,使电子政务成为广大企业一日不可无的重要手段。 要做到这一点,扬州政府网站任重道远,还需要加大投入,现在的扬州政府网站许多是“电子展示”性质的,里面许多内容不经常更新,数据库建设有待加强,业务管理系统几乎是一片空白,因此必须加强建设,真正实现网上报税,网上招标、网上行政审批等功能。 人才培养战略 电子商务需要战略管理人才、项目管理人才、工程技术人员、业务操作人员等不同知识结构,不同层次的人才,人才已经成为制约电子商务发展的瓶颈,扬州市是教育大市,历来有尊师重教的传统。扬州现有扬州大学、扬州职大电大、扬州教育学院等一批高校,从2000年开始,陆续开设了电子商务专业,目前电子商务专业在校生已经有数百人,但就目前的情况看,这些高校电子商务专业普遍存在规模小、力量薄弱问题,另外电子商务本科人才及高层次人才领域还是空白,必须引起足够的重视。此外,政府应出台相关政策,从外地吸引人才,留住人才。 企业门户网站战略 建立扬州企业门户网站,已经成为迫在眉睫的首要问题,请看如下数据。 2003年3月18日网上主要搜索引擎关键字“扬州”搜索结果:搜狐471个、新浪348个、网易334个、中国雅虎259个、3721网络实名321个。 需要说明的是,以上搜索结果包括所有含有“扬州”关键词的网站,包括政府、教育、经济、电信等,其中企业网站约占80%。另外,在以上几家搜索引擎登记的企业有不少是重复的,如果我们取这些企业网站的并集,能在这些搜索引擎上找到的扬州企业也不足1000家。据2003年1月CNNIC的调查报告,江苏省国际域名网站总数为37万,江苏省国际域名网站是3万,估计扬州市约有3000家网站,如果算上一些免费网站,再加上“扬州企业上网”工程网站(这些网站并不都有自己的域名),扬州企业上网总数应该在20000家左右,但在网上能够查到只有5%。 造成这些情况的原因是多方面的,如搜索引擎开始收费,企业对搜索引擎登记不够重视等。企业上网的目的是为了拓展市场,增强竞争力,而扬州市绝大多数企业都是中小企业,普遍存在着对电子商务重视不够,技术力量薄弱,人才缺乏等问题,因此,政府和工业主管局必须牵头,共同建好扬州企业门户网站,凡是在扬州工商局注册的广大工商企业,都可以免费链接,政府负责扬州企业门户网站的宣传和推介工作,以一点带动一片,使扬州企业门户网站变成全国乃至全球了解扬州企业的重要窗口,将扬州企业门户网站建成扬州电子商务的重要平台,成为扬州企业的名片。 这里需要指出的是,扬州企业门户网站只能有一个,不能是一批,要下大力气搞好门户网站,以点带面,避免资金分散投入。其次是免费链接,扬州门户网站是为广大企事业单位服务的,必须才有人气,千万不能将扬州企业门户网站办成商业性网站。 企业信息化战略 企业信息化是电子商务的基础,没有企业内部管理的信息化,根本谈不上电子商务,企业信息化并不是指企业拥有多少台电脑,而是这些电脑用于企业经营管理的广度和深度。目前扬州市企业信息化面偏低,水平不高,完整实施ERP的企业还很少,已经严重影响了电子商务的发展。政府应出台相关政策,鼓励企业实施信息化。 电子商务基础平台建设战略 电子商务是一项系统工程,涉及到政府、商家、银行、物流配送等诸多环节,目前有两件事情是要尽快实施的。一是金融电子化,可以考虑由人民银行组织推进金融电子化进程,首先在网上将各商业银行卡互联互通,同时可以进行网上支付。二是要加快建立电子商务认证中心,完善网上企业身份认证系统。这两方面已经成为制约扬州电子商务发展的瓶颈,必须加快建设。 面向全球战略 随着INTERNET的出现和中国加入WTO,地球真正成为地球村。发展电子商务,必须面向全球,绝大多数企业业务是可以面向国际市场的,这些企业必须建好英文网站。 扬州市电子商务模式 B2B优先发展原则 据统计,目前电子商务交易额中,企业与企业之间的电子商务交易额是整个电子商务交易额的80%,因此,广大企业是电子商务的的主要力量,应该采取措施,鼓励广大企业加入到综合型和垂直型的一些大型电子商务平台网站中去,如阿里巴巴全球贸易信息网、易创化工网、中国纺织在线等。 逐步强制推行B2G 采取措施,逐步强制推行企业与政府之间的电子商务,初期可以在一些具备条件的领域进行,如政府采购、网上税务申报、网上进出口退税、网上报关等,以后可以逐步推广到其它政府服务项目,如网上企业资信查询、网上行政审批、网上政府办公等。 立足全国,建好C2C门户 广大网民的存在是电子商务的基础,扬州目前专门的消费者与消费者之间的电子商务平台还没有,C2C只是作为一些大型网站的一项很小的内容。对C2C门户的建设必须引起足够的重视,要立足全国,建成一个在全国具有较大影响的C2C平台,在平台上可以开展多种服务,这些服务许多是免费的,如聊天、免费域名和空间、免费新闻等,必须有长远眼光,真正将C2C平台建设成国内一流的门户网站,这是扬州电子商务的名片。 信息化包括信息化基础设施、信息化技术和信息化应用,电子商务就是信息化应用的具体体现。电子商务是一项系统工程,在经济转轨阶段,政府牵头,制订区域电子商务战略并付诸实施,对于加快信息化进程,进而带动工业化,推进城市现代化,具有十分重要的意义。

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不知道,随便给你一个疏水缔合型聚合物P(AMTA)溶液性质的研究疏水缔合型水溶性聚合物是指在聚合物亲水性大分子链上带有少量疏水基团的一类水溶性聚合物。在聚合物水溶液中,疏水基团之间由于憎水作用而发生聚集,使大分子链产生分子内和分子间缔合。在临界缔合质量分数以上,形成分子间缔合为主的超分子结构,增大了流体力学体积,故具有较好的增黏性。在盐溶液中,由于小分子电解质的加入增加了溶液极性,使疏水缔合作用增强,表现出明显的抗盐性质。 疏水缔合型水溶性高分子很难合成,且不易表征,把疏水部分连接到水溶性聚合物链上,一般采用胶束共聚合或者使用具有表面活性的大单体进行共聚,胶束聚合需要在体系中加入大量的表面活性剂,这就增加了后处理过程的复杂性。利用表面大单体共聚合,需要事先合成大单体,这方面的技术也有相当大的难度。作者采用丙烯酸十四酯作为疏水单体,直接用沉淀聚合法制备疏水缔合型聚合物P(AM/TA)共聚物,从而使共聚反应及其产物的后处理过程较为简单易行。并用凯达尔定氮法表征共聚物的组成,研究共聚物的溶液性能和对苯丙乳液的增稠性。 1实验 1.1试剂 丙烯酰胺(AM),质量分数不少于985%,根据文献提供的方法提纯;N,N-甲基甲酰胺(DMF),分析纯;甲醇、氯化钠,化学纯;丙烯酸十四酯(TA),实验室自制;苯丙乳液由福建省福州树脂有限公司提供。 1.2P(AM/TA)共聚物的合成 称取一定量的AM和TA单体,用DMF溶解,转入三颈瓶中,通氮除氧。升温至80℃,加入引发剂反应4h,过滤,产物用甲醇洗涤多次,以除去未反应的单体。40℃真空干燥至恒重。 1.3分析测试 凯达尔定氮法测定共聚物的组成。用乌氏黏度计测定共聚物溶液特性黏度[η],测试温度为(30±O1)℃。聚合物溶液表观黏度用NDJ-I型旋转黏度计测定。 2结果与讨论 2.1共聚物稀溶液性质不同疏水基团摩尔分数的P(AM/TA)共聚物在蒸馏水和w(NaCl)=5%的溶液中的特性黏度[η]值列于表1。 聚合物的[η]正比于溶液中大分子线团的流体力学体积,因而能反应大分子线团收敛、卷曲的程度。从表1可知,随共聚物的TA链节摩尔分数的增加,其水溶液的[η]值逐渐减小,在w(NaCl)=5%的溶液中也是持续减小。这是因为在稀溶液中,疏水基团缔合以分子内缔合为主,随着TA摩尔分数的增加,分子内缔合增强,导致分子链卷曲。在盐溶液中,由于离子电荷的作用,使疏水链节分子内缔合力增强,分子链收缩,因而[η]值也持续下降。 2.2疏水基团TA摩尔分数对聚合物溶液黏度的影响 图1和图2分别表示P(AM/TA)系列共聚物及PAM在蒸馏水和w(NaCl)=5%的溶液中表观黏度与聚合物质量分数的关系曲线。PAM溶液黏度随其质量分数的增加而平缓上升,而疏水共聚物溶液的质量分数为3O%~4O%时其黏度急剧增加,表明疏水基团聚集而导致分子间缔合,形成了物理交联网络。此时共聚物溶液的质量分数即是临界缔合的质量分数。如图1所示,随TA摩尔分数增加,共聚物溶液的黏度显著增加。当疏水基团摩尔分数较高时,其溶液黏度随质量分数增加的速度更快,共聚物的临界缔合质量分数降低。如图2所示,加入Nacl溶液后,溶液表观黏度有较大提高,如质量分数为O%的P(AM/TA)-1 5聚合物溶液在20℃,转速为6r/min时,黏度达OmPs,而在水溶液中的黏度只有374mPa·s。不同TA摩尔分数的聚合物的质量分数均较其在纯水中低。Hydrophobically associating polymer P (AMTA) the nature of the study solution Hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer is the hydrophilic polymer with a small amount of macromolecular chain hydrophobic group of a class of water-soluble Aqueous solution in the polymer, the hydrophobic groups and between the role as a result of hydrophobic aggregation occurred, so that large molecules have a molecular chain and inter-molecular Associating the critical mass fraction of the above, the formation of intermolecular association based supramolecular structure, increases the volume of fluid mechanics, it has good by In salt solution, because of the addition of small molecule electrolyte solution increased polarity, so that co-operation with enhanced hydrophobic association, shows that the nature of the Hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer-based synthesis is difficult and not easily characterized, in part to hydrophobic chains connected to the water-soluble polymer, the general use of micellar copolymerization, or the use of the large surfactant monomer to copolymerization, polymer micelles need in the system by adding a large number of surface-active agent, which, after an increase of the complexity of the The use of the surface monomer copolymerization, the need for prior synthesis of large monomer, this technology also has considerable Author tetradecyl acrylate used as a hydrophobic monomer, the direct use of precipitation polymerization Preparation of hydrophobically associating polymer P (AM / TA) copolymers, so that the product of copolymerization and post-processing is more simple and easy And characterization of nitrogen determination Kedar copolymer composition, study the solution properties of copolymers of styrene-acrylic emulsion and of the 1 Experimental 1 Reagents Acrylamide (AM), the mass fraction of not less than 985 percent, according to documents provided by purification methods; N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF),分析纯; methanol, sodium chloride, chemical pure; acrylic 10 four acetate (TA), laboratory-made; styrene-acrylic emulsion resin from Fuzhou in Fujian Province L 2P (AM / TA) Copolymer Check that a certain amount of monomer AM and TA, using DMF dissolved into three-neck bottle, pass oxygen Warming to 80 ℃, reaction by adding initiator 4h, filtering, washing the product several times with methanol to remove unreacted 40 ℃ vacuum drying to constant 3 Analysis and Testing Determination of nitrogen Kedar will be the composition of Determination of intrinsic viscosity with copolymer solution viscosity [η], the test temperature (30 ± O1) ℃ Apparent viscosity of polymer solution with NDJ-I-type rotary viscometer 2 Results and Discussion 1 Dilute Solution Properties of Copolymers of different mole fraction of hydrophobic groups of the P (AM / TA) copolymers in distilled water, and w (NaCl) = 5% of the solution intrinsic viscosity [η] values listed in Table Polymer [η] is proportional to the solution of the fluid dynamics of macromolecular coil volume, which can respond to the convergence coil macromolecules, the degree of We can see from Table 1, with the copolymer chain of the TA increase in mole fraction, the aqueous solution of [η] value decreases in w (NaCl) = 5% of the solution is continued to This is because in dilute solution, the hydrophobic group to intramolecular association based association, with the mole fraction of the increase in TA, to enhance intramolecular association, resulting in the molecular chain In salt solution, because of the role of ionic charge, so that intramolecular hydrophobic chain to enter into force enhancement, molecular chain contraction, so [η] value continued to TA hydrophobic group 2 mole fraction of polymer solution viscosity on the impact of figures 1 and 2, respectively, P (AM / TA) series of copolymers and PAM in distilled water, and w (NaCl) = 5% in the apparent viscosity of the solution and the relationship between the mass fraction of polymer PAM solution viscosity with the increase of mass fraction of gentle rise, and the hydrophobic copolymer solution for the mass fraction of 3O% ~ 4O%, when a sharp increase in viscosity, indicating that aggregation of hydrophobic groups and lead to intermolecular association, forming a physical crosslinking网络 At this point the mass fraction of copolymer solution that is the critical mass fraction of the As shown in Figure 1, with the mole fraction of TA increased, the viscosity of copolymer solution increased When the mole fraction of hydrophobic groups is high, the solution viscosity increases with the mass fraction of the faster, the critical aggregation copolymer mass fraction As shown in Figure 2, by adding Nacl solution, the solution has greatly enhanced apparent viscosity, such as the mass fraction of O% for the P (AM / TA) -1 5 polymer solution at 20 ℃, rotation speed 6r/min , the viscosity of OmPs, and viscosity in aqueous solution only 374mPa TA different mole fraction of the mass fraction of polymer in water were

我给你推荐两个吧,国内网站来说算是最全的了,一个是掌桥科研(有五千多万篇吧,涵盖各学科,可直接获取原文),另一个是INFOMINE学术资源(汇集了大量供高校及研究人员使用的外文文献)

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我给你推荐两个吧,国内网站来说算是最全的了,一个是掌桥科研(有五千多万篇吧,涵盖各学科,可直接获取原文),另一个是INFOMINE学术资源(汇集了大量供高校及研究人员使用的外文文献)

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不知道,随便给你一个疏水缔合型聚合物P(AMTA)溶液性质的研究疏水缔合型水溶性聚合物是指在聚合物亲水性大分子链上带有少量疏水基团的一类水溶性聚合物。在聚合物水溶液中,疏水基团之间由于憎水作用而发生聚集,使大分子链产生分子内和分子间缔合。在临界缔合质量分数以上,形成分子间缔合为主的超分子结构,增大了流体力学体积,故具有较好的增黏性。在盐溶液中,由于小分子电解质的加入增加了溶液极性,使疏水缔合作用增强,表现出明显的抗盐性质。 疏水缔合型水溶性高分子很难合成,且不易表征,把疏水部分连接到水溶性聚合物链上,一般采用胶束共聚合或者使用具有表面活性的大单体进行共聚,胶束聚合需要在体系中加入大量的表面活性剂,这就增加了后处理过程的复杂性。利用表面大单体共聚合,需要事先合成大单体,这方面的技术也有相当大的难度。作者采用丙烯酸十四酯作为疏水单体,直接用沉淀聚合法制备疏水缔合型聚合物P(AM/TA)共聚物,从而使共聚反应及其产物的后处理过程较为简单易行。并用凯达尔定氮法表征共聚物的组成,研究共聚物的溶液性能和对苯丙乳液的增稠性。 1实验 1.1试剂 丙烯酰胺(AM),质量分数不少于985%,根据文献提供的方法提纯;N,N-甲基甲酰胺(DMF),分析纯;甲醇、氯化钠,化学纯;丙烯酸十四酯(TA),实验室自制;苯丙乳液由福建省福州树脂有限公司提供。 1.2P(AM/TA)共聚物的合成 称取一定量的AM和TA单体,用DMF溶解,转入三颈瓶中,通氮除氧。升温至80℃,加入引发剂反应4h,过滤,产物用甲醇洗涤多次,以除去未反应的单体。40℃真空干燥至恒重。 1.3分析测试 凯达尔定氮法测定共聚物的组成。用乌氏黏度计测定共聚物溶液特性黏度[η],测试温度为(30±O1)℃。聚合物溶液表观黏度用NDJ-I型旋转黏度计测定。 2结果与讨论 2.1共聚物稀溶液性质不同疏水基团摩尔分数的P(AM/TA)共聚物在蒸馏水和w(NaCl)=5%的溶液中的特性黏度[η]值列于表1。 聚合物的[η]正比于溶液中大分子线团的流体力学体积,因而能反应大分子线团收敛、卷曲的程度。从表1可知,随共聚物的TA链节摩尔分数的增加,其水溶液的[η]值逐渐减小,在w(NaCl)=5%的溶液中也是持续减小。这是因为在稀溶液中,疏水基团缔合以分子内缔合为主,随着TA摩尔分数的增加,分子内缔合增强,导致分子链卷曲。在盐溶液中,由于离子电荷的作用,使疏水链节分子内缔合力增强,分子链收缩,因而[η]值也持续下降。 2.2疏水基团TA摩尔分数对聚合物溶液黏度的影响 图1和图2分别表示P(AM/TA)系列共聚物及PAM在蒸馏水和w(NaCl)=5%的溶液中表观黏度与聚合物质量分数的关系曲线。PAM溶液黏度随其质量分数的增加而平缓上升,而疏水共聚物溶液的质量分数为3O%~4O%时其黏度急剧增加,表明疏水基团聚集而导致分子间缔合,形成了物理交联网络。此时共聚物溶液的质量分数即是临界缔合的质量分数。如图1所示,随TA摩尔分数增加,共聚物溶液的黏度显著增加。当疏水基团摩尔分数较高时,其溶液黏度随质量分数增加的速度更快,共聚物的临界缔合质量分数降低。如图2所示,加入Nacl溶液后,溶液表观黏度有较大提高,如质量分数为O%的P(AM/TA)-1 5聚合物溶液在20℃,转速为6r/min时,黏度达OmPs,而在水溶液中的黏度只有374mPa·s。不同TA摩尔分数的聚合物的质量分数均较其在纯水中低。Hydrophobically associating polymer P (AMTA) the nature of the study solution Hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer is the hydrophilic polymer with a small amount of macromolecular chain hydrophobic group of a class of water-soluble Aqueous solution in the polymer, the hydrophobic groups and between the role as a result of hydrophobic aggregation occurred, so that large molecules have a molecular chain and inter-molecular Associating the critical mass fraction of the above, the formation of intermolecular association based supramolecular structure, increases the volume of fluid mechanics, it has good by In salt solution, because of the addition of small molecule electrolyte solution increased polarity, so that co-operation with enhanced hydrophobic association, shows that the nature of the Hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer-based synthesis is difficult and not easily characterized, in part to hydrophobic chains connected to the water-soluble polymer, the general use of micellar copolymerization, or the use of the large surfactant monomer to copolymerization, polymer micelles need in the system by adding a large number of surface-active agent, which, after an increase of the complexity of the The use of the surface monomer copolymerization, the need for prior synthesis of large monomer, this technology also has considerable Author tetradecyl acrylate used as a hydrophobic monomer, the direct use of precipitation polymerization Preparation of hydrophobically associating polymer P (AM / TA) copolymers, so that the product of copolymerization and post-processing is more simple and easy And characterization of nitrogen determination Kedar copolymer composition, study the solution properties of copolymers of styrene-acrylic emulsion and of the 1 Experimental 1 Reagents Acrylamide (AM), the mass fraction of not less than 985 percent, according to documents provided by purification methods; N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF),分析纯; methanol, sodium chloride, chemical pure; acrylic 10 four acetate (TA), laboratory-made; styrene-acrylic emulsion resin from Fuzhou in Fujian Province L 2P (AM / TA) Copolymer Check that a certain amount of monomer AM and TA, using DMF dissolved into three-neck bottle, pass oxygen Warming to 80 ℃, reaction by adding initiator 4h, filtering, washing the product several times with methanol to remove unreacted 40 ℃ vacuum drying to constant 3 Analysis and Testing Determination of nitrogen Kedar will be the composition of Determination of intrinsic viscosity with copolymer solution viscosity [η], the test temperature (30 ± O1) ℃ Apparent viscosity of polymer solution with NDJ-I-type rotary viscometer 2 Results and Discussion 1 Dilute Solution Properties of Copolymers of different mole fraction of hydrophobic groups of the P (AM / TA) copolymers in distilled water, and w (NaCl) = 5% of the solution intrinsic viscosity [η] values listed in Table Polymer [η] is proportional to the solution of the fluid dynamics of macromolecular coil volume, which can respond to the convergence coil macromolecules, the degree of We can see from Table 1, with the copolymer chain of the TA increase in mole fraction, the aqueous solution of [η] value decreases in w (NaCl) = 5% of the solution is continued to This is because in dilute solution, the hydrophobic group to intramolecular association based association, with the mole fraction of the increase in TA, to enhance intramolecular association, resulting in the molecular chain In salt solution, because of the role of ionic charge, so that intramolecular hydrophobic chain to enter into force enhancement, molecular chain contraction, so [η] value continued to TA hydrophobic group 2 mole fraction of polymer solution viscosity on the impact of figures 1 and 2, respectively, P (AM / TA) series of copolymers and PAM in distilled water, and w (NaCl) = 5% in the apparent viscosity of the solution and the relationship between the mass fraction of polymer PAM solution viscosity with the increase of mass fraction of gentle rise, and the hydrophobic copolymer solution for the mass fraction of 3O% ~ 4O%, when a sharp increase in viscosity, indicating that aggregation of hydrophobic groups and lead to intermolecular association, forming a physical crosslinking网络 At this point the mass fraction of copolymer solution that is the critical mass fraction of the As shown in Figure 1, with the mole fraction of TA increased, the viscosity of copolymer solution increased When the mole fraction of hydrophobic groups is high, the solution viscosity increases with the mass fraction of the faster, the critical aggregation copolymer mass fraction As shown in Figure 2, by adding Nacl solution, the solution has greatly enhanced apparent viscosity, such as the mass fraction of O% for the P (AM / TA) -1 5 polymer solution at 20 ℃, rotation speed 6r/min , the viscosity of OmPs, and viscosity in aqueous solution only 374mPa TA different mole fraction of the mass fraction of polymer in water were

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