论文文献综述怎么写
找文献。找这个领域内有重要研究意义的文献还有最新的文献。两者缺一不可，缺少前者，则发展脉络不清晰，缺少后者，则研究前沿不明确。主要是评论，而不是只是概述，指出文章的优缺点，最后总结出有哪些东西没有做完，哪些地方需要创新，得出论文的创新点。论文
论文文献综述怎么写
论文研究综述一般是对所研究的方向的前因后果、学术发展、进展、各家观点等进行提炼总结。
我国有管理的浮动汇率制下外汇储备存量问题研究 一、引言 东南亚金融危机以来，亚洲诸国痛定思痛，纷纷上调外汇储备额以应对国际游资的再次冲击，捍卫本国货币，我国也不例外。截止2003年末，我国外汇储备额已达创记录的4033亿美元，比10年前增长了近20倍，总量跃居世界第二位，举国上下无不为之欢欣鼓舞。然而，高额外汇储备是否真能在稳定一国汇率中起到"定海神针"的 作用，它在我国有管理的浮动汇率制下是否真有存在的必要，真的有利无弊呢？对此，许多经济学家和金融领域的专家学者纷纷提出了自己的独到见解，既有支持保 持现有储备存量观点的，又有认为应当降低储备数量的。因此本文献综述尝试对各种不同的观点进行归纳和整理，以利于在比较中分析利弊，抓住问题的实质。 本文基本上按照对外汇储备存量问题讨论的先后顺序展开。第二部分介绍刘力臻等人强调实行高额外汇储备的观点。这一观点的提出主要是通过分析东南亚金融危机得 出的，支持这一观点的学者们都认为在东南亚金融危机中亚洲诸国纷纷失守固定汇率的根源就在于没有强大的外汇储备作保证，使得国际投机游资在交战中占了上 风。第三部分介绍围绕刘力臻等人实行高额外汇储备的观点反对派学者（余永定等）所提出的种种反驳和理由，他们认为在有管理的浮动汇率制度下，有一定量的外 汇储备是维持汇率稳定所必需的，但通过维持大量外汇储备来抗御货币危机则是无效、危险和代价高昂的。第四部分则是关于一些经济学家提出的消化过量外汇储备 的建议。 二、赞成实行高额储备的观点及理由 许多专家学者都认为外汇储备快速增长对于我国经济的正面影响是非常明显的，归纳起来主要有以下几点理由： 东北师范大学刘力臻教授认为实行高额储备有利于防范国际金融风险和政治风险，保证国家在发展对外经济关系的过程中具有一定的流动性（刘力臻：《国际金融危机 四重分析》）。外汇储备可以用于干预外汇市场，以维持汇率稳定（在实行浮动汇率制度的国家，理论上是不需要为干预外汇市场而储备外汇的），夯实我国加快改 革开放和抵御外部冲击的物质基础，这在亚洲金融危机后变得更为明显。同时，入世后，我国持有的大量外汇储备明显提高了我国对世界经济的适应能力。 尹艳林在她所著的《从治理通货膨胀到防止通货紧缩》中提到外汇储备快速增长极大改善甚至是扭转了我国外汇资源短缺的局面，提高了我国的综合国力和宏观调控能 力，增强了海内外对中国经济和货币的信心，吸引了更多的外商来华投资。而且外汇储备多使得中央银行有能力通过收购外汇，投放基础货币，增加了货币供应，支 持了稳健的货币政策实施，抑制了国内通货紧缩的趋势（尹艳林：《从治理通货膨胀到防止通货紧缩》）。 外汇储备快速增长还有利于实施"走出去战略"。外汇储备大量增加反映了我国的资金过剩，有利于国内企业对外投资的扩大，特别是像家电、服装等优势产业，通过对外直接投资，将生产能力向其他发展中国家转移（于润/张岭松：《国际金融管理》）。 三、反对实行高额储备的观点及理由 中国人民银行货币委员会委员、中国社科院金融研究中心主任李扬在《中国的外汇储备观已经过时》一文中认为动用外汇储备进行干预以维持汇率稳定是一件十分冒险 的事情。在把辛苦赚来的大量外汇储备赌光之后，最终还是不得不使货币贬值。比如泰国、韩国等，货币当局都想通过抛售外汇来维持本国货币的稳定，而结果都是 宝贵的外汇被花光了，本币却依然下跌不止。外汇储备的职能已不在于实实在在地用真金白银去满足进口和支付债务的需要。在IMF对外汇储备功能的新表述中，“增强对本币的信心”被放在核心地位上。简单地说，外汇储备过去是准备“用”的，而现在，则主要是给人“看”的。因此，从这种意义上来说，过多的外汇储备已经没有什么必要。 社科院世界经济与政治研究所所长余永定认为外汇储备过多，目前已经造成我国极为短缺的外汇资本资源的浪费，出现穷国反而向富国输出资本，支援美国等发达国家 人民的高消费。同时，维持高额外汇储备的难度和成本加大，央行在保持巨额外币资产的同时，为防止货币供给量增长过快，又不得不通过出售国债的方法对迅速增 长的基础货币进行对冲操作，央行会因此承受很大损失，而且我国储备结构较为单一，其中的70%以美元的形式存在，外汇储备过多，必然会增大外汇储备的风险（余永定："消除人民币升值恐惧症"）。 央行分析，外汇储备增加过快的负面影响表现在三个方面，首先是给货币政策的独立性造成压力。其次是可能延缓结构调整和综合国际竞争力。第三针对我国贸易和国际压力逐渐加大。 另外，外汇储备过快增长可能刺激短期资本流入，加大人民币升值的国际压力（王雅范/管涛/温建东：《走向人民币可兑换：中国渐进主义的实践》）。 四、消化过量外汇储备的途径 一些学者提出多余外汇储备的出路可以考虑用这些储备引进国外先进技术和设备以及保证国家安全的战略物资，这样在支援我国经济建设的同时又加强了国防实力。另 一些学者在思考这个问题的同时也为今年初央行宣布使用部分外汇储备对国有银行进行资本金补充找到了理论依据，但提出在注资的同时要注意新的不良资产的产生。
论文文献综述怎么写
四级英语作文模板 现象解释型模板一 Recently,__________ What amaze us most is_________ It is true that_________ There are many reasons explaining_________ The main reason is________ What is more__________ Thirdly,__________ As a result_________ Considering all these,_________ For one thing,________ For another,_________ In conclusion,__________ 现象解释型模板二 As is known to all,_______ ________seem to get accustomed to_________ In fact,_______ The reasons of________lie in several Firstly,________ Secondly,________ Thidly,_________ Finaly,_________ As a matter of fact,_________ On the one hand,_________ On the other hand,__________ Therefore,___________ 对比选择型模板一 Recently,we may hear quite different opinions__________ Most people take it for granted that________ However,others hold________ A dominant idea is that_______ In this view,_______ Nevertheless,the objectors think________ They argue that________ As to me,I prefer________ On the one hand,________ On the other hand,________ Therefore,_________ In conclusion,_________ 现象解释型模板一 Recently,__________ What amaze us most is_________ It is true that_________ There are many reasons explaining_________ The main reason is________ What is more__________ Thirdly,__________ As a result_________ Considering all these,_________ For one thing,________ For another,_________ In conclusion,__________ 现象解释型模板二 As is known to all,_______ ________seem to get accustomed to_________ In fact,_______ The reasons of________lie in several Firstly,________ Secondly,________ Thidly,_________ Finaly,_________ As a matter of fact,_________ On the one hand,_________ On the other hand,__________ Therefore,___________ 现象解释型模板三 Nowadays,_________ For one thing,__________ For another,_________ It is obvious__________ Many remarkable factors contribute to_________ First of all,________ In addition,_________ Thirdly,_________ As to me,_________ As we know,_________ Besides,__________ In a word,__________ 现象解释型叙事类作文专用模板 It so happened that_________ Just at the moment,_________ It impressed me most because________ What hanppened was_________ At first,__________ Almost at the same time,_________ What’s more,___________ As a result,___________ As I understand,___________ On the on（转载自第一范文网，请保留此标记。）e hand,___________ On the other hand,___________ Therefpre,____________ 对比选择型模板一 Recently,we may hear quite different opinions__________ Most people take it for granted that________ However,others hold________ A dominant idea is that_______ In this view,_______ Nevertheless,the objectors think________ They argue that________ As to me,I prefer________ On the one hand,________ On the other hand,________ Therefore,_________ In conclusion,_________ 对比选择型模板二 There is a heated debate over_________ It is commonly accepted that_________ In contrast,others_________ Those who hold the first opinion suggest________ In their view,__________ However,others think__________ They argue that___________ Considering one after another,I stand on the side of_______ First of all,__________ Further more,__________ Thirdly,___________ Therefore,___________ 对比选择型模板三 Different people will offer quite different ideas________ Many people assert__________ However,others believe__________ Some may proclaim___________ They mainlain such an idea because_________ In contrast,the objectors think__________ The argue that_________ As far as I am concerned,I agree to_________ First,________ Second,________ Last but least,________ In a word,_________ 问题解决型模板一 With the_______of________,________(问题出现的背景) So it is of graet importance for us to_________ On the one hand,________ On the other hand,_________ However,we have figured out many ways to________ Firstly,________ So long as__________ Secondly,_________ Thirdly,_________ In fact,________ That is because________ In a word,_________ 问题解决型模板二 There has been a discussion recently about________ It is true to the present situation that_________ But_________ As is known to all,there are many ways________ First of all,_______ Further more,_______ Last but not least,________ So it is high time for us to_______ That is because_______ Secondly,_________ Thirdy,__________ All in all,_________ 问题解决型模板三 Nowadays,there is a growing concern on_______ It is certain that________ However,_________ It well cause many serious results if_______ Firstly,________ Secondly,________ Finaly,________ In spite of all these,there are still many ways________ First of all,________ In addition,________ Thirdly,_________ Only in this way,_________
其实那个有模板啊 可以用谷歌翻译器翻译下。。。
一，议论文的格式： 议论文的格式应由三个部分组成：立论部分，论证部分。结论部分。二，一般说来，议论文可分三个基本段落来写：第一段引出话题，第二段立论且加以论证，第三段给出明确的结论。第二段是中心段落，应试者应将主要的内容放在第二段中，同时也要注意开篇及结尾段落的完整性，且应尽量做到首尾呼应，切忌前后矛盾。 三，写作攻略：初中生在写议论文时要首先考虑自己的观点是什么，明确观点后要围绕观点进行论证，最后再进行总结。议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，但有时也要运用说明，叙述，描写等手法。初中议论文的写作格式一般为三段式：开头，主体和结尾。四，一般写作步骤如下：确定主题，引出论点。通过摆事实，讲道理来支持自己的观点。所用的事实，原因，理由应紧密地同结论联系在一起。得出结论。要简明扼要，回扣全文。扩展资料：模板范文Many students think that they do not need to learn Engish, because they don't plan to go abroad。But as to me, I am not in favour of this point of view。I think that English is very important to us, so we should learn English well。First of all, in the opening times, if you want to do business with foreigners, you must use English because most of them speak and write in English。Secondly, in the world today most books are written in English。If you know much English, you can read newspapers and magazines in English。Most important of all, you can learn something more widely。All in all, I hold the opinion that we should learn English well。 And I hope that all the students can use English freely。参考资料：百度百科——英语作文
一、正反观点式议论文万能句（对比观点型）作文框架模版给出观点——正反观点二选一（有的人认为，有的人认为，你的观点）There is a widespread concern over the issue that________（作文题目）But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to (开头一般题目给出)The majority think that________（观点一） First of all,________（原因一）Furthermore, ________（原因二） So it goes without saying that________（观点一）People,however,differ in their opinions on this Some people hold the view that________（观点二） On the one hand，________（原因一） On the other hand,________（原因二） Therefore, there is no doubt that ________（观点二）As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that观点一或二It is not only because ________(原因一), but also because ________（原因二）It's high time that________ (喊口号) Only in this way eventually can we ________（支持这一观点的结果）模版译文：有一个广泛引起关注的问题________。但众所周知有关这个热点话题的观点因人而异。绝大多数人认为________。首先，________。而且，________。因此不言而喻________。然而在这个话题上人们的观点各不相同。有的人持有的观点是________。一方面，________。另一方面，________。因此，毫无疑问________。就我而言，我强烈支持________的观点。不仅因为________，还因为________。该是________的时候了。只有这样我们最终才能________。二、“A或者B”类议论文万能句：（说明利弊型）作文框架模版：说明某一事物的优缺点及自己的看法Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily Generally speaking, its advantages can be seen as First of all ,________(A的优点之一)Moreover,________（A的优点之二）Besides ,________(A的优点之三)But every coin has two The negative aspects are also One of the important disadvantages is that ________(A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse, ________(A的第二个缺点)．Through above analyses, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative Therefore, I would like to________ (我的看法)．或者(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are Only by this way, (对前景的预测)．模版译文：现如今很多人更喜欢A,因为它在我们生活中扮演了一个重要的角色。总的来说。他的优点如下。首先________。而且，________。除此之外，________。但凡事都有利有弊，消极的一面也是很明显的。最重要的缺点是________。更糟糕的是________通过以上分析，我认为积极的一面胜过消极的一面。因此，我更喜欢________。三、观点论述类议论文万能句：（现象说明型）作文框架模版现象说明型：说明某一现象及其产生的原因和自己的看法Nowadays, there are more and more ________ (某种现象) in ________ (某种场合) It is estimated that________ (相关数据) Why have there been so many ________ (某种现象)? Maybe the reasons can be listed as To begin with, ________ (原因一) Besides, (原因二) Last but not least, ________ (原因三)Personally, the main cause of ________ (某种现象) is due to ________ (最主要原因) It is high time that something were done upon For one thing,________ (解决办法一) For another, ________ (解决办法二) All these measures will certainly reduce the amount of ________ (某种现象)模版译文：现如今在________(某种场合) 有越来越多的________。(某种现象) 据统计，________。为神马有如此多的________?也许原因如下。首先，________。除此之外，________。最后但同样重要的是，________。我认为，引起________的主要原因是________。该是时候采取些措施了。一方面，________。另一方面，________。所有这些措施都将会解决________。阐述主题型：要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．四、"How to"类议论文万能句：（问题解决型）作文框架模版模版①要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 1．问题现状 2．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face a problem________A, which , surprisingly , is becoming more and more First of all, ________(说明A的现状)．Secondly, ________(举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the For one thing,________(解决方法一) For another, ________(解决方法二) Finally, ________解决方法三)Personally, I believe that ________(我的解决方法) Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________(带来的好处)模版译文：现如今我们不得不面对一个问题________A，这个问题正变得越来越严重。首先，________。其次，________。面对A，我们应该采取一系列的措施来解决这个处境。一方面，________。另一方面，________。最后，________。就我而言，我认为________。因此，我相信一个崭新的未来正在等待着我们，因为________。图表作文写作万能句（图表分析型）（常给出折线图、饼状图、条形、扇形等统计图）描写图表变化趋势的词：（建议使用斜体加横线的词，个人认为比较形象）上升：increase / rise / go up / rocket（迅速增加） 下降：decrease / reduce / come down/ decline快：quickly / rapidly / sharply / dramatically 慢：slowly / gradually作文框架模版As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table (graph/ picture /pie /chart ), ________(作文的议题)has been on rise (increases /drops /decreases ), significantly /dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from_％ in _年_ to _％_ in _年_ From the sharp /marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that________(现象总结)There are at least two good reasons accounting for________(总结的现象) On the one hand, ____ On the other hand, ________ is due to the fact that ________ In addition, __ is responsible for ________ (Maybe there are some other reasons to show ______But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly )As far as I am concerned,I hold the view that _______ It's high time that________ (喊口号) Only in this way can ________（支持这一观点的结果）模版译文：正如图表所展示的那样，________一直在增长。从图表中飞速的增长，不言而喻________。至少有两个原因来解释________。一方面，________。另一方面，________是因为________除此之外,________是________的原由就我而言,我持有________的观点该是________的时候了只有这样我们最终才能________。
论文文献综述怎么写
论文文献综述怎么写