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合成丙二醇甲醚超过胺改性多孔二氧化硅超声技术学张甲，乙，温榆河张甲，乙，平利，赵宁，魏伟，孙予罕， * 一个国家重点实验室，煤转化研究所，煤化学，中国科学院，太原030001 ，中国b研究生院，中国科学院，北京100039 ，中国收到2006年5月16日接见了在修订的表格2006年7月10日;接受， 2006年7月12日网上提供2006年7月21日摘要胺改性多孔二氧化硅合成了超声波技术温和条件下。样本中，其中的特点由打赌， 29 Si核磁共振光谱，元素分析和指标吸附染料，展示了光明的催化性能，对合成丙二醇甲醚由甲醇和环氧丙烷。他们都高良品率和可重用性反应，这表明超声波技术是有效的为编写有机改性二氧化硅催化剂。此外，可能的反应机制提出了合成丙二醇甲醚对这种类型的催化剂。 2006年Elsevier公司乙诉，保留所有权利。 关键词：改性多孔硅;超声波技术;环氧丙烷;甲醇;丙二醇甲醚1 。导言试图把heterogenize均相催化剂替代更传统的试剂和催化剂得到的一个领域的研究，看到了越来越大的兴趣。 许多近期的工作重点是编制有机固体基地，以heterogenize均相胺类催化剂。改造过程中普遍经营搅拌，加热，回流等[ 1-3 ] 。 最近，有兴趣的合成声化学反应成长[ 4 ] 。超声波技术已被广泛适用于两相系统由于其自身的优势，如由于精度高，速度快。大多数的这些反应都涉及非均相化学相互作用[ 5 ] 。在面积多孔材料官能化有机群体， 然而，只有有限的应用超声已探索[ 6,7 ] 。在目前的工作，另一种合成航线，形成胺改性炭黑开发用超声波能量，能产生化学修改对固体汽蚀现象[ 8 ] 。 该胺改性二氧化硅''单网站''基地实力分别有前途的催化剂为各种各样的反应[ 9 ] 。 合成乙二醇醚超过基准催化剂是一个重要的一种反应，在有机合成中。有几种方法合成丙二醇甲醚[ 10,11 ] 。其中环氧丙烷的方法大多是方便和工业可行的。一般来说，丙烯氧化反应脂肪醇经酸或基地的催化作用。 用催化剂，在这个过程中，包括先前同质基地或酸（氢氧化钠，酒类钠和三氟化硼） ，后来固体酸和基地。然而，很少有研究报道使用胺改性氧化硅为催化剂合成丙二醇甲醚，虽然无机坚实基础催化剂表现良好的活性，在反应。该固定氨基酸职能上孔支持，而这是与''单网站''基地实力，可负担不起实现这种反应。 在当前的工作中，胺官能二氧化硅催化剂包括nh2/sio2 ，中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2 ， tapm / 二氧化硅（ 2,4,6 - triaminopyrimidine /二氧化硅）和tbd/sio2 （ 1,5,7 - triazabicyclo [ 4,4,0 ] dec-5-ene/sio2 ） ，准备3 -氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷（ aptms ） ， N -二[ 3 -（三methoxysilyl ）丙基]乙二胺（ edptms ）和3个- chloropropyltrimethoxysilane （ cptms ）作为耦合代理商，由超声波技术在温和的实验条件。在同一时间，以证实优点超声波技术， nh2/sio2还编写了传统的方法，以了解有效行为超声波技术在编写功能化多孔二氧化硅。此外，催化活性有机固体碱催化剂的评价由合成丙二醇甲醚从甲醇和环氧丙烷。此外，尽可能反应机理，提出了为合成丙烯乙二醇甲醚对这种类型的催化剂。 2 。实验1 。合成催化材料该胺官能二氧化硅催化剂，可取得了两方面的类似条件下，作为报早些时候[ 7 ] 。 aminopropylsilyl官能二氧化硅编写如下： 0克二氧化硅预热为12小时，在473 K的真空，以消除所有吸附水分，但地表哦小组，并比冷却下来，以室温在真空和转入250毫升三角烧瓶。 混合后，与0毫升环己烷和0毫升aptms ，混合在三角烧瓶投入超声波浴2小时（ sheshin ，日本，经营权60瓦特） 在常温下。该催化剂，然后得到了提取与甲苯在索氏提取器近一个时期以来24 h和干燥，在333 K的真空。同样的方法已用于编制中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2 。 tbd/sio2编写了两个步骤：二氧化硅是第一改性3 - chloropropyltrimethoxysilane途经同一法，因为这对aminopropylsilyl官能二氧化硅和chloropropylsilyl官能二氧化硅当时反应与tbd （ 0 g ）在环己烷（ 0毫升） 。由此治理后，由超声波振动1每小时随后， 催化剂，获得了提取与甲苯在索氏提取器近一个时期以来， 24小时和干燥333 K的真空。同样的方法已用于编制对tapm/sio2 。 2 。表征内容的碳，氮和氢在所有样品的测定用vario下午分析器。该比表面积，总孔容和平均孔隙直径测量N2吸附-解吸方法一micromeritics ASAP的2000文书（的Norcross 加文） 。表面地区进行了计算打赌方法，以及孔径分布得到运用bjh孔隙分析，以氮气吸附- 脱附等温线。 29 Si核磁共振谱录就bruker平均海面- 400分光计。该基地的实力样品检测哈米特指标。 3 。催化试验催化性能测试在75毫升一批反应堆与摩尔比的甲醇和环氧丙烷正在5:1 。运行后，在403 K的10小时下磁悲壮，反应堆冷却下来到室温。 该产品，然后再过滤和分析，由气相色谱仪与火焰离子化检测后，离心脱离催化剂。催化剂洗涤溶剂，并用于回收试验。 3 。结果与讨论1 。改性多孔二氧化硅与胺群体内容的碳，氮和氢无胺多孔硅和所有改性样品进行了元素分析。 wtorg 。和Norg 。 ％ 获得由n ％ ， c ％和H ％ （见表1 ） 。结果这有没有碳和氮在无胺多孔二氧化硅。因此，碳和氮在改性样品中，必须从有机硅烷。 元素分析表明， Norg的。 ％的嫁接有机群体达到常规方法称为从文献[ 12 ] 13 mmol / g上升，这是迄今为止低于该样本编制的超声波技术（ 00 mmol / g上升） （见表1 ） 。这应该是由于应用超声波能量，以固体和液体， 可提供变化，包括汽蚀（气泡形成，在一个流动性）和化学反应（加速度化学反应） ，等等[ 13 ] 。作为一个结果，过程包括颗粒大小修饰，清洗表面或形成新鲜[ 14,15 ] ，可获得了在非均匀介质中，在固液界面。 至于把有机改性的多孔硅，汽蚀现象所带来的超声波能加快液体转移速度在孔多孔材料与液固界面。因此，采用液体有机硅烷可以很好地接触silanol群体对内壁的多孔二氧化硅反应与他们在很短的时间，搅拌，而不能达到这种效果。 因此，改造过程中完成了简单迅速超声。 在29 Si核磁共振光谱在固体状态表示共价键之间形成silylant代理人和silanol 集团对二氧化硅表面（见图1 ） 。两个共振在109和99 ppm的原因可能是29 Si原子核四泗O型硅联系（第四季）和29 Si原子核经三泗O型硅的联系和一个哦（第三季） [ 16 ] ，分别为。 该共振，在58和67 ppm的被分配以RSI公司（ OSI ）以（ OH ） 2和的RSI （ OSI ）以3 ，分别为[ 17 ] ，其中说明成功的有机官能团的多孔二氧化硅有机群体通过共价键。的C / N 值（摩尔比） ，也可以在一定程度上反映嫁接反应silanol群体和有机硅烷[ 18 ] 。 nh2/sio2 ，中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2和tbd/sio2显示的C / N = 3-5 ， 5-0和3月3日至3月6日，分别。该结果，同时也表明锚碇胺群体四O型硅债券。这个同意的结果，该29sinmr谱。 2 。结构和碱度的样本图。二显示器N2吸附等温线为样本研究。该官能样品展示IV型等温线具有明确的滞后环与毛细管冷凝水气。这表明，在材料仍孔之前和之后官能和改性各种有机硅烷难以改变等温式。比表面积和孔容表明逐渐减少为易。 ％嫁接有机群体的增加（见表2 ） 。这可能是归功于在场的功能群。一部分氨基接枝微孔，也引发了一场跌幅在比表面积。效果有机集团对孔径的样品为轻度样本nh2/sio2和NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2 。但正如为样本tbd/sio2和tapm /二氧化硅，也许是因为以大框架内（ Ⅱ ） 3/tapm和（ Ⅱ ） 3 / tbd群体，其平均孔径的样本下降到90和82 nm左右。然而，平均孔隙直径为没有减少，严重由于低Norg的。 ％ 值的样本。 该基地强度H类固体表面定义为有能力的表面转换成一种吸附电中性酸纳入其共轭基地。当一个电中性酸指标是吸附了坚实的基础，从非极性溶液，色条酸指标是改变现在说的，其共轭基地，只要扎实拥有必要的基础力量，传授电子对向酸[ 19 ] 。了坚实的一大正面有个HH 强大的基本地盘。嫁接不同功能组别可能会导致不同的基本优势。如表3 ， tbd/sio2有最高碱强度的H 0 ， 而nh2/sio2和NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2不仅有碱度的H 3和3 < h < 0 ，分别。 其它城市相比，改性样品， tapm/sio2 曾最弱碱度的H < 2 。因此，基本实力该样本是在常规的tbd / 二氧化硅>中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2 > nh2/sio2 > tapm/sio2 。 3 。催化性能催化活性测试，在合成丙烯乙二醇甲醚由甲醇和丙烯氧化氮（见表3 ） 。如表3所示，宝转换和同分异构体的选择性（比例为1 -甲氧基-2 -丙醇/ 总丙二醇甲醚）达到3和3 ％ ，但无提交催化剂，分别。其中催化剂，无胺多孔二氧化硅显示低催化活性由于弱酸强度的表面silanol群体。为锚定氨基酸组中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2和nh2/sio2催化剂被发现以更积极和选择性比其他催化剂，以1 - 甲氧基-2 -丙醇后， 10小时的反应。 tapm/sio2 催化剂低环氧丙烷转化率（ 0 ％ ） 该异构体的选择性为6 ％ 。 tbd/sio2 ， 中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2和nh2/sio2催化剂都显示高环氧丙烷转化率（ " > 94 ％ ） ，但不同的异构体异构体选择性。中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2和nh2/sio2与弱基强度较高，同分异构体的选择性（ " > 82 ％ ） ，而tbd/sio2中度基地实力表明较低的异构体选择性（ 7 ％ ） 。至于奠定了坚实的基础催化剂，催化剂与温和的基地实力应具有良好的异构体选择性[ 20 ] 。较低的异构体的选择性对tbd/sio2可能是由于大范围内tbd 。 该催化剂易于回收过滤，并受到利用7个周期不断转换环氧丙烷> 89 ％和综合利用许多回收难以改变异构体选择性下403的K （见表4 ） ，说明胺集团嫁接到二氧化硅的表面稳定，在实验条件下。 可重用的其他样品类似这对nh2/sio2 。 4 。可能的机制无机固体碱催化剂已广泛使用为合成丙二醇甲醚从甲醇和环氧丙烷[ 31 ] ，其中，甲醇离子和质子吸收，对酸和基本地盘对催化剂的表面，分别，然后甲醇离子攻击的C （ 1 ）的位置。在本案件中，但是， 该样本用于该反应的特点单一网站，即该催化剂具有独特的场址基本相似向同质基地。因为没有刘易斯酸性网站上的催化剂，该机制应有所不同从那些涉及双功能催化剂。收益机理1 -甲氧基-2 -丙醇形成nh2/sio2体现在计划1 。还有的H -债券形成以甲醇及胺组在道路in路径2 ，因为该阻甲基蒲， 氧原子在甲醇攻击的C （ 1 ）的位置和质子被吸收就基本地盘的催化剂，然后（ 1 ）邻带侦破，然后拿起质子以表1 -甲氧基-2 -丙醇。 似乎可以合理地认为，较高的活性中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2 ， nh2/sio2和tbd/sio2是由于合适的基地实力，而不能只形成氢键，而且裂缝的，它很容易。 tapm/sio2与十分薄弱，基础实力，只能形成更多的不稳定氢键。因此，活性tapm/sio2低于其他样本。条件是这种机制合理的，大框架内的有机群体，大概可能会影响攻击的立场与氧原子在甲醇。因此， tbd的大框架内，导致较低的异构体的选择性。因此，既恰当基地实力和简单的框架的有机群体对于高转化率和选择性好，以1 -甲氧基-2 -丙醇。 4 。结论结果提交以上可以得出以下结论： （ 1 ）高效率的超声波技术可以成功准备胺官能多孔二氧化硅催化剂， （ 2 ）表征表示胺团体接枝二氧化硅表面共价债券， （ 3 ）适当的基础实力和简单框架的有机群体重要的是转化率高选择性好，以1 -甲氧基-2 -丙醇， （ 4 ） 催化剂可以回收过滤和遭受以综合利用为许多个周期不断的活动。
英语不是很好，帮不了你，灌水
给钱帮你翻哈哈,没钱还是有钱不给啊~不给钱多没劲啊~可爱的,帮你翻一段~给分不?^0^可再生杂多酸的非均相催化作用期刊来源:分子催化Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 262 (2007) 86–92作者:英国,利物浦大学,化学系IV Kozhevnikov摘要杂多酸(HPAs)的非均相酸催化作用具有潜在的实际应用和环保价值然而,由于HPAs的热稳定性差导致其难以催化再生,限制了它的应用本文的目的是探讨固态HPAs的催化应用前景,尤其是通过几个途径解决克服HPA催化剂的失活,以实现催化作用完成这些途径包括:开发热稳定性高的HPA催化剂,优化HPA以促进焦炭燃烧,并在反应过程中阻止炭形成在HPA催化剂上,控制反应发生在超临界流体,并使多功能HPA催化剂产生级联反应关键词:杂多酸,非均相催化作用,催化剂再生
翻译后:合成丙二醇甲醚超过胺改性多孔二氧化硅超声技术学张甲，乙，温榆河张甲，乙，平利，赵宁，魏伟，孙予罕， * 一个国家重点实验室，煤转化研究所，煤化学，中国科学院，太原030001 ，中国b研究生院，中国科学院，北京100039 ，中国收到2006年5月16日接见了在修订的表格2006年7月10日;接受， 2006年7月12日网上提供2006年7月21日摘要胺改性多孔二氧化硅合成了超声波技术温和条件下。样本中，其中的特点由打赌， 29 Si核磁共振光谱，元素分析和指标吸附染料，展示了光明的催化性能，对合成丙二醇甲醚由甲醇和环氧丙烷。他们都高良品率和可重用性反应，这表明超声波技术是有效的为编写有机改性二氧化硅催化剂。此外，可能的反应机制提出了合成丙二醇甲醚对这种类型的催化剂。 2006年Elsevier公司乙诉，保留所有权利。 关键词：改性多孔硅;超声波技术;环氧丙烷;甲醇;丙二醇甲醚1 。导言试图把heterogenize均相催化剂替代更传统的试剂和催化剂得到的一个领域的研究，看到了越来越大的兴趣。 许多近期的工作重点是编制有机固体基地，以heterogenize均相胺类催化剂。改造过程中普遍经营搅拌，加热，回流等[ 1-3 ] 。 最近，有兴趣的合成声化学反应成长[ 4 ] 。超声波技术已被广泛适用于两相系统由于其自身的优势，如由于精度高，速度快。大多数的这些反应都涉及非均相化学相互作用[ 5 ] 。在面积多孔材料官能化有机群体， 然而，只有有限的应用超声已探索[ 6,7 ] 。在目前的工作，另一种合成航线，形成胺改性炭黑开发用超声波能量，能产生化学修改对固体汽蚀现象[ 8 ] 。 该胺改性二氧化硅''单网站''基地实力分别有前途的催化剂为各种各样的反应[ 9 ] 。 合成乙二醇醚超过基准催化剂是一个重要的一种反应，在有机合成中。有几种方法合成丙二醇甲醚[ 10,11 ] 。其中环氧丙烷的方法大多是方便和工业可行的。一般来说，丙烯氧化反应脂肪醇经酸或基地的催化作用。 用催化剂，在这个过程中，包括先前同质基地或酸（氢氧化钠，酒类钠和三氟化硼） ，后来固体酸和基地。然而，很少有研究报道使用胺改性氧化硅为催化剂合成丙二醇甲醚，虽然无机坚实基础催化剂表现良好的活性，在反应。该固定氨基酸职能上孔支持，而这是与''单网站''基地实力，可负担不起实现这种反应。 在当前的工作中，胺官能二氧化硅催化剂包括nh2/sio2 ，中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2 ， tapm / 二氧化硅（ 2,4,6 - triaminopyrimidine /二氧化硅）和tbd/sio2 （ 1,5,7 - triazabicyclo [ 4,4,0 ] dec-5-ene/sio2 ） ，准备3 -氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷（ aptms ） ， N -二[ 3 -（三methoxysilyl ）丙基]乙二胺（ edptms ）和3个- chloropropyltrimethoxysilane （ cptms ）作为耦合代理商，由超声波技术在温和的实验条件。在同一时间，以证实优点超声波技术， nh2/sio2还编写了传统的方法，以了解有效行为超声波技术在编写功能化多孔二氧化硅。此外，催化活性有机固体碱催化剂的评价由合成丙二醇甲醚从甲醇和环氧丙烷。此外，尽可能反应机理，提出了为合成丙烯乙二醇甲醚对这种类型的催化剂。 2 。实验1 。合成催化材料该胺官能二氧化硅催化剂，可取得了两方面的类似条件下，作为报早些时候[ 7 ] 。 aminopropylsilyl官能二氧化硅编写如下： 0克二氧化硅预热为12小时，在473 K的真空，以消除所有吸附水分，但地表哦小组，并比冷却下来，以室温在真空和转入250毫升三角烧瓶。 混合后，与0毫升环己烷和0毫升aptms ，混合在三角烧瓶投入超声波浴2小时（ sheshin ，日本，经营权60瓦特） 在常温下。该催化剂，然后得到了提取与甲苯在索氏提取器近一个时期以来24 h和干燥，在333 K的真空。同样的方法已用于编制中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2 。 tbd/sio2编写了两个步骤：二氧化硅是第一改性3 - chloropropyltrimethoxysilane途经同一法，因为这对aminopropylsilyl官能二氧化硅和chloropropylsilyl官能二氧化硅当时反应与tbd （ 0 g ）在环己烷（ 0毫升） 。由此治理后，由超声波振动1每小时随后， 催化剂，获得了提取与甲苯在索氏提取器近一个时期以来， 24小时和干燥333 K的真空。同样的方法已用于编制对tapm/sio2 。 2 。表征内容的碳，氮和氢在所有样品的测定用vario下午分析器。该比表面积，总孔容和平均孔隙直径测量N2吸附-解吸方法一micromeritics ASAP的2000文书（的Norcross 加文） 。表面地区进行了计算打赌方法，以及孔径分布得到运用bjh孔隙分析，以氮气吸附- 脱附等温线。 29 Si核磁共振谱录就bruker平均海面- 400分光计。该基地的实力样品检测哈米特指标。 3 。催化试验催化性能测试在75毫升一批反应堆与摩尔比的甲醇和环氧丙烷正在5:1 。运行后，在403 K的10小时下磁悲壮，反应堆冷却下来到室温。 该产品，然后再过滤和分析，由气相色谱仪与火焰离子化检测后，离心脱离催化剂。催化剂洗涤溶剂，并用于回收试验。 3 。结果与讨论1 。改性多孔二氧化硅与胺群体内容的碳，氮和氢无胺多孔硅和所有改性样品进行了元素分析。 wtorg 。和Norg 。 ％ 获得由n ％ ， c ％和H ％ （见表1 ） 。结果这有没有碳和氮在无胺多孔二氧化硅。因此，碳和氮在改性样品中，必须从有机硅烷。 元素分析表明， Norg的。 ％的嫁接有机群体达到常规方法称为从文献[ 12 ] 13 mmol / g上升，这是迄今为止低于该样本编制的超声波技术（ 00 mmol / g上升） （见表1 ） 。这应该是由于应用超声波能量，以固体和液体， 可提供变化，包括汽蚀（气泡形成，在一个流动性）和化学反应（加速度化学反应） ，等等[ 13 ] 。作为一个结果，过程包括颗粒大小修饰，清洗表面或形成新鲜[ 14,15 ] ，可获得了在非均匀介质中，在固液界面。 至于把有机改性的多孔硅，汽蚀现象所带来的超声波能加快液体转移速度在孔多孔材料与液固界面。因此，采用液体有机硅烷可以很好地接触silanol群体对内壁的多孔二氧化硅反应与他们在很短的时间，搅拌，而不能达到这种效果。 因此，改造过程中完成了简单迅速超声。 在29 Si核磁共振光谱在固体状态表示共价键之间形成silylant代理人和silanol 集团对二氧化硅表面（见图1 ） 。两个共振在109和99 ppm的原因可能是29 Si原子核四泗O型硅联系（第四季）和29 Si原子核经三泗O型硅的联系和一个哦（第三季） [ 16 ] ，分别为。 该共振，在58和67 ppm的被分配以RSI公司（ OSI ）以（ OH ） 2和的RSI （ OSI ）以3 ，分别为[ 17 ] ，其中说明成功的有机官能团的多孔二氧化硅有机群体通过共价键。的C / N 值（摩尔比） ，也可以在一定程度上反映嫁接反应silanol群体和有机硅烷[ 18 ] 。 nh2/sio2 ，中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2和tbd/sio2显示的C / N = 3-5 ， 5-0和3月3日至3月6日，分别。该结果，同时也表明锚碇胺群体四O型硅债券。这个同意的结果，该29sinmr谱。 2 。结构和碱度的样本图。二显示器N2吸附等温线为样本研究。该官能样品展示IV型等温线具有明确的滞后环与毛细管冷凝水气。这表明，在材料仍孔之前和之后官能和改性各种有机硅烷难以改变等温式。比表面积和孔容表明逐渐减少为易。 ％嫁接有机群体的增加（见表2 ） 。这可能是归功于在场的功能群。一部分氨基接枝微孔，也引发了一场跌幅在比表面积。效果有机集团对孔径的样品为轻度样本nh2/sio2和NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2 。但正如为样本tbd/sio2和tapm /二氧化硅，也许是因为以大框架内（ Ⅱ ） 3/tapm和（ Ⅱ ） 3 / tbd群体，其平均孔径的样本下降到90和82 nm左右。然而，平均孔隙直径为没有减少，严重由于低Norg的。 ％ 值的样本。 该基地强度H类固体表面定义为有能力的表面转换成一种吸附电中性酸纳入其共轭基地。当一个电中性酸指标是吸附了坚实的基础，从非极性溶液，色条酸指标是改变现在说的，其共轭基地，只要扎实拥有必要的基础力量，传授电子对向酸[ 19 ] 。了坚实的一大正面有个HH 强大的基本地盘。嫁接不同功能组别可能会导致不同的基本优势。如表3 ， tbd/sio2有最高碱强度的H 0 ， 而nh2/sio2和NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2不仅有碱度的H 3和3 < h < 0 ，分别。 其它城市相比，改性样品， tapm/sio2 曾最弱碱度的H < 2 。因此，基本实力该样本是在常规的tbd / 二氧化硅>中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2 > nh2/sio2 > tapm/sio2 。 3 。催化性能催化活性测试，在合成丙烯乙二醇甲醚由甲醇和丙烯氧化氮（见表3 ） 。如表3所示，宝转换和同分异构体的选择性（比例为1 -甲氧基-2 -丙醇/ 总丙二醇甲醚）达到3和3 ％ ，但无提交催化剂，分别。其中催化剂，无胺多孔二氧化硅显示低催化活性由于弱酸强度的表面silanol群体。为锚定氨基酸组中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2和nh2/sio2催化剂被发现以更积极和选择性比其他催化剂，以1 - 甲氧基-2 -丙醇后， 10小时的反应。 tapm/sio2 催化剂低环氧丙烷转化率（ 0 ％ ） 该异构体的选择性为6 ％ 。 tbd/sio2 ， 中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2和nh2/sio2催化剂都显示高环氧丙烷转化率（ " > 94 ％ ） ，但不同的异构体异构体选择性。中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2和nh2/sio2与弱基强度较高，同分异构体的选择性（ " > 82 ％ ） ，而tbd/sio2中度基地实力表明较低的异构体选择性（ 7 ％ ） 。至于奠定了坚实的基础催化剂，催化剂与温和的基地实力应具有良好的异构体选择性[ 20 ] 。较低的异构体的选择性对tbd/sio2可能是由于大范围内tbd 。 该催化剂易于回收过滤，并受到利用7个周期不断转换环氧丙烷> 89 ％和综合利用许多回收难以改变异构体选择性下403的K （见表4 ） ，说明胺集团嫁接到二氧化硅的表面稳定，在实验条件下。 可重用的其他样品类似这对nh2/sio2 。 4 。可能的机制无机固体碱催化剂已广泛使用为合成丙二醇甲醚从甲醇和环氧丙烷[ 31 ] ，其中，甲醇离子和质子吸收，对酸和基本地盘对催化剂的表面，分别，然后甲醇离子攻击的C （ 1 ）的位置。在本案件中，但是， 该样本用于该反应的特点单一网站，即该催化剂具有独特的场址基本相似向同质基地。因为没有刘易斯酸性网站上的催化剂，该机制应有所不同从那些涉及双功能催化剂。收益机理1 -甲氧基-2 -丙醇形成nh2/sio2体现在计划1 。还有的H -债券形成以甲醇及胺组在道路in路径2 ，因为该阻甲基蒲， 氧原子在甲醇攻击的C （ 1 ）的位置和质子被吸收就基本地盘的催化剂，然后（ 1 ）邻带侦破，然后拿起质子以表1 -甲氧基-2 -丙醇。 似乎可以合理地认为，较高的活性中NH （ Ⅱ ） 2nh2/sio2 ， nh2/sio2和tbd/sio2是由于合适的基地实力，而不能只形成氢键，而且裂缝的，它很容易。 tapm/sio2与十分薄弱，基础实力，只能形成更多的不稳定氢键。因此，活性tapm/sio2低于其他样本。条件是这种机制合理的，大框架内的有机群体，大概可能会影响攻击的立场与氧原子在甲醇。因此， tbd的大框架内，导致较低的异构体的选择性。因此，既恰当基地实力和简单的框架的有机群体对于高转化率和选择性好，以1 -甲氧基-2 -丙醇。 4 。结论结果提交以上可以得出以下结论： （ 1 ）高效率的超声波技术可以成功准备胺官能多孔二氧化硅催化剂， （ 2 ）表征表示胺团体接枝二氧化硅表面共价债券， （ 3 ）适当的基础实力和简单框架的有机群体重要的是转化率高选择性好，以1 -甲氧基-2 -丙醇， （ 4 ） 催化剂可以回收过滤和遭受以综合利用为许多个周期不断的活动。
参考文献是留学论文中至关重要的一部分。那文献综述的步骤是什么呢？1、搜索相关文献 在开始搜索文献之前，需要一个明确定义的主题。如果正在写论文或研究论文的文献综述部分，搜索与之相关的研究问题和问题。如果是以独立作业的形式写一篇文献综述，必须选择一个要点，并提出一个中心问题来指导的搜索。2、评估文献来源 可能无法完全阅读关于这个主题的所有文章，所以必须评估哪些文章与自己的问题最相关。确保使用的来源是可靠的，并确保阅读了自己所研究领域的任何里程碑式的研究和主要理论。可以找到一篇关于谷歌学术的文章，查看被引用了多少次，高引用数意味着这篇文章在该领域有影响力，当然应该被包括在自己的文献综述中。请击输入图片描述3、识别主题、辩论和差距 组织文献综述的论点和结构，需要理解所阅读的资料之间的联系和关系。根据阅读和笔记，帮助制定文献综述的结构，并展示自己的研究将如何对现有知识做出贡献。4、概述结构 有各种方法来组织文献综述的主体。在开始写作之前，应该对自己的策略有一个大致的了解。根据文献综述的长度，可以结合这些策略。5、写文献综述 文献综述应该有介绍、主体和结论，每篇文章中包含什么内容取决于文献综述的目标。当写完并修改完文献综述后，不要忘记在提交之前进行校对。
有关英国文化The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide It is a European state, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere) Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West I The origins of the UK as a political union of formerly independent states has resulted in the preservation of distinctive cultures in each of the home Language Main article: Languages in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has no official English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the UK However, some nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their autochthonous In Wales, English and Welsh are both widely used by officialdom, and Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned Additionally, the Western Isles council area of Scotland has a policy to promote Scottish G Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which is not legally enforceable, the UK Government has committed itself to the promotion of certain linguistic Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are to be developed in Wales, Scotland and Cornwall Other native languages afforded such protection include Irish in Northern Ireland, Scots in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where it is known in official parlance as "Ulster Scots" or "Ullans" but in the speech of users simply as "Scotch", and British Sign L The Arts Literature Sherlock Holmes, played here by Jeremy Brett, was created by British author Arthur Conan DMain article: British literature The earliest native literature of the territory of the modern United Kingdom was written in the Celtic languages of the The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th Irish poetry also represents a more or less unbroken tradition from the 6th century to the present day, with the Ulster Cycle being of particular relevance to Northern I Anglo-Saxon literature includes Beowulf, a national epic, but literature in Latin predominated among educated After the Norman Conquest Anglo-Norman literature brought continental influences to the English literature emerged as a recognisable entity in the late 14th century, with the rise and spread of the London dialect of Middle E Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great identifiable individual in English literature: his Canterbury Tales remains a popular 14th-century work which readers still enjoy Following the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, the Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and From this period, poet and playwright William Shakespeare stands out as arguably the most famous writer in the The English novel became a popular form in the 18th century, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1745) After a period of decline, the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in vernacular literature, the rhyming weavers of Ulster being especially influenced by literature in Scots from S The following two centuries continued a huge outpouring of literary In the early 19th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance two hundred years earlier, with such poets as William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Lord B The Victorian period was the golden age of the realistic English novel, represented by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, and Thomas H World War One gave rise to British war poets and writers such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke who wrote (often paradoxically), of their expectations of war, and/or their experiences in the The Celtic Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature, however, with the independence of the Irish Free State, Irish literature came to be seen as more clearly separate from the strains of British The Scottish Renaissance of the early 20th century brought modernism to Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and S The English novel developed in the 20th century into much greater variety and was greatly enriched by immigrant It remains today the dominant English literary Other well-known novelists include Arthur Conan Doyle, D H Lawrence, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Mary Shelley, Zadie Smith, J R R Tolkien, Virginia Woolf and JK R Important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, T S Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Alexander Pope, and Dylan T Religion Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom Although today one of the most 'secularised' states in the world, the United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian country, with two of the Home nations having official faiths: Anglicanism, in the form of the Church of England, is the Established Church in E The Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of E Presbyterianism (Church of Scotland) is the official faith in S The Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished in The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in Other religions followed in the UK include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and B While 2001 census information [2] suggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 15 percent of French citizens and 57 percent of American A 2004 YouGov poll found that 44 percent of UK citizens believe in God, while 35 percent do not [3] The disparity between the census data and the YouGov data has been put down to a phenomenon described as "cultural Christianity", whereby many who do not believe in God still identify with the religion they were bought up as, or the religion of their [edit] Food Main article: British cuisine Although there is ample evidence of a rich and varied approach to cuisine during earlier historical periods (particularly so amongst wealthy citizens), during much of the 19th and 20th century Britain had a reputation for somewhat conservative The stereotype of the native cuisine was of a diet progressing little beyond stodgy meals consisting of "meat and two veg" Even today, in more conservative areas of the country, "meat and two veg" cuisine is still the favoured choice at the dinner Traditional British fare usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire H On 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of World War II, a system of food Rationing was introduced to conserve stocks and feed the nation during the critical war Rationing persisted until July 4, 1954 [4] when a fourteen year period of relative privation (which profoundly affected a generation of people attitude to 'a culture of food') finally came to an With the end of rationing, Britain's diet began to change, slowly at first during the 1950s and 1960s, but immeasurably by the closing decades of the 20th During the transitional period of the 1970s, a number of influential figures such as Delia Smith (perhaps Britain's most famous homegrown exponent of good food), began the drive to encourage greater experimentation with the new ingredients ( pasta) increasingly being offered by the The evolution of the British diet was further accelerated with the increasing tendency of the British to travel to continental Europe (and sometimes beyond) for their annual holidays, experiencing new and unfamiliar dishes as they travelled to countries such as France, Italy, and S Towards the mid to late 1990s and onwards an explosion of talented new 'TV chefs' began to come to prominence, (with figures as diverse as Jamie Oliver, Ainsley Harriott, Ken Hom, Nigella Lawson, Madhur Jaffrey, Nigel Slater, and Keith Floyd) this brought about a noticeable acceleration in the diversity of cuisine the general public were prepared to try and their general confidence in preparing food that had would once have been considered pure staples of foreign cultures, particularly the Mediterranean European, South and East Asian As a result, a new style of cooking called Modern British This process of increased variety and experimentation in food inevitably dovetailed with the very profound impact that the post-war influx of immigrants to the UK (many from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent) had on the national The new communities propelled new and exciting dishes and ingredients onto restaurant tables and into the national In many instances, British tastes fused with the new dishes to produce entirely new dishes such as the Balti, an English invention based on Indian cuisine that has since gained popularity across the Many of these new dishes have since become deeply embedded in the native culture, culminating in a speech in 2001 by Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, in which he described Chicken Tikka Masala as 'a true British national dish' [5] With the rich diversity of its peoples and its (arguably) relatively successful attempts at creating a true multicultural society, married to a reputation as an experimental and forward thinking nation, the future of British cuisine looks [edit] Education University College, Oxford was founded in the 13th centuryMain article: Education in the United Kingdom The education system in the United Kingdom varies in important respects between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern I Education is devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the assemblies in Wales and Northern I Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and Most children in the UK are educated in state funded schools financed through the tax system and so parents do not pay directly for the cost of Less than ten percent of the UK school age population attend independent fee-paying Many prominent independent schools, often founded hundreds of years ago, are known as public schools of which Eton, Harrow and Rugby are three of the better Most primary and secondary schools in both the private and state sectors have compulsory school This is a contentious point with generations of school children who would like to see them abolished, only to support their retention once they become parents, this is due to people wanting to have a 'uniform' appearance in schools and it reduces the brand logo culture from coming out in educational Due to the multicultural nature of England, some allowances have had to be made in the uniform regulations to accommodate the needs of some children's religious [edit] England Main article Education in England Most schools came under state control in the Victorian era, a formal state school system was instituted after the Second World W Initially schools were separated into infant schools (normally up to age 4 or 5), primary schools and secondary schools (split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational secondary modern schools) Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive Although the Minister of Education is responsible to Parliament for education, the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education A Northern Ireland Main article Education in Northern Ireland Scotland Main article Education in Scotland Wales Main article Education in Wales Higher education The United Kingdom includes many historic These include the so-called Oxbridge universities (Oxford University and Cambridge University) which are amongst the world's oldest universities and are generally ranked at or near the top of all British Other universities include the University of St Andrews, the oldest university in S Academic degrees are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class) [Sport Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom The national sport of the UK is football, and the UK has the oldest football clubs in the The home nations all have separate national teams and domestic competitions, most notably the Scottish Premier League, the FA Cup and the FA Premier L The first ever international football match was between Scotland and England in The match ended Other famous British sporting events include the Wimbledon tennis championships, the Grand National, the London Marathon, the ashes series of cricket matches and the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: Football (soccer), squash, golf, boxing, rugby (rugby union and rugby league), cricket, snooker, billiards, badminton and National costume The kilt is a traditional Scottish garmentThere is no specifically British national Even individually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have only vestiges of a national costume; Scotland has the kilt and Tam o' In England certain military uniforms such as the Beefeater or the Queen's Guard are considered by tourists to be symbolic of Englishness, however they are not official national Morris dancers or the costumes for the traditional English may dance are cited by some as examples of traditional English Naming convention The naming convention in most of the United Kingdom is for everyone to have a given name, usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex, followed by a parent's family This naming convention has remained much the same since the 15th century in England although patronymic naming remained in some of the further reaches of the other home nations until much Since the 19th century middle names have become very common and are often taken from the family name of an Traditionally given names were largely taken from the Bible however in the Gothic Revival of the Victorian era Anglo Saxon and mythical names became Since the middle of the 20th century however given names have been influenced by a much wider cultural 英国式足球（Wall game）的英文介绍Wall gameWally (pronounced Wall - ey ) is a groupe of games played predominantly in secondary schools in E The games are generally played during breaks and require a wall and tennis ball or Numbers involved in games range from four to 30-ish; however, numbers become unmanageable beyond How to playUsing a tennis ball The game is played against a stretch of wall with a smooth flat surface The wall should preferably be above two meters (although skilled players never use more than meter) The ball is 'served' by throwing the ball hard at the ground and making it bounce on to the wall; this is normally done from two to three meters away from the Players then have to hit the ball in the cupped palm of their hand towards the wall ensuring that it bounces on the ground before it hits the A player is out if they fail to hit the ball, fail to make the ball bounce before hitting the wall, or miss the The winner is the last person left A tennis raquet can be used instead of handsUsing a football The rules are the same although the ball is kicked rather than hit with the handDetailed RulesThe length of wall is changeable depending on the number of players but generally stays under eight Players can call for a re-serve if they feel there was a bad serve; this can only be done before the ball is The person who is nearest to the ball is the one that has to hit Failure to do so results in them being Players can step out of the way of the ball if there is someone behind them, thus making the person behind them responsible for hitting the If two players begin to claim the other person was nearer to the ball then both players are The ball is sometimes aimed at other players because they are out if the ball hits If the ball hits the joining of the wall and floor (a '50/50') players can call for the round to start Playing StyleThe game is played differently to the way the rules would The playing style is fast and furious and when well-played the ball is hit very hard and low to the ground three or four meters away from the Playing occasionally changes to the ball being hit very softy close to the wall requiring players to be very close to the wall; this is generally used tactically as players can then hit the ball hard so that it shoots off almost parallel to the wall catching out people who had not been playing close to the This tactic generally only last a round or part of one as it is considered VariationsThere are a few variations of the game although they are played with less frequency than the main 'Stings' is played exactly the same as the normal game except at the end of a game the first person has to stand against the wall while the winner gets one shoot against them with the '3D' wally is generally played in corridors or classrooms, in this variant of the game 2 or 3 walls are used as well as the
一、利用好学校提供的写作课程 一般学校都会提供各种各样的免费课程。当然也有写作课程，比如planning your dissertation,和feferencing for the assignments等。 如果有这么好的机会千万不要错过，你可以日常关注学校官网信息，时常查收院校邮件。 总之，在上正课的时候老师是不会特意教你如何去写论文的，所以如果写作功力不够，那么在空余时间去听一些写作课程就很有必要了。 二、论文题目的理解和拆分 在你拿到老师给的论文题目，或选定你的写作课题以及确定了论文的大方向之后，首先要做的就是先思考全文的框架、结构、主旨和论点，了解论文选题的关键词以及写作结构。 先审好题目，确定好大致的写作方向，立好大纲，再着手写作。 三、培养批判式分析 写英语论文的关键一点就是要进行批判式分析。 能够站在不同立场，对论据进行有效分析。我们需要去了解一个主题的多个方面，包括以往的专家学者对该主题或论点的评论和看法。 四、文章的开头介绍 学术论文的开头非常重要，要能够清楚得让读者明白全文重点、研究主题、研究方法等核心内容。 一般来说，可以遵循选题背景+选题内容+全文框架+主要论点+研究方法。 这些要素可以根据实际情况调整比重和顺序，有些同学在写作一开始还不是很清楚这些要素，或在写作的时候改变主意。 因此可以先预留这部分，放在写作的最后，或先写好一个临时框架，并做好标注，在写完论文主体之后再回头修改。 五、善用学习软件 技能不够，工具来凑。现在各种各样的论文写作辅助工具也是越来越齐全了，无论是语法修改，语句替换，查词，还是降重、查重，格式排版，都有对应的工具可以使用。 六、文法校对和写作指导 学术论文对文法和拼写有较高的要求，所以在这方面要多注意一点，你可以借助一些语法拼写软件来帮助自己提高写作质量。 除此之外，一般学校也会有写作服务中心等相关机构，学生可以通过预约等方式，将写好的文章，或写作的框架提供给写作中心，以得到一些写作指导。 七、从导师的反馈中学习反思 在写论文的过程中要及时和导师沟通交流，并仔细阅读导师给出的论文反馈。 他们通常是最了解学术写作要求的人，也是批改作业的人，因此他们给出的建议一般会一针见血的指出写作上需要改进的地方。 八、学术写作词汇积累 学术写作有学术写作的技巧和套路，平时多看看一些优秀文章，积累些用得地道、准确、生动的词汇，逐渐整理出自己的行业词库，就能避免写作时有好思路却无法下笔的窘境。
建议你在中国期刊全文数据库上 查到这些文章，就会有英文的翻译标注在里面了。
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