翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容:
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况:
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。
张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲:
thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见:
指导教师签名:
年 月 日
汉语国际教育论文开题报告
选题名称:汉英方位认知异同及其对汉语国际教育的影响与应用
一.选题依据
1、本选题的研究意义
尽管方位的表达在汉语的学习和研究中已是个老话题,但在英汉双方对方位的认知异同研究,以及根据期异同特点在汉语国际教育中导入方位文化的教学恐怕是近些年来仍在不断探索的事情,学习探究方位表达中的文化蕴含对于正确理解和掌握汉语及汉语文化势必会起到积极的作用。本文将探求英汉不同的方位认知在对英的汉语教学中的影响以及作用。
2、国内外研究现状(文献综述)
方位认知在汉语表达中是个古老的话题,国内外研究的学者不少。有很多从各种方面分析汉英方位认知的研究,空间方位给出的是物体的空间位置。物体的存在不是孤立的,而是跟别的事物存在着一定联系。物体所处的位置就取决于这种相互的关系,范文内容地图也就是说,位置的认定总是以别的事物作为参照的。观察点、视角等,也会影响到物体位置的确定。在认知语言学“物像—背衬”意象图式里,位置待确定的物体叫物像,用作位置参照的事物叫背衬,加上影响视角的视点,共同构成影响物体空间位置的因素。空间方位是人类最直接的体验方式。不同民族由于不同的风土人情和思维方式,对空间方位认知模式既存在共性又存在差异,这必然会反映在各自的语言中。汉语空间方位词是指汉语中专门用来表示物体空间方位和位置的一类词语。在自然语言中,用方位词描述物体的位置并不能简单地通过词语本身的语法符号来作为唯一的确定因素,空间方位词的语义是依赖于语境的。国内的'研究大部分都是从文化和认知角度来分析汉英方位认知的异同,而对于其在汉语国际教育的过程中产生的影响和作用分析较少涉及。
二.选题材料收集
⑴李宗利刘效群从“东南西北”方位词看中西文化的差异《徐州建筑职业技术学院学报》2005年第4期
⑵王琳唐霞“东”“西”的文化涵义探析及其英译:《重庆教育学院学报》2011年第2期
⑶吴新华赵雄英汉方位词所表达的尊与卑[J].四川外语学院学报,2001(6):.
⑷王小凤曹志希.范文写作“东”、“南”、“西”、“北”的文化蕴涵及其英译[J].中国翻译,2006,(5):82-84.
⑸裔文军地域因素对英汉词汇的影响《山西大同大学学报:社会科学版》2007年第2期
⑹才雅南.方位词"东、西、南、北"的汉英比较研究[J].牡丹江教育学院学报,2004,(5):24-26.
⑺何瑶.汉英方位词的文化蕴涵[J].江西社会科学,2003,(4):.
⑻才雅南论英语教学中“方位词”的文化输入:《黑龙江高教研究》2006年3期
⑼张雪珠汉英中“东西南北”的文化蕴涵比较《湖南科技学院学报》2005年9期
⑽杨琳.汉语词汇与华夏文化[M].语文出版社,1996..
⑾胡文仲英美文化词典[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1995.210.
⑿熊荣敏;英汉空间参照框架及其认知作用[D];西南大学;2006年
⒀方经民;汉语空间方位参照的认知结构[J];世界汉语教学;1999年04期
⒁方经民;论汉语空间区域范畴的性质和类型[J];世界汉语教学;2002年03期
⒂方经民;现代汉语方位成分的分化和语法化[J];世界汉语教学;2004年02期
⒃崔希亮;空间关系的类型学研究[J];汉语学习;2002年01期
⒄张璐从东西南北谈汉英语语序所反映的认知过程《语言研究》2002年04期
⒅吴忠岫汉英方位词“东”、“西”文化内涵综述[J];科技信息(科学教研);2008年16期
⒆张美云试析汉语“东西南北”方位词的文化内涵及其所反映的认知规律[J]山花;2009年08期
⒇张清常方位和方向在中华民族语言中的一个小小问题——兼答《〈北京街巷名称中的14个方位词〉补正》[J];TOP100范文排行中国语文;1997年02期
(21)陆俭明同类词连用规则刍议——从方位词“东、南、西、北”两两组合规则谈起[A];第四届国际汉语教学讨论会论文选[C];1993年
(22)张德鑫方位词的文化考察[A];第五届国际汉语教学讨论会论文选[C];1996年
(23)马鹏举、郑敏现代汉语方位词的定义、类型和范围现代语文(语言研究版)2008年02期
(24)吴佳娣方位词研究综述《牡丹江师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》2008年01期
(25)陈瑶方位词研究五十年《深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2003年02期
(26)韩陈其、立红汉语四方方位词的成词理据《南通师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》2003年04期
(27)杨艳群中西方位词的文化差异及翻译文史博览(理论)2010年第08期
(28)厉晓玲英汉方位词的认知对比《曲阜师范大学》2010年硕士论文
说明:包括参考文献。本页如容量不够,可以另附页。
三.研究写作设想
第一章绪论
第一节研究背景和选题意义
一、研究背景
二、选题意义
三、研究目的和方法
第二章汉英方位认知异同
一、汉民族方位认知考
二、英格兰方位认知考
第三章方位认知在汉语国际教育中的作用与影响
第四章总结
说明:包括主要内容、热门思想汇报预期成果等。
四.本选题创新之处
说明研究内容、拟采用的研究方法、技术路线或预期成果中有哪些创新之处。
从方位认知的不同入手,不仅有利于我们更清楚地认识到英汉文化之间的差异,和其形成差异的原因,更有利于我们的汉语国际教师更好的开展汉语教学活动,更有利于汉语在世界范围的传播。
五.研究写作进度安排
理论研究:应包括文献调研,理论推导,数值计算,理论分析,撰写论文等;
应用研究:应包括文献调研,理论分析,实验设计,仪器设备的研制和调试,实验操作,实验数据的分析处理,撰写论文等。
1.第一阶段
时间:20XX年1月1日—20XX年6月30日
内容:文献资料收集、分析和完成开题报告
2.第二阶段
时间:20XX年7月15日—20XX年10月31日
内容:完成论文初稿
3.第三阶段
时间:20XX年11月1日—20XX年4月15日
内容:论文修改定稿
4.第四阶段
时间:20XX年4月16日—20XX年4月30日
内容:打印上缴论文
5、第五阶段
时间:20XX年5月1日—20XX年5月31日
内容:参加答辩
集美大学毕业设计(论文)开题报告学院 (系) 专业 年 月 日论文题目 On Translating English Metaphors into Chinese(英语隐喻汉译)学生姓名 学号 指导教师一、本选题的目的和意义:本选题旨在研究隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性、可译性及其翻译的方法,重点从文化交际的角度对日常用语中隐喻的汉译进行深入的理论探讨。本选题突破了历来将隐喻的汉译局限在诗学、修辞学、文学等范畴。由于“翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动”(陈宏薇:1996),翻译对各民族之间文化的传播起着非常重要的作用。我们对日常用语中隐喻的汉译研究应与英语语言文化背景的研究结合起来。二、本选题国内外研究的现状和发展趋向:对隐喻的研究在国外已形成较为完整的体系,其中以Lakoff &Johnson(1987)的研究最具有代表性,而对于其汉译的研究却凤毛麟角。国内对于隐喻的研究主要受Lakoff & Johnson理论的影响,其中以胡壮麟、朱永生为主要代表。在隐喻翻译的研究方面,李国南(1990),胡文仲(1994)对于英汉成语或谚语中的习用性比喻的喻体进行过比较,并探讨了其翻译的途径。在近期出版的刊物中有对隐喻翻译研究方面的文章,其中以徐莉娜的《隐喻的翻译》为主要代表。但其研究的范围也只局限于文学、修辞用语的隐喻翻译。三、主要研究的内容:本文分五个部分。一、简要介绍隐喻与语言以及语言与文化之间的关系,提出日常用语中隐喻的汉译不可忽视文化背景,并简述本论文的主要内容。 二、重点论述隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性。三、分析隐喻的特点,从人类文化的共性论述其可译性。四、讨论隐喻的汉译标准、难点、过程、基本方法以及根据语境而确定译法的原则。五、详述隐喻汉译的方法和技巧,指出在翻译实践中,对每种方法的使用都不能走极端。结论部分,总结研究隐喻汉译所具有的实用价值。1.引言2.英语日常用语中隐喻存在的普遍性2.1隐喻的定义2.2关于隐喻研究的常用术语2.3英语日常用语中的隐喻3.英语日常用语中隐喻的特点3.1日常用语中隐喻的分类3.1.1习用性隐喻3.1.2新生隐喻3.2英语隐喻与汉语隐喻3.3英语日常用语中隐喻的可译性4.英语日常用语中的隐喻的汉译4.1翻译的标准4.2日常用语中隐喻汉译的难点4.3日常用语中隐喻汉译的过程4.4日常用语中隐喻汉译的基本方法及原则5.日常用语中隐喻汉译的方法与技巧5.1直译法5.2意译法5.3转译法5.4直译和意译结合法四、参考文献:[1]Aristotle. “Rhetoric” (W. R. Roberts, Trans.) In W. D. Ross (Ed.) The Works of Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Original Work Written ca. 330 B.C.), 1924.[2]Brodkey, Linda. Review: The Languages in Metaphor. College English, 1988, (1): 89-94 [3]Goatly, Andrew. The Language of Metaphors. London: Routledge, 1997.[4]Jin Di and Eugene, A. Nida. On Translation. Beijing: China Translation Publishing Company, 1984.[5]Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live by Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.[6]Nida, Eugene A. & William, Reyburn. Meaning Across Cultures. New York: Maryknoll of N. Y. Orbis Book, 1981.[7]Soskice, J.M. Metaphor and Religious Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.[8]Tylor, Edward Burnett. Primitive Culture. London: John Murray, 1871.[9]陈宏薇(不加汉语拼音,下同).新实用汉译英教程 [M],武汉:湖北教育出版社,1996.[10]陈文伯.英语成语和汉语成语 [M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1980.[11]陈望道.修辞学发凡 [M],上海:上海教育出版社,1983.[12]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化 [M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.[13]范家材.英语修辞赏析 [M],上海:上海交通大学出版社,1992.[14]冯明之. 英文成语故事 [M],香港:万里出版社,1992.[15]冯庆华. 实用翻译教程 [M],上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.[16]胡文仲. 文化与交际 [M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1994.[17]徐莉娜. 隐喻的翻译 [J],中国翻译,1999,(3):18-22.五、预期的课题进度计划:1.2007年4月25日 完成初稿,并上交指导教师审阅。2.2007年5月9日提交论文第二稿。3. 2007年5月16日提交论文第三稿。3.2007年5月17日-6月9日继续修改论文直至定稿。5.2007年6月13日提交毕业论文。6.2007年6月14日-23日准备论文答辩。7.2007年6月24日进行毕业论文答辩(进度计划不能照抄,应根据实际情况从3月5日起至6月24日止编写计划。)六、完成论文的条件、方法及措施:(一)条件1.已经修完英语专业的所有课程,对英语国家概况和跨文化交际有较全面和深入的了解;2.学校图书馆和学院资料室具备有关本论文研究所需的丰富的书籍、期刊等参考文献;3.已经收集较丰富和全面的文献资料;4.具有上网条件及丰富的网上资源。(二)方法及措施1.利用图书馆和互联网进行资料的检索网;2.小组讨论交流。指导教师的意见及建议:签名:年 月 日注:此表前六项由学生填写后交指导教师签署意见,否则不得开题;此表作为毕业设计(论文)评分的依据
小学英语教育论文开题报告范文
引导语:开题报告对整个课题研究工作的顺利开展起着关键的作用,我们要懂得一些书写的方法与技巧,想美事小学英语教育开题报告范文,欢迎大家阅读!
小学英语教育论文开题报告范文
论文题目:游戏教学在小学英语课堂中的运用
一、 选题的意义
随着科学的发展和社会的进步,英语这门年轻的学科得到了越来越多的重视。但在小学中,由于英语的学科特点,学生的学习兴趣存在很多差异,导致英语成绩很不平衡,甚至两极分化。随着所学语言知识增加,尤其是词汇量,许多学生跟不上进度,挫败感使他们产生厌学、惧学情绪,从而导致了求知心减弱,兴趣下降,直接影响了学生能力素质以及英语知识水平的形成和发展。而小学英语教学目的就是使学生获得一些英语的感性知识,激发他们学习英语的兴趣,提高他们说英语能力,使学生敢于大胆开口说英语。
《新英语课程标准》提出基础教育阶段英语课程的任务是:激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣,使学生树立自信心,养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略,发展自主学习的能力和合作精神;使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能,形成一定的综合语言运用能力;培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神;帮助学生了解世界和中西方文化的差异,拓展视野,培养爱国主义精神,形成健康的人生观,为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好的基础。因此,如何提高和保持学生学习兴趣是每个英语教师所面临的共同课题。让孩子们在玩中学,在学中玩是每一位老师心中的'理想课堂。而游戏教学就是在教学中尽可能地采用游戏的方式,将枯燥的语言现象转变为学生乐于接受的、生动有趣的游戏形式,为学生创造丰富的语言交际情景,使学生在玩中学、学中玩,不仅掌握了知识,更重要的是培养了兴趣。这在一定程度上能实现教学理念。在游戏中激发学生兴趣和求知,提高小学英语课堂的有效性。
二、研究的主要内容,拟解决的主要问题(阐述的主要观点)
1、新课标下中国小学英语课堂中游戏教学的现状、缺陷以及影响的因素
2、游戏教学在小学英语课堂中的运用。
(1)小学英语课堂游戏运用的原则
(2)通过对各类游戏的分析,探讨游戏如何有针对性地运用在课堂实践中。
3、游戏教学的效果评价。游戏教学是否达到教学目标,是否有利教学展开。
三、研究(工作)步骤、方法及措施(思路)
(一)研究步骤:
1. 前期准备:明确论文方向,制定研究计划,查阅相关文献资料,了解目前小学英语课堂的教学实际,游戏教学在课堂中的运用情况,查阅、整理相关评论文章,借鉴前人对于游戏教学的研究成果和经验教训,确定研究课题,拟论文提纲。
2. 文献综述与开题报告的撰写:整合搜集到的研究材料,并及时向指导老师征求意见。
3. 论文撰写:通过对收集的资料的分析与思考( )以及自己的实习经验,在前人已有的研究成果的基础上创新自己的想法,完成初稿。并根据指导老师意见修改文稿,最终定稿。
(二)本研究遵循以下基本思路:
首先,在大量阅读国内外关于游戏教学如何在课堂中运用的文章,了解游戏教学的现状、前人的研究成果和经验教训。对该论题掌握了部分资料的基础上,对当前存在的缺陷进行阐述,由表及里,层层深入。接着,着重分析各类游戏,以及在小学英语课堂中如何去运用这些游戏。最后,对游戏教学进行评价。
(三)本研究重点采用以下几种研究方法:
文献资料法通过对古今中外有关游戏教学理论专著、专题论文和相关课题研究成果的不断学习,借鉴其中有价值的成果,使本课题的研究获得丰富的理论支撑。
行动研究法按照课题提出的研究目标,根据各年级小学生的心理、生理特点,积极探索行之有效的游戏教学的具体做法。
经验总结法在课题研究的过程中,不断积累过程性研究资料,并及时组织交流和分析,总结经验,推广做法,对发现的问题,能及时提出修改意见,并列出下一步改进的具体做法。
例证法:
四、毕业论文(设计)提纲
游戏教学在小学英语课堂中的运用研究
一、 前言
二、游戏教学的发展现状以及存在的缺陷
(一)小学英语课堂的教学
(二)游戏教学在课堂中的运用情况
(三)游戏教学存在的缺陷
三、游戏教学运用的原则
(一)游戏为课堂服务
(二)游戏具有全体性
(三)游戏具有灵活性
(四)游戏具有启发性
四、游戏教学在小学英语课堂中的运用
(一)趣味性游戏,启迪思维
(二)操练性游戏,反复操练
(三)合作性游戏,展示成果
(四)竞赛性游戏,激发潜力
(五)拓展性游戏,融汇贯通
五、游戏教学的评价
六、结语
五、主要参考文献
[1]周建平..游戏教学观论要[J].教育理论与实践,2002,22(5)..
[2]吴也显. J、学游戏教学论[M].南昌:江西教育出版社,1996.
[3]冷学宝.别让游戏游戏了课堂[J].教育周刊,20070530.
[4]周健.汉语课堂教学技巧与游戏[M].北京:北京语言大学出版社,1998.
[6]陈伟峰.小学英语课堂游戏教学的运用[J].教育研究,2010,(11):317
[7]李敏.游戏式教学的教育学批判[J].教育科学研究,200909.
[8]阚瑾.浅谈游戏教学法在小学英语教学中的作用和运用[EB/OL].
[9] apfa born rich, cane Chen water. On our country's primary school English class teaching to the [J]. Basic education foreign language teaching research, 2003 (2) : 14 to 16
[10] QianXiaoXia. Cultivating students' interest is the key to the primary school English teaching [J]. Middle and primary school English teaching and research, 2002 (3) :-24
初中英语教学论文开题报告范例
转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束,大家都开始做最后的毕业设计了,在做毕业设计前指导老师都会要求先写开题报告,快来参考开题报告是怎么写的吧!下面是我帮大家整理的初中英语教学论文开题报告范例,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。
论文题目: 图片在初中英语教学中的运用。
题目解读:
英语是一门语言学科,学生学习语言的过程就是一个反复听说操练的过程。但我们常常听到有一些老老师抱怨句型教学的枯燥乏味,学生也学的索然无味。英语学习作为中学生学习的重要组成部分,对学生有重要意义,然而对教师的教育方法也有很大的要求。实施素质教育是我国基础教育面向21世纪所做出的战略选择,但在素质教育日益深入,新课程理念不断深化的今天,新的教学理念鼓励教育者采用多媒体手段辅助教学,但是过分的使用多媒体教学其实并不能让学生学的更好。根据教师现状,老师很难每堂课都能根据学生情况制作出精美的,合适的课件,在教学中,我们仍然需要借助其他的教具。作为传统教具的图片以形象深动,直观性强易于携带,和使用等特点,能将教师从繁难的课件制作中解放出来,教师若能把图片很好地运用于课堂之中,那么小小的图片也能使课堂教学达到最优化。图片教育作为一种有效的教学方法,对帮助学生提高理解语言以及运用语言的能力,进而提升学生学习英语的整体能力,提高教学质量具有重要意义。从选择图片在中学教育中的运用作为论文的研究中心,分析现代英语教学的形势,进一步研究图片的应用,并阐述图片的功能以及其教学意义,有益于减轻学生学习的负担,提高教学质量。语言习惯只有通过经常不断地重复才能获得,学生在图片的帮助下,能更好的学会用英语去表达,用英语将自己所看到的东西很好地描述出来,在不知不觉中,学生自己学会了学习英语,在不知不觉中进步。
研究内容:
当今中学英语教学主要面对的问题就是学生学习兴趣不浓。大部分中学生觉得英语学习单调,乏味,记不住知识点。因此,需要引进教学方法提高学生的学习兴趣。而图片教学是一种有效的教学方法,并且有许多英语学习者认为图片教学具有省时并且表达生动的特点,除此之外它还能够清楚地呈现事物的内部关系。
对于中学生而言,图片教学能够把视听相结合,使英语教学变得简单,也增强了学生学习英语的兴趣,同时也减轻学生学习的负担。所以,图片这种简单有效的方法应用于英语教学,对于改善英语教学质量非常有效,
然而近些年来,对此领域的研究还涉及甚少,有些人认为图片教学没有可研究之处,但是结果却恰恰相反。过去图片一直被用来描述事物或现成的对话加以说明。但现在的英语教学中,人们越来越重视语言的交际运用。因此图片在这方面给我们提供了大量直观的语言表达素材,在教学中教师加以引导,学生就可以循序渐进地讲一些句子。本课题主要通过分析现代英语教学的形式,进而研究图片的应用,功能极其教学意义。主要从三个方面加以阐述:图片的运用,图片的功能,教学意义。它们分别从图片的特点,图片的功效,激起学生的兴趣,陶冶情操促进合作等以及图片在英语语法,课文,词汇,英语听说能力中的运用以减轻学生的负担提高教学质量,形成教学相长,心里相容的新型师生关系达到一种学生爱学,教师爱教的教育局面。
正所谓“教无定法”,我们在汲取他人优秀成果的同时,应该发挥自己的创造性,根据学情与上课内容,选择适当的教学方式,利用图片这种简单而又便利的教学资源,达到最佳的教学成果。
研究方法:
1.文献法
对于图片在教学中的运用的有关文献的进行仔细研,并从中提取精华部分加上自己的想法与认识,总结研究和应用的现状、问题和趋势,得出新的观点。
2观察法
积极参与初中英语课堂,观察学生们的上课情况,表现以及教师的上课方式方法与行为艺术,教学策略等,从中学英语课堂所获得的经验来进行总结。
3调查与了解
设计问卷调查,了解本校英语课堂教学的主要模式和部分学生不喜欢英语课的原因,并了解学生喜欢的课堂类型及对图片教学模式的看法,为课题研究提供第一手的资料。
4研究与深化
将初中英语7--9年级的教材进行研究,对教材的知识内容进行适当的整合,并通过多种渠道探寻相关的资料,利用图片教学更好深化教学目标。
5继承与发扬
在学习英语基础知识的同时,充分培养学生利用知识和在利用中获得新知识的能力,继承老一辈的优良传统,结合先进的英语文化知识,培养跨文化交际与能及,更好的走向世界。
6经验总结法
在课题研究结束时,通过总结经验,然后撰写出相应的案例,论文等。以便在课题研究中形成有效的教学方法并得以推广和使用。
研究思路:
任务型教学提倡学生在用中学,学中用,学是为了用。因此教师应该在教学中不断钻研课本,精心组织教学,努力创设生动逼真的教学情境,而现今教师面临着工作量大而课件制作又非专业的情况下,如何省时有效地创设情境呢?教师可以从图片着手,运用图片营造绘画氛围,加上及个别学生的精彩表演,其他学生在榜样的带动下,也产生了跃跃欲试的欲望,同时也树立自信心。从选择图片在中学教育中的运用作为论文的研究中心,分析现代英语教学的形势,进一步研究图片在初中英语教学中的应用,并阐述图片的功能以及其教学意义。除此之外,通过图片这种教学方式来进一步挖掘图片教学的有效应运用空间与实际意义,以及各种图片在不同的教学案例中的很好使用,将其与现代教学相结合,提高学生的综合语言运用能力,进而提高学生学习英语的整体能力,改变教师的教育教学能力与质量,从而达到素质教育的要求,提高国民的综合素质。根据素质教育的要求,在课堂中发挥教师的主导作用,体现学生的主体性与积极性。
组织分工:
陈 娟起草课题方案,设计及撰写研究报告
陈金彬理论指导,案例分析
陈冬菊课题资料收集整理
全校英语老师学校作业实践活动及论文撰写
研究进展:
1.第一阶段:现状调查(20xx年10月--20xx年11月)
(1)通过座谈、问卷调查等形式了解我校英语课堂的教学现状、部分学生不喜欢英语课堂、课堂气氛沉闷等的原因,进行综合分析,指导以后的活动,确定实验班和参照班。
(2)让实验班学生明确改进教学模式的意义
(3)深入学习相关教育教学理论为深入研究奠定理论基础。
2.第二阶段:资料准备阶段(20xx年12月--20xx年2月)
(1)整理初中全册的英语教材,对于教材中相关的知识点进行归类,为图片在英语教学中的运用做好准备。
(2)收集与初中英语课程相关的素材,在对教材的知识点进行归类后加以运用。
3.第三阶段:实验探索阶段(20xx年3月--20xx年6月)
本阶段主要任务为:根据前几个月的准备在实验班进行图片在教学中的运用的实施过程中进行逐步的改进。
经费保障:
学校对本课题的研究经费将予以全程、全力支持保障,保证课题研究所需的全部费用,如:研究设备、工作资料、培训学习、考察交流、专家指导、开题、结题、奖励等项费用,均在办公经费中合理开支,确保不因经费原因影响课题研究进度与效果。
学校将积极支持本课题的研究。在研究过程中,学校将给予极大的支持和帮助。研究经费将主要运用于资料的采购和收集。课题组成员教师可以通过多种途径收集资料,并最大限度地利用好自己已有的资源和学校的图书馆资源,节省经费的开支。
预期成果:
通过本课题的研究,希望能提高学生的英语综合素质及综合语言运用能力,培养学生爱学习英语的兴趣,增强他们的自信心,让学习英语不再成为学生的负担。同时也能促进教师提高个人教学素质,达到师生的共同发展。
在本课题的研究中,根据课题研究进展程度,形成有用的资料:
1.阶段性成果:总课题及子课题实施方案、调查报告、阶段报告、系列论文等。
2.终期成果:研究报告、课题论文集等。
专家评议要点:侧重于对课题组汇报要点逐项进行可行性评估,并提出意见和建议,500字左右。
评议专家小组在听取了该课题的开题报告后,进行了认真的全面论证分析,观点综述如下:
优点:
1.课题能够立足于实际,具有一定的研究价值,可行性较强。
2.课题的研究实践性比较强。课题的研究必须服务于学生,服务于教师。
3.课题的研究具有较强的可操作性。
4.课题研究的目标比较明确,实施步骤也比较清晰。
5.课题的研究具有较强的现实意义。能够促进学校的教研组建设,帮助教师替身自身的专业素养,促进教师的专业成长。
建议:
1.课题的研究内容有重复之处,需加以整合,部分研究内容的表述不够明确。研究的目标要简明扼要。内容根据目标细化,分成几点研究。内容和目标要对接。研究目标和内容不能是平行线。
2.课题内容还可以谈谈图片运用的误区以及运用原则
希望课题组能够明确本次开题论证会的工作要求,在课题界定严密性、设计一致性、研究路线一致性三个方面再动脑筋,想想办法,下下功夫,把课题做的更加精致。
重要变更:侧重说明对照课题申请书、根据评议专家意见所作的研究计划调整,500字左右。
针对专家所提出的宝贵意见和建议,经过课题组全体成员的沟通与交流,决定对本课题的有关内容做如下变更:
对于课题的.研究内容有重复之处,需加以整合,部分研究内容的表述不够明确。内容根据目标细化,分成几点研究。内容和目标要对接。研究目标和内容不能是平行线。特将研究内容重新制定如下:
图片的特点:开放性和实际性
图片的功能:激起学生的兴趣,活跃思维、陶冶情操,促进学生的相互合作
图片的应用注意事项:图片运用误区,图片运用原则,处理活动注意事项,评估价值,强调互相合作
图片在教学中的运用:在词汇教学,听说教学,语法教学和文本教学中的运用。
课题方法:
除了开题报告中提到的研究方法外,要特别强调行动研究法,应为该课题是一种应用研究,需要每位老师从自己的课堂教学出发,能更加合理地运用图片来完善教学,提高学生综合语言运用水平及老师的专业素养和
研究方式:
在具体研究时要注意发动全体师生共同参与,而不是课题组成员们自己的活动,而且要以学科为单位,形成各个学科的分组研究。
一、改革教学目标
中学英语教学改革是摆在中学英语教师和从事学英语教学研究工作者面前的一个课题。
进行中学英语教学大纲中教学目标和要求比过去大纲中的目标与要求具体得多,这是一个进步。但在进行大纲中,仍然存在着一些弊病,具体讲,存在着以下问题:
1)大纲教学目标和要求的描述不尽详细。
现行大纲对有些目标和要求的描述很不具体,如,大纲中对读的要求有这样的文字描述:“能读懂简单的运用文,如信函、请柬、通知、便条、说明、表格、图示和标志等。”这句话中的要求就不详细,如“信函”,我们知道信函包括很多种,而在此所指的是哪一种呢,教师就不得而知了。无奈之余,他们在教学中,就有些不知所措了。在高三的复习中,只好把各种“信函”全部给拉出来见面。而事实上,根据近些年的高考题来看,信函大多属于普通信、邀请信和感谢信。所以,我认为,既然要具体,就应该再详细一些,以便于教师在教学中操作。
2)大纲中的目标和要求不完善。
现行英语教学大纲第二部分的教学要求中只写出了“高级中学二年级和三年级英语教学要求”,而对高一年级的要求只字未提。高一是一个过渡时期,它处于初三和高二之间,学生处于一个转轨阶段。在这一时期,教师教学的尺度本来就很难把握,再加上大纲中又不作任何要求,这就更提高了教师施教的难度,故应该改革这种情况。
二、改革教学观念
人的一切行为都是在理论的指导下进行实践的。没有先进的思想观念,便不可能有先进的教学实践。如果教学观念滞后,就不可能有新的教学方法的产生。故教学观念的改革显得越来越重要。
改变观念不能只是一句口号,而应成为实实在在的行动。改革观念最有效的途径是出国进修,直接感受国外英语教学的思想和观念。除此之外,教师们还应该眼观六路,耳听八方,虚怀若谷,不断地学习。只有这样,观念方可转变,才能跟上时代的要求,不至于落伍。
三、改革和完善现行教材
现行教材有很多的优点,它已被广大中学师生所接受。但作为一套教材,它还存在着一些问题:
1)教材内容多,课时少的矛盾。
2)教材缺乏系统性。
3)教材中的漏误。
4)配套材料不够完善。
5)缺乏系统配套的泛读材料。
6)语言不严密。
这些问题严重影响着教学达标。根据以上问题,现行教材亟待改革。
四、改革教法
英语教学法是执教者根据英语教育的基本规律所采用的一种语言教学的方法。教学方法的选择是依据教学目标和教学内容来确定的。采用了科学的教学方法,教学方可有效。回顾我国英语教学法的演变过程,真可谓步履艰难。自从中国开始大规模的英语教学以来近百年,英语教学法经历了五个时期,即:对比法——直接法——翻译法——结构法和功能法。而这五种教学法又是交替使用,从来没有被单独使用过,其中翻译法沿用的时间最长。这一方法主要针对英语知识的教学,它至今仍在一定程度上影响着我们的教学。而现在的新教材是功能法和结构法的产物,是实用主义哲学的体现。根据我国改革开放的需要,要求培养学生能在国际交往中直接使用英语的能力。改革教法的目的就是要把过去的知识传授型的方法和不适合新教材的教学法改为功能交际法,以便达到培养交际能力的目的。
五、改革教学手段
新教材突出交际能力的培养。同时由于新教材容量大,课时有限,因此如果在教学中还一味地使用过去的“三个一”(一张嘴、一本书、一支粉笔)的教学手段,那是很难完成教学任务的,更不用说达到教学目标了。鉴于此,各学校应该尽力去改善英语教学的手段。英语教学改革的目标就是要利用一切可以利用现代化教学手段,给学生提供现代化的视听仪器和教学辅助设施,增大课堂容量,提高课堂教学的效果。
六、改革评估检测
考试、检测是评估教学效果的惯用手段。尽管新教材已经使用了六年多了,但至今还没有一套完全适合新教材的评估检测手段。现在的实际情况是考、教脱节。新教材以培养交际能力的目的,而现在的考试,评估仍然是以考试语法为主,这严重影响着教学。众所周知,考什么教什么,尽管近年来对能力的考查有所侧重,但事实上现在的考试仍然没有完全摆脱语法考试的影响。故导致在复习备考阶段,大部分时间还是花在了语法复习上。因此这种评估检测手段亟待改革。
七、改革师资现状
目前,全国各地中学英语师资水平很不均衡。越是贫困的地区,师资水平越低。造成这种情况的原因是多方面的。
1)七十年代,由于师资缺乏,全国各地举办了不少的短训班。短训班里培训出的教师解决了当时教师缺乏的问题,而这部分人的英语素质不高。
2)现在的中学教师中大多数属于八十年代中专或大专毕业生,虽然他们在长期的教学实践中努力,自修,拿到了大本函授文凭,但实际上,大多数的水平提高幅度不大。
3)函授不利于教师素质的提高,因为英语作为一种语言,在学习过程中,须进行听、说、读、写、译各方面的训练,而函授不能很好地解决这些问题。
4)由于工作环境和时间的推移,教师们的听、说能力不断地退化。
5)由于区域发展的不平衡,教师流动较大。这样就使得经济较发达的地区,教师师资水平越来越高,落后地区的师资水平越来越低,这样就造成了恶性循环,很不利于英语教学水平的全面提高。
鉴于以上原因,我们必须设法改革英语师资的现状。为了改革师资队伍的建设,国家教委计划将在近三年内培养一万名能教会研的教师,这对英语教师来说是一件难得的好事,除此之外各地的教育行政部门和学校教应该为教师们创造条件,鼓励进修。
总之,凡是不利于推行素质教育的情况均需改革。作为一名教师,我认为我们有责任为深化教学改革做一些力所能及的事情。如果每个教育教学工作者都来为教学改革出谋献策,那么,我们英语教学改革的成功之日也就为期不远了。希望我们共同努力,为之奋斗!
一、综述本课题国内外研究动态,说明选题的依据和意义
随着现代教育技术的发展,多媒体技术已成为现代教育技术应用的重要组成部分。随着电脑多媒体时代的到来,现代化教学技术才真正渗透到英语教学中来,为我国传统英语教学的改革和发展带来了生机和活力。
近年来,世界各国都纷纷将信息技术应用于各门学科教育,十分重视计算机辅助教与学的研究与实施。国外英语教学课程标准要求给学生提供适当的机会来发展并应用信息技术学习英语的能力。随着英语教学中的技术含量的提高,电脑、网络技术等成为教学的手段之一。可以预料,现代科学技术无疑将极大地影响英语教育的现状与未来,英语教育进入信息化时代。
我之所以选择本课题是因为多媒体课堂教学是英语课堂教学发展的必然趋势。这种教育技术有着极大的优越性,如激发学生的学习兴趣,突出了教学重点,解决了教学难点,扩展视野,提高了教学质量等等。因此,多媒体英语教学越来越受到老师和学生的喜爱,逐渐成为目前教学技术手段的主流之一。
多媒体英语教学有着传统英语教学手段所无法比拟的优势,但由于多媒体英语教学在我国尚还处于“初级阶段”,不少老师在认识和实践两方面还普遍存在着一些误误区,如只图表面气氛而忽视教学的实效性,过多的依赖多媒体从而忽视自身专业素质的提高等等。我对多媒体在英语教学中的优越性和怎样让多媒体英语教学达到最佳的效果这两方面进行了研究。教师是教学成功的关键,教师应以学生为中心,充分发挥多媒体在教与学的媒介作用,提高自己应用多媒体技术的能力,让多媒体充分发挥其优越性淡化存在的问题,让多媒体更好的为英语教学服务,这具有重大的意义。
二、研究的基本内容,拟解决的主要问题:
基本内容:
1.媒体在英语教学中的优越性。
2.让多媒体在英语教学中发挥出更好效果的方法
拟解决的主要问题:
1.图表面热闹而忽视其实效性。
2.盲目追求形象性,限制学生创造力。
3.过多依赖多媒体,从而忽视教师自身专业素质的提高。
三、研究步骤、方法及措施:
步骤方法:
1.运用查阅文献、书面调查等各种方法搜集资料;
2.整理分析材料,选择研究问题,确定研究题目;
3.执笔撰写;
4.修改定稿。
措施:
1.到图书馆查阅相关文献资料;
2.了解收集有关材料进行分析研究;
3.上网查询;
4.请教导师陈金荣。
四、研究工作进度:
选题研究,查阅文献、收集资料;
整理资料,写开题报告;
撰写论文提纲;
修改提纲,撰写论文,接受论文中期检查;
修改论文,答辩。
五、主要参考文献:
[1]陈阳展现代教育技术促进教育教学改革
[2]顾佩娅《英特网与外语教学》外语电化教学1998第1期
[3]胡春洞《英语教学法》高等教育出版社1990年9月第一版
[4]刘道义《SeniorEnglishforChinaStudent’sBook》人民教育出版社2003年6月第一版
[5]励景《网络知识与运用》宁波出版社2002年6月第一版
[6]南国农李运林《电化教育学》高等教育出版社2001年3月
[7]宋振宇多媒体教学在英语教学中的运用的几点注意
[8]汤燕瑜外语多媒体教学环境的够建和应用中国教育和科研计算机网
[9]王珠珠《现代教育技术与素质教育的实践探索》2001年5月中央广播电视大学出版社
[10]庄宇让多媒体走入课堂[J]外语电化教学高等教育出版社2002年2月
[11]张莉教学中运用多媒体技术的优势和存在的问题及对策中国教育和科研计算机网/
[12]张大均《教育心理学》人民教育出版社2001年6月
1. 论文的开题报告怎么写 论文的开题报告怎么写 【开题报告怎么写啊?我的论文题目是《运用现代教育技术优化数学 有格式的,由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想,因而篇幅不必过大,但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚,应包含两个部分:总述、提纲.1 总述开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题,并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等.2 提纲开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的,是一个研究构想的基本框架.可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式.在开题阶段,提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架,没有必要像论文目录那样详细.3 参考文献开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录4 要求开题报告应有封面页,总页数应不少于4页.版面格式应符合以下规定.开 题 报 告 学 生:一、 选题意义 1、 理论意义 2、 现实意义 二、 论文综述 1、 理论的渊源及演进过程 2、 国外有关研究的综述 3、 国内研究的综述 4、 本人对以上综述的评价 三、论文提纲 前言、 一、1、2、3、··· ···二、1、2、3、··· ···三、1、2、3、结论 四、论文写作进度安排 毕业论文开题报告提纲一、开题报告封面:论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师二、目的意义和国内外研究概况三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容四、研究条件和可能存在的问题五、预期的结果六、进度安排。 论文开题报告怎么写? 说实在的 现在我刚好也遇到这个问题 一、如何选择问题 我一直萦绕于怀的,是在写博士论文开题报告的一年多时间里,导师薛澜教授反复追问的一个问题:“你的 puzzle 是什么?”多少次我不假思索地回答“我的问题就是,中国的半导体产业为什么发展不起来。” 薛老师问题以其特有的储蓄,笑而不答。我在心中既恼火又懊丧:这么简单的道理,这么明显的答案,到底哪儿不对了?! 奥妙就在于提出问题的“层次”。不同于政策研究报告,学术文章聚集理论层面、解决理论问题。理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系。 特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下,理论才能够对话;只有通过对话,理论才能够发展。 极少有硕博论文是创造新理论的,能这样当然最好,但难度很大。我们多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展,因此,在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 审视我最初提出的问题“中国半导体产业为什么发展不起来”,这仅仅是对现象的探询,而非有待求证的理论命题。我的理论命题是:“中国产业政策过程是精英主导的共识过程吗?”在这个命题中,“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三个术语勾勒出研究的理论大体范围和视角。 简历下载 其次,选择问题是一个“剥笋”的过程。理论问题总是深深地隐藏在纷繁复杂的现实背后,而发现理论问题,则需要运用理论思维的能力。 理论思维的训练是一个长期积累的过程。不过初学者也不必望而却步,大体上可以分“三步走”:第一步,先划定一个“兴趣范围”,如半导体产业、信息产业、农村医疗、高等教育体制等,广泛浏览相关的媒体报道、 *** 文献和学术文章,找到其中的“症结”或“热点”。 第二步,总结以往的研究者大体从哪些理论视角来分析“症结”或“热点”、运用了哪些理论工具,如公共财政的视角、社会冲突范式等。第三步,考察问题的可研究性,也就是我们自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。 例如,西方的理论是否无法解释中国的问题?或者同一个问题能否用不同的理论来解释?或者理论本身的前提假设、逻辑推演是否存在缺陷?通过回答这些问题,我们找到自己研究的立足点。不过还要注意我们研究在规定的一到两年时间内,是否可能完成?资料获取是否可行?等等。 最后,如何陈述问题?陈述问题实质上就是凝练核心观点的过程。观点应当来自对现实问题的思考和总结,而不是为了套理论而“削足适”。 中国的政治、经济和社会发展充满动态的、丰富的景象,如何才能用恰当的术语、准确的逻辑表述出来呢?雄心勃勃的初学者往往提出宏伟的概念或框架,但我的建议是尽可能缩小研究范围、明确研究对象,从而理清对象的内存逻辑,保证能在有限的时间内完成规范的? 简历吧 术论文。如“中国半导体产业政策研究”就是一个非常含糊的陈述,我们可以从几个方面来收缩话题:( 1 )时间:从 1980 年到 2000 年;( 2 )对象: *** 的叛乱者和决策行为,而不是市场、企业、治理结构等;( 3 )视角:政治和 *** 理论中的精英研究;( 4 )案例: 908 工程、 909 工程、 13 号文件和《电子振兴》,这是发生在 1980 - 2000 年间半导体政策领域的两个重大工程和两个重要文件。 通过这样的明确界定,我们将目光集中在“政策过程”、“精英”、“共识”几个显而易见的概念上,问题也就水落石出了。同时,问题清楚了,我们在筛选信息和资料时也就有了明确的标准,在这个“信息冗余”的时代,能够大大提高研究效率。 二、 如何做文献综述 首先需要将“文献综述( Literature Review) ”与“背景描述 (Backupground Description) ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候,需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉,如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外 *** 发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等,这些内容属于“背景描述”,关注的是现实层面的问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”,关注的是现实层面问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次,文献综述是评论性的( Review 就是“评论”的意思),因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 (critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 评论的主线,要按照问题展开,也就是说,别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的,他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷?要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题,那就没有重复研究的必要了。 简历 清楚了文献综述的意涵,现来说说怎么做文献综述。 虽说,尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度,但如果缺乏标准,就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。 技巧一:瞄准主流。 主流文献,如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等,是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论,虽然多少有点价值,但时间精力所限,可以从简。 怎样摸清该领域的主流呢?建议从以下几条途径入手:一是图书馆的中外学术期刊,找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”,留意它们的参考文献。 论文的开题报告怎么写啊? 开题报告主要包括以下几个方面: (一)论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一,名称要准确、规范。 准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么,研究的对象是什么交待清楚,论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致,不能太大,也不能太小,要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二,名称要简洁,不能太长。 不管是论文或者课题,名称都不能太长,能不要的字就尽量不要,一般不要超过20个字。 (二) 论文研究的目的、意义 研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。 这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述,指出现实当中存在这个问题,需要去研究,去解决,本论文的研究有什么实际作用,然后,再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点,有针对性一点,不能漫无边际地空喊口号。 主要内容包括:⑴ 研究的有关背景(课题的提出): 即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。 ⑵ 通过分析本地(校) 的教育教学实际,指出为什么要研究该课题,研究的价值,要解决的问题。 (三) 本论文国内外研究的历史和现状(文献综述)。 规范些应该有,如果是小课题可以省略。 一般包括:掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果;寻找有待进一步研究的问题,从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、研究的特色或突破点。 (四)论文研究的指导思想 指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向,符合什么要求等,这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论,也可以是 *** 的教育发展规划,也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。 (五) 论文写作的目标 论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题,也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标:即本论文写作的目标定位,确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。 常见存在问题是:不写研究目标;目标扣题不紧;目标用词不准确; 目标定得过高, 对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。 确定论文写作目标时,一方面要考虑课题本身的要求,另一方面要考率实际的工作条件与工作水平。 (六)论文的基本内容 研究内容要更具体、明确。 并且一个目标可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现,他们不一定是一一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候,往往考虑的不是很具体,写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊,把写作的目的、意义当作研究内容。 基本内容一般包括:⑴对论文名称的界说。应尽可能明确三点:研究的对象、研究的问题、研究的方法。 ⑵本论文写作有关的理论、名词、术语、概念的界说。 (七)论文写作的方法 具体的写作方法可从下面选定: 观察法、调查法、实验法、经验总结法、 个案法、比较研究法、文献资料法等。 (八)论文写作的步骤 论文写作的步骤,也就是论文写作在时间和顺序上的安排。论文写作的步骤要充分考虑研究内容的相互关系和难易程度,一般情况下,都是从基础问题开始,分阶段进行,每个阶段从什么时间开始,至什么时间结束都要有规定。 课题研究的主要步骤和时间安排包括:整个研究拟分为哪几个阶段;各阶段的起止时间。 毕业论文开题报告怎样写?范文! 一、如何选择问题 我一起萦绕于怀的,是在写博士论文开题报告的一年多时间里,导师薛澜教授反复追问的一个问题:“你的 puzzle 是什么?”多少次我不假思索地回答“我的问题就是,中国的半导体产业为什么发展不起来。” 薛老师问题以其特有的储蓄,笑而不答。我在心中既恼火又懊丧:这么简单的道理,这么明显的答案,到底哪儿不对了?!奥妙就在于提出问题的“层次”。 不同于政策研究报告,学术文章聚集理论层面、解决理论问题。理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系。 特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下,理论才能够对话;只有通过对话,理论才能够发展。 极少有硕博论文是创造新理论的,能这样当然最好,但难度很大。我们多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展,因此,在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 审视我最初提出的问题“中国半导体产业为什么发展不起来”,这仅仅是对现象的探询,而非有待求证的理论命题。我的理论命题是:“中国产业政策过程是精英主导的共识过程吗?”在这个命题中,“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三个术语勾勒出研究的理论大体范围和视角。 其次,选择问题是一个“剥笋”的过程。理论问题总是深深地隐藏在纷繁复杂的现实背后,而发现理论问题,则需要运用理论思维的能力。 理论思维的训练是一个长期积累的过程。不过初学者也不必望而却步,大体上可以分“三步走”:第一步,先划定一个“兴趣范围”,如半导体产业、信息产业、农村医疗、高等教育体制等,广泛浏览相关的媒体报道、 *** 文献和学术文章,找到其中的“症结”或“热点”。 第二步,总结以往的研究者大体从哪些理论视角来分析“症结”或“热点”、运用了哪些理论工具,如公共财政的视角、社会冲突范式等。第三步,考察问题的可研究性,也就是我们自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。 例如,西方的理论是否无法解释中国的问题?或者同一个问题能否用不同的理论来解释?或者理论本身的前提假设、逻辑推演是否存在缺陷?通过回答这些问题,我们找到自己研究的立足点。不过还要注意我们研究在规定的一到两年时间内,是否可能完成?资料获取是否可行?等等。 最后,如何陈述问题?陈述问题实质上就是凝练核心观点的过程。观点应当来自对现实问题的思考和总结,而不是为了套理论而“削足适履”。 中国的政治、经济和社会发展充满动态的、丰富的景象,如何才能用恰当的术语、准确的逻辑表述出来呢?雄心勃勃的初学者往往提出宏伟的概念或框架,但我的建议是尽可能缩小研究范围、明确研究对象,从而理清对象的内存逻辑,保证能在有限的时间内完成规范的学 术论文。如“中国半导体产业政策研究”就是一个非常含糊的陈述,我们可以从几个方面来收缩话题:( 1 )时间:从 1980 年到 2000 年;( 2 )对象: *** 的叛乱者和决策行为,而不是市场、企业、治理结构等;( 3 )视角:政治和 *** 理论中的精英研究;( 4 )案例: 908 工程、 909 工程、 13 号文件和《电子振兴》,这是发生在 1980 - 2000 年间半导体政策领域的两个重大工程和两个重要文件。 通过这样的明确界定,我们将目光集中在“政策过程”、“精英”、“共识”几个显而易见的概念上,问题也就水落石出了。同时,问题清楚了,我们在筛选信息和资料时也就有了明确的标准,在这个“信息冗余”的时代,能够大大提高研究效率。 二、 如何做文献综述 首先需要将“文献综述( Literature Review) ”与“背景描述 (Backupground Description) ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候,需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉,如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外 *** 发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等,这些内容属于“背景描述”,关注的是现实层面的问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”,关注的是现实层面问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次,文献综述是评论性的( Review 就是“评论”的意思),因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 (critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 评论的主线,要按照问题展开,也就是说,别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的,他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷?要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题,那就没有重复研究的必要了。清楚了文献综述的意涵,现来说说怎么做文献综述。 虽说,尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度,但如果缺乏标准,就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。技巧一:瞄准主流。 主流文献,如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等,是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论,虽然多少有点价值,但时间精力所限,可以从简。 怎样摸清该领域的主流呢?建议从以下几条途径入手:一是图书馆的中外学术期刊,找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”,留意它们的参考文献。质量较高的学术文章,通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典。
下文是为大家精选的翻译在职硕士论文开题报告,希望对大家有帮助!
翻译在职硕士论文开题报告
论文题目:从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构
1、选题意义和背景
随着中国加入世界贸易组织,中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场,提高在国际市场上的知名度,企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料,读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍,也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等,这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整,从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构,以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说,本文有三种类型,分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为,企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之,而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此,外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能,要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受,并让读者产生共鸣,继而付诸行动,实现译文预期的功能。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschuem)提出了顺应论,将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式,也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度,还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益,因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同,译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动,就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整,而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来,并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译,试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。
2、论文综述/研究基础
1987年维索尔伦(Verschueren)提出顺应论之后,在语用学界引起了很大反响,不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索,而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中,成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。
1 国外顺应论研究状况。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschueren)在《IprA工作文集》(IprA WorkingDocument 1) (1987, 45-48)中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》,标志着顺应论的提出。1995年,他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》(handbook of Pragmatics)中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为,语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观,并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年,阿萨卡瑟(AsaKasher)主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts)论文集中,维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》(v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication )的文章,主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年,在他的专着《语用学新解》(Understaning Pragmatics)中,维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用,这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角,突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支(语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学)的看法,而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观,贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面,可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角,可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命,可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析,也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。
2 国内顺应论研究状况。
钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学:语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》(1991,62-66)的文章中,将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面,即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析,并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨,认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架J.Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》(2000,230-232),该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分,也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来,使其不再属于语言资源的语言学,而是加入到语言使用的语言学去,作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用,这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题,还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。
国内除钱冠连外,2007年何自然主编的《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是,该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向,集语用学的三个前沿理论(关联论、顺应论、模因论)为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。
关于顺应论的部分,该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合,为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出,顺应论是宏观语用学的核心,顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》(2000, 50-52)中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论,探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系,指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》(2007,51-55)从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映,纵观维索尔伦的语用思想,折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外,刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础,除了对语言顺应论做出肯定,他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙,以解释所有的语言运用,有运用过度之嫌”(李元胜,2007:124)。
中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究,还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中,顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。
从理论研究的角度来看,有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示,戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》(2000,7-11) -文中,为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程,它超越了以往语言学研究的框架,将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出,根据顺应论,语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程,两者可以相互影响,同样,翻译作为语言转换的过程,也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应,这种顺应应该以满足交际双方的需要为目的,对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。
有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法,王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》(2005,55-59) -文中,针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论,他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法,而不是翻译策略,动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时,他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。
顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中,学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外,还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去,比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析,同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。
叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics)中,首先对应用翻译进行了定位,然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化,并以《选美中国》为例,结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争,提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时,译者可以采取异化策略,担负起传播中国文化的使命,扩大目的语读者的文化语境、认知语境,激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索,增强我国软实力。
纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状,可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面,研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究,而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申,缺乏创新点,并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定,导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。
3、参考文献
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社,2004.
Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.
戈玲玲。《顺应论对翻译研究的启示--兼论语用翻译标准》[J].黑龙江,外语学刊。2002 (3) :7-11.
公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.
何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 (1) ; 19-25.
何自然。《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海,上海教育出版社。2007.
何自然,冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙,湖南教育出版社。2002.
胡芳毅,贾占波。《外宣翻译:意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海,上海翻译。2010⑴:23-28.
蒋澄生,廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州,广东工业大学学报。2005 (1) : 68-71.
贾文波。《应用翻译功能论(第二版)》[M].北京,中国出版集团公司。2012.
李明。《商务英语翻译(汉译英)》[M]?北京,高等教育出版社。2007.
李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都,成都大学学报 2007⑶:123-126.
刘恩祥,刘颖,李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山,佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)》。2011 (1) :70-73.
卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆,肇庆学院学报。2007⑶:53-56.
钱冠连。《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京,外语教学与研究。2000(3) :230-232.
钱冠连。《语用学:语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京,外语教学与研究。1991(1):61-66.
孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南,山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)。2007 (6) :51-55.
潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京,外语与外语教学。2002 (6):50-52.
王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京,外语研究。2005(4) :55-59.
叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海,上海交通大学出版社。2009.
张运桥,严敏芬。《语用三观:关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州,外语艺术教育研究。2009(3) :36-38.
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容:
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况:
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。
张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲:
thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见:
指导教师签名:
年 月 日
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告,供参考阅读,希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
问题一:开题报告 如何用英语翻译? 开题报告. 英语: 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project. 问题二:"开题报告"这个词,英文怎么说 开题报告 [词典] Thesis proposal; 问题三:开题报告 英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题四:开题报告,英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题五:毕业论文开题报告的英文请问怎么翻译 如果图简单的话,就找安太译欣,直接翻译 问题六:论文开题报告用英语怎么表达,opening rep 你好! 论文开题报告 Thesis opening report 问题七:开题报告用英语怎么说? Thesis Report 毕业论文揣题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题八:英语翻译论文论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not......>> 问题九:英语论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings.......>> 问题十:开题报告 如何用英语翻译? 开题报告. 英语: 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project.
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms