英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。
Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.
With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.
Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.
With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.
Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.
For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.
In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.
Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.
Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.
Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems
Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.
Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.
Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.
Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.the way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.so when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.next, it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five parts.part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.ok! that is all. thank you!
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.Angela Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.OK! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Li.With his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
论文陈述可以很好地组织和发展论点，并为读者提供关于论点的“指南”。
论文陈述包含以下内容：
1、陈述你对这个主题的主要观点
陈述观点时一定要表达一个主要思想，并陈述你的立场或看法。关于主题，需思考：
2、给出几个支持主要观点的理由
理由要写清楚，一定要用符合逻辑的事实和证据来支持这个理由。
3、给出一个与主要观点相反的观点
一个好的论文陈述要承认论点存在另一面。所以，同学可以在论文陈述中给出一个反论点。
论文陈述写作示例：
1、首先，从一个问题开始。例如：互联网对教育有正面或负面的影响吗?
2、其次，表明你对这个问题的立场。例如：互联网对教育的正面影响大于负面影响。
3、最后，发展你的答案。例如：互联网使用的负面影响被其对教育的诸多好处所抵消：互联网有助于学生和老师更容易地获取信息、接触不同的观点，以及这是一个灵活的学习环境。
留个邮箱我发给你或者直接去怪人网上下载我的答辩PPT就是在怪人网上下载的怪人网上有很多不错的毕业答辩PPT模板自己需要哪个下哪个关键是不要钱
你的专业是英语还是你的硕士论文答辩要求使用英语？我觉得第一页肯定要放的是校徽LOGO，论文题目，副标题，作者。一般简洁为主吧。有很多模版的。我不知道英语专业有什么特别要求吗，但是整个PPT能把你的研究目的和过程、结果以及答辩组老师想知道的问题讲清楚就行了。
把你QQ给我吧，我把自己的给你！虽然没有读过这部小说，改但可以关键信息嘛！
好的论文答辩ppt尽量做得简洁、漂亮、得体。答辩自信、表达流利、有理有据。这样才能吸引人。选个模板会方便好多
毕业论文答辩模板
链接： 提取码：rchu
论文答辩PPT模板精选总有一款适合你
先说主要内容，再介绍这本小说，最后总结，这属于四段式，你也可以加一段关于这本书的又来，也可以说自己的读书心得，当然，要注意详略得当。
就用ppt自带的模版 越素越好 推荐蓝底白字或白底黑字 字都加粗在ppt中不要出现句子 顶多是词组大概15页左右第一页写题目 作者 导师第二页写 outline 讲的时候注意介绍各部分的逻辑关系第三页写 literature review 或者叫 theoretical basis 几句话带过就行 这个不重要第四页开始写主体部分 多用表格 最后是conclusion 要写limitations 答辩一般是十到十五分钟 千万别超时
我的PPT模板有各式各样的种类，都是好多学生使用过的，我分享给你，喜欢的话记得采纳点赞。
毕业论文答辩模板
链接： 提取码：ymzr
留个邮箱我发给你或者直接去怪人网上下载我的答辩PPT就是在怪人网上下载的怪人网上有很多不错的毕业答辩PPT模板自己需要哪个下哪个关键是不要钱
Oral defense
1. 关于目的论理论方面的问题，以考查你是否真的了解所用理论。2。翻译方法、翻译原则方面的问题，以考查你对翻译理解的程度。3。你论文中所涉及的具体问题，包括语言问题、老师认为表述不巧当的地方等，都可以提问。4。具体的翻译，比如让你当场翻译。总之，对自己的论文要非常熟悉，每个句子每个单词都不能马虎。
英文论文答辩结尾
同学们设计好开场白的同时也要想好怎样结尾，给老师一个好的影响。
Good morning, professors and everyone. I come from JMU College. I am XXX and my supervisor is prof XXX. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper.
The title of my paper is An Analysis of Ahab’s Personality Tragedy in Moby Dick. I choose this title as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this work as this is one of the texts in our American literature course . Last but not least , Moby-Dick is widely recognized as the summit not only of Melville’s art but of American nineteenth-centry fiction.
The purpose of this essay is to study Captain Ahab,the role in Moby-Dick, whose leg was bitten by the white whale in his process of the whaling. After losing his leg, he determined to revenge Moby Dick and tried to kill it. In order to revenge, Ahab ultimately dooms the crew of the Pequod (save for Ishmael) to death by his obsession with Moby Dick. By taking the comprehensive analysis perspective of Moby-Dick, this thesis will point out that the main characteristics of Ahab.
This paper consists of three parts. Part one presents an introduction to the Social Background and the life of the Author Herman Melvillehe ,Part two presents The Main Characteristics of Ahab. there are three aspects have been divided to analyze his characters: his monomania , his selfishness, and his individualism. Part three presents The Consequences of Ahab's Personality Tragedy.
OK, that's all. Thank you !
Questions :
1. 怎样运用理论去分析的
2. 针对你论文中的'某个商标翻译而考你噢，所以要熟悉你论文中作为例子的翻译
3. 什么是monomania(偏执狂)?
4. 白鲸记的象征意义有哪些
5. 亚哈船长为何复仇
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am Zhao Jing. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Zhong Ming, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
The title of my paper is The Masculine Spirit of The Old Man and the Sea
The whole thesis consists of 3 parts. The first part will give brief introductions on the background which contains the social and cultural aspects and the introduction to the author of the masterpiece. In The second part is going to have a brief
introduction of the old man and the sea and analyze the masculine spirits in the old man and the sea such as the faith optimistic and the wisdom of the hero. In the third part, it is the natural conclusion and the deep consideration.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this novel as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times. Last but not the least, I’m deeply appreciated to the masculine spirit and hope I can get and practice it in my future. For the above facts, I select the subject of The Masculine Spirit of The Old Man and the Sea as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this novel we can know more about the author Hemingway and his honorable masculine spirit. “A man can be destroyed but not be defeated.” Such kind of spirit can
help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
That’s all.Thank you!
1、论文题目
2、摘要与关键词
3、目录
4、翻译任务描述：主要写有关报告的背景，翻译任务的内容，目的、意义及报告整体结构。
5、翻译过程描述：包括译前——准备、文本特点分析、有关文献的查阅等，译中——翻译工具、翻译策略的选择等，译后——译后的校对、修改等。
6、文献综述：对该研究领域的研究现状（包括主要学术观点、前人研究成果和研究水平、争论焦点、存在的问题及可能的原因等）、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论，并提出自己的见解和研究思路，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌"。
7、案例分析：如何通过具体翻译案例将翻译理论运用到翻译实践中，应从不同维度、不同侧面，如从词汇、句法、语篇等方面分析理论与实践的结合。这部分一定要分析到位，突出理论如何对翻译实践起指导作用，但也不能生搬硬套，要做到理论指导实践。
8、结论：主要包括翻译实践的总结、主要发现、局限性以及展望。
9、参考文献：应使用规范的格式将引用的参考文献一一列出（如APA或MLA）。
10、致谢。
翻译报告注意事项：
1、合理拟定翻译选题和理论
研究理论与选题的匹配程度和创新程度大概率会影响报告质量！一个优秀的选题通常源于对现实问题的兴致。选题必须是明确的问题，并与具体的学术领域紧密关联。选择方向、提炼观点、确定理论是确立题目的必经之路。
如果实在迷茫，不知道选取哪个理论，就把所有有关翻译的理论找出来，列一个清单，选择最擅长、最稳妥的理论我们需要大量阅读、吃透所选理论和与翻译材料，积极查阅知网等文献检索工具，多多查看与所选理论和翻译材料相近的类似的实践报告，学习使用规范严谨的学术语言。
2、制定翻译计划
在阅读材料之前，应当先统筹制定一份翻译方案，确定翻译进程，确定译中、译后总结复盘事宜。在阅读翻译材料过程中，可以顺手记录材料中的生词、术语、长难句，优先进行翻译。
3、撰写结论
撰写结论的内容，包括以下三个方面：
1）翻译过程的总结。
2）翻译报告的局限性。
3）对翻译的进一步展望。可主要写翻译中的经验、收获、局限以及建议等。
英语翻译论文写作方法
随着翻译学科的发展,翻译研究在横向的广度与纵向的深度上都有了很大的变化,怎样写英语翻译论文呢?
1、选题及资料查阅
对任何一项学术研究活动来讲，选择合适的课题都是至关重要的，尤其对研究成果具有决定性意义。在攻读博士研究生期间，笔者以翻译研究为主要研修方向，经过广泛阅读该领域的学术期刊论文和专著，较为熟悉国内外翻译研究的现状。加之入学伊始便在导师指引下从事中国典籍翻译研究，随着大量阅读和学习有关典籍英译及其研究的著述，自己对该领域尤其儒家经典《论语》的英译现象产生了兴趣，并逐渐进行较为深入的了解。
一般情况下，资料查阅在选题之前就已展开，因为资料是确定论文选题的重要依据，但其后的文献查阅工作更具重要意义。围绕《论语》英译这一现象，自己开始进一步的资料搜集和研读。初步调查和梳理发现，儒经《论语》的外译，始于意大利传教士利玛窦完成于1594年(一说1593年)的拉丁文译本(马祖毅、任荣珍，2003：34)，至今已逾四百年。而第一个《论语》英语全译本为柯大卫(David Collie)所译，作为《四书》(The Chinese Classical Work Commonly Called the Four Books)的一部分于1828年在马六甲出版，距今也近乎两个世纪。近年来，国内学者对《论语》英译本的关注和研究越来越多，除了较为集中于理雅各、翟林奈、韦利等所译的早期经典译本，也开始着手庞德、刘殿爵、安乐哲和罗思文(合译)等现当代译本的探讨。从手头掌握的资料来看，海外《论语》英语全译本已超过三十个。调查还发现，作为早期主要海外英语全译本之一，20世纪初就已出现的Leonard A. Lyall的《论语》英译本迄今鲜有研究，比如利用“中国期刊全文数据库”(CNKI)未能搜寻到专门研讨该英译本的文章翻译学的论文写作技巧翻译学的论文写作技巧。由于材料新本身是学术创新的重要表现之一，因此有理由初步将该译本作为自己撰写一篇翻译研究论文的研究对象。
通过对更多资料爬梳剔抉，笔者掌握了译者Leonard A. Lyall及其《论语》英语本的基本情况。譬如，Leonard Arthur Lyall中文名叫赖发洛，是英国汉学家。1886 年以海关洋员的身份来华，在华40余年。赖发洛《论语》英译本书名为The Sayings of Confucius, 由位于伦敦的朗曼斯·格林公司(Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd.)在1909年9月初版刊行，并先后于1925年10月和1935年9月印行第2版和第3版。这里所采用的研究对象是第3版，全书不足130页(其中正文共计102页)，是篇幅较为简短的《论语》英语全译本之一除了英译《论语》之外，他还分别翻译《中庸》(1927)和《孟子》(1932)两书并数次再版。1934年，他编著的现代世界丛书《中国》在伦敦出版，向西方介绍中国。然而，由于有关赖发洛《论语》英译本专门研究的学术论文迄今付诸阙如，因此决定将对该译本的文本细读作为自己进一步研究的基础，希望有所发现，或许为当下中华典籍外译及其相关研究提供些微借鉴和思考。
2、提纲构建
在研读赖发洛《论语》英译本过程中，笔者发现译者所贯彻始终的翻译基本策略和具体翻译操作方法与其对汉语特点的认识、翻译理念的追求等息息相关，而这些又充分体现在该译本的“前言”(Preface)和“导语”(Introduction)中。例如，第3版“前言”(1935)仅一句话，告诉读者再次修订译文旨在使其“更接近于汉语原文”(bring it nearer to the Chinese)(Lyall，1935：vi)。值得一提的是，第2版“前言”(1925)不仅强调该版译文“比初版更加接近字词对应”(more nearly word for word than it
was in the first)，而且指出汉语原文的两个特点：难懂(hard to understand)和多义(more than one interpretation)，并认为在这种情况下总是易读的译文绝非“真实翻译”(true translation)(同上：v)。而篇幅稍长的“导语”写于1909年，一定意义上亦可看作初版的“前言”。这部分内容十分丰富，既包括孔子生平、《论语》的形成过程以及时代背景和社会状况，又有春秋之前中国古代史简介，并谈到道家、墨家等思想。这些很大程度上也表明译者对中国传统文化的广泛认知和深入了解。
经过细读赖氏《论语》英译本发现，为了使译文与原文“更加接近字词对应”，译者尤其注重原文的遣词造句和形式结构，比如原文较为突出的数字小句的行文特点，译文往往采用类似排比的洗练短语、清晰而果断的语势，使原文的字词概念和句式语序尽可能在译文中再现翻译学的论文写作技巧概而言之，赖发洛通过运用多种具体翻译操作方法，贯彻以“字词对应”为基础的、倾向直译的翻译策略，较为有效地践行了以质直求真为特色的“真实翻译”思想。赖氏追求的“真实翻译”尽管不同于几乎同时出现的、本杰明所倡导的旨在再现“纯语言”(pure language)的“真正翻译”(real translation)思想，但两者又似乎至少在一点上是相似的：因为后者为了实现译文的透明性，也强调直译原文(literal rendering)的必要性(Benjamin，2004：21)。
基于以上对赖译本的研读和思考，笔者着手构建论文的基本框架，初步拟订如下一个写作提纲。论文大致分为五个部分，包括引言、赖发洛及其《论语》英译本、翻译基本策略和具体方法、译本存在的不足及其原因分析和结语。其中，翻译基本策略为倾向直译且以“字词对应”为基础，具体翻译方法分为为四种，即字词对应、语序一致，字词对应、语序变换，字词调整、语序一致和字词调整、语序变换;译本的不足以翻译目的论为参照分为三类：悖离目的性法则的翻译失误、悖离连贯性法则的翻译失误和悖离忠实性法则的翻译失误，对每类译误又根据译本的具体情况加以细分，便于更好的例证和评析。
3、撰写与修改
论文撰写是整个论文工作的最重要阶段，也是需要付出时间和精力最多的阶段。论文初稿的撰写主要是基于以上拟订的提纲，虽然在写作过程中也碰到一些困难，但通过适当运用学习有关专业课程所掌握的知识，最终得到有效的解决。譬如，细读赖发洛《论语》英译本时，笔者做了大量的笔记，众多的例子和不同的想法着实令人难以取舍。根据所学专业知识及研究需要，决定围绕主题和材料价值来加以分类和取舍。此处通过一个具体的做法加以说明。基于四种具体翻译方法，自己首先为每一种方法挑选出典型的例句(暂不考虑译文的准确与否)，然后抽样统计各类译文所占的大体比例，进而评判译文的整体风格特点。例如：
1. 字词对应语序一致：
子曰：“巧言令色，鲜矣仁!”(“学而第一”)
The Master said, Smooth words and fawning looks are seldom found with love.
2. 字词对应语序变换：
子曰：“弑父与君，亦不从也。”(“先进第十一”)
Nor would they follow, said the Master, if told to kill their lord or father.
3. 字词调整语序一致：
子温而厉，威而不猛，恭而安。(“述而第七”)
The Master’s manner was warm yet dignified. He was stern, but not fierce;humble, yet easy.
4. 字词调整语序变换：
子曰：“吾不如老农。”(“子路第十三”)
The Master said, An old husbandman knows more than I do.
根据笔者的粗略统计，这四类译文所占整个译文的比例大致为：第一类超过五分之三，第二类比第三类略多，但两者皆不足五分之一，而第四类最少，远低于十分之一。这一结果较为有力地支持了笔者对赖译本的判断，即译者贯彻“字词对应”为基础的、倾向直译的翻译策略，旨在诠释“真实翻译”的理念。
再如，囿于极为有限的参考文献，且线索难觅，自己想到专业课程所学的“滚雪球”文献检索法，运用后发现助益很大，效果颇佳。这里仅以查询译者Leonard A. Lyall的汉语名字为例加以说明。最初从掌握的资料来看，译者英文名字叫Leonard A. Lyall，然后通过“中国期刊全文数据库”(CNKI)在一篇关于《论语》英译史的文章中发现其汉语音译名为莱尔;接下来，通过利用该汉语音译名及其原名查得一篇论文谈及此人曾为海关洋员，进而在《全球化视野：中国海关洋员与中西文化传播(1854-1950年)》一书中找到其更为常用的中文名：赖发洛，以及更多有价值的信息。同时，还发现了译者的另一个中文名：兰雅。这样，通过对相关数据库再次就译者英文名和三个汉语名字进行逐一搜索，结果更为充分地表明赖发洛《论语》英译本的研究迄今尚付阙如。
关于修改文章，清梁章钜说：“百工冶器，必几经转换而后器成;我辈作文，亦必几经删润而后文成，其理一也。”(梁章钜，1973：1000)的确，要想写好论文，一个人必须在论文修改上下功夫。随着更多文献资料的查阅，笔者对论文初稿无论从遣词造句还是到篇章结构都进行了反复修改，既涉及到文中论点和论据的修正，也包括对所运用理论的调整翻译学的论文写作技巧翻译学的论文写作技巧。比如，论文初稿第四部分“译本存在的不足及其原因分析”有段补充说明赖氏译本特色的文字，包括“淡化译语(英语)形合之法，如用‘，’代替‘;’或连接词以贴近源语(汉语);用词基本不用缩略形式”等内容。后经反复斟酌，尤其考虑到论文内容和观点之间的相关性，最后决定将该文字移至第二部分“赖发洛及其《论语》英译本”，用以说明赖译本的特色。
关于文中的理论运用，笔者借鉴专业课程所学知识，如理论的'工具性、理论运用和学术价值的关系等，通过比较不同翻译流派理论的特点，结合论文研究的内容和目的，最终决定选用翻译目的论来分类评鉴赖译本，并有效地揭示赖氏译本追求英语译文“更接近于汉语原文”、最大限度地实现以理想化“真实翻译”为标志的翻译目的。
4、文体和引用之规范
翻译研究论文属于学术论文的范畴，既需要体现学术论文的基本性质，又应当符合学术论文的规范要求。其中，符合文体和引用的规范是对一篇合格的学术论文所提出的必然要求。关于学术论文的文体，要求十分丰富，包括从语态到语气，从术语的运用到避免歧视用语等内容。如关于术语，不仅要意识到使用专业术语的必要性，也要注意语言精炼，尽量少用术语，更要避免歧义。鉴于此，笔者在撰写尤其修改赖译本研究论文时都进行了仔细参照和认真检验，对那些欠妥如口语化的表达甚至讹误之处，如对翻译目的论个别术语的误用，都逐一加以修正和改善。
引用的规范对撰写合格的翻译研究论文同样具有重要意义。就引用而言，文章切忌断章取义，并应关注引用的核实及可靠性。为了避免引用的断章取义，熟悉引用文字的上下文十分关键。自己清楚记得老师曾在专业课上要求学生课后做引用查证练习，其中就有查阅“学而优则仕”的上下文。通过查阅，自己发现该语源自《论语》的“子张第十九”篇，上文是“仕而优则学”，并惊奇地发现该语为子夏所说，而非孔子所言。显然，这样的查证很有利于对该语的全面理解和准确使用。在修改关于赖译本研究的论文时，笔者努力查实引文，确保引用的可靠性。比如，为了更好地理解赖发洛所追求的“真实翻译”的涵义，文中引入了本杰明的“真正翻译”思想翻译学的论文写作技巧
为了查得“真正翻译”的出处，笔者在不同数据库中找到许多涉及该思想的论文，但基本上都是给出较为笼统的汉语解读，甚至还存在抵牾之处。为了更好地把握该思想，自己通过追根溯源，最终找到其原文具体出处，并发现本杰明这一思想与其“纯语言”哲学观密不可分，加深了对该思想的认识和理解。
其实，为了引用的规范，本篇论文也是如此。譬如，上文引用了清朝学者梁章钜有关作文修改之语，最初找到的出处有二：《退庵论文》和《退庵随笔》，且没有出版社、具体页码等信息。通过多次搜索和查阅，笔者最终在《退庵随笔》第十九卷“学文”中查得原文，并通过阅读下文——有关欧阳修对《昼锦堂记》原稿起首两句的修改，更好地理解了引文，尤其是修改之于作文的重要性。