1、 [会计]浅析固定资产投资效益审计 摘 要21世纪随着经济的发展,企业面临的挑战越来越大,企业提高经济效益是重中之重。企业提高经济效益的方法很多,开展企业内部投资经济效益审计是一个重要的方面。投资项目成功与否,直接关系到一个企业的... 类别:毕业论文 大小:33 KB 日期:2008-10-08 2、 [财务管理]企业集团内部审计问题研究 论文+翻译摘 要随着市场经济的不断增长以及国有企业改制的浪潮,我国企业集团的发展呈现出日新月异的态势,在壮大国民经济、改善经济结构、保持国民经济持续快速稳定增长中具有不可替代的地位和作用。同时,20... 类别:毕业论文 大小:622 KB 日期:2008-09-15 3、 [财务管理]会计师事务所审计风险探析 翻译+论文摘要在国内外审计丑闻频频出现的今天,业内人士都在哭诉着“面对审计失败,我们这些会计师事务所有很多无奈之处”。审计,被喻为经济警察,维持着经济市场的秩序和主持公正的行业,在经济市场上打滚的人们... 类别:毕业论文 大小:496 KB 日期:2008-09-13 4、 [会计]试论审计风险及其防范 摘 要 审计质量是审计工作的生命线,但近年来我国会计信息失真问题严重,加之有些单位、部门“反审计”的手段多种多样,审计环境变得越来越复杂,这些都使得审计风险日趋增大。审计风险已成为国家审计机关,社会... 类别:毕业论文 大小:17 KB 日期:2008-09-09 5、 [财务管理]企业内部审计理论与实践问题探讨 摘要体现企业成为法人实体和市场竞争主体、具有独立财产权和责任的新型企业制度客观上需要建立行之有效的内部审计监控。要在日益激烈的市场竞争中占一席之地,企业必须在对外开拓市场的同时,对内强化管理,而充分有... 类别:毕业论文 大小:169 KB 日期:2008-07-13 6、 [会计学]浅析审计专业判断及其影响因素 摘 要本文浅析了审计专业判断及其影响因素,分析了审计专业判断研究的重要性并对审计专业判断的过程和内容等进行了综合分析。在本文中,主要讨论以下几个领域的有关研究问题:审计专业判断的重要性、过程和内... 类别:毕业论文 大小:114 KB 日期:2008-07-08 7、 试论现代企业制度下的内部审计 前 言现代企业制度是指符合社会化大生产特点,适应市场经济体制需要,体现企业成为独立法人实体和市场竞争主体要求,在国家法律、法规的约束下,企业具有独立财产权和责任的一种企业制度。建立现代企业制度,... 类别:毕业论文 大小:15 KB 日期:2008-06-23
2006英文版企业会计准则----基本会计准则Basic Standardchapter 1 General ProvisionsArticle 1 In accordance with The Accounting Law of the People’s Republic of China and other relevant laws and regulations, this Standard is formulated to prescribe the recognition, measurement and reporting activities of enterprises for accounting purposes and to ensure the quality of accounting information.Article 2 This Standard shall apply to enterprises (including companies) established within the People’s Republic of China.Article 3 Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises include the Basic Standard and Specific Standards. Specific Standards shall be formulated in accordance with this Standard.Article 4 An enterprise shall prepare financial reports. The objective of financial reports is to provide accounting information about the financial position, operating results and cash flows, etc. of the enterprise to the users of the financial reports, in order to show results of the management’s stewardship, and assist users of financial reports to make economic decisions.Users of financial reports include investors, creditors, government and its relevant departments as well as the public.Article 5 An enterprise shall recognize measure and report transactions or events that the enterprise itself has occurred.Article 6 In performing recognition, measurement and reporting for accounting purposes, an enterprise shall be assumed to be a going concern.Article 7 An enterprise shall close the accounts and prepare financial reports for each separate accounting period.Accounting periods are divided into annual periods (yearly) and interim periods. An interim period is a reporting period shorter than a full accounting year.Article 8 Accounting measurement shall be based on unit of currency.Article 9 Recognition, measurement and reporting for accounting purposes shall be on an accrual basis.Article 10 An enterprise shall determine the accounting elements based on the economic characteristics of the transactions or events. Accounting elements include assets, liabilities, owners’ equity, revenue, expenses and profit.Article 11 An enterprise shall apply the double entry method (i.e. debit and credit) for bookkeeping purposes.Chapter 2 Qualitative Requirements of Accounting InformationArticle 12 An enterprise shall recognize, measure and report for accounting purposes transactions or events that have actually occurred, to faithfully represent the accounting elements which satisfy recognition and measurement requirements and other relevant information, and ensure the accounting information is true, reliable and complete.Article 13 Accounting information provided by an enterprise shall be relevant to the needs of the users of financial reports in making economic decisions, by helping them evaluate or forecast the past, present or future events of the enterprise.Article 14 Accounting information provided by an enterprise shall be clear and explicable, so that it is readily understandable and useable to the users of financial reports.Article 15 Accounting information provided by enterprises shall be comparable. An enterprise shall adopt consistent accounting policies for same or similar transactions or events that occurred in different periods and shall not change the policies arbitrarily. If a change is required or needed, details of the change shall be explained in the notes.Different enterprises shall adopt prescribed accounting policies to account for same or similar transactions or events to ensure accounting information is comparable and prepared on a consistent basis.Article 16 An enterprise shall recognize, measure and report transactions or events based on their substance, and not merely based on their legal form.Article 17 Accounting information provided by an enterprise shall reflect all important transactions or events that relate to its financial position, operating result sand cash flows.Article 18 An enterprise shall exercise prudence in recognition, measurement and reporting of transactions or events. It shall not overstate assets or income nor understate liabilities or expenses.Article 19 An enterprise shall recognize, measure and report transactions or events occurred in a timely manner and shall neither bring forward nor defer the accounting.Chapter 3 AssetsArticle 20 An asset is a resource that is owned or controlled by an enterprise as a result of past transactions or events and is expected to generate economic benefits to the enterprise.“Past transactions or events” mentioned in preceding paragraph include acquisition, production, construction or other transactions or events. Transactions or events expected to occur in the future do not give rise to assets.“Owned or controlled by an enterprise” is the right to enjoy the ownership of a particular resource or, although the enterprise may not have the ownership of a particular resource, it can control the resource.“Expected to generate economic benefits to the enterprise” is the potential to bring inflows of cash and cash equivalents, directly or indirectly, to the enterprise.Article 21 A resource that satisfies the definition of an asset set out in Article 20 in this standard shall be recognized as an asset when both of the following conditions are met:(a) It is probable that the economic benefits associated with that resource will flow to the enterprise; and(b) The cost or value of that resource can be measured reliably.Article 22 An item that satisfies the definition and recognition criteria of an asset shall be included in the balance sheet. An item that satisfies the definition of an asset but fails to meet the recognition criteria shall not be included in the balance sheet.Chapter 4 LiabilitiesArticle 23 A liability is a present obligation arising from past transactions or events which are expected to give rise to an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise. A present obligation is a duty committed by the enterprise under current circumstances. Obligations that will result from the occurrence of future transactions or events are not present obligations and shall not be recognized as liabilities.Article 24 An obligation that satisfies the definition of a liability set out in Article23 in this standard shall be recognized as a liability when both of the following conditions are met:(a) It is probable there will be an outflow of economic benefits associated with that obligation from the enterprise; and(b) The amount of the outflow of economic benefits in the future can be measured reliably.Article 25 An item that satisfies the definition and recognition criteria of a liability shall be included in the balance sheet. An item that satisfies the definition of a liability but fails to meet the recognition criteria shall not be included in the balance sheet.3Chapter 5 Owners’ EquityArticle 26 Owners’ equity is the residual interest in the assets of an enterprise after deducting all its liabilities.Owners’ equity of a company is also known as share holders’ equity.Article 27 Owners’ equity comprises capital contributed by owners, gains and losses directly recognized in owners’ equity, retained earnings etc. Gains and losses directly recognized in owners’ equity are those gains or losses that shall not be recognized in profit or loss of the current period but will result in changes (increases or decreases) in owners’ equity, other than those relating to contributions from, or appropriations of profit to, equity participants.Gains are inflows of economic benefits that do not arise in the course of ordinary activities resulting in increases in owners’ equity, other than those relating to contributions from owners.Losses are outflows of economic benefits that do not arise in the course of ordinary activities resulting in decreases in owners’ equity, other than those relating to appropriations of profit to owners.Article 28 The amount of owners’ equity is determined by the measurement of assets and liabilities.Article 29 An item of owners’ equity shall be included in the balance sheet.Chapter 6 RevenueArticle 30 Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits derived from the course of ordinary activities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from owners.Article 31 Revenue is recognized only when it is probable that economic benefits will flow to the enterprise, which will result in an increase in assets or decrease in liabilities and the amount of the inflow of economic benefits can be measured reliably.Article 32 An item that satisfies the definition and recognition criteria of revenue shall be included in the income statement.Chapter 7 ExpensesArticle 33 Expenses are the gross outflow of economic benefits resulted from the course of ordinary activities that result in decreases in owners’ equity, other than those relating to appropriations of profits to owners.Article 34 Expenses are recognized only when it is probable there will be outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise which result in a reduction of its assets or an increase in liabilities and the amount of the outflow of economic benefits can be measured reliably.Article 35 Directly attributable costs, such as product costs, lab our costs, etc. incurred by an enterprise in the process of production of goods or rendering of services shall be recognized as cost of goods sold or services provided and are charged to profit or loss in the period in which the revenue generated from the related products or services are recognized. Where an expenditure incurred does not generate economic benefits, or where the economic benefits derived from an expenditure do not satisfy, or cease to satisfy, there cognition criteria of an asset, the expenditure shall be expensed when incurred and included in profit or loss of the current period.Transactions or events occurred which lead to the assumption of a liability without recognition of an asset shall be expensed when incurred and included in profit or loss of the current period.Article 36 An item that satisfies the definition and recognition criteria of expenses shall be included in the income statement.Chapter 8 ProfitArticle 37 Profit is the operating result of an enterprise over a specific accounting period. Profit includes the net amount of revenue after deducting expenses, gains and losses directly recognized in profit of the current period, etc.Article 38 Gains and losses directly recognized in profit of the current period are those gains and losses that shall be recognized in profit or loss directly which result in changes (increases or decreases) to owners’ equity, other than those relating to contributions from, or appropriations of profit to, owners.Article 39 The amount of profit is determined by the measurement of the amounts of revenue and expenses, gains and losses directly recognized in profit or loss in the current period.Article 40 An item of profit shall be included in the income statement.Chapter 9 Accounting MeasurementArticle 41 In recording accounting elements that meet the recognition criteria in the accounting books and records and presenting them in the accounting statements and the notes (hereinafter together known as “financial statements”), an enterprise shall measure the accounting elements in accordance with the prescribed accounting measurement bases.Article 42 Accounting measurement bases mainly comprise:(a) Historical cost: Assets are recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the consideration given to acquire them at the time of their acquisition. Liabilities are recorded at the amount of proceeds or assets received in exchange for the present obligation, or the amount payable under contract for assuming the present obligation, or at the amount of cash or cash equivalents expected to be paid to satisfy the liability in the normal course of business.(b) Replacement cost: Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid if a same or similar asset was acquired currently. Liabilities are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be currently required to settle the obligation.(c) Net realizable value: Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that could be obtained by selling the asset in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion, the estimated selling costs and related tax payments.(d) Present value: Assets are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash inflows that the item is expected to generate from its continuing use and ultimate disposal. Liabilities are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash outflows that are expected to be required to settle the liabilities within the expected settlement period.(e) Fair value: Assets and liabilities are carried at the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.Article 43 An enterprise shall generally adopt historical cost as the measurement basis for accounting elements. If the accounting elements are measured at replacement cost, net realizable value, present value or fair value, the enterprise shall ensure such amounts can be obtained and reliably measured.Chapter 10 Financial ReportsArticle 44 A financial report is a document published by an enterprise to provide accounting information to reflect its financial position on a specific date and its operating results and cash flows for a particular accounting period, etc. A financial report includes accounting statements and notes and other information or data that shall be disclosed in financial reports. Accounting statements shall at least comprise a balance sheet, an income statement and a cash flow statement.A small enterprise need not include a cash flow statement when it prepares financial statements.Article 45 A balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects the financial position of an enterprise at a specific date.Article 46 An income statement is an accounting statement that reflects the operating results of an enterprise for a certain accounting period.Article 47 A cash flow statement is an accounting statement that reflects the inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise for a certain accounting period.Article 48 Notes to the accounting statements are further explanations of items presented in the accounting statements, and explanations of items not presented in the accounting statements, etc.Chapter 11 Supplementary ProvisionsArticle 49 The Ministry of Finance is responsible for the interpretation of this Standard.Article 50 This Standard becomes effective as from 1 January 2007.7
客户对审计建议接受与否的风险管理一直是Johnstone与Bedard(2003)检验一份审计报告时关注的重点,他们发现审计公司通过委任审计专员及采用更严谨的测试方法可以适应这种风险管理。因此,据这份研究可知,一个设计公司总会设法将其(审计结果的)理论可信度(专业术语,翻不好)维持在很高的水平。如米国注册会计师协会两条说明所述,由于公众总希望审计的失败率别那么高,故而审计师们定要在其审计过程中将未察觉的重大错报所致风险降至最低。Goldwasser(2005)因此认为他们此举在于避免美国证券交易会和注册会计师协会依纪律处分程序对其发起民事诉讼。 Johnstone与Bedard(2003)认为审计的失败或误报的代价高昂而耗时,并且会重创一个审计师的职业生涯。 因而有人进一步认为审计师个人也会尽可能将其审计成果的可信度保持在很高的水平。Desira 与 Baldacchino (2005)就发现:Maltese公司的审计师认为审计后的财务报告是对这个公司财务情况最真实和公正的看法,故如果作报告的审计师要评估审计结果的理论可信度,这也是无可厚非的。ps:此段比之上次稍长,悬赏依旧,委实不厚道啊!
毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求:
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文 。
扩展资料:
外文翻译需要注意的问题
1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等 。
2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。
3、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。
4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。
5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。
6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。
7、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距1.25,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。
8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。
9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
在google在线翻译中找,里面没有就找北京译顶科技,人工翻译反而更好
在某宝上面输入“毕业论文翻译神器”一下子就找到了。我用过,速度很快。当然好东西,也就不是免费的。不过,也不贵。也就一两块钱一页。我翻译了上万字,才花了10块钱。你可以去试试。这总比自己一句句翻块多了
毕业论文外文翻译是在网上找到一篇与你论文主旨相关的英文文章,然后自己翻译过来,篇幅必须长一点,因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范:
一、要求
1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式
1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。(空一行,字体同正文)
5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
三、毕业论文(设计)外文翻译的内容要求
外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
原文出处:期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者(不超过3人,多者用等或et al表示).题(篇)名[J].刊名(版本),出版年,卷次(期次):起止页次。
原文出处:图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页次。
原文出处:论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页次。
要求有外文原文复印件。
扩展资料:
文献翻译要求
1、翻译要注重专业、准确
文献翻译涵盖许许多多的学科,每一学科都有自己的专业术语。比如,从事专利文献翻译的译者必须对相关专业术语有着深入的了解和清楚的把握,这样才能用专业、准确、规范的语言翻译出来。
2、翻译要注重知识更新
文献翻译涉及到各种学科,这些学科的发展是与时俱进的。因此,译员也要与时俱进,随时掌握最新的知识,这样才能更好地胜任翻译任务。
3、翻译要注重本地化
无论是将国外的文献翻译进来,还是将国内的文献介绍出去,翻译时都必须注意语言的本地化,符合目标语言的习惯。
4、翻译要注重语言严谨、流畅
文献翻译一方面讲究语言的严谨科学,逻辑的连贯严密,另一方面它也注重文字尽可能的优美流畅。因此,这类翻译对译者的目标语言使用能力是一种挑战。
参考资料:百度百科-文献翻译
毕业论文外文翻译是在网上找到一篇与你论文主旨相关的英文文章,然后自己翻译过来,篇幅必须长一点,因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范:
一、要求
1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式
1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。(空一行,字体同正文)
5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
三、毕业论文(设计)外文翻译的内容要求
外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
原文出处:期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者(不超过3人,多者用等或et al表示).题(篇)名[J].刊名(版本),出版年,卷次(期次):起止页次。
原文出处:图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页次。
原文出处:论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页次。
要求有外文原文复印件。
扩展资料:
文献翻译要求
1、翻译要注重专业、准确
文献翻译涵盖许许多多的学科,每一学科都有自己的专业术语。比如,从事专利文献翻译的译者必须对相关专业术语有着深入的了解和清楚的把握,这样才能用专业、准确、规范的语言翻译出来。
2、翻译要注重知识更新
文献翻译涉及到各种学科,这些学科的发展是与时俱进的。因此,译员也要与时俱进,随时掌握最新的知识,这样才能更好地胜任翻译任务。
3、翻译要注重本地化
无论是将国外的文献翻译进来,还是将国内的文献介绍出去,翻译时都必须注意语言的本地化,符合目标语言的习惯。
4、翻译要注重语言严谨、流畅
文献翻译一方面讲究语言的严谨科学,逻辑的连贯严密,另一方面它也注重文字尽可能的优美流畅。因此,这类翻译对译者的目标语言使用能力是一种挑战。
参考资料:百度百科-文献翻译
CS方向sci三区的一个小刊,之前也是major revision,大四毕业了才中了。。所以在我心目中MV几乎约等于AC,虽然这辈子只投过一篇文章。北京译顶科技做的不错,可以联系他们一下 统一查下。
文论的解释
(1). 文章 , 著作 。《后汉书· 儒林 传下·服虔》:“有雅才,善著文论,作《春秋左氏传解》,行之至今。”《三国志·魏志·嵇康传》“时又有 谯郡 嵇康 ……” 裴松之 注引 晋 孙盛 《魏氏春秋》:“ 康 所著文论六七万言,皆为世所玩咏。”《宋书·颜延之传》:“凡有知能,预有文论。”今专指文学理论方面的论文或著作。如:《 中国 历代文论选》、《中国近代文论选》。 (2).指 汉 应瑒 的《 文质 论》。 南朝 梁 刘勰 《文心雕龙·序志》:“ 应瑒 《文论》, 陆机 《文赋》。”
词语分解
文的解释 文 é 事物错综所造成的纹理或形象:灿若 文锦 。 刺画花纹:文身。 记录语言的符号:文字。文盲。以文害辞。 用文字记下来以及与之有关的:文凭。文艺。文体。文典。文苑。文献(指有历史 价值 和参考价值的图书资 论的解释 论 (论) ù 分析 判断 事物的 道理 :论断。论点。论辩。论据。论者。 议论 。 讨论 。辩论。 分析阐明事物道理的文章、理论和言论:理论。舆论。专论。社论。 学说,有系统的主张:系统论。 看待:一概而论。 衡量
毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求:
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文 。
扩展资料:
外文翻译需要注意的问题
1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等 。
2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。
3、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。
4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。
5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。
6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。
7、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距1.25,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。
8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。
9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。翻译要求:1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。 原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文。扩展资料:外文翻译需要注意的问题1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等 。2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。3、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。 7、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距1.25,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。 9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
首先,服饰图案或风格是分很多种类,
东华卞向阳写的《服装艺术判断》你可以看一看,
分的风格种类实在太多,不知道你要的是哪一种,下面我举几个例子;
[美国] 大都会
[法国] Marie Cl
[法国] 世界时装之苑
附件你可以打开看一下,配合有道翻译使用效果更佳
您好 以下为本人手工制作(鉴于文章长度,希望楼主酌情提高奖赏)An operator at the same store indicated that she had got the message:在同一家商店的收款员表示她曾得到过这样的信息:We are given customer care training when we join the company and as an ongoing thing. We are told to smile all the time and that the customer is always right.我们在进入公司之时就开始接受顾客服务培训,并且现在还在受训中。我们被告知(在工作时)要永远保持微笑以及顾客永远是对的。A store manager at company C appreciated the difficulty which checkout operators might face on some occasions and how training might help:一位C公司的商店经理充分认识到收款员在某些场合可能面临的困难以及(给收款员的)培训怎样提供帮助:. . . it's quite a difficult job . . . they are the ones that come into contact with the customers most . . . they have to deal with the niggles directed at the company. ...这是一项相当难做的工作...他们(收款员们)是接触顾客最多的人...他们需要直接处理那些公司的琐事Because they wear (company C) badges, the customers see them as the company's representatives . . . We tell them not to let out their emotion and to be as polite as possible and to tell themselves that the customers are not having a go at them but at the company and the system.因为他们戴着(C公司的)徽章,顾客们将会把他们看作公司的代表...我们告诉他们(收款员们)要控制住自己的感情,尽可能地做到有礼貌,并且告诉他们顾客们并不是冲着他们(收款员们)的,而是冲着公司以及系统的。At company B training in customer care is effectively on-the-job and continuous:B公司的客户服务培训则在工作中以及后续问题的处理上很有效果。We tell them to try and deal with minor complaints as pleasantly as possible but we emphasise that if they sense they will have a problem they should refer the customer to the deputy manager or myself (store manager) . . . We encourage them to stay when we are dealing with such customers so that they can learn.我们告诉他们在处理小的抱怨上要尽可能的和气,但我们也强调了若他们感觉到要出问题的话,他们应该尽快将顾客带至副经理处或直接来找我(商店经理)...我们鼓励他们(收款员们)在我们处理问题的时候待在一旁,以学习此类问题如何处理。 At the same company shelf fillers are trained to spot and help the "lost customer", who is a customer "unsure of what they want or where to find what they want". 也是在这一家公司中,货架填充员受过训练以发现并帮助“不确定想要什么或不知道去哪找”的“迷路顾客”, At company C all staff are expected to carry a plastic card (credit card-size) which reminds them how to deal with customers — in ten points it states that one should smile, make eye contact, greet the customer, apologise for any delay, etc.在C公司所有的员工都被要求佩戴一张塑料卡(信用卡大小)以提醒他们怎样对待顾客——在总共十点的要求中叙述了诸如保持微笑,保持目光接触,问候顾客以及为任何的耽误抱歉等要求。Company D provides a contrast with regard to customer care training. Here, customer service is the tenth item on the employee induction checklist, being preceded by a range of rules regarding attendance, etc. D公司提供了一份关于顾客服务培训的(重要性)的对比:这里,顾客服务是员工入职清单上的第十项(规定),比一系列的有关员工出勤以及其他规定都要靠前。The time clock card is third on the list. Training is minimal. Nonetheless, employees are told in an induction video that "the customer makes pay day possible".有关出勤记录钟卡的规定排在第三位。而有关培训的规定则最少。然而,员工们还是在一部就职视频中被告知“唯有顾客使发薪日成为可能”。In companies A, B and C the customer care message is put across frequently through a variety of media. For instance, at company A there are posters at all entrances onto the shopfloor which read "smile, you're on (company A) stage". 在A,B,C公司有关顾客服务的信息通过多种媒体传达以使员工们得到充分认识。例如,在A公司,所有通向商店楼层的入口处都被贴上海报,上面写着“请时刻保持微笑,因为你现在正站在(A公司的)舞台上”。The same company runs an employee-of-the-month competition where staff nominate persons who have contributed most to helping customers or fellow employees. 同样是A公司,还运行了一套每月最佳员工的评选系统,提名对顾客或同事贡献最多帮助的员工们。The winning member of staff has his or her name posted on the staff notice-board and may feature in the company magazine.提名员工的名字会上榜在员工告示栏,并可能出现在公司杂志上。 At the end of the year marks are totted up for an employee-of-the-year award. There are customer care committees in every store, whose job it is to generate ideas on how to improve customer service.而到年终,一年的积分会被加和来决定员工的年度奖金。顾客服务委员会在每家商店都会有,它们的工作就是提出能够提升顾客服务的好点子。
外文文献是与论文内容相关的一片外文文章,内容只要与你的中文论文相关就行,字数大概3000字,再按照外文内容翻译成中文就行
外文翻译要求:(1)选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。(2)选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。(3)外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节,尤其是研究生同学,一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献,这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献,借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
如何写开题报告,如何写文献综述,如何阅读外文文献,可以说,阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。
要求如下:
1、前言
简要说明写作的目的,有关的概念以及综述范围,说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,所要解决的问题等。一般以 100~200 字为宜,使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。
2、主体
主体部分是全文的主要部分,具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少,将主体部分分为几段,每段有小标题。
可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述。
主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点,即论点;接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实,即论据,可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。
总之,综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路,继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以,综述也是一种论证文章的体裁,只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。
如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确,则需作者整理概括,成为开头。在论述某些观点时,作者可有倾向性,但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。
3、总结
常见的方式有:
①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容;
②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望;
③某些篇幅较小的综述,也可以省略结束语。
4、参考文献
通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处,以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主;另外,未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。
在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献,一般限为 20~30 条为宜;但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章,其参考文献甚多,全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一,应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。
扩展资料:
1、如何查询国内专利文献
可通过中国国家知识产权局()和中国专利信息中心()网站上的「专利检索」。
可以免费检索全部中国专利信息(有文摘)。如需获取专利全文,则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅,也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。
2、如何查询国外专利文献
科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引),它是检索专利的权威数据库,收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利,1800 万项专利,该库大部分有文摘,小部分有全文。
3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库
欧洲专利局专利数据库:
http://ep.espacenet.com/ (免费 文摘)
美国专利商标局专利数据库:
(免费 文摘、全文)
WTO知识产权组织:
(免费 文摘)
IBM专利数据库资源:
(免费 文摘、部分全文)
更多请参见中国专利信息网上的(国外)专利网站:
毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求:
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文 。
扩展资料:
外文翻译需要注意的问题
1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等 。
2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。
3、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。
4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。
5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。
6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。
7、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距1.25,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。
8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。
9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
3000多个字就差不多了,我们毕业外文翻译差不多就这样的,10000多个字的英文翻译下来就3000多个字,谢谢采纳