像语音学，音位学，以及形态学，句法都不好下手建议写社会语言学或是心理语言学方面的，可以深入对比一下中西方思维的差异之类的，应该是一个好的论点加油~~
Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] A.U. Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦，张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究，2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究，1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [7] 吴霞，王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究，1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春：吉林大学出版社，2009.
关于英语语言学的论文，论文题目和主要内容已列出，供参考。链接附后1.题目：语言学英文版论文。主要内容：该论文主要讲词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=SXkEsiMcpfqhM3IdT5ZZ97aNTmwfO_74dvJoNSWoCp2FIyudzpd1uBSgh2ccFJS6RN7xNBPb9WFk_matYEwCRT0EMxynK7D_vYN7D59Og5G2.题目：.英语专业毕业论文(语言学)——谈判英语文化差异。主要内容：该论文主要讲国际商务谈判中文化差异的影响，就是汉语习惯思维和西方语言文化之间表达的准确性对商务谈判带来的影响。http://wenku.baidu.com/view/ef2d20e09b89680203d825be.html4.题目：外国语言学及应用语言学硕士论文：商务英语信函的词汇特点研究，主要内容：商务英语信函词汇的选择和应用多呈现如下7种特点：1)简单词汇的选择。2)具体词汇多于笼统词汇。3)褒义词多于贬义词。4)缩写词的选择。5)确切词汇多于模糊词汇。6)礼貌、客气的词汇多于不礼貌的词汇。7)商业术语的选择。产生的原因多取决于商务活动的和商业伙伴的合作关系。商务活动的双方均为达至双赢的进行合作。这是本文所分析的词汇特点产生的主要原因。
应用语言学作为一门独立的新兴学科和语言学的重要构成部分。下文是我为大家整理的关于应用语言学论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
EQS在应用语言学中的应用
[摘要]EQS是结构方程模型(SEM)的应用软件之一，它能同时分析多变量之间错综复杂的关系，处理非正态分布和缺失值，具有多重拟合指标。近年来，EQS在应用语言学领域应用较少。文章简要归纳了国内外应用语言学中运用EQS的情况，并介绍了EQS的基本操作原理及建模步骤，此外，运用EQS对中学生学习策略、学习观念及自我效能相关性这一实例进行了建模研究，以期为应用语言学和外语教学的研究提供一些借鉴作用。
[关键词]结构方程模型;EQS;应用语言学;学习策略
引言
结构方程模型(SEM，Structural Equation Modeling)是综合因子分析(Factor Analysis)和路径分析(PathAnalysis)来探索研究变数和因子之间因果关系的一种模型，其最大的特点是应用变量的协方差矩阵(Covariance Matrix)来同时分析多种变量间交错复杂的关系，即利用各潜在的观测因子来探讨因果关系的隐含结构，而传统的线性回归分析只能提供变量间的直接效应而不能显示可能存在的间接效应，以及回避了因共线性而导致出现单项指标与总体出现负相关等无法解释的数据分析结果。结构方程模型最初起源于心理学，后被广泛应用到其他研究领域，例如社会学、经济学、市场分析、应用语言学等。目前应用较为广泛的SEM软件有AMOS、LISREL、EzPATH、EQS等。
一、EQS综述
EQS(Structural Equation Modeling Software)是1986年由Peter M。Bentler开发的一种统计软件。其基本思路为：基于专业理论知识，构建一个关于一组变量间相互关系的假设理论模型。自变量数值通过测量所得，并形成一个自变量协方差矩阵，即样本矩阵。EQS对样本矩阵与假设理论矩阵进行拟合度的检测，若能较好地满足拟合度标准，则说明此假设模型成立;否则，就需要对该假设理论模型反复调整修正以提高拟合度，直至获得较理想的模型为止;若拟合度仍然未达到理想状态，则该否定此假设理论模型。
国外将EQS应用于语言学的研究主要侧重于学习者个体因素研究以及语言测试研究等，前者如Sasaki和Noels分别探讨了二语水平、外语学能及智力间的关系和学习者目标与教师交际能力问的相关性：后者主要有Purpura测试了西班牙语测试因素结构，Stevens探寻了认知及元认知策略与二语测试的关系。此外，在外语教学中的应用有Lee研究了英语写作的有利及不利因素;Gorsuch还将EQS应用在外语教育政策的研究中。
国内这方面的研究仍处于起步阶段，且主要侧重于语言测试。刘宝权、郭晓群较为系统地介绍了EQS在语言评估中的应用。邹申、孙海洋等利用EQS分别对TEM8人文知识部分和职前中学英语教师口语考试进行构念效度验证。彭康洲、李清华应用项目反应理论借助EQS分析2007年TEM4听力理解项目的质量。侯艳萍借助EQS探讨了可能对TEM4阅读理解任务难度产生影响的阅读任务特征变量，其中包括变量的种类、数量、它们的内部因子构念和测量属性以及各个因子贡献率大小。
纵观国内应用语言学研究，研究者多使用LISREL和AMOS，EQS还未全面吸引国内应用语言学研究者的视线。但笔者在实践中发现相对于前两种传统软件而言，EQS灵活性更高，允许自变量有测量误差，变量间可存在协方差;对原始数据可进行直接加工;此外还可分析非多元正态分布，它能更准确地处理更大容量模型，这将为研究者带来更大的便捷。
二、EQS基本概念
EQS6.1包含有两类变量，两种模型和两种路径。两类变量指潜在变量(Latent Variable)和观测变量(Observed Variable)前者为不可直接测量的非观测变量(Unobserved Variable)，又称因子，它通常通过多个外显或可观测指标间接推算;后者是通过测量、观测可直接获得的原始数据，又称指标。在EQS路径图中圆形表示潜在变量或因子，长方形表示观测变量或指标。
两种模型即测量模型和结构模型。测量模型(Measurement Model)指观测变量和潜在变量间的关系模型，即指标和因子间的关系模型。结构模型(Structural Model)指潜在变量之间的关系模型。并不是所有的实际应用中都同时存在两种模型，例如在验证性因子分析中，可能只出现包含观测变量和潜在变量的测量模型。
两种路径为自变量(Independent Variable)和因变量(Dependent Variable)之间的路径，以及因变量和因变量之间的路径。在EQS描绘的路径图中，单向箭头表示一个变量直接影响另一个变量，如潜在变量指向指标的单向箭头表示因子负荷，直接指向指标的单向箭头表示潜在变量的误差;双向弧形箭头表示两个变量可能相关;潜在自变量不应有箭头指向，所有指向潜在因变量的箭头来自潜在自变量或其他潜在因变量。
三、EQS的建模步骤
根据Bollen和Long的研究，结构方程建模具有五个步骤：(1)模型构建(Model Specification)、(2)模型识别(ModelIdentification)、(3)模型估算(Model Estimation)、(4)模型拟合(Testing Model Fit)、(5)模型重构(Model Re-Specification)。
1.模型构建
在该步骤，研究者要在已有的理论和专业基础上确定具体的模型，通过EQS模型图和方程来表达该模型各变量间的相互关系，根据各变量对模型的路径参数进行模型估算，查看并评估各因子、潜在变量间的各种关系，并通过数据检验模型整体的拟合度。 2.模型识别
Kunnan认为在模型识别阶段会时会出现三种情况：(1)模型不可识别(Under-identified)，即不能从协方差矩阵中估算出一个或多个参数的情况;(2)模型正好识别(Just-identified)，可估算出所有参数的情况;(3)模型超识别(Over-identified)，可有不止一种方法估算出所有参数的情况。因参数估算计值不稳定，模型识别不足的情况不能信赖。只有增加制约参数，才可达到正好识别或超识别这两种可以接受的模型。
3.模型估计
根据自变量的方差协方差模型估算所有参数的估计值，使模型再生矩阵与样本协方差矩阵间的差异渐进最吻合状态。目前最常用的估算方法是最大似然法，要求数据等距且多变量正态分布。EQS系统有个强韧选项(Robust Option)生成Satorra-Benfle卡方值，可获得一个比其他统计量更接近的分布。即使分布假设不能满足，出现非多元正态分布，强韧标准误在大样本中也可接受。EQS为所有变量、因子及变量因子间的误差设定了标准，从而固定了参数，获得新的估算值。
4.模型拟合
模型拟合是检测假设模型矩阵与样本矩阵在多大程度上的拟合，即检测模型的拟合度。因其中一个重要统计指标卡方值较敏感，容易受到样本大小的影响，所以在实际操作中还得考虑样本数据大小对模型拟合度所产生的影响。根据以往的研究经验，理想模型拟合度的参照标准如表1。
5.模型重构
若模型拟合度与各标准量范围差异较大或个别指标不理想，则该模型构建有误，需重构。重构时需检验两组估计值：第一组为具有显著意义的参数估计值，将没有显著意义的参数估计值设为0，但需在足够的专业理论基础上才可进行。第二组为残余值矩阵，若个别变量残余值较大，如大于或等于2.58，则该变量未设定好;若较多变量残余值都较大，则该模型整体构建有误。在此过程中EQS系统的LM-检验和W-检验功能可对模型重构提供进一步的帮助信息。但每个参数及变量之间的相互关系非常密切，任何一处的改动都可能对总体模型产生较大的影响。因而每个参数的调整都需重新估算，得出新的模型拟合指数，直至获得最终的理想模型为止。
四、EQS在应用语言学中的应用实例
笔者曾运用EQS研究了中学生英语学习策略、学习观念和自我效能的相关性，下文将予以展示。本研究首先通过问卷调查的方式对某中学109名高二被试者进行测试。问卷由三部分组成：第一部分是Oxford设计的《英语学习策略量表》，它由记忆策略、认知策略、补偿策略、元认知策略、情感策略、社会策略等6个要素50个项目组成;第二部分是Horwitz设计的《语言学习观念调查表》，包含外语学能、语言学习难度、语言学习性质、学习与交际策略、动机观念等5个要素34个项目;第三部分是德国心理学家Schwarzer和Jerusalem设计的《自我效能量表》，包含1个要素10个项目。
收集了调查数据后，我们运用EQS对数据进行分析。首先打开EQS界面，新建一个原始数据库文件，设定应变量名称及数目，输入原始数据。三个量表所测量的12个要素为自变量，学习策略、学习观念和学习效能不可直接测量，需通过各量表12个要素间接测量，则为潜在变量。其次，对EQS作包括描述性分析、回归分析、相关分析、因子分析、误差分析在内的描述性统计，以观察样本整体情况。然后对EQS作验证性统计，即因子模型统计分析。根据已有的专业知识，构建初始模型如图1。
EQS运行后所得各拟合指数结果见表2。
按理想模型拟合度的参照标准，该模型并未达到可接受的理想模型程度。根据二语习得中学习策略、学习观念及自我效能的有关理论和最大标准化残差(Largest Standardized Residuals)所提供的修正指数(参见表3)，通过设定自由参数和在模型的多组误差间增添多条双向箭头的路径以建立相应误差变量间的协方差矩阵，反复修正之后得到较理想的模型(如图2)。修正模型拟合效果指标如表4，该模型拟合度较高，可接受。
学习策略、学习观念和自我效能之间具有高度的相关性，但各自的路径强度却有所区别。相对于自我效能而言，学习观念对学习策略的影响更大(0.86>0.68)。学习策略、观念及效能的各个因素相互之间也具有不同程度的相关性，所以在平时的英语教学和学习中，既要在整体上注意对学习策略的选择、加强对学习观念的引导，注重对自我效能的提高，又要对具体的学习策略如补偿策略、记忆策略、认知策略以及语言难度和学习动机等方面有充分的认知，才能更有效地引导学习者的英语学习。
五、结语
本文介绍了EQS统计软件的基本操作原理及步骤，并通过对中学生英语学习策略、观念及自我效能间相关性的模型构建、拟合、重构、修正等过程，最终创建出满足各项指标的修正模型。结果发现学习策略、学习观念和自我效能之间高度相关，但相关强度有差异。学习者较多使用补偿、认知、记忆策略，较少使用社会策略。观念的学能和动机对学习策略的影响较大。在结构方程模型软件中，EQS更易操作，灵活性更高，能更准确地处理大容量多维度变量模型，尤其在处理非正态分布和有缺失值数据中效果良好，且允许变量测量误差和协方差的存在。EQS评估模型拟合指标的多重性可以为应用语言学中多因素间多维量化提供更准确、科学、直观的信息，具有广阔的应用前景。
应用语言学质化研究发展综述
【摘要】1960年开始，应用语言学作为一门独立的新兴学科和语言学的重要构成部分，应用语言学除了涉及语言教学外，还涉及结合语言和心理学、自然和社会等学科。而应用语言学质化研究逐渐成为人们关注的焦点。由于我国应用语言学质化研究的方式较为生疏，与量化研究相比要落后。因此，本文通过简要介绍应用语言学，对应用语言学质化研究遇到的问题进行分析，并针对应用语言学质化研究方式及重点方向进行了阐述。
【关键词】应用语言学;质化研究;发展
在应用语言学中，量化与质化问的差别在于它们主、客观的不同，以及文字和数字的不同等。这种差异间的研究主要是针对知识本质和本质问理解与信念的不同研究范式。这两种范式占据着后实证主义、解释主义地位。随着应用语言学的深入研究，质化研究方式主要有：语篇分析和个人叙述、人种志和专题陈述，以及互动分析等。例如：日记和传记研究、访谈和课堂互动分析等。新世纪的到来使应用语言学研究偏向量与质方式的融合和巩固。
一、应用语言学
19世纪初，语言理论方面的研究和应用方面的研究开始分化。19世纪叶末，J.N.博杜恩·德·库尔德内提出了应用语言学这个概念，但没有得到广泛的注意。20世纪以后，语言科学得到了进一步的发展，应用范围空前扩大，语言应用方面的研究和理论方面的研究明确地区分开来，应用语言学这个名词开始广泛运用，并促成了应用语言学和理论语言学的分化。
从广义的角度来分析，应用语言学主要是将语言学的知识在其它学科领域问题解决中得以应用。换句话来说，就是跨学科实现问题的解决。
从狭义的角度来分析，应用语言学主要是专门的语言教学，尤其是外语和第二语言的教学。其应用的知识有：语言理论与描述、相关语言学科，以及相关语言教学学科。主要涉及语言的模式，描绘语音和语法、语义和语用，及词汇等，在语言学边缘的学科，以及一些不是语言学，但与语言学教育学紧密联系的学科。
二、应用语言学质化研究遇到的问题
时代的发展必然对应用语言学的研究有着不断扩大与变换的影响。由于应用语言学具有跨科学性和实验性，以及开放性，因此，应用语言学质化研究所遇到的问题更具挑战性。
其一，在应用语言学质化研究中，由于相关学科知识的缺乏，使语言学质化研究受到严重的阻碍。例如：很多从事英汉语言教学的工作者和教师，常常因为自己对英、汉知识的缺乏，而放弃该领域的发展，因而影响到语言学科的发展。标准语的建立和规范化，文字的创制和改革。建立通用于各方言区的标准语是很重要的。应用语言学要解决的问题是如何选好这种标准语的基础方言和标准音。为无文字的语言创制文字时，基础方言和标准音更是重要的依据。文字改革包括文字系统(字母表、正词法和标点符号)的部分改进和彻底更换。标准语的建立只是语言规范化的开始。为了确定语音、语法、词汇规范，需要编出相应的正音词典、规范语法和各种类型的词典。
其二，应用语言学作为新的学科，它在理论基础上还不够完善，使质化研究的任务更为艰巨。尽管我国许多学者对应用语言学质化的研究有了一定的理论成果，但是应用语言学是否加大理论范式的建构，任然需要以多学科做后盾的理论研究。词汇是语言中变化最快的部分，新词新义不断涌现。及时、准确地把这些新词新义固定在词典中，指导人们如何运用，这是辞书对语言规范化最有效的影响。
三、应用语言学质化研究方式及重点方向
1、应用语言学质化研究方式
在应用语言学质化研究方式中，主要有：语篇分析和个人叙述、人种志和专题陈述，以及互动分析等。其中，语篇分析和个种志是目前语言教学研究中使用最多的。
其一，语篇分析。语篇分析主要是通过对真实口语语篇进行考察的一种研究，始于社会学，例如：在第二语言习得和口语测试，及技巧等教学方面研究中都有展现。语篇分析者是种处于兴趣的社交行为，而语言学者是以研究语言本身为重点的行为。语篇分析者认为语言是与语用结合的系统，它将语法和词汇等都作为可操纵的资源。总的来说，其语篇分析的对象主要是在交际中有秩序、有组织的交谈，确保社交行为的顺利进行。也可以视为站在交际者的角度，将社交行为进行发现和描述。突出内在机制。一般来说，语篇分析主要是利用语篇样本中的示例，描述和追踪交际的优势、分析和理解，已达成共识。其质化思想：交际中的秩序与以往的主导观点和研究的方向与目的完全相反;交际的过程真实语料誉写和分析不可缺少;分析的方式必须有实证资料的理论。
在以往应用语言质化语篇分析发展的最初阶段，只能通过录音的方式记录下口语语言资料，随着时代的发展，口语语言资料开始有图片和视频，以及非语言式的交际资料。根据语篇分析研究表明，语言学界开始对非语言线索的详细记录产生了争执。尤其是技术的发展与语篇分析的结合，技术的不断影响着语篇分析研究。
其二，人种志。人种志主要是对某文化群体的行为和语言，以及互动等进行的深度研究，属于人类学，并与自然学紧密联系，例如：深入发现人们的实际所做与应该做之间存在的矛盾等。在研究前详细描绘了研究对象的文化背景。在研究的同时，研究者必须与群体保持一定的认知距离，为了更准确的获取客观性。同时研究者必须反思自身所存在不同假想，以保持客观研究的态度。在自然背景下对群体的形体和表述进行研究，并深入群体，利用各种不同的方式对研究的资料进行采集、实验。其研究资料来源于非结构式的访谈。涉及的研究规模较小，数据分析通常涉及研究人员研究对象本身各自的行为意义的理解和解释。
2、应用语言学质化研究的重点方向
应用语言学质化研究的重点方向在于对教学方式与教师认知的研究。前者教师对交际教学观念和方法层见叠出，但结果是不一样的。除此之外，在听、说、读、写等教学方面研究中质化的应用也很普遍。在写作上，进行访谈和记录、日志和观察等采集的方式。听力上，以听力策略和技巧为主，融合了量与质。例如：Markee通过小组方式巧妙进行了非任务交谈，并且顺利进行任务与非任务交谈之间的变换。后者，由于教师是思考和积极的决策者，教学主要建立在实际导向和背景等不同思想和知识上的研究。
其认知研究内容一般为：教师认知和教育、认知和课堂教学，以及认知和语言学习等。虽然研究方式，出现了问卷为主的量化研究，但是绝大多教师认知都是利用质化研究。在教师认知研究中，量化和质化间主要出现争议的问题，量化研究多依靠问卷的方式来认知，并没通过实际考察因此受到批评。而质化研究利用回忆解说和启发式回顾、书面形式，以及课堂观察和访谈等进行资料的收集。同时，为抓住到隐形的认知过程，还需更进一步的研究。
总而言之，在应用语言学质化研究中，我国在提倡科学超越经验研究的同时，还要重视实证主义存在的缺陷，将质化研究进行规范，避免出现对学术范式的影响。虽然应用语言学质化研究在我国地位并不牢固，但是，在国外的研究中，已经占有牢固的地位。因此，就针对我国外语的语言质化研究来说，在掌握实践和质化方式的前提下，对混合方式的思考和时间应用，将对我国应用语言质化研究具有非常重要的意义。
1. 现代汉语语法的格关系 鲁川,林杏光 文献来自: 汉语学习 1989年 第05期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 现代汉语语法的“格”(case)指的是“语义格”。 汉语的谓词V(verbal)包括动词和形容词,体词N(Nominal)包括名词、代名词和量词。 格关系是诸多的语义关系(semantic relahons ... 被引用次数: 54 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 2. 现代汉语句尾“了”的语法意义及其解说 刘勋宁 文献来自: 世界汉语教学 2002年 第03期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 《面临新世纪挑战的现代汉语语法研究》,济南:山东教育出版社。 萧国政(2000)现代汉语句末“了”意义的析离,《面临新世纪挑战的现代汉语语法研究》,济南:山东教育出版社。 赵世开 沈家煊(1984)汉语“了”字跟英语 ... 被引用次数: 40 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 3. 现代汉语方位成分的分化和语法化 方经民 文献来自: 世界汉语教学 2004年 第02期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 《现代汉语语法讲话》,北京:商务印书馆。 方经民(1982) 《关于语素、词和短语》一文读后,《中国语文》第3期。 方经民(1997) 论汉语方位参照系统中的对立平行现象,《大河内康宪教授退官记念-- ... 被引用次数: 13 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 4. 现代汉语语法特点和汉语语法研究的本位观 金立鑫,白水振 文献来自: 汉语学习 2003年 第05期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 § 1现代汉语语法特点1 .1现代汉语语法的一般样式现代汉语在语序类型上属于 SVO型语言 ,语法上的一般规则是 :句子成分一般按照“主语——谓语——宾语”的顺序排列 ,定语在名词的前面 ,状语在动词、形容词的前面 ... 被引用次数: 5 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 5. 现代汉语个体量词语法特点的认知解释 范伟 文献来自: 南京师范大学文学院学报 2001年 第02期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 现代汉语个体量词语法特点的认知解释@范伟$南京师范大学文学院!江苏南京210097现代汉语 ... 语法特点;;认知解释本文对汉语语法中有关个体量词的四个特点作了认知方面的解释,认为:1 ... 被引用次数: 11 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 6. 现代汉语的句子构造与词尾“了”的语法位置 刘勋宁 文献来自: 语言教学与研究 1999年 第03期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 现代汉语词尾“了”的语法意义,《中国语文》第5 期。 刘勋宁1990 现代汉语句尾“了”的语法意义及其与词尾“了”的联系,《世界汉语教学》第2 期。 刘勋宁1998 《现代汉语研究》,北京语言文 ... 被引用次数: 20 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 7. 《现代汉语语法信息词典》的新进展 俞士汶,朱学锋,王惠 文献来自: 中文信息学报 2001年 第01期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 国家科技攻关项目“现代汉语语法信息词典”的开发。这部电子词典的规格说明书[1]在《中文信息学报》1996年第2期全文发表之后,它在汉语信息处理领域的影响逐步显现出来。更详细地介绍这部词典的专著《现代汉语语法信息词典详解》[2]于 ... 被引用次数: 12 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 8. 八十到九十年代的现代汉语语法研究 邵敬敏 文献来自: 世界汉语教学 1998年 第04期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 对现代汉语语法研究来说,是前所未有的大好时机,人们的思想从来也没有像现在这样开放过,语法研究的深度和广度也从来没有达到过像现在这样的水平。我们这一代能够亲身参与这一时期的研究工作,应该说,是十分幸运的。今年是汉语 ... 被引用次数: 11 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 9. 现代汉语的隐性语法范畴 萧国政 文献来自: 华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版) 1999年 第02期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 萧国政《现代汉语语法问题研究》,华中师范大学出版社1994年版,第24-33页。关于指称和陈述,可参看陆俭明《八十年代中国语法研究》和朱德熙《自指和转指:汉语名词化标记“的、者、所、之”的语法功能和语义功能》,载《方言 ... 被引用次数: 4 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 10. 80年代以来汉语信息处理研究述评——作为现代汉语语法研究的应用背景之一 詹卫东 文献来自: 当代语言学 2000年 第02期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 探讨适合信息处理的现代汉语语法研究的发展方向。限于资料和篇幅,本文基本没有涉及海外学者的相关研究。副标题是“现代汉语语法研究”而不是“现代汉语研究”,主要是因为本文不谈语音处理方面的研究。另外,本文所指的语法研究,从宽理解也包括 ... 被引用次数: 17 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 具体的你根据自己的需要在中国知网（）上挑挑吧。
语言学(linguistics)是以人类语言为研究对象的学科，探索范围包括语言的性质、功能、结构、运用和历史发展，以及其他与语言有关的问题。下文是我为大家整理的关于语言学的论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
浅析语言学的发展与趋势
论文摘要：世界的全球化趋势决定了语言交际的重要性。研究语言学对于外语教学,特别是以英语为目的语的外语教学就变得越来越重要。本文立足于语言学的基础发展，着眼探讨其发展趋势，试图从其中把握其研究热点。
1 语言学的发展
语言学的前身应该可以被既定为历史比较语言学(Historical comparative linguistics), 追溯更早则称之古代语文学阶段。现代语言学是从索绪尔开始的，索绪尔开创了结构主义新时期，这一时期索绪尔(F.De.Saussure)著有《普通语言学教程》(The Course in General linguistic)。结构主义中以美国结构主义影响最大，F.Boas, E.Sapir, L.Bloomfield 三者较为出名，他们创立了新结构主义学派——美国描述语言学，三者中以后者较为出名，所以美国语言学也叫“布龙非尔德主义”。
1.1 美国的结构主义
美国结构主义的研究方法主要分为四种：替换分析法、对比分析法、分布分析法、直接成分分析法，其主要内容如下：
(1)替换分析法(Substitutional Analysis),即用一个语言单位代换另一个语言单位是否得到新的事实。
(2)对比分析法(Contrastive Analysis)是比较两个或两个以上语言单位，找出他们相同或不同部分从而确定单位性质。
(3)分布分析法 (Distribution Analysis)为研究词位出现的位置，词类(实、虚)分布的位置。
(4)直接成分分析法(Immediate constituent analysis)一个句子首先可切分成两个部分，切到词素为止。
(5)序列分析法(String analysis)是把句子带有修饰或不带有修饰的基本单位、结构成分或基本单位、修饰成分。
(6)转换分析法(Transformational analysis) 为把任何的结构看成核心句(Kernel sentence)的转换，所谓核心句是基本句型(SVO, SV等)其他是核心的拓展或是从核心句转换而来的。
1.2 系统功能语言学
系统功能语言学的创始人 M.A.K. Halliday (韩礼德) 师从伦敦学派J.R.Firth(弗斯)。后来,我国的两名学者罗常培和王力，打破传统语言或结构主义的根本，把语法形式意义、语言用法等系统地有机地连结起来。
1.3 转换生成语法
20世纪50年代Chomsky 对美国结构语言提出挑战，创立了转换生成词法或形式语言学，提出研究重点人是如何从有限的语言单位创造出无限的语用句型。这一时期的发展共经历了五个阶段：经典理论时期、标准理论时期、扩充标准理论时期、修正式扩充标准理论时期、最简的解释理论时期。这个时期Chomsky提出了两个很重要的概念：深层和表层结构。这两个概念对“同形异义、异形同义”歧义能做出科学的解释。
2 语言学的动态研究
语用学 (Pragmatics) 即语言使用学，其主要研究问题包括：指示语 (Deixis)包含人称指示、时间指示、话语指示、承接指示;前提 (Presuposition), 语用推论， 以语言结为根据，靠逻辑推论语言的前提条件;语用含义(Implicative)话语含义， 给语法事实提供重要功能解释。
2.1 语篇学
语篇学是在句法学的基础上发展起来的，也叫篇章语法或语篇分析(Discourse analysis)。上世纪70年代开始，语言学由静态到动态的大转变，由结构研究到功能研究。篇章语法主要解决篇章结构研究;篇章语义主要解决篇章意义连贯，研究篇章的层次。篇章的语用研究，重点探讨会话结构、话轮(说话顺序)邻近配对(前者说话的反应)，也解决影响会话因素(心理因素、文化)，篇章理论研究，研究篇章的产生。
2.2 社会语言学
社会于语言关系的科学，它是一门交叉科学。从社会变化与发展来研究语言变化，又由语言变化来研究社会的规律。其分为微观社会语言学与宏观社会语言学。微观是研究具体的语言与社会关系，如语言与性别、语言与民族等，也研究语言的细节，如语言世界、语言等。宏观主要是研究语言与社会中的地位和社会对语言的选择，如国际文化交流中采用哪几种语言、在本国推广哪几种语言、语言的推广和文字改革等等。
3 我国语言学研究的热点
3.1 系统功能语言学的研究
单以核心刊物《外国语》上发表有关系统功能语言学就有30多篇;《外语教育研究》上发表有10多篇;出版的重要著作有胡壮麟先生的《系统功能语法概念》于1989年在湖南教育出版社出版;上海外语教育出版社的《语篇的衔接语连贯》;程琪龙的《系统功能语法导论》。论文集有湖南教育出版社的《语言系统与功能》;清华大学出版社的《语篇·语境》;任绍鲁的《语言·系统·结构》等等。系统功能的基本概念的引进开始于上世纪80年代后期，以胡壮麟为首，系统功能的语法研究主要体现在两个方面：系统功能语法的语言观于方法论;对系统功能语篇研究理论进行实践和补充。
3.2 语用学的研究
近年来，《外国语》在语用学发表文章达30多篇;《外语教学与研究》有10多篇;出版的专著主要有：何自然的《语用学概论》;何兆熊的《新编语用学概要》。语用学在90年代最现风光，也当之无愧地成为最核心的科目，其研究有三个特点：
(1)在继续引导外国的方法的同时，通过对语言具体事实提出修正何补充。例如：何自然的《国外语言学的研究》。
(2)对语用学的内涵进行了新的开拓。比如何自然的《语用模糊》、《情态动词的语用分析》由卫国的《现在完成时的语用含义》。
(3)从翻番而论转入专题研究。把汉语与外语的研究联系起来。例如刘绍忠的《“清”字用法汉英对比》。
3.3 社会语言学的研究
《外国语》和《外语教学与研究》上共有10多篇;社会语言学的研究特点主要表现在：(1)由宏观方法转入微观具体语言现象分析，例如：《委婉语社会语言研究》、《语言变化的社会因素》。
(2)从解释的社会学角度转向心理学语言运作的社会心理机制。例如：王德青的《社会心理语言学科性质语研究对象》和素定芳的《委婉语研究》。
3.4 话语分析研究
《外国语》中有将近20多篇;《外语教学与研究》有10多篇。从80年代中期开始系统介绍西方话语分析基本概念与理论。90年代转入英汉对比分析。从话语口语转入语篇研究。近几年来，话语分析有交叉和重叠趋势。
4 我国语言学研究的趋势
(1)研究对象看，由微观转入宏观，语言本身系统转向跨学科研究，出现交叉学科，如跨文化交际学、国情语言学;由结构研究转入功能和应用研究，由静态到动态，如描写构词句法规则到句法结构的不同功能;单个词的意义到单词在特定环境中的意义;由单一语言研究转向多语言的对比研究，如对比语言学，包括双语对比、多语对比，包括同族语对比、非同族语对比，即有语言自身的对比，也有语言与文化的对比，如跨文化交际学。
(2)研究方法看，由单层次和单角度，静态研究转入多层次、多角度、动态研究。
(3)研究目的看，目标不断从窄到广，从肤浅到深度;从描写转向解释 Chomsky 试图从大脑的遗传基因来解释语言的事实;从理论的探讨转向应用价值分析，如计算机的发展离不开语言学，语用学的分析应用到法庭审讯中等。
(4)发展趋势看，语言学研究有三个：①侧重宏观语言学，语言与心理、语言与社会、语言与文化的关系;②着眼认知语言，语言与大脑关系;③鼓励用科学技术研究，如《对学者个人差异研究》。
参考文献
[1]胡壮麟.语言学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011.
[2]何自然.新编语用学概论[M].北京大学出版社,2009.
浅议对比语言学
摘 要：对比比较是人类认识事物、了解事物、研究事物的最常用方法，其也是语言学研究的一种基本方法。对比语言学作为语言学研究的重要一支，发展于上世纪五十年代。本文仅就对比语言学的定义、分类、历史发展、原则与程序做一简单概述。
关键词：对比;对比语言学;定义;分类;历史发展;原理与方法
一、对比语言学的定义及分类
对比语言学是语言学中的一个分支，其任务是对两种或两种以上的语言进行共时的对比研究，描述它们之间的异同，特别是其中的不同之处，并将这类研究应用于其他有关领域(许余龙1992/2008)。对于这一定义，我们可以理解如下：首先，对比语言学是语言学中的一个分支，它和其他分支密切联系、相互补充、相互促进。其次，对比语言学是两种或两种以上语言的对比描述，而普通语言学则是对某一种语言的普遍描述。再次，对比语言学是在共时理论的框架下发展的，也就是说其研究的对象，是语言的发展状态，而不是其演变。最后，对比语言学虽然研究描述语言之间的异同，但重点却在不同的方面。
对比语言学可划分为理论对比语言学和应用对比语言学两大类。理论对比语言学又由一般理论对比语言学和具体理论对比语言学构成。一般对比语言学是一般语言学的一个分支，它旨在研究对比语言学的理论和方法。具体对比语言学是具体语言学的一个分支，它旨在运用对比语言学的原理和其他语言学的相关知识，对两种或两种以上的语言进行具体的对比描述。应用对比语言写属于应用语言学的范畴，其也可以划分为两类，即一般应用对比语言学，它旨在研究如何将对比语言学的理论成果应用于语言外语教学活动中去。另一类是具体应用对比语言学，其任务是对两种语言进行具体的对比描述，以便为某一具体的应用活动服务。
二、对比语言学的起源与历史发展
自从人类产生了语言后，语言之间的比较与研究便蓬勃发展起来，对比语言学学科作为现代语言学的一个分支有两个渊源，一是起源于欧洲，其二是起源于美国。欧洲的对比语言学学科始于19世纪末，发展于20世纪初，其理论框架为对比型理论性的共时语言分析，而后由布拉格学派的语言学家继承发展。美国的对比语言学发展于二战期间，对比语言学的英文名称contrastive linguistics一词，由语言学家Whorf于1941年在其著作《语言与逻辑》一书中首次提出。而与欧洲传统的对比语言学特点不同，美国对比语言学的研究主要是应用性的。表现在运用语言对比的方法进行语言接触和双语现象研究等理论方面的探索，另外还运用对比语言学研究为外语教学服务。但20世纪60年代以后，对比分析的两个理论基础：行为主义心理学与结构主义语言学受到极其严厉的批判，对比语言学也开始走下坡路，从此一蹶不振。而与此同时，对比语言学在欧洲却持续发展，大部分的语言学家则采用转换生成语法作为对比描述的语言学框架。在此后的30多年中，理论对比语言学在欧美越来越受到了关注，学科地位得到提高，学术界对对比语言学本身的一些理论、方法问题的探讨也逐渐深入。我国国内的对比研究学者有严复，此外还有马建忠、黎锦熙、赵元任、王力和吕叔湘等都对汉外对比研究做出了重要贡献。
三、对比语言学的原则与研究程序
(一)对比语言学的一般原则：共时对比原则和同语体对比原则。
共时对比原则：对比研究是一种共时比较，当我们对两种或两种以上语言状态进行对比描述时，不能拿不同时代的语言现象进行对比。
同语体对比原则：语言作为交际工具，具有不同的功能语体，不同的语言拥有不同的选择、使用、组织语言单位的规范和规则。书面语与书面语对比，口语与口语对比，即相同的语体进行对比。
(二)对比研究的程序：
1、确定对比范围。首先确定对比的范围，即描述的对比层面是什么。比如在音、词、句、篇章、语用等选择一个层面来进行比较。其次需要进一步确定其具体对比描述对象是什么，也就是对比的语言单位。例如，在语法层面上，可以选择词组或句子结构等单位作为对比的对象。最后就是对比的语言学内容。
2、文献搜集与研究。首先先要搜集某一对比范围内已有的对比研究，这样可以使我们避免重复做别人做过的工作。其次就要搜集出这个研究范围内对两种语言分别所作的分析研究。
3、确定理论框架。对比研究的理论框架是指以某一种语言分析研究的理论或模式为基础的对比描述方法。选择一个统一的理论框架的主要原因是为了确保语言描述的可比性。我们常用的对比描述方法有中心词分析法和层次分析法，近年来，转换生成语法，格语法等也被许多研究学者所采用。而对比研究的理论框架的选择取决于对比研究的目的和范围。
4、搜集语言材料。语料可以分为实例语料和内省语料。而内省语料又可以分为自我内省语料和实验内省语料。选择语料我们需要考虑对比研究的性质和目的、理论框架、描述内容这些因素。
5、分析对比。对比分析是指在已有研究的基础上，以某一确定的理论框架对搜集的语言材料作某一方面的分析和对比。
6、总结。分析对比后，我们要总结这一对比的成果是什么，讨论其意义和价值。同时，也可以找出其局限性，提出自己的设想和建议。
四、总结
对比语言学作为现代语言学的一个重要分支，其目的殊途同归是为了解决教学或翻译问题而对比两种语言的异同。对比可以在语音、语法、词汇、语义、语用等层次进行，也可以从语言的文化、心理、民族角度进行对比研究。随着全球一体化的发展，对比语言学这一学科越来越受到专家学者的重视和青睐。
参考文献：
1、 许余龙.对比语言学(第2版)[M].上海：上海外语教学出版社，2010
2、王利众.对比语言学综述[J].黑龙江教育学院学报，2006
Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] A.U. Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦，张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究，2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究，1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [7] 吴霞，王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究，1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春：吉林大学出版社，2009.
On suprasegmental features Introduction So far we havebeen talking about phonetic features as they apply to single phonetic segments,or phones. Phonetic features can also apply to a string of severalsounds, such as a syllable, or an entire word or utterance. The study ofphonological features which applies to groups larger than the single segment,are known as suprasegmentalfeatures, such as the syllable or the word. The study of these features is knownas prosody. It mainly includessyllable, stress, pitch, tone, and intonation. In this paper, I will talk aboutthe suprasegmental features ingreat detail. Key words: phonetic, suprasegmental. Syllable The most obvious prosodic feature in languageis the syllable. Let's briefly discuss the notion of syllables. Like all of our other basic linguistic concepts,although everyone knows what a syllable is, the concept "syllable" isdifficult to define in absolute terms. A syllable can be divided into threeparts, that is, onset, nucleus, and coda, of which nucleus is a must. Asyllable that has no coda is called an open syllable while a syllable with codais called a closed syllable. In English only long vowels and diphthongs canoccur in open syllables. The onset may be empty or filled by a cluster of asmany as three consonants, while the coda position may be filled as many as fourconsonants. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice asto where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.In some languages, syllables are always open,that is, they always end in a vowel, never a consonant. (Hawaiian) On the other hand, every Hawaiian syllable must begin with a consonant. (Aloha spoken as a single word beginsin a glottal stop.) In other languages, syllables are always closed; they mustend in a consonant (Navaho): Háá'ishah dididiljah. Let's build a fire. Táá diné 'ooljéé'go naaskai' Three men went to the moon. (LikeHawaiian, they must also begin in a consonant.)Stress The nature of stress The word stress is used differently bydifferent authors, and the relationship between stress, emphasis, accent andprominence is also defined differently. Robins has defined it as “a genericterm for the relatively greater force exerted in the articulation of part ofutterance”. The nature of stress is simple enough—practically everyone wouldagree that the first syllable of words like“father”, “open” is stressed, thatthe middle syllable is stressed in “potato”, “apartment” and the final syllableis stressed in “about”, “perhaps”, and most people feel they have some sort ofidea of what the difference is between stressed and unstressed syllables,though they might explain it in many different ways.The production of stress is generallybelieved to depend on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used forunstressed syllables. From the perceptual point of view, all stressed syllableshave one characteristic in common, and that is “prominence”. Roach hasmanifested that at least four different factors are important to make asyllable prominent:i) Loudness: Most people seem to feelthat stressed syllables are louder than unstressed ones; in other words,loudness is a component of prominence.ii) Length: The length of syllables hasan important part to play in prominence; the syllables which are made longerthan the others will be heard as stressed.iii) Pitch: Pitch in speech is closelyrelated to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musicalnotion of low-pitched and high-pitched notes; if one syllable is said with apitch that is noticeably different from that of the others, this will have astrong tendency to produce the effect of prominence.iv) Quality: a syllable will tend to be prominentif it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighboring vowels. Languages differ in how they use stress.1) In some languages, eachsyllable is equally stressed or unstressed，as in Cambodian2) the syllable in eachword is more stressed. Theplace of stress is fixed on acertain syllable:1) initial. Finnish,Hungarian and other Finno-Ugric languages2) penultimate. Polish,3) final. French.4) Complex set ofrules. In Bulgarian nouns and verbs have separate sets of rules forstress placement. Hopi (phonetic: first syllable of a two syllableword: síkwi meat; inwords of three or more syllables, accent falls on the first long vowel: máamatsi to recognize; or onthe first short vowel before a consonant cluster: péntani to write; otherwise it falls on thenext to last syllable: wunúvtu standup)The place of stress is random.1) In Russian the stress iscompletely random: xoroshó, xoróshi.2) In English the stress ismore predictable but still random. Usually a middle syllable of a longerword receives the stress. In two syllable words stress is rando and oftenrenders differences in meaning: project/toproject, produce/produce, and insult/ to insult. Some languages have more than one stress perword: English is such a language. In English, words of foursyllables or more have a primaryand a secondary stress. SomeEnglish compounds have phrasal stress on the first element of thecompound. Phrasal stress often distinguishes meaning in adjective/nouncombinations. Sentence stress in English According to He Shanfen (1992), Englishsentence stress has two main functions:⑴ to indicate the important words in thesentence; ⑵ to serve as thebasis for the rhythmic structure of the sentence. Consequently, in connected English speech,sentence stress usually falls on content ( or lexical) words, which carry thebasic meaning of a sentence, e.g. nouns, adjectives, adverbs etc. Those whichare usually unstressed in sentences are form (or structural) words, which showgrammatical relationships, such as articles, auxiliary and modal verbs,monosyllabic prepositions, etc.Pitch Another prosodic feature is pitch, defined as the frequency ofvibration of vocal cords. Pitch is measured in hertzes. Physiologically, pitch tends to be higher inwoman than in men and higher before puberty than after puberty. Also, thepitch of women's voices tends to lower with old age; the pitch of men's voicestends to get higher with age. Despite these physiological, non-linguisticuniversal, each language uses pitch distinctions for linguisticallymeaningful purposes. Startingfrom the lowest pitch on the initial syllable, the pitch of each subsequentsyllable raises until the word reaches the "peak". From that point,pitch either remains at the same level for the remainder of the word or itdrops again. The choice between maintenance of high pitch or allowing it todrop is a matter of formality: pitch is maintained in formal or careful speech,but dropped in colloquial usage.七．ConclusionBeing the most important part, suprasegmental features can not be despised in phonology research.From the whole passage, we can understand that suprasegmentalfeatures not only has its phonology significance, but also the practicaluse as well. We can not say this person is a good language user just by his orher vocabulary, as well as the grammar. Spoken language is also very useful. Ido hope that the paper will be sufficient to prove that suprasegmental features is an efficient way for our studies and encouragemore and more students to pay attention to using it.Reference【1】CaoJianfen. The Rhythm of Mandarin Chinese. Instituteof Linguistics of Chinese Academyof Social Science. RPR-IL/CASS (2000-2002).【2】Chen Ying.2001. Contrastive Study of Suprasegmental Phonology in English and Chinese: aFunctional Perspective. MA: Southwest China Normal University.【3】Chomsky,N. & Halle,M. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers.
关于英语语言学的论文，论文题目和主要内容已列出，供参考。链接附后1.题目：语言学英文版论文。主要内容：该论文主要讲词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=SXkEsiMcpfqhM3IdT5ZZ97aNTmwfO_74dvJoNSWoCp2FIyudzpd1uBSgh2ccFJS6RN7xNBPb9WFk_matYEwCRT0EMxynK7D_vYN7D59Og5G2.题目：.英语专业毕业论文(语言学)——谈判英语文化差异。主要内容：该论文主要讲国际商务谈判中文化差异的影响，就是汉语习惯思维和西方语言文化之间表达的准确性对商务谈判带来的影响。http://wenku.baidu.com/view/ef2d20e09b89680203d825be.html4.题目：外国语言学及应用语言学硕士论文：商务英语信函的词汇特点研究，主要内容：商务英语信函词汇的选择和应用多呈现如下7种特点：1)简单词汇的选择。2)具体词汇多于笼统词汇。3)褒义词多于贬义词。4)缩写词的选择。5)确切词汇多于模糊词汇。6)礼貌、客气的词汇多于不礼貌的词汇。7)商业术语的选择。产生的原因多取决于商务活动的和商业伙伴的合作关系。商务活动的双方均为达至双赢的进行合作。这是本文所分析的词汇特点产生的主要原因。
On suprasegmental features Introduction So far we havebeen talking about phonetic features as they apply to single phonetic segments,or phones. Phonetic features can also apply to a string of severalsounds, such as a syllable, or an entire word or utterance. The study ofphonological features which applies to groups larger than the single segment,are known as suprasegmentalfeatures, such as the syllable or the word. The study of these features is knownas prosody. It mainly includessyllable, stress, pitch, tone, and intonation. In this paper, I will talk aboutthe suprasegmental features ingreat detail. Key words: phonetic, suprasegmental. Syllable The most obvious prosodic feature in languageis the syllable. Let's briefly discuss the notion of syllables. Like all of our other basic linguistic concepts,although everyone knows what a syllable is, the concept "syllable" isdifficult to define in absolute terms. A syllable can be divided into threeparts, that is, onset, nucleus, and coda, of which nucleus is a must. Asyllable that has no coda is called an open syllable while a syllable with codais called a closed syllable. In English only long vowels and diphthongs canoccur in open syllables. The onset may be empty or filled by a cluster of asmany as three consonants, while the coda position may be filled as many as fourconsonants. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice asto where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.In some languages, syllables are always open,that is, they always end in a vowel, never a consonant. (Hawaiian) On the other hand, every Hawaiian syllable must begin with a consonant. (Aloha spoken as a single word beginsin a glottal stop.) In other languages, syllables are always closed; they mustend in a consonant (Navaho): Háá'ishah dididiljah. Let's build a fire. Táá diné 'ooljéé'go naaskai' Three men went to the moon. (LikeHawaiian, they must also begin in a consonant.)Stress The nature of stress The word stress is used differently bydifferent authors, and the relationship between stress, emphasis, accent andprominence is also defined differently. Robins has defined it as “a genericterm for the relatively greater force exerted in the articulation of part ofutterance”. The nature of stress is simple enough—practically everyone wouldagree that the first syllable of words like“father”, “open” is stressed, thatthe middle syllable is stressed in “potato”, “apartment” and the final syllableis stressed in “about”, “perhaps”, and most people feel they have some sort ofidea of what the difference is between stressed and unstressed syllables,though they might explain it in many different ways.The production of stress is generallybelieved to depend on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used forunstressed syllables. From the perceptual point of view, all stressed syllableshave one characteristic in common, and that is “prominence”. Roach hasmanifested that at least four different factors are important to make asyllable prominent:i) Loudness: Most people seem to feelthat stressed syllables are louder than unstressed ones; in other words,loudness is a component of prominence.ii) Length: The length of syllables hasan important part to play in prominence; the syllables which are made longerthan the others will be heard as stressed.iii) Pitch: Pitch in speech is closelyrelated to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musicalnotion of low-pitched and high-pitched notes; if one syllable is said with apitch that is noticeably different from that of the others, this will have astrong tendency to produce the effect of prominence.iv) Quality: a syllable will tend to be prominentif it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighboring vowels. Languages differ in how they use stress.1) In some languages, eachsyllable is equally stressed or unstressed，as in Cambodian2) the syllable in eachword is more stressed. Theplace of stress is fixed on acertain syllable:1) initial. Finnish,Hungarian and other Finno-Ugric languages2) penultimate. Polish,3) final. French.4) Complex set ofrules. In Bulgarian nouns and verbs have separate sets of rules forstress placement. Hopi (phonetic: first syllable of a two syllableword: síkwi meat; inwords of three or more syllables, accent falls on the first long vowel: máamatsi to recognize; or onthe first short vowel before a consonant cluster: péntani to write; otherwise it falls on thenext to last syllable: wunúvtu standup)The place of stress is random.1) In Russian the stress iscompletely random: xoroshó, xoróshi.2) In English the stress ismore predictable but still random. Usually a middle syllable of a longerword receives the stress. In two syllable words stress is rando and oftenrenders differences in meaning: project/toproject, produce/produce, and insult/ to insult. Some languages have more than one stress perword: English is such a language. In English, words of foursyllables or more have a primaryand a secondary stress. SomeEnglish compounds have phrasal stress on the first element of thecompound. Phrasal stress often distinguishes meaning in adjective/nouncombinations. Sentence stress in English According to He Shanfen (1992), Englishsentence stress has two main functions:⑴ to indicate the important words in thesentence; ⑵ to serve as thebasis for the rhythmic structure of the sentence. Consequently, in connected English speech,sentence stress usually falls on content ( or lexical) words, which carry thebasic meaning of a sentence, e.g. nouns, adjectives, adverbs etc. Those whichare usually unstressed in sentences are form (or structural) words, which showgrammatical relationships, such as articles, auxiliary and modal verbs,monosyllabic prepositions, etc.Pitch Another prosodic feature is pitch, defined as the frequency ofvibration of vocal cords. Pitch is measured in hertzes. Physiologically, pitch tends to be higher inwoman than in men and higher before puberty than after puberty. Also, thepitch of women's voices tends to lower with old age; the pitch of men's voicestends to get higher with age. Despite these physiological, non-linguisticuniversal, each language uses pitch distinctions for linguisticallymeaningful purposes. Startingfrom the lowest pitch on the initial syllable, the pitch of each subsequentsyllable raises until the word reaches the "peak". From that point,pitch either remains at the same level for the remainder of the word or itdrops again. The choice between maintenance of high pitch or allowing it todrop is a matter of formality: pitch is maintained in formal or careful speech,but dropped in colloquial usage.七．ConclusionBeing the most important part, suprasegmental features can not be despised in phonology research.From the whole passage, we can understand that suprasegmentalfeatures not only has its phonology significance, but also the practicaluse as well. We can not say this person is a good language user just by his orher vocabulary, as well as the grammar. Spoken language is also very useful. Ido hope that the paper will be sufficient to prove that suprasegmental features is an efficient way for our studies and encouragemore and more students to pay attention to using it.Reference【1】CaoJianfen. The Rhythm of Mandarin Chinese. Instituteof Linguistics of Chinese Academyof Social Science. RPR-IL/CASS (2000-2002).【2】Chen Ying.2001. Contrastive Study of Suprasegmental Phonology in English and Chinese: aFunctional Perspective. MA: Southwest China Normal University.【3】Chomsky,N. & Halle,M. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers.
英语语言学课堂教学论文范文
1建构主义下的英语语言学课堂教学方式
建构主义下的英语语言学课堂教学是人们不断地深入认知。建构主义说明了构建学习观点的意义以及观念，建构主义是人们获取知识本质与过程的认识。在建构主义观念指导中，在习英语对老师以及学生都提出了不同的要求。从学生这一主体分析，建构主义要充分体现出学生的地位，英语教师作为课堂参与者以及组织者,应该把学生放在主体地位，同时还要密切关注学生的综合素质发展。在建构主义下开展英语语言学课堂教育可以使学生弘扬个性、充分发挥自身潜能，每一个学生学习的自身基础上提高英语能力。对英语教师来讲，作为英语课堂教学的主要组织人员，应该在课堂上充分给学生创设教学情境，给学生良好的学习环境激发学生在学习中的主动性以及积极性。同时在课堂上通过对学生适当引导，使英语课堂逐步的向着构建主义方向发展，建立互相信任的师生关系，保证提高英语课堂教学的质量。
2构建英语课堂教学的方式
在建立学习环境以及建构学习英语理论时，应该随时与学生为主体对象，在英语课堂教学中老师对学生而言是促进者、帮助者、指导者以及组织者，在课堂教学中充分调动学生学习的积极性，最终达到学生掌握知识和构建主义下学习的目的。
2.1重视学生学习的主体地位
在建构主义下学习英语可强调学生在英语学习中的主体地位，学生在建构主义中学习英语是主动的，而不是由于受到外部刺激被迫接受学习。英语教师的教学效果关键是学生学习英语的积极性以及学习英语效果，学习英语成败与否主要在于学生在学习的过程中有没有主动积极的参与学习过程。只有学生明确学习目标主动学习，才能完成对英语知识的构建。因此要在课堂中有效的教学要充分发挥学生在学习过程中的主体地位，作为老师积极主动的引导学生进行学习，只有把英语学习内容转换成学生的内在需求，变成个人积极主动的学习，学生才可以真正的把自己的潜能发展出来，建构知识体系下的学习方式。重视学生的主体地位，就要让学生积极主动的进行英语学习，作为英语教师要教会学生主动的学习并且及时的归纳英语知识，引导学生自觉的运用知识。提醒学生在学习英语的过程中要不断地自我调整和掌控。
2.2重视学生个体特征
在学习的过程中学生应该根据已有的认知行为主动的选择外部信息，对外部英语信息进行处理以及加工，英语知识是学生在学习的过程中逐步建立起来的整体内容。因为学生理解英语知识是根据已有的背景以及经验进行构建的'，所以每一个学生都会对同一知识结构有不同理解，每个学生自主学习英语的过程中都印证自我个性以及特征，以往传统的英语教学模式只会阻碍学生的创新能力，严重遏制了学生的个性。所以英语教师在讲授知识时，要以人为本，尊重每一个学生的个性发展，充分给予学生弘扬自我个性以及体现价值的空间，保证每一位学生在已有学习基础的能力上把自我个性进一步发展以及提高。教学的关键是学生之间互相合作，作为英语教师应该鼓励每一位学生都参与到学习之中，推出主动交流、合理创新的英语学习氛围。
2.3鼓励学生自主学习
学习英语的过程就是语言不停结合的过程，这是从知识理论转换到自身应用的一个过程，要想帮助学生成功的转变掌握住学习知识的技巧，就要让学生不断主动参加实践课程。建构主义下开展英语语言学课堂知识就是强调每一位学生参与性以及能动性，所以在教学的过程中应该避免对学生实施“填鸭式”教育。建构主义主要主张学生可以完成设置问题的情况下进行学习，所以作为老师可以采取任务型学习方法以及课题式学习方式进行教学，在英语教学的过程中从生活中寻找好的学习材料，让学生实时参与并且参与解决问题的过程，引发学生建构新知识的欲望。
2.4强调教学互动
学生在学习英语的过程中，教师应该选取资料应该从英语网站、专著以及期刊等专业领域中获取学生所需的资料，把这些资料以多种形式提供给学生，在给学生提供材料的同时把问题一起导入，和学生互相讨论，让学生在学习的过程中自己归纳语言。除此之外还应该及时的整理学生在阅读中所遇到的问题，保证基于建构主义下建构英语教学模式把学生的思维能力进一步提高。
3结语
总而言之，随着新课改不断的深化改革，使英语语言学教学有了更多的理论指导、英语语言教学创新科教学模式以及方法，英语教师可通过和学生之间和谐互动，与各个学科之间的教学成果相互评价，使学生可以自主学习，提高学生建构系统知识的能力。同时在建构主义下实施英语语言学教学可以开展类型多样的教学方式，促进英语教学质量稳定提升。
Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] A.U. Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦，张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究，2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究，1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [7] 吴霞，王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究，1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春：吉林大学出版社，2009.
有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，我整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.
【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春，这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点，那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家，恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图，他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的，存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的，真正的青春是关于学习，至少，大部分人是如此努力的学习，为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春，对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导，对于青少年来说，他们的工作是学习，这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先，培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始，我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕，只留英文。渐渐地，我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次，背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三，完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法，我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此，尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸，因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often
An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.
Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说，时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么？因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱，但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由，我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
英语文学是英语专业学生的一门重要的课程,对于英语学生的自身能力的提升具有十分重要的意义。下面是我为大家整理的英语文学方向毕业论文，供大家参考。
摘要：教师在教学中从多方面注重学生英语文学素养的培养，同时大学生也要积极进行英语文学素养的培养，不断提升自身的英语文学素养，促进自身的全面发展。
关键词：英语文学;大学生
一、大学生英语文学素养培养的现状
大学生的英语文学素养的培养非常重要，然而在大学的英语教学中教师对于学生文学素养的重视不够，并且学生自身没有较强的意识注重文学素养的培养。大学的英语教学，尤其是非英语专业的英语教学，主要是大学英语课程的教学，在教学中对于学生的文学素养培养没有足够的重视。第一，大学英语的教学主要以学生语言技巧为主，以英语词汇、知识点、语法等为主要讲授内容，教师很少讲授到英美文学的知识，也较少布置有关文学阅读的任务，对于大学生的英语文学素养培养非常不利。第二，英语四级、六级考试，作为国家级考试对于学生的学习要求也主要为英语语言自身的应用，但是对于英语文学方面没有很多的要求,影响着全国大学生的英语学习。从学生角度来说，大学生尤其是非英语专业的学生对于英语兴趣不高，很少学生去阅读英语文学的相关资料，或者有兴趣但是英语能力不足，慢慢失去了对于英语文学的喜爱
二、大学生英语文学素养培养的策略
针对大学生英语文学素养的现状，我们必须注重大学生英语文学素养的培养，从多方面提高大学生的英语文学素养，促进大学生的全面发展。
第一，英语课堂上教师注意培养学生对于英语文学的兴趣。大学的英语课，多是大学英语的课程，很多非英语专业学生英语基础较差，对英语不感兴趣，对于英语文学的兴趣就更小。为了提高大学生的英语文学素养，在英语课堂上教师可以注意学生文学的兴趣培养。在讲授教学内容时，继续增强学生对英语语言的喜爱，恰当地为学生介绍文学作品，联系更多的文学信息，将教学内容与英美的文学知识结合在一起，引起学生对英语文学的兴趣。
第二，教学内容多介绍英语文学的相关知识，带领学生学会文学赏析、评论等。大学英语教学的主要内容都是大学英语课程的内容，教师讲授教学内容时比较偏重与英语语言的应用，对于文学作品的分析、文学作品的赏析进行地很少。为了培养学生的英语文学素养，教师可以讲课时注意突出与教学内容相关的文学知识，在为学生讲解知识点的同时带领学生去学习如何赏析文学作品，对于文学作品进行分析评论，为学生推荐适合的文学作品，让学生从文学作品中获得更多的知识，也获得更多的关于世界、人生的思考。
第三，课上教师采取灵活多样的教学方法来进行英语文学的熏陶。在英语教学过程中，教师采取丰富多彩的教学方式和手段来引导学生对英语文学的兴趣，提升学生对文学的敏感度，促进学生的文学积累。一方面，教师可以将文学学习与电影结合起来。很多的文学作品，尤其是经典的文学作品都被后人拍成电影或者电视，而电影、电视是学生容易接受的方式，而且对于学生来说更具吸引力，在电影中学生对于文学作品有所了解，对于英语语言的应用也更清晰。另一方面，教师应该充分利用网络资源，引导学生接触更多的英语文学知识和作品。在当今时代，接触文学不仅靠书籍，还可以更好地利用网络资源。在信息飞速的时代，教师可以积极引导学生利用网络进行文学阅读和文学思考。
第四，布置课下文学的延伸任务，定期检验学生的完成情况。在英语教学过程中，教师要布置恰当的文学阅读任务和文学赏析作业。根据教学内容，向学生推荐英语文学作品，要求学生完成文学作品的相关任务，鼓励学生在进行文学阅读和赏析的任务过程中，进行思考分析，获得更多的知识和思考。对于布置的文学任务，可以定期进行检查，通过写阅读反思、影评等来检验学生对于文学作业的完成情况。
第五，学生自身要转变观念，变被动培养为主动提高。大学生为了就业，更多的人都选择学习实用性强的课程，对于短期内实用效果较小的文学学习却很忽略。要提高大学生的英语文学素养，学生首先要从思想上转变以前的观念，意识到文学学习和提高文学素养对于自身发展的重要性，重视自身英语文学素养的培养。其次在课堂上和课下主动进行文学作品的阅读和学习，配合教师的文学学习的教学，积极完成教师布置的文学相关作业将文学素养的培养当成一项长期的活动。教师在教学中从多方面注重学生英语文学素养的培养，同时大学生也要积极进行英语文学素养的培养，不断提升自身的英语文学素养，促进自身的全面发展。
参考文献
1、基于思维过程的高中英语文学阅读思维型课堂教学架构兰春寿课程.教材.教法2015-12-01期刊1
2、 英语专业体裁文本依托文学课程体系改革效果分析景婧外语界2015-08-25期刊
摘要：总之，动词汉译英的过程就是由“动态”向“静态”转化、由展开型句法结构向浓缩型句法结构转化的过程，也体现了由汉民族思维方式向英民族思维方式转化的过程。
关键词：英语文学;研究生
一、汉语的“动态”与英语的“静态”
动词是表示人或事物动作、行为、发展、变化的词，是最复杂、最活跃的一种词类。英、汉两种语言对动词的概括意义是一样的，但动词的数量及使用频率与方式却并不一样。从总体修辞效果来看，英语呈“静态”，汉语呈“动态”，亦即，英语有一种少用(谓语)动词而用其他手段;而汉语则有一种多用动词的固有习惯。英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词(并列谓语除外);而汉语中却存在着“连动式”和“兼语式”，如“他到了火车站发现火车已经开走了”，及紧缩句，如“我们下雨也去”。英语的限定动词只能做谓语，而汉语中的动词(包括动宾词组、主谓词组等)不仅做谓语，也可做主语，如“理论联系实际是我们党的优良传统”，宾语，如“鲁迅主张打落水狗”，定语，如“讨论的问题很重要”，状语，如“一定要批判地继承我国的文学艺术遗产”和补语，如“小溪旁那些女人们听得笑起来了”。汉语是一种离不开动词的语言，除了部分句子(即名词谓语句如“今天星期六”和形容词谓语句如“他这几天心情很好”)以外，大量的句子都不止使用一个动词，有的句子几乎全句都是动词，如“打得赢就打，打不赢就走，不怕没办法”。汉语的动词还可以重叠和组合构成新的动词，如“走走”、“商量商量”、“看一看”、“打打闹闹”，而英语的动词却不能。另外汉语中为数不多的介词，也大都是从古代汉语动词演变而来的，有些还具备动词的一般特点，称为“半动词”，“副动词”，“汉语中的绝大多数的‘介词’，应该划归动词的范畴，只是入句时，表现了相当于英语介词的作用”，如“他在家”中的“在”为动词，而“他在家看书”中的“在”则为介词。
二、“动态”与“静态”的思维根源
汉语“动态”与英语“静态”之差异，其深层原因在于汉、英民族思维方式的差异：即汉民族重形象思维、重悟性，而西方人重抽象思维、重理性。汉文化的重要特征之一是“尚象”，汉民族习惯于“观物取像”，即取万物之象，加工成为象征意义的符号来反映、认识客观事物的规律，形成了偏重形象，即偏重具体的思维方式;西方文化的重要特征之一是“尚思”，注重逻辑与形式论证，形成了以概念、判断和推理为思维形式，偏重抽象的思维方式。这种思维形式的不同在语言上表现为：英语语言常常使用大量的涵义概括、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念，因而显得“虚”和“静”;而汉语则习惯于形象语言，用形象的方法来表达抽象的事物，动词的形象性即满足了中文的需求，由于大量地使用动词，汉语言因而显得“实”和“动”。另外，汉民族相比于西方人更倾向于注重悟性，汉语由意念贯通，行文造句不需要严格的语法规则来规范，词的用法也非常灵活，动词的使用即非常灵活。汉语的动词由于没有形态变化的约束，使用起来十分自由、灵活，可以充当句子的各种成分，也可以连用形成连动式和兼语式，还可以重叠和组合构成新的动词，动词的大量使用使汉语的表达呈现“动态”的倾向。与之相反，西方人更注重理性，注重形式论证，在语言上表现为形态的外漏和形式上的完整，因此行文造句需要严格的语法规则来规范。英语句子有严谨的主谓结构，一个句子结构通常只使用一个谓语动词，大量本应该用动词表达的概念，只能用非谓语动词来表达，或借助于动词以外的词类，主要是由动词派生而来的名词，有时还要借助于介词、副词及由动词转化而来的形容词，这样便产生了动词的虚化和弱化，使得英语的表达呈现“静态”的倾向。
三、汉译英中动词的处理
鉴于学生动态英译文的问题，从“动态”与“静态”这一修辞差异入手来探讨汉译英中汉语动词(不包括判断动词和能愿动词)的处理，应是汉译英教学中的非常重要的一讲。
(一)单动词汉语句子中动词的处理
“英语的静态修辞的实质是名词优势和介词优势，而介词优势又是名词优势的必然结果。因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结”。英语倾向于用名词(词组)来表达汉语用动词所表达的概念，即动作、行为、状态等，尤其在科技、法律、政治等正式文体中更是如此。这不仅使英语句子简洁紧凑，也避免了将人牵涉进来，从而使语句意义更加含蓄、间接，符合英民族表达习惯，因而句子优美。因此，在有些情况下，汉语动词并不是译成英语动词，而是要遵循英语的这一修辞特点，进行必要的词性转换，即动词向名词和介词的转化(如a和b)，有时也转化成副词和形容词(如c和d)等，使译文符合英语的句法规律，因而更加地道、更显文采。a.他很贪嘴。Heisagreedyeater.b.这不符合我们党的政策.ThisisnotinkeepingwithourParty’spolicies.c.桌布铺上了吗?Istheclothon?d.他怀疑我的动机。Heissuspiciousofmyintentions.
(二)多动词汉语句子中动词的处理
汉语注重“动态”描写，一个句子中往往会涌现大量的动词，但并不会引起句子的臃肿和混乱.汉语的动词可以作句子的不同成分;一个句子中可以连用两个或更多的动词作谓语，有时一个句子中会集结异常大量的动词，按照各动作实际上的时间顺序或逻辑上的因果次序，将事件一一如实说出，甚至尽量省略关系词以达到动词集中、动词突出的效果。因此在将汉语句中充当主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补的动词译成英语时，有的可以省译，有的要进行词性转换或译成非限定动词;在将汉语的连动式结构译成英文时，首先要确定一个主要动词，作为谓语动词，与主语形成SV主干，构成全句中心，其他动词有的可以省译，有的作为次要动词进行词性转换或译成非限定动词、独立主格结构，打破汉语的时间或事理顺序，运用英语所富有的各种关系词或关系手段，适当地将它们嫁接到句子的中心主干上，形成空间立体布局，使句子语义层次分明。当然，在将连动式结构译成英文时，若有两个或以上动词都该是英译文中的谓语动词，则应将其译成并列谓语。但译文谓语动词如果铺排过多，就会显得很累赘，语义层次很不分明，带有浓厚的汉语色彩，这时，应首先采取断句处理。
总之，动词汉译英的过程就是由“动态”向“静态”转化、由展开型句法结构向浓缩型句法结构转化的过程，也体现了由汉民族思维方式向英民族思维方式转化的过程。这个过程完成得好，译文就符合英语语言的规范，这个过程完成得不好，译文就会汉化，妨碍了原文内容的确切表达。我们的学生动辄用动词写英语句子，而且多是小短句或简单的复合句，带有浓厚的汉语气息，主要是受汉语“动态”修辞的影响。因此在汉译英教学中，我们一定要引导学生用英语的“静态”修辞进行思维，克服汉语“动态”修辞的影响，为汉译英实践打下良好的基础。
参考文献
1、加拿大英语文学在中国的译介(1949—2009)——兼论社会文化对文学翻译的制约朱振武; 綦亮上海大学学报(社会科学版)