The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.
《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights），英国女作家艾蜜莉·勃朗特（Emily Brontë）的小说，也是她唯一的一部小说，于1847年首度出版。当时因为内容对人性丑恶的描写而遭致非议，被称为是一本“可怕而野蛮”的书，书中写尽了寂寥的荒野、偏僻的古堡、粗暴的爱情，气氛阴霾而深刻，于时人所不容。但是随着时间的推移，这部小说逐渐的被主流社会所认同，并且被认为是勃朗特姐妹所有的作品中最为出色的一部。艾米丽独特的气质，对世界的感悟，对荒原的依恋和描写，给这部小说增添了独特的审美意味，这是这部小说明显不同于维多利亚时代其他小说的原因。其中也继承了象征、恐怖和神秘等哥特小说手法。 Wuthering Heights is Emily Brontë's only novel. It was first published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell, and a posthumous second edition was edited by her sister Charlotte. The name of the novel comes from the Yorkshire manor on the moors on which the story centers (as an adjective, Wuthering is a Yorkshire word referring to turbulent weather). The narrative tells the tale of the all-encompassing and passionate, yet thwarted, love between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and many around them. Now considered a classic of English literature, Wuthering Heights met with mixed reviews by critics when it first appeared, mainly because of the narrative's stark depiction of mental and physical cruelty. Though Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre was originally considered the best of the Brontë sisters' works, many subsequent critics of Wuthering Heights argued that its originality and achievement made it superior. Wuthering Heights has also given rise to many adaptations and inspired works, including films, radio, television dramatisations, a musical by Bernard J. Taylor and songs (notably the hit "Wuthering Heights" by Kate Bush), ballet and opera.
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选择一个恰当的题目，是一个非常关键的问题，那我们要怎么选择美国文学的题目呢?下面是我带来的关于2017年美国文学论文题目的内容，欢迎阅读参考!2017年美国文学论文题目(一) 1. 简论Jane Austin 的爱情婚姻观 2. 从《简爱 》看早期女权主义的理想和追求 3. 十九世 纪英国小说家笔下的真、善、美 4. 英国十八世纪浪漫主义诗人的自然观 5. Romanticism in Mark Twin's works 6. 批评方法之我见 段燕 7. 浅谈泰戈尔的生命 段燕 8. 浅谈《红字》中珠儿形象的作用 9. 论《 红字》中的道德主题 10. 论海丝特·白兰的性 格发展 11. 《红字》中象征手法的运用 12. 论霍桑《红字》中“A”的象征意义 13. 象征意向在《了不起的盖茨比》中的运用 14. 论《了不起的盖茨比》的艺术特点 15. 伍尔夫创作中的女权主义立场 16. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的女权思想 17. 伍尔夫女 性视角中的女性形象分析 2017年美国文学论文题目(二) 1、 透过《傲慢与偏见》看现代社会爱情观 2、生与死的抗争--《厄舍古厦的倒塌》主题解读 3、浅谈“欧·亨利式结尾”及其文学影响 4、从宗教角度解读简爱的多重性格 5、从女权主义角度剖析《小妇人》中的乔 6、 “英雄”的陨落--悲剧美学角度分析《老人与海》 7、 从《菊花》中看女主人公Elisa实现自我价值的障碍 8、奉献与宽容---浅析《双城记》中的仁爱精神 9、 《格列佛游记》中对理性的反思与批判 10、浅析《警察和赞美诗》的戏剧化特色 11、一场失败革命的反思---论《动物庄园》中所表现的象征意义 12、论詹姆斯·乔伊斯《阿拉比》的精神顿悟 13、从后印象主义角度解读《到灯塔去》中的双性同体观 14、 从中西方道德观差异谈《伊利亚特》与《封神演义》人物品德 15、 韦伯《猫》中的女性主义 16、 浅析《儿子与情人》中的心理冲突 17、浅析中西方喜剧文化---以《武林外传》和《老友记》为例 18、从女性主义看《傲慢与偏见》中的女性形象 19、《瓦尔登湖》中自然主义的现实意义 20、 从男性角色解读《简爱》中的女性反抗意识 2017年美国文学论文题目(三) 1. 论劳伦斯《虹》中的异化 2. 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》与《梁祝》悲剧结局所体现的中西文化差异 3. 从《在路上》看五六十年代美国社会价值观 4. 评希思克利夫被扭曲的心路历程 5. 试论马克·吐温短篇小说的幽默特色 6. 惠特曼的死亡哲学 7. 论《呼啸山庄》--原始古朴与文明理性的交错色彩 8. 论《了不起的盖茨比》中“二元主角”手法的运用 9. 透过小说《威廉·威尔逊》和《黑猫》看艾伦·坡的善恶观 10. 从《飘》看内战对美国文学的影响 11. 论《美国丽人》一片中人物的两面性 12. 论海明威小说中的死亡主题 13. 浅析艾丽丝·沃克的《紫颜色》 14. 女性作家的共性 15. 《倾城之恋》与《飘》的女权意识比较研究 16. 《失乐园》 与《圣经》中撒旦形象的对比 17. 《老人与海》与《鲁宾逊漂流记》的比较研究 18. 哥特式风格在《弗兰克斯坦》中的体现 19. 浅议反讽手法在《蝇王》中的运用 20. 分析麦尔维尔《白鲸》中的象征主义 21. 艾略特早期诗歌中的人物形象分析 22. 《丧钟为谁而鸣》中的女性形象分析 23. On tragic Beauty 24. An Analysis of the Social Impact on the Character -- Sister Carrie 25. Exploration of the Common Features of American Writers During World War II 26. Jane Eyre's Linguistic Features 27. 论Virginia Woolf 的意识流创作方法在某一作品中的体现 猜你喜欢： 1. 英美文学类论文范文 2. 美国文化学术论文格式要求 3. 美国文化学术论文格式 4. 关于文化的政治论文题目 5. 关于英国文化的论文
呼啸山庄由四场斗争组成， 你选取一个你喜欢的角色，然后从他的角度讨论一下他在每场斗争中的策略和他心中的仇恨就可以了，比如说你写Nelly Dean。 提纲可以是这样： 1.人物Nelly生平概述，Nelly和夏洛特·Bront以及简爱的联系，以及和都铎王朝的关系。以及作家三姐妹笔名的由来。 2.着重分析Nelly在第一场的表现3.着重分析Nelly在第二场的表现 4.着重分析Nelly在第三场的表现5.着重分析Nelly在第四场的表现6.赞美一下叙事风格和故事情节的旋律美。 如果你选择其它人物的话也可以参照以上格式顺序，比如Catherine和Isabella.
'Thrushcross Grange is my own, sir,' he interrupted, wincing. 'I should not allow any one to inconvenience me, if I could hinder it - walk in!' The 'walk in' was uttered with closed teeth, and expressed the sentiment, 'Go to the Deuce:' even the gate over which he leant manifested no sympathising movement to the words; and I think that circumstance determined me to accept the invitation: I felt interested in a man who seemed more exaggeratedly reserved than myself. When he saw my horse's breast fairly pushing the barrier, he did put out his hand to unchain it, and then sullenly preceded me up the causeway, calling, as we entered the court, - 'Joseph, take Mr. Lockwood's horse; and bring up some wine.' 'Here we have the whole establishment of domestics, I suppose,' was the reflection suggested by this compound order. 'No wonder the grass grows up between the flags, and cattle are the only hedge- cutters.'
2012年02月13日 08时04分，《2011英语:英语论文：《呼啸山庄》汉译本翻译理论[1]》由liuxue86.com英语我整理. 生的语言感情色彩和语言心理习惯上的视角差异,特别是英语存在着包括从词汇变化层面,到单个简单句的主谓人称、单复数、时态上,以及复杂句子的各个成分的纵横聚合选择上,都是不同的。这是造成英汉或汉英翻译障碍的其中一个主要原因。 再者,二者在选词择句上也是风格各异。例如: Hindley threw it,hitting him on the breast,and down he fell,but staggered up immediately,breathless and white……. 杨苡:辛德雷真的扔了,打在他的脸上,他倒了下去,可他又马上踉踉跄跄地站起来,气也喘不过来,脸也白了。——杨苡译译林出版社1990年8月版 方平:亨德来把铁秤砣仍过去,正中他的胸口,他一头到了下去,可是立即摇摇晃晃地站了起来,面无血色,气也喘不过来。——方平 译上海译文出版社 2001年8月版 从这里,我们看到方平的翻译读起来朗朗上口,句句精彩,好像在读一本武侠小说一样。因为他大量使用了极具动感的词汇,且用短句子表达,节奏非常轻快。而且,我们还会发现方平将后面的 breathless and white的顺序大胆地加以调整,使其更加符合人的逻辑思维和观察习惯。我们在观察事物的时候,一般是先有视觉上的印象然后才是听觉嗅觉等等。所以,从这一点看来,方平的翻译更加符合情景思维和逻辑思维。让我们继续来看。对于white这个词两个翻译家给出了不同的翻译结果。杨苡及其忠实于原文地将其译为“白”,而方平则根据中国读者的思维习惯和表达习惯,从读者所获得的视觉效果的角度将其译为“面无血色”.从这个问题上我们就能更加清楚地看到两位翻译家所采取的不同的翻译角度。杨苡侧重于意译也就是通过寻找外延意义上的对应的文字来忠实于原文,忠实于原作者的目的,其实这只是文字或文章的表层形式上的机械对等;但方平则从读者反映的角度对其加以描述性的阐释。直接译出了 white一词的内涵意义。 对于这个问题实质上涉及到关于翻译的本质问题,特别是文学翻译的本质问题。文学翻译的本质客体在特地高层次和范围内给主体提供了具有艺术创造性的客观基础,见于其主观表现形式;文学翻译具有艺术创造性,是译者在一定的自由度之内对原作的艺术再现和艺术表现文学作品的艺术再现和艺术表现是出于满足读者的审美要求,是同过语符化手段与情景的动态模拟重构并给以特定语言形式的再现(曾利沙,2001a)。 结论:由于两位翻译家采用了不同的翻译理论,而有了两个属于完全不同的译本。对此,我们不可能采用一刀切的翻译批评观,而只是说不同的理论指导下的具体的翻译方法,没有孰优孰劣之分,只有具体情况下的谁更合适的比较。 参考文献: [1]方平.呼啸山庄.上海译文出版社,2001. [2]蒋骁华.符号学翻译研究——文学语言的理据及其再创造.外语教学与研究出版社, 2003. [3]奈达.语言与文化——翻译中的语境.上海教育出版社,2001. [4]萧立明.新译学论稿.中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.
Wuthering Heights as a Religious NovelWuthering Heights is not a religious novel in the sense that it supports a particular religion (Christianity), or a particular branch of Christianity (Protestantism), a particular Protestant denomination (Church of England). Rather, religion in this novel takes the form of the awareness of or conviction of the existence of a spirit-afterlife.An overwhelming sense of the presence of a larger reality moved Rudolph Otto to call Wuthering Heights a supreme example of "the daemonic" in literature. Otto was concerned with identifying the non-rational mystery behind all religion and all religious experiences; he called this basic element or mystery the numinous. The numinous grips or stirs the mind so powerfully that one of the responses it produces is numinous dread, which consists of awe or awe-fullness. Numinous dread implies three qualities of the numinous: its absolute unapproachability, its power, and. its urgency or energy. A misunderstanding of these qualities and of numinous dread by primitive people gives rise to daemonic dread, which Otto identifies as the first stage in religious development. At the same time that they feel dread, they are drawn by the fascinating power of the numinous. Otto explains, "The daemonic-divine object may appear to the mind an object of horror and dread, but at the same time it is no less something that allures with a potent charm, and the creature, who trembles before it, utterly cowed and cast down, has always at the same time the impulse to turn to it, nay even to make it somehow his own." Still, acknowledgment of the "daemonic" is a genuine religious experience, and from it arise the gods and demons of later religions. It has been suggested that Gothic fiction originated primarily as a quest for numinous dread. For Derek Traversi the motive force of Brontë's novel is "a thirst for religious experience," which is not Christian. It is this spirit which moves Catherine to exclaim, "surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation if I were entirely contained here? (Ch. ix, p. 64). Out of Catherine's–and Brontë's–awareness of the finiteness of human nature comes the yearning for a higher reality, permanent, infinite, eternal; a higher reality which would enable the self to become whole and complete and would also replace the feeling of the emptiness of this world with feelings of the fullness of being (fullness of being is a phrase used by and about mystics to describe the aftermath of a direct experience of God). Brontë's religious inspiration turns a discussion of the best way to spend an idle summer's day into a dispute about the nature of heaven. Brontë's religious view encompasses both Cathy's and Linton's views of heaven and of life, for she sees a world of contending forces which are contained within her own nature. She seeks to unite them in this novel, though, Traversi admits, the emphasis on passion and death tends to overshadow the drive for unity. Even Heathcliff's approaching death, when he cries out "My soul's bliss kills my body, but does not satisfy itself" (Ch. xxxiv, p. 254), has a religious resonance.Thomas John Winnifrith also sees religious meaning in the novel: salvation is won by suffering, as an analysis of references to heaven and hell reveals. For Heathcliff, the loss of Catherine is literally hell; there is no metaphoric meaning in his claim "existence after losing her would be hell" (Ch. xiv, p. 117). In their last interview, Catherine and Heathcliff both suffer agonies at the prospect of separation, she to suffer "the same distress underground" and he to "writhe in the torments of hell" (XV, p. 124). Heathcliff is tortured by his obsession for the dead/absent Catherine. Suffering through an earthly hell leads Healthcliff finally to his heaven, which is union with Catherine as a spirit. The views of Nelly and Joseph about heaven and hell are conventional and do not represent Brontë's views, according to Winnifrith.2Jane has endured hell. Indeed, most of this novel becomes a test of what she can endure. Helen Burns and Miss Temple teach Jane the British stiff upper lip and saintly patience. Then Jane, star pupil that she is, exemplifies the stoicism, while surviving indignity upon indignity. Jane’s soul hunkers down deep inside her body and waits for the shelling to stop. Only at Moor’s End, where she teaches and grows, does her soul come out. She stops enduring and begins living. Jane begins to become an “I” in her 19th year. In the sentence, “Reader, I married him.” Jane makes clear who is in charge of her life and her marriage; she is. That “I” stands resolutely as the subject of the sentence commanding the verb and attaching itself to the object, “him.” She is no longer passive, waiting and sitting for Rochester’s attention. Rather, she goes out and gets him. She has gone a long way from the beginning of the novel. At Gateshead, Jane tries to direct her life. Her little “I” scolds Mrs. Reed and chastises John. Like the later Jane, she knows her mind and speaks it. Unlike the later Jane, however, she does not have the wherewithal to back up her soul. She does not have the physical strength, the mental skills, nor the finances to stand on her own. As a result, she can be thrown into the Red Room to repent her sins and can be cast into Lowood. At Lowood, her pernicious saints, Helen Burns and Miss Temple, suppress the young ego under a blanket of will, religion, and self-sacrifice. Helen teaches Jane to blame herself for everything and blame others for nothing. Helen suffers depredation upon humiliation in the name of dirty fingernails and disorganized socks, all the while chanting “Thank you sir, may I have another.” Jane internalizes this, so that she blames herself for Rochester’s faults and error and even forgives the unforgivable, Mrs. Reed. For her part, Miss Temple teaches Jane to be subversive, but charming. Rebellion is seed cake and a smile. Rebellion is not keeping the students from the ten-mile forced march to church. Jane follows these dictates as well, manipulating Rochester for scraps and sops. With one withering blast, Rochester dynamites these two icons into sanctimonious rubble and sends Jane back out into the elements. Her soul, long buried or locked away in the attic, bursts forth and sends Jane for the escape pods. Out in the moors, sucking on dirt, Jane chooses to live on and rebuilds herself. First with the help of her cousins, then with the arrogantly humble Rivers St. John, Jane rediscovers who she is and discards who she isn’t. Ironically, her final self-definition comes from Rivers when he proposes. Helen Burns and Miss Temple would have knelt at the chance, but Jane lets the cup pass by. In her rejection, she sweeps the debris away and stands by herself. So, when she returns to Thornfield, she comes with her own money and her own identity. Reduced or not, Rochester can only stand with Jane, not tower over her. She comes with a skill, cash, and self-knowledge. And under her own power, she submits herself to Rochester. She allows herself to be called Janet and to refer to him as “sir.” She willingly and momentarily drops her head. But not for long. In the ultimate chapter, Jane directly addresses her “Reader.” The final chapter takes place a year or two post-fire, as the mature Jane looks back on her life. By the act of writing, Jane has defined herself and stepped away from the saint-in-training. By writing the truth, in all of its ugliness, she separates herself from the persona. The Jane in the first 38 chapters is not the final Jane that addresses the reader. That Jane has had a child, has married a man, and has made a spot in the world. The great triumph of that line comes not from the man that she has married, but from the rediscovery and reaffirmation of the voice that once told off Mrs. Reed. The girl lost her voice at Lowood has become the woman who can tell us the story. The novel itself is Jane’s final "I."
】：《呼啸山庄》已被公认为世界文学史中的经典之作。长期以来,她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜,人们视作者为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。《呼啸山庄》男主人公希斯克利夫的心灵世界谜团重重,情感汹涌起伏,许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究,得出了不同的结论。 本文运用弗洛伊德精神分析学中“防御机制”的理论来解析和阐释希斯克利夫的内心世界及其在小说中的作用,同时着力探讨希斯克利夫的心理活动,及其对其他人物和小说结局的影响。本文分为五个部分：绪论、主体(三个章节)及结论。 “绪论”部分简要论述了艾米莉·勃朗特的生平、创作、《呼啸山庄》的批评史,并着力论述了国内外相关文献的基本观点、本文的批评视角及其理论。 第一章主要从内外两个方面来探讨希斯克利夫心理防御机制的形成：作为外部因素的维多利亚时期的社会、文化氛围,与作为内部因素的主人公自身的苦难经历。两种因素合谋,决定了希斯克利夫的防御机制,其基本特点就是一旦受到侮辱,即刻进行报复。第二章仔细分析了希斯克利夫心理防御机制的表现形式：没有其他发泄途径时,否认、压抑、复仇等就都成了他防御机制的作用方式。第三章进一步阐释了希斯克利夫心理防御机制与其悲剧的关系,认为他的悲剧是其另一个自我(凯瑟琳)的死亡及其心理防御机制的崩溃的必然结果。 最后,“结论”部分指出希斯克利夫的悲剧源自其心理防御机制的畸形发展,及这类机制在敌人不存在时表现出的疯狂。可以说,希斯克利夫的疯狂和死亡是艾米莉无意识中对爱情的忧虑的外化。
我给你个最忠实的建议！去学校图书馆！应该有电子阅览室吧。到那上面去找，那上面的很多论文都是高校之间共享的，是不收费的。包括很多学术期刊网站如中国知网等实在不行，你就自己花钱啦，一篇论文2元
你要是认真读过原著的话，一定会为之痴迷的，怎么会写不出？还有，纠正上面那位的一个说法：作者是艾米莉而不是艾丽斯！
主要是揭示了人性这一重大主题，全书主要从人性的堕落、人性的冻结、人性的回归三个状态深刻地挖掘了人性的种种隐秘，展现了一个逼真客观的人性世界。而作者对人性的探索，不仅表现在主人公的人生过程中，而且还表现在主人公的生活环境中。
呼啸山庄论文提纲
《呼啸山庄》是一出爱情悲剧，作者的全部心血凝聚在希思克厉夫和凯瑟琳形象的塑造上。《呼啸山庄》是英国女作家艾米莉-勃朗特唯一一部小说。在这本小说中，作者向读者讲述了以希思克利夫与凯瑟琳的爱情为主题的复仇故事。
《呼啸山庄》是英国文学史上的一朵奇葩，具有很高的文学价值和艺术成就。这部小说写的是荒野山地里两个家族，及呼啸山庄和画眉山庄两个家族前后半个世纪的恩怨纠葛，体现了强烈的爱情悲剧和反抗精神。小说中，以主人公希斯克利夫的爱和恨而展开，他深爱女主人公凯瑟琳，却被无情抛弃，在绝望中他离开山庄。
三年之后回到呼啸山庄时，自己深爱的女人为了名利嫁给了别人，他的爱慢慢转化为一种被扭曲了的爱，就是恨。为了爱，他展开了疯狂的一系列报复行动，在报复中，告诉自己很满足，但内心却依然很孤独，最后他为爱慢慢放下了复仇，灵魂继续追随他的爱人凯瑟琳而去，得到了解放。
希斯克利夫的一生是悲剧的一生，他的人生经历了强烈的爱----疯狂的恨----爱的复归.作者塑造了一个一直被认为是恶魔般的主人公希斯克利夫，渴望爱却被爱和社会无情伤害，集爱与恨于一生，是一个“谜”一样的男人。作者塑造这样一个被社会迫害和扭曲而反抗的人物形象，既寄托了自己对现实社会的愤慨，也表现了19世纪资本主义社会中个人的精神压迫和矛盾冲突。
通过三个多月的查找工具书和知网、期刊里的各类文献，我的论文大致结构除了绪论和结论外，主体共有两章，第一章：可悲的受害者与可感的爱情者两方面，分别从希斯克利夫被命运、社会所迫害和他可歌可泣的爱情来展开叙述。第二章：可憎的复仇者与可叹的救赎者两方面，分别从希斯克利夫对曾经伤害过他的人无情的报复和他人性的解脱来展开叙述。最后进行总结，折射出当时社会的现状和可悲性。
摘 要：女性作家艾米莉・勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》以深刻的主题、诗化的语言、生动的人物形象受到了读者的喜爱，除此之外，小说独特的叙事手法也是作品获得成功的因素之一。《呼啸山庄》以女管家纳莉和房客洛克伍德的交错叙述为主;在叙事时间上适当地加快或放慢，拿捏精准;通过自然，推动了故事情节的发展。
关键词：《呼啸山庄》;叙事主体;叙事时间;自然
《呼啸山庄》是女性小说家艾米莉・勃朗特的传世之作，是她唯一的一部小说，在英国文学史甚至世界文学史上都占有重要一席。该部小说问世于1847年，以希刺克厉夫和凯瑟琳的爱情故事为主线，向读者展示了复杂的人性和扭曲的社会。在《呼啸山庄》发行之初，评论家曾质疑其纷乱且不成体统，鉴于此，本文以其叙事特色为主题，从叙事的主体和时间、自然三个方面探讨这部小说的创作手法，解读《呼啸山庄》的独特魅力。
一、叙事主体的交错
《呼啸山庄》以女管家纳莉和房客洛克伍德的叙述为主，交叉转换，小说中的人物也参与叙述，打破了以往小说中惯用的呆板乏味的套层结构，从不同叙述层面展开，小说由于多个叙述者的叙述，呈现出立体化的效果，小说结构紧凑，并且增加了故事的真实性，从而使整部小说显得扑朔迷离，新奇而独特，引人入胜。
作者艾米莉・勃朗特别具一格地塑造了两位主要的叙述者，分别是呼啸山庄的女管家纳莉和房客洛克伍德，两位叙述者的身份不同，视角不同，带给读者的感受也不同，可以使读者感受到主人公丰富的情感和故事情节的曲折迷离。《呼啸山庄》一共有三十四章，不同章节的叙事主体如下图所示：
小说以洛克伍德的`叙述开篇，通过他的日记，为读者展示了呼啸山庄以及山庄里的人和事，在他的眼里，似乎一切都不正常，对山庄他也充满了疑虑，从而引出了纳莉的叙述。由他的好奇心引起了读者的好奇心，作者在小说中巧妙地设计了许多悬念，围绕着这些悬念的解开，小说情节和人物也逐渐清晰起来。
纳莉是与世隔绝的理想避难所――呼啸山庄的历史见证人，山庄的人世浮沉、兴衰起落都在她的的眼前发生。纳莉在小说中具有双重身份，她不仅是事件的参与者，也是事件的旁观者，事件的边缘人物，从而使她的叙述也呈现出独特的优势，她不但可以进行主观叙述，描述事件的发展过程，记录她的所见所闻，同时也可以置身事外，对发生的事件进行评价，加入自己的内心感受和情感体验。她目睹了呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的人和事，包括主人公希刺克厉夫和凯瑟琳跌宕起伏的爱情故事，希刺克厉夫身上的变化，听闻了凯瑟琳的内心感受，但她的身份注定她不能左右事情的发展，无法真正地走入人物的内心世界。这样的叙述视角使小说的发展浑然天成，不带任何的牵强附会，真实而又自然，在娓娓道来中道出了人物的命运。
二、叙事时间的跳跃
“小说是以叙述性方式，在一定环境中通过情节侧重塑造人物形象的文学形式”。[1](87)作者在讲故事，而读者在听故事。小说的文本时间为1801年――1802年，主要为房客洛克伍德的见闻;故事时间为1784――1801，1771――1784，前一段时间为第二代女主人公凯蒂的故事，后一段时间为第一代女主人凯瑟琳的故事，打破了传统的单纯的以时间或事件发展顺序进行叙述的方式，使故事的发生呈现出非确定性的状态，吸引读者的阅读，同时又不离小说的主题，不失小说的思想性。
(一)叙事顺序的复杂
小说《呼啸山庄》的叙述顺序在复杂中体现了作者创新性的叙事策略，采用了欧洲剧作家的常用手法，从故事中间讲起，采用了倒叙。艾米莉・勃朗特将最激烈的部分置于小说的开头，女管家纳莉在巨大暴风雪夜晚说的一句：“十八年了，先生”，道出了无尽的沧桑和遥远的距离，可以激起读者强烈的兴趣去了解故事发生的缘由和进展，作者通过这样的叙事手法，将小说中故事的过去，现在和将来巧妙地融合在一起，可以使读者感受到故事的完整性和统一性。
小说《呼啸山庄》中，还运用了预叙的叙事手法。作者通过预叙，给读者以强烈的心灵感受，让读者在小说的发展中不断获得感悟。当希刺克厉夫获得庄园的财产时，物质上应该说获得了极大的财富，复仇也可谓成功，然而随着纳莉的叙述，他最后却选择了死亡，巨大的反差会吸引着读者找出其中的原因，当明白希刺克厉夫的死亡是因为凯瑟琳后，读者也深刻地体会到他们之间爱恨交织的感情。预叙的运用还可以改变文章的感情基调。《呼啸山庄》给人的整体感觉是灰暗的，在各个人物经历了爱恨情仇之后，山庄里只剩下无可皈依的灵魂。在小说的结尾，作者却给读者留下了一个温暖而充满希望的结局：第二代人物哈里顿和小凯瑟琳即将结婚。这样的结局诠释了爱情是永恒的这样一个主题，也给了读者以无限的遐想。
(二)叙事步速的精妙
作者艾米丽・勃朗特不仅设计了复杂的叙事时间，而且在控制叙事步速方面也有着不俗的能力。她能收放自如地控制叙事时间，懂得如何加快或放慢叙事步速，从而使整个故事扑朔迷离，也从另一个方面体现了小说内涵的丰富性。加快叙事速度是指用简短的话语叙述长时间内发生的故事，省略是其中最主要的方式。作者将几周、几个月、几年内发生的事情一笔带过，让读者充分地感受到了时间的无情和飞逝，生与死的边界在读者头脑里也模糊起来。艾米丽・勃朗特写到：“凯蒂在画眉田庄住了5个星期，一直到圣诞节。到那时，她的脚踝已痊愈，举止也大有改进” [2]63;消失了3年之久的希刺克厉夫“在九月一个月圆的晚上”[2]118 突然回到了山庄。对于希刺克厉夫离开山庄这3年的生活，作者也只是轻描淡写，留给读者以丰富的想象空间，正如洛克伍德所猜测的那样，读者也会跟着他的描述，自然地被带入小说中，生出疑问，他是去了欧洲还是美洲?他是做了绅士还是魔鬼?放慢叙事速度是指用较长的话语叙述短时间内发生的故事。这样的叙述可以将所要描述的事情细节放大，使事物的每个细微发展淋漓尽致地展现在读者面前，时间仿佛凝固。作者艾米丽・勃朗特在小说中浓墨重彩地描述了一些场景，强化了事件本身的重要性，也充满了戏剧效果。她大量地描述了林顿太太生病时的场景以及大病中凯瑟琳的联想，对洛克伍德的噩梦进行了再回放，表现了凯瑟琳对于死亡的态度，对于她而言，死亡是一种安慰和解脱，升华了小说的主旨。
三、自然的映射
同托马斯・哈代以家乡多塞特郡作为小说的主要背景一样，作者艾米丽・勃朗特也将《呼啸山庄》的写作背景放在了家乡约克郡，家乡的一切自然景物都成了作者创作的源泉，反映在了其作品中。通过自然景物描写所反映出来的纵横交错的时间及故事的发展，成为了小说的另一个叙事特色。云、风、大雪、大雨等各种意象恰到好处地出现在了小说的合适位置上。山庄的那篇沼泽地随着季节的变换，带着各种心情，透过作者的描述，呈现在读者的眼前。随着读者对自然景色的唤醒，读者也被卷进呼啸山庄和画眉山庄两代人的爱恨中。
《呼啸山庄》中独特的叙事方式为作品增加了无限的魅力，作者艾米丽・勃朗特在作品的创作中，巧妙地使用叙事主体、叙事时间和自然，使小说的叙事更加多元化，人物形象更加真实、立体，作品更具审美意义和现实意义，对后世现实主义作品的创作也产生了一定的借鉴意义。
参考文献：
[1] 刘甫田， 徐景熙. 文学概论[M]. 北京： 高等教育出版社， 2007.
[2] 艾米莉・勃朗特.呼啸山庄[M]. 王蕙君， 王蕙玲， 译. 奎屯： 伊犁人民出版社， 2001.
1、主题说描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后，因受辱和恋爱不遂．外出致富。回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事。全篇充满强烈的反压迫、争幸福的斗争精神，又始终笼罩着离奇、紧张的浪漫气氛。2、写作背景艾米丽生性寂寞，自小内向的她，缄默又总带着几分以男性自居的感觉，诚如夏洛蒂所说的：“她的性格是独一无二的。”少女时代，当她和姐妹们在家里“编造”故事、写诗的时候，她就显得很特别，后来收录在她们诗歌合集中艾米丽的作品总是如同波德莱尔或爱伦·坡那样被“恶”这一主题所困惑，在纯净的抒情风格之间总笼罩着一层死亡的阴影。在她写作《呼啸山庄》时，这种困惑与不安的情绪变得更加急躁，她迫切需要创造一个虚构的世界来演绎它，把自己心底几近撕裂的痛苦借小说人物之口淋漓尽致地发泄出来。因此《呼啸山庄》是饱含作者心血与情感的作品。3、作者简介艾米莉·简·勃朗特（Emily Jane Bronte，1818年7月30日－1848年12月19日），19世纪英国作家与诗人，著名的勃朗特三姐妹之一，世界文学名著《呼啸山庄》的作者。这部作品是艾米莉·勃朗特一生中唯一的一部小说，奠定了她在英国文学史以及世界文学史上的地位。此外，她还创作了193首诗，被认为是英国一位天才型的女作家。
有爱引发的悲剧，人类浑浊思想的罪孽！