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英语毕业论文开题报告格式模板

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英语毕业论文开题报告格式模板

英语论文开题报告范文参考

下面是一篇由我为您整理的英语论文的开题报告范文,虽然不是特别好,但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法,有一定的.借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

附录1- 引文范例

“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

“噢,这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐,您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰,1990:59-60)

附录2- 参考文献范例

Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.

在网上找的 我也刚写完 这个差不多很规范了本科毕业论文开题报告论文题目the Application and Innovation of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights 一、选题的意义和研究现状1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。 本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。二、研究方案1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲) 研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果(大纲):1.A Survey of Gothic 1.1 Definition of Gothic 1.2 the Origin of Gothic Novels 1.2.1 Historical Reasons 1.2.1.1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality 1.2.1.2 Drama in the Renaissance 1.2.1.3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity 1.2.2 Development of the Novel Itself 1.2.2.1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism 1.2.2.2 Sublime and Beautiful2. Emily’s Gothic Heritage 2.1 Theme 2.1.1 Good and Evil 2.1.2 Revenge 2.2 Characters Description 2.2.1 Villain-hero 2.2.2 Delicate Young Girl 2.3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot 2.3.1 Terror 2.3.2 Mystery 2.3.3 Supernatural3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation 3.1 Combination of romanticism and Realism 3.1.1 Change of the Background 3.1.2 Use of Symbolism 3.1.3 Stream of Consciousness 3.1.4 Illusion and Subconsciousness 3.2. Description of Figure Emotion and PsychologyReference2.拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题研究所需条件:纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料;可能存在的问题:(1)文献不足; (2) 由于个人的观点和能力,使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见1.研究进度安排(1)论文指导第一周(学期第八周):学生完成初稿。(2)论文指导第二周(学期第九周):指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。(3)论文指导第三周(学期第十周):学生交论文第二稿。(4)论文指导第四周(学期第十一周):指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。(5)论文指导第五周(学期第十二周):定稿(6)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。(7)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):本周星期五至论文指导第七周(学期第周)星期五,指导教师和评阅教师写评语,学生做好答辩准备。(8)论文指导第七周(学期第十四周):星期三至论文指导第八周(学期第十五周)开展答辩工作。2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献(不少于8条)[1] Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 20.[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University Press.[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. 1998.The handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 83.[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 6.[5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页.[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11—12页.[7] 肖明翰. 2001. 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期.[8] 鲜于静. 2003. 神秘和怪诞的魅力——福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA]. 中国学位论文全文库.

英语毕业论文开题报告模板

英语论文开题报告范文参考

下面是一篇由我为您整理的英语论文的开题报告范文,虽然不是特别好,但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法,有一定的.借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

附录1- 引文范例

“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

“噢,这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐,您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰,1990:59-60)

附录2- 参考文献范例

Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.

商务英语毕业论文开题报告范文模板

题目: 绿色壁垒对中国农产品出口的影响

姓名:xxx

班级:xxxxx

学号:xxxx

专业:商务英语

商务英语毕业论文开题报告

一、论文的来源,目的,意义,国内外概况和预测

2014年11月1日深夜,世界贸易组织第四届部长级会议通过了中国加入世界贸易组织的决定。无论按什么标准来撰写中国改革开放的历史,加入世界贸易组织都将会被列入这一时期最重大的事件之一。加入世界贸易组织是中国改革开放的必然结果,中国加入世界组织必将加快改革开放的步伐。

可以说,中国加入世贸对中国绝大部分行业的发展是有利的,但有机遇同样就会有挑战,尤其是对中国农业的'发展。目前,中国农业正在进入一个新的发展阶段,中国加入WTO,农业面临一个新的国际环境,新阶段新环境将把中国农业推向市场竞争的巅峰。

论文百事通中国农业的市场竞争会由国内竞争转向国内国际双重竞争,农业资源也会由国内配置转向国内国际双重配置。中国入世,绿色壁垒逐步取代了关税和配额,成为我国农产品出口面临的最大障碍。在这样的背景下,中国农业如何应对将会是一个亟待做出抉择的问题。研究如何有效地利用WTO规则和机制来保护和促进我国农业的发展将是一个重要的课题。

鉴于此,我选择了中国加入WTO后的外贸研究这个论文课题,希望通过自己论文写作的过程,来加深对WTO的了解。

二、有关论文课题调查和研究情况,预计论文达到的目的

随着经济全球化的进程不断加快,人民生活水平的不段提高,环境与可持续发展得到了人们普遍的关注。经济、科技、社会、人口和环境的协调发展,已经得到各国的公认。消费观转向对提高生活质量的要求,人们不仅要提高生活水平,更重要的是要提高生活质量,当然包括环境质量。然而,为了保护环境所采取的措施往往包含贸易手段,所以环境也不可避免地影响着国际贸易。发达国家为了保护自己的利益,纷纷筑起绿色壁垒。我国农业遭到了严重的打击,损失极大。如何面对绿色壁垒?怎样发展我国的农业?这是我国现在发展阶段要解决的问题之一。

英语专业论文开题报告模板

英语论文开题报告范文参考

下面是一篇由我为您整理的英语论文的开题报告范文,虽然不是特别好,但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法,有一定的.借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

附录1- 引文范例

“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

“噢,这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐,您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰,1990:59-60)

附录2- 参考文献范例

Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

毕业论文英语开题报告范文模板

商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文

开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体,这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。下面是我帮大家整理的商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。

题目名称:商务英语谈判中的礼貌策略研究

英文题目:Politeness Principle as a strategy in Business Negotiation

学生姓名:

学号:xxx

学院:xxxx

专业年级:英语专业商务方向xx级

指导教师:xxx

职称:

一、选题的依据:

由于商务活动的需要,在世界高度一体化,国际商务活动日益频繁,中国进入WTO 的国际背景下,需要人们熟练掌握对外商务活动的原则和技巧;而商务谈判是对外商务活动的重要环节,商务谈判实际上是通过语言来进行的经济活动, 其成功与否很大程度上取决于语言的应用。在谈判过程中谈判双方都希望己方利益最大化,因此双方在谈判过程中的语言表达和应用对谈判有着深远影响。得体、合适的语言表达能促进商务谈判的顺利进行。而礼貌原则作为一种语用策略是商务谈判的必要技巧,我们通过运用礼貌策略减少谈判双方的利益摩擦,缓和谈判环境,使双方在快乐的条件下获得共赢和理想的谈判结果。本选题旨在研究礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的影响及具体应用。其意义如下:

意义:1. 得体的谈吐能树立谈判者良好的文化素养和职业道德形象,是商务谈判中的润滑剂;

2.增加谈判者之间的信任度,提高谈判中的自觉性,增加谈判的成功性,从而实现经济利益;

3. 对商务谈判中礼貌原则的研究有利于对今后礼貌原则文化差异起着促进作用;

4. 对礼貌原则的研究及礼貌语言的学习、应用利于人们生活实际中的交际和商务活动,利于个人生活。

2)综合国内外有关本选题的研究动态和自己的见解

我国学者何自然认为礼貌语言实际上是一种语用策略。大量学者对语用学中的礼貌策略进行了研究。我国学者胡艳芳认为礼貌是人类文明的重要标志,是人类社会活动的一条重要准绳(2009),普遍存在于人类的交际活动中。国内学者徐盛恒也有深入的见解他认为礼貌语言是语言交际可能涉及的各方关系的杠杆(1992),起着调节人际关系的作用。他们的研究都说明了礼貌语言策略在人们生活交际中有着重要的作用。

国外学者对其的研究更为突出。早在20世纪50年代,美国学者戈夫曼(Erving Goffman)就提出了“面子行为理论”,建立了礼貌模式。20世纪60年代,美国语言哲学家Grice(1975)在Austin 和Searle的言语行为基础上提出了会话合作原则,该原则认为人们在所有会话中都应遵循质量,方式和相关的四准则。R.Lakoff(1972,1973,1975,1977)在上世纪七十年代提出礼貌三规则。1978年Brown 和Levinson 提出了“面子论”。而英国语言学家利奇(Leech,1983)将语用原则分为“人际修辞”(interpersonal rhetoric)和“篇章修辞(textual rhetoric),提出了礼貌六准则。语用学中礼貌语言策略的历史来源及国内外学者的研究为诸多学者对礼貌策略在商务谈判中作用及应用的研究有着巨大的指导意义。许多学者就Grice的合作原则及相关理论,Leech的礼貌六准则,以及Brown和Levison的“面子论”在商务谈判中的应用进行了相关研究。他们的研究结果表明礼貌原则这一语用策略不仅适用于人们生活中的交流同时在商务谈判中依然适用并发挥着重要作用。

在此基础上,本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时,着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Grice的合作原则、Leech的礼貌六准则(得体,慷慨,赞誉,谦逊,一致,同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。从而说明礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的重要性。

二、研究内容

(1)主要研究内容及观点:

本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时,着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Leech的礼貌六准则(得体,慷慨,赞誉,谦逊,一致,同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。

(2)论文内容提纲:

1 商务谈判的简单介绍

1.1商务谈判的定义

1.2商务谈判的基本原则(语言特征)

2 礼貌语言策略的介绍

2.1礼貌的定义

2.2相关的礼貌理论( Grice(1975)会话合作原则; Leech的礼貌六准则; Brown Levison的“面子论”等)

2.3 相关礼貌理论下的具体礼貌原则和策略

3一些语用礼貌策略在商务谈判中的应用(重点)

3.1 “得体准则”(把Grice的合作原则中的量的准则,质的准则,关系准则纳入为得体准则 说明:此为创新点)

3.2 慷慨准则的应用( Leech原理)

3.3 逊准则的应用( Leech原理)

3.4 Brown Levison积极和消极礼貌策略的应用

4 总结

三、研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析

本选题的主要研究方法有文献资料法和经验总结法,以网络技术、人工智能为研究手段,采用对比分析、综合分析等方法和手段,通过对国内外学者在礼貌原则领域的见解和研究成果的对比和解析,总结出礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的应用的重要性。

四、进程安排和采取的主要措施

20xx.9.3- 9.19:

资料收集,阅读整理资料,拟定论文研究大致方向

20xx.9.19 - 9.24:

向论文老师申报论文题目;确定研究方向,拟定出论文大纲,积累资料

20xx.9.24 -10.15:

撰写开题报告及交予老师审核

20xx.10.15 -11.10:

听取指导老师建议结合实际撰写、修改论文一稿

20xx.11.11 -11.25:

听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文二稿

20xx.11.26.- xx.5:

听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文三稿

20xx.xx.6.-xx.15:

撰写论文定稿

20xx.xx.16-xx.18:

上交论文定稿

20xx.xx.19-xx.23:

将论文定稿交予老师审查

20xx.xx.27—xx.28:

做好答辩准备

五、主要参考文献

[1] Brown, P. &Levinson, S., 1978, “Universals in Language Usage. Politeness Phenomena”. In E.N . Goody(ed.), Questions and Politeness: Strateges in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1978, pp.65-311.

[2] Grice, H.P., 1975, “Logic and Conversation”. In Cole &Morgan(eds.). Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York : Academic Press. 1975, PP.41-58.

[3] Goffman,E., 1967, International Ritual: Essays on Face –to Face Behacior. New York: Doubleday and Company.

[4] Leech .G. Principle of Pragmatics [M]. New York : Longman Inc, 1983.

[5] 胡艳芳(Hu, Yanfang),积极礼貌策略在英语课堂教学中的应用[J]. 重庆工学学院学报(社会科学版)2009(1).

[6] 何自然(He, Zirran).语用与英语学习[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1997.

[7] 邱天河(Qiu Tianhe), 语用策略在国际商务谈判中的运用[J]. 外语与外语教学.

[8] 徐盛恒(Xu Sheng hen)礼貌原则新拟[J]. 外语学刊,1992.

[9] 熊学亮(Xiong, Xueliang).礼貌文化参数. 简明语用学教程, 2008.5: 1165-170.

[10] 杨林聪(Yang Lincong)礼貌原则在商务沟通中的应用[M].长沙.国防科技大学出版社,2002.

六、指导教师意见

指导教师签名:

xx年xx月xx日

课题名称:原则和合作原则在商务英语中的

本课题的研究现状、研究目的及意义

研究现状:随着全球经济一体化进程的加速,商务英语信函在国际贸易发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。商务英语信函引起了越来越多的国内外学者关注和研究,其领域涉及翻译、词汇学、语义学及语用学。国内的,如:吴金凤的《商务英语信函的特点及翻译》;黄雪芳的《商务英语信函的词汇特征分析》;武瑞的《商务英语信函中的'语用策略研究》。国外的,如:Josephine Baker的Correct Business Letter Writing and Business English;Beam Brilliance的New Business English;Leech,S.的Principles of Pragmatics等。

从这些论文著作整理统计来看,国内外学者对商务英语信函的翻译、词汇和语用的理论性研究分析的较多,将具体的礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究分析的较少。本论文选取礼貌原则和合作原则这两大原则并结合具体实例来具体分析研究这两大原则在商务英语信函的应用。

研究目的及意义:

目的:随着世界经济和信息技术快速发展,商务英语信函已经成为对外贸易中不可或缺的重要组成部分。商务英语信函是在商务环境下,利用信函与具有不同文化背景的客户进行国际交流的行为,它是一种行业英语,是开展对外商务活动的基础和重要工具,是最常用也最有效的通讯手段之一。为提高外贸人员对商务英语信函的礼貌原则和合作原则的认识,增强他们写作商务英语信函写作的有效性,本论文对礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用进行了具体研究。

意义:商务英语信函是建立友谊、吸引客户的手段,信函中灵活运用礼貌原则和合作原则是商务活动顺利开展的内在要求和取得商务交际成功的关键,是建立和睦合作关系的基础,因此,礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究对商务英语信函的写作具有重要的借鉴意义。

课题类型:

(1)A—工程实践型;B—理论研究型;C—科研装置研制型;D—计算机软件型;

E—综合应用型

(2)X—真实课题;Y—模拟课题;

(1)、(2)均要填,如AY、BX等。

本课题的研究内容

中文题目:礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究

摘要

1引言

1.1论文研究的背景

1.2论文研究的意义

2商务英语信函及语用原则简介

2.1商务英语信函的定义

2.2商务英语信函的特点

2.3商务英语信函的语用原则简介

3礼貌原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用

3.1礼貌原则简介

3.1.1礼貌原则的定义

3.1.2礼貌原则的特点

3.2礼貌原则在商务英语信函中的应用

4合作原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用

4.1合作原则简介

4.1.1合作原则的定义

4.1.2合作原则的特点

4.2合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用

5 总结

6 参考文献

本课题研究的实施方案、进度安排

实施方案:

查找有关资料,收集并整理资料,结合自己兴趣和专业与指导老师探讨后确定选题。确定论文题目,根据论文的研究方向和所得资料结合任务书中的要求,写出开题报告。编写提纲根据提纲写出初稿,根据修改后的初稿写出二稿,根据再修改后的二稿写出三稿。调整论文结构,检查错别字,编排标准格式,定稿打印。

进度安排:

20XX年1月5日上交开题报告

20XX年4月9日交初稿

20XX年4至5月论文修改

20XX年5月22日论文定稿

20XX年5月29日答辩

已查阅的主要参考文献

[1] Beam Brilliance.New Business English [M].Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,2010

[2] Frank J.Effects of Positive Politeness Strategies in Business Letters [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2010

[3] Fraster,B.Perspectives on Politeness [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2011

[4] Goody.Questions and Politeness: strategies in social interaction [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2009

[5] Jef Versehueren.Understanding Pragmatics [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000

[6] Jiang Wangqi.Pragmatics: Theories and Applications [M].Beijing: Beijing University Press,2000

[7] Jones L,Alexander R.International Business English [M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001

[8] Lesikar,Raymond V.Business Communication [J].New York: Richard C.Irwin,Inc.,1999

[9] Pinto.Genre Analysis of Business Letters of Negotiation [J].English for Specific Purposes,2002

[10] Scheraga,Mona.Practical English Writing Skills [J].Illinois NTC Publishing Group,2001

[11]范俊芳.合作原则和礼貌原则在英语商务信函中的研究[D].辽宁大学,2012

[12]高欢.礼貌原则应用于商务英语信函的实证研究[D].重庆大学,2007

[13]胡志雯.语用原则在商务英语应用中的度范畴[J].湖南大学学报,2003

[14]李亮.商务英语应用中的合作原则和礼貌原则体现[J].广西大学学报,2009

[15]刘焕明.格莱斯合作原则在经贸英语合同文本中的应用[D].延边大学,2009

[16]梅庭军.合作原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].考试周刊,2012

[17]吴金凤.商务英语信函的特点及翻译[D].上海外国语大学,2006

[18]王晓英杨靖.商务英语写作教程[M].东南大学出版社,2004

[19]武瑞.商务英语信函中的语用策略探究[D].山西财经大学,2010

[20]赵军.商务英语语用特征研究[D].西华大学,2012

[21]周瑞琪.语用原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].广东外语外贸大学学报,2007

题 目:

On the Characteristics & Translating Skills of English Advertising(英语的特征和翻译)

选题依据及研究意义:

随着经济全球化的进一步加快,国际经济的进一步发展带动了广告业的腾飞,英语广告翻译日益成为翻译学研究的重要组成部分,广告翻译的发展对国际贸易的发展不言而喻。广告是商战中的有力的武器,广告英语是一种专门用途的英语,他与普通英语有着较大的差别,本文结合大量的实例,从广告英语的语法特点、句法特点和修辞特点三方面分析了广告英语的特点,并浅析了其翻译策略。英语广告翻译作为翻译学的一个新的领域,引起了众多的翻译工作者和研究人员的注意,发展仍然不够成熟和完善,这篇论文正是针对这一系列的问题提出了英语广告的特点和英语广告的翻译策略等重要意义的课题。从而为英语广告的翻译提供了有效的途径,为众多的翻译工作人员提供了重要的借鉴,同时也推动广告业及广告翻译事业的长足发展。

选题的研究现状:

对于商务沟通中的策略,曾有两语言学家提出过。

美国语言学家格莱斯于1967年提出的礼貌被称为“合作原则”。此原则中,会话双方需要共同遵守的原则包括数量、关系、质量和方式几个准则。有了“合作原则”,交易双方所说的话就不会逻辑混乱,说话者和听话者能顺畅沟通,以达到成功交际的目的。20世纪80年代,在合作原则的基础上,英国语言学家利奇又提出了著名的“礼貌原则”,其主要内容为:通过减少自身利益,使对方从中获得更大利益的方式获得对方好感,推进合作,使对方从中获得更长远的利益。

总而言之,“合作原则”和“礼貌原则”都是要求商务信函中要坚持礼貌策略,以达到维护交易各方地位均等、关系友好的目的。

拟研究的主要内容:

1.礼貌、礼貌原则和商务英语的表达原则;

2.商务英语信函的写作原则

3.礼貌原则在商务英语写作中的具体应用;

4.商务英语信函语言表达形式中礼貌的表现。

研究的创新点及重、难点:

(1)本研究的创新点:本研究立足于商务贸易间来往,提出了不容忽视的礼貌策略,符合现代商务沟通的基本准则,有利于更好的撰写商务英语信函,促进贸易。

(2)本研究存在的主要问题:参考文献的局限性以及信函中的创新概念,避免千篇一律。

研究的进程安排:

20XX-1-15——20XX-2-15 确定选题,收集资料,撰写开题报告

20XX-2-16——20XX-2-18 撰写初稿

20XX-2-19——20XX-2-20 完成二稿

20XX-2-21——20XX-3-1 定稿

主要参考文献:

[1] 曹顺发,冯波,国际商务英语谈判[M].沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,2001.

[2] 彭林霞,黄莉:商务电子邮件与传统商务信函中礼貌策略的对比分析[J].温州大学学报,2006第19卷第5期:49-56.

[3] 秦晓杰:英文商务信函中的“合作”和“礼貌”[J].西安外国语学院报,2001第9卷第4期:11-14.

[4] 曹菱,商务英语谈判[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001.

[5] Brown G&Yule,G Discourse Analysis,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Reserch Press

[6] Bilbow G T.PHD.2001.Write for modernbussiness.Longman

1.开题报告作为毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一.此报告应在指导教师指导下,由学生在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成,经指导教师签署意见审查后生效.2.开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写,或按系统一设计的电子文档标准格式打印(外语系网页),禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴,完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见.1.本课题的研究意义2.本课题的基本内容3.本课题的重点和难点4.论文提纲6.研究进度毕 业 论 文 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见:(对本课题的深度,广度及工作量的意见)指导教师:年 月 日 系部审查意见:系部负责人:年 月 日

商务英语毕业论文开题报告模板

开题报告是我们在完成文献调研后写成的关于学位论文选题与如何实施的论述性报告。下文是我为大家整理的关于商务英语毕业论文的开题报告的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!

以英语广告语为例

一、 课题背景

当今广告已成为我们生活不可或缺的一部分。我们对于中文广告词或许很了解,但用英文说出广告词却有些难度,同样让你看着英文广告词说中文广告词也是有难度的。本文针对这些问题,从词汇、句法、修辞三方面介绍了广告英语的语言特点,使读者对英语广告的中文含义有更好的、更深的了解;并通过实例分析介绍了广告英语翻译的方法和策略,使读者在了解广告词的同时,能够自己翻译广告词的意思。

二、 毕业设计方案或毕业论文研究方案

本文以英语广告语为对象,从而总结出广告语的创新与否对人们的影响以及广告的重要性。在这个研究目标的指向下,本文采取了理论与文本分析相结合的方法,在进行文献分析总结代写硕士论文前人研究经验的基础上,对各类创意广告语的使用技巧进行详细的文本分析。

目前我已收集了大量的相关信息,以及查阅了很多关于广告英语的资料,所以论文的大致思路已定,提纲如下:

浅论广告英语语言特点及翻译策略

1 英语广告的语言特点

1.1 英语广告的词汇特点

1.1.1使用形容词的比较级和最高级

1.1.2 使用简单动词和口语词汇

1.1.3 使用错别字和杜撰新词

1.2英语的句法特征

1.2.1使用短语代替整句

1.2.2使用简单句和省略句

1.2.3使用祈使句

1.2.4使用第一、第二人称

1.3英语广告的修辞特征

1.3.1比喻

1.3.2排比

1.3.3拟人

1.3.4对比

1.3.5仿拟

1.3.6押韵

2 英语广告的翻译策略

2.1英语广告的翻译方法

2.2.1直译

2.2.2意译

2.2.3套译

2.2.4再创型翻译

2.2英语广告的翻译原则

2.2.1功能定位翻译

2.2.2语言审美性翻译

2.2.3文化矫正性翻译

三、毕业设计(论文)预期成果及创新

本文的预期成果是通过分析资料信息,研究广告英语语言特点及翻译策略,以推进大学生对广告英语的认知及翻译能力。从词汇、句法及修辞三方面介绍英语广告的语言特征,并通过实例分析介绍了英语广告翻译的技巧、策略与原则。透彻地了解广告产品和广告语篇的内容及其艺术形式,遵循英汉两种不同语言的特点和表达习惯。

创新点:探索和研究了广告英语语言特点及其对大学生翻译英语广告的影响。

一、 选题的背景与意义:

(一)课题研究来源

在考研过程中遇到类型相关的题目,本人很感兴趣,于是确定选择该题。

(二)课题研究的目的

本文通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义,来叙述《呼啸山庄》中文明与自然的冲突。

(三)课题研究的意义

艾米莉·勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期着名小说家和作家,是着名的勃朗特姐妹之一, 也是三姐妹中最具天赋的一个。她一生只写了一部小说《呼啸山庄》,但是这部伟大的作品却使她扬名于世。通过《呼啸山庄》,艾米莉·勃朗特以维多利亚时代为背景,通过写两个截然不同的家族,三代人之间的爱恨情仇,充分表现了维多利亚时期文明和自然之间的冲突以及怎样反映了艾米莉·勃朗特对自然的偏爱。小说中自然和文明冲突不断,艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中多次运用对比和象征来表现此冲突,例如,呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的冲突,凯瑟琳两种不同的爱情观的冲突。这种冲突正是基于艾米莉·勃朗特对自然异于常人的热爱和当时现代文明盛行的背景。英国文学史上着名的三姐妹从小生活在荒原上,自然在她们心中是神圣之物,这点很像新英格兰超验主义的观点。并且英国浪漫主义时期沃兹沃斯和柯律利治等着名诗人影响,自然,情感和哥特式元素在艾米莉·勃朗特的作品中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。而且,艾米莉·勃朗特生活在物欲横流的维多利亚时代,当时的人们以自然之情为基础的生活受到现代文明的激烈冲击。作为维多利亚时代批判现实主义的代表人物,艾米莉·勃朗特看到了现代文明带来的种种罪恶,内心更加执着于对自然的喜爱。 因此,要想真正读懂这部伟大的着作,就必须要了解小说中艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的观点。只有了解艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的态度,才能真正明白在这爱恨情仇下有着更深刻的寓意-人类生活应该顺应自然和本性。通过《呼啸山庄》中自然和文明的从图矛盾,由此来叙述《呼啸山庄》中回归自然的观点。

二、 国内外研究现状:

(一)国内研究现状

1.陈茂林从艾米莉·勃朗特所受的自然的影响来分析,他的《回归自然返璞归真--<呼啸山庄>的生态批评》认为《呼啸山庄》是一部自然颂歌。小说中自然有着独特的作用,它使人精神放松,包容所有人,它似乎是一个有血有肉的灵魂,分享着人的痛苦和换了。作品表达了作者对自然的深深热爱,同时也反映了自然和文明的冲突和矛盾。 叶利荣则在其《追寻自我的历程--<呼啸山庄>主题探析》一文中提出:艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中塑造的两个富于激情和叛逆的人物形象--希斯克里夫和凯瑟琳,展示了他们在迷失之后寻找自我回归的艰难历程表现了处于自我冲突中的人的内心世界。他们充满抗争的一生是生命个体追寻自我历程的真实写照。

2. 王宏洁则在《自然与文明的冲击》中认为,自然和文明的冲突矛盾也就是《呼啸山庄》中的其中一个重要主题。自然,要求人们生活需要顺从内心情感和自然本性,得到自然错给予的舒适和自得。而文明,则是不同于自然的一种新的生活方式,要求人们生活遵从道德和理智。文明由此带来了物欲横流的社会以及追逐自身利益的人类,因此纯净自然之人被文明所污染。而自然不会随着文明的出现和进步消失,自然会一直存在。所以自文明诞生开始,文明和自然的冲突就不断。

(二) 国外研究现状

1.英国着名女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在一九一六年就写过《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》一文。她写道:“当夏洛蒂写作时,她以雄辩、光彩和热情说我爱,我恨,我受苦.她的经验,虽然比较强烈,却是和我们自己的经验都在同一水平上。但是在《呼啸山庄》中没有 我,没有家庭女教师,没有东家。有爱,却不是男女之爱。艾米莉被某些比较普遍的观念所激励,促使她创作的冲动并不是她自己的受苦或她自身受损害。她朝着一个四分五裂的世界望去,而感到她本身有力量在一本书中把它拼凑起来。那种雄心壮志可以在全部小说中感觉得到--一种部分虽受到挫折,但却具有宏伟信念的挣扎,通过她的人物的口中说出的不仅仅是我爱或我恨,却是我们,全人类和你们,永存的势力……这句话没有说完。”

2.英国进步评论家阿诺·凯特尔(Arnold Kettle)在《英国小说引论》一书中第三部分论及十九世纪的小说时,他总结说:“《呼啸山庄》以艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。这是一部毫无理想主义、毫无虚假的安慰,也没有任何暗示说操纵他们的命运的力量非人类本身的斗争和行动所能及。对自然,荒野与暴风雨,星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分。《呼啸山庄》中的男男女女不是大自然的囚徒,他们生活在这个世界里,而且努力去改变它,有时顺利,却总是痛苦的,几乎不断遇到困难,不断犯错误。”

三、 课题研究内容及创新

(一)课题研究内容

艾米莉·勃朗特在《呼啸山庄》中多次运用象征主义,例如,呼啸山庄和西斯科拉里夫与儿时的凯瑟琳代表自然,他们崇尚自由,顺应自然和暴风雨似的生活原则而与呼啸山庄对立存在的画眉山庄以及林顿家庭则代表文明,他们彬彬有礼,服从一切社会原则。自然和文明表面风平浪静一直到西斯克里夫和凯瑟琳偶然闯进画眉山庄,于是冲突不断。凯瑟琳的自然之情开始受到文明的真正挑战,她开始背叛自己的内心情感,越来越像淑女,最终她舍弃对西斯克里夫的真爱嫁给埃德加·林顿,表面上文明占取了绝对优势。但是婚后的凯瑟琳被内心的自然之情折磨致死。而西斯克里夫也因为凯瑟琳的背叛自然性扭曲到极端,他变成了复仇的恶魔。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲,约束人的真实自然之情,造成了悲剧。尽管文明带来了进步,但是文明却扼杀了人性。最终,艾米莉·勃朗特让西斯克里夫在死前打开阻碍之窗-文明,让两人的游魂在荒野间游荡。种种表明艾米莉·勃朗特对两人爱情的同情以及要求人顺应人性,重返自然的思想。 本选题拟从三个部分加以阐述:

1. 自然和文明的定义

2. 自然和文明的较量: a.自然和文明的象征:呼啸山庄和画眉山庄;西斯克里夫和林顿及其哈的顿 b.自然和文明的斗争:凯瑟琳的爱情选择和西斯克里夫的疯狂报复导致人性的扭曲

3. 结论 人应该顺从自然,归顺自然。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲以及给人带来毁灭性的灾害。

(二)课题研究创新

本文主要通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义的运用,来解析自然和文明的冲突。艾米莉·勃朗特不仅塑造两个截然不同的庄园,分别代表自然和文明,还赋予住在两个山庄中类似他们山庄的性格,通过他们的对比以及他们交织时所产生的矛盾分歧来说明自认和文明之间的对抗。

四、课题的研究方法:

本选题拟采用多种研究手法,然后再结合定性分析研究法、综合查找法、归纳法、翻译法、文献综述法、文献检索法等多种研究方法加以详述。主要包括: 1、定性分析法:根据主观的判断和分析能力,推断出事物的性质和发展趋势的分析方法。 2、归纳法:通过许多个别的事例或分论点,然后归纳出它们所共有的特性,得出一般性的结论。 3、文献法:即历史文献法,就是搜集和分析研究各种现存的有关文献资料,从中选取信息,以达到某种调查研究目的的方法。 4、文献综述法: 即针对某个研究主题,对与之相关的各种文献资料进行收集整理,对所负载的知识信息进行归纳鉴别,清理与分析,并对所研究的问题在一定时期内已取得的研究状况,取得的成果,存在的问题以及发展的趋势进行系统而全面的叙述,评论,建构与阐述。其中,确定一个研究主题,收集整理专题文献,阅读与挖掘文献内容,清理与记述专题研究状况,建构与阐明专题研究发展趋势。

五、 研究计划及预期成果

(一)研究计划

4月15日-4月18日:指定论文指导教师,学生选定题目; 4月19日-4月25日:完成任务书部分和开题报告; 4月26日-5月12日:完成论文第一稿; 5月13日-5月22日:完成并上交论文第二稿; 5月23日-5月31日完成论文三稿(5月31日上午11点之前上交,以便答辩老师阅读),指导教师分组阅读论文,师生做好答辩准备; 6月1日-6月9日:论文答辩(答辩后,学生对教师提出的意见要及时修改,以便装订论文终稿)。 6月10日-6月12日:二次答辩及论文装订、成绩评定。

(二)预期成果

按照规定的时间和进度提交一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的,字数在5000英文 单词左右、英美文学方向的的学术论文。

六、 参考文献:

[1] Bronte Emily. Wuthering Heights [M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University Press, 1999.

[2] Cecil, David.Early Victorian Novelists: Essays in Revaluation. . 1934

[3] 艾米莉·勃朗特(Emily Bronte)着,方平译。呼啸山庄[M]. 上海译文出版社, 2001

[4] 夏洛蒂·勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)着,宋兆霖译。勃朗特两姐妹全集[M]. 河北教育出版社, 1996

[5] 陈茂林。 --回归自然 返璞归真《呼啸山庄》的生态批评 [J]. 外语教学。 2007(01):69-73

[6] 栗华。 “野孩子”的爱与恨--对《呼啸山庄》意象和主题的一种阐释[J]. 北方论丛。 2001(6):80-83

[7] 裴双。 --人类应有的前行姿态论《呼啸山庄》对野性与文明的取舍 [J]. 绍兴文理学院学报(哲学社会科学版)。 2007(04):80-85

[8] 邵旭东。 何以写出《呼啸山庄》?--也谈艾米丽·勃朗特创作源泉问题[J]. 外国文学研究。1996(04):77-81

七、指导教师评语:

毕业论文开题报告模板范文如下:

模板范文一:

1、选题目的及意义。

演员创作角色时心理活动的正确把握,能让演员更好的掌握角色,帮助演员更深刻的进入所演角色的内心,从而更生活,更直观,更真实的创造角色,从整体上提高作品的审美价值及现实意义。在创作角色时充分把握角色的心理并控制自己的心理活动,这样就能够自然而然地、直觉地、有机地抓住角色的情感,激起正确的体验。

演员创作角色时的心理活动是通过演员的神情、肢体、语言等外部行动体现出来的,之所以探讨演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性,一方面是因为创作角色时心理活动是表演“艺术中的灵魂”,另外一方面,演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性这一课题,能够使表演者在实践领域里有着十分重要的指导意义。

2、选题背景。

3、选题的研究现状。

4、结语。

5、可行性分析。

6、重点与难点分析。

7、时间进度安排。

模板范文二:

1、课题背景及现状。

项目位于南阳市宛城区人民路中段,占地11.4公顷,建成已50多年,是该市城区唯―一座大型综合公园。鉴于现状设施老化、景观落伍等问题,同时适应全国农运会.宜居城市对景观环境的需要,要求对其进行重新规划设计,通过设计使之成为集休闲、娱乐、观光、游玩、服务为一体的综合城市公园。

2、目标。

通过本课题的学习,培养学生综合运用前四年半所学的各类基础知识和专业理论知识,专业设计技能,专业调查与实践方法,在原有基础上进一步培养和提高知识综合运用能力,理论分析应用能力,组织和独立开展工作的能力以及文字、图纸、口头表达能力,充实并完善毕业生的整体知识结构和社会工作体验。

通过本方案的各个环节的训练,掌握城市综合公园规划设计的相关原理、规划的相关法律法规,进而了解景观规划的有关知识和设计手法以及景观设计相关问题的研究,培养解决环境复杂地块问题的能力。

3、任务及途径。

学生根据提供的课题任务书,结合导师的时间安排按步骤进行设计,平时注意和导师及时沟通和交流,课下也可以根据课题的需要独立进行调研和资料的收集,前期注意详细分析基地情况,收集相关资料,综合加以分析,提出自己的方案构思,并根据构思进行方案的设计,最后提供一套完整的方案图纸和一份相关的设计说明书。

4、时间安排。

寒假期间完成实习及调研工作,还需完成实习报告、文献综述、文献翻译等设计准备工作。

第1~2周:收集相关文献资料;调研资料整理(文字、图纸),完成开题报告。

第3~4周:功能分区、空间结构等的多向求解,完成方案一草。

模板范文三:

有关治理的理论和实践目前在发达国家极其受到重视,尤其在医疗、公共安全、教育、基础设施等公共事务领域,发达国家普遍调整政府在提供这些公共物品中的传统定位,积极寻求政府和私人机构、非政府组织、社群、公民合作,以各种创新型制度安排,共同承担提供公共物品的新的“治理”模式。

本项研究首次将治理理论引进到图书馆界,旨在系统探究包括政府在内的多种利益主体在建设、维持和发展图书馆,提供和生产图书馆服务这种公共物品中的职麦及其实现。本项研究系统引进治理理论作为理论基础和总的研究框架,以图书馆治理模式为研究对象,突出比较研究方法。

1、比较不同的图书馆治理模式在资源配置机制和效率上的差异。

2、比较不同的图书馆类型、规模,所处国别以及历史发展阶段等具体情境下图书馆治理模式的取向及其之间的内在相关性。

3、比较不同的图书馆治理模式所赖以形成和维持的法律、制度、组织和技术因素及其组合。最终,在理论上解释存在不同的图书馆治理模式及(至少在实证上)资源配置效率差异的原因;在实践上弄清各种利益主体(政府、社会组织、公民)应该以何种制度安排支持和发展图书馆,以及这样一种宏观层面的制度安排如何体现为微观层面图书馆监管体制的设计。

本项研究系应用性基础研究,研究价值体现在:

相关成果可提交给国家决策机构、图书馆主管部门和图书馆,作为制定和实施有关图书馆事业和机构改革发展的立法、政策和策略时参考。

拓宽治理理论的应用范围,形成一个比较完整的图书馆治理理论体系,促进图书馆学研究对象。范围的扩展和研究方法的丰富。

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