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中西方文化差异研究现状论文

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中西方文化差异研究现状论文

不同的文化传统,使得人们价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西方文化差异论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!

中西方文化差异对日常交际的影响

【摘要】文化是一种社会现象,同时又是一种历史现象,是人们长期创造形成的产物。中西方文化存在许多差异:整体性和个体性的差异;价值观与道德标准的差异;社会礼仪的差异;社会习俗的差异等。本文分析了文化差异对日常交际的影响。了解这些差异有助于更好地实现跨文化交际,避免出现文化休克。

【关键词】中西方文化;差异;交际;教学

1中西方文化的差异

不同的文化传统,使中西方在思维方式,价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。在中国封建社会历史的过程中,儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的统治地位,对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典,接人待物,举止言谈以谦虚为荣,以虚心为本,反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此,中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征,这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。

西方国家价值观的形成至少可以追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义,宣扬个人主义至上,竭力发展自己表现自我。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事,有才能的强者得到重用,缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此,西方文化体现出个体文化特征,这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。

文化的不同带来价值观念的不同。如old一词,中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念,如老祖宗,老爷爷,老先生,老张,老王等等。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时,年龄越大,资格越老,也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来,长者不仅是智慧的化身,也是威望的象征。然而,西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来,“old”是“不中用”的代名词,是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老,更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中,他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士,更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄,也要别人猜测其年龄,而此时,他们的真正目的是期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小,是多么年轻。又如,中西方两种文化在某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如:ambition一词,本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义,表示“野心勃勃”,而英美人则取其褒义,表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词,中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”,而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进,有开拓精神”。

2跨文化交际的重要性

由于各种各样的原因,导致了中西方有如此多的文化差异,而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。社会的发展将各个不同的国家纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中,跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。例如,一个企业如果想让自己的产品畅销国际市场,不仅需要优质的产品质量,而且需要深入了解不同国家的文化,使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如,在中国,“龙(dragon)”是我们的精神图腾,是吉祥和权力的象征,中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪,然而在西方人眼中,对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感,甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解,将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场,试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲?能否给企业创造高效益。所以,克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为面临的问题。在英语教学中在重视语言能力的教学的同时,特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力,将语言的文化差异在英语教学中作为一个重要问题对待。

3日常交际中应注意的问题

中西方的文化差异在日常交际中体现在很多方面,在英语学习中应充分地了解这些差异。

3.1日常问候

中国人日常打招呼习惯于问:“你吃饭了吗?”,如果你跟英语国家的人这样说,他们会产生误解,认为你是想请他们吃。,英语国家人打招呼通常以天气,健康状况,交通,体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。又如,中国人见到熟人习惯问:“去哪里?”,如果对西方人也这样问候,他们可能会很不高兴地回答:“不关你的事。”西方人问候时常说:”Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”,”How are you doing?”,熟人间也可以说:“Hello”或“Hi”.

3.2日常称呼

汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向,常用于非亲属之间:年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”;对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中,亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“UncleTom”,对方听了会觉得非常奇怪。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓。又如中国学生经常把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实,英语中teacher只是一种职业;而中国人有尊师的传统,“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业,而成为一种对人的尊重,西方人听起来却感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.,Miss,Mrs.Ms等。

3.3感谢

一般来说,我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了,听起来会很怪,或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合,所有人之间,即使父母与子女,兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料,准备一桌美餐,对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合,不管别人帮你什么忙,你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。

3.4请客

在请客吃饭时,主人会问是否要再吃点或喝点什么时,我们通常习惯于先客气一番,回答:“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。如果与西方人交往时也这样说,对方就不会坚持再劝你,很可能你都吃不饱。按照英语国家的习惯,你若想要,就不必推辞,说声“Yes,please.”若不想要,只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人交往中的含蓄和西方人直率的不同。

3.5隐私

中国人初次见面经常问及年龄,婚姻,收入,表示关心,而英语国家却对此比较反感,认为这些都涉及个人隐私,因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻,对自己实际年龄秘而不宣,妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心时,经常问“你在干什么?”,在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问,监视别人的话语而使人很不高兴。

3.6节日及接受礼物

中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日外,双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有春节﹑元宵节和端午节等,英语国家有情人节﹑复活节﹑愚人节﹑感恩节﹑圣诞节等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不

相同。在节日里,对于别人送来的礼物,中国人往往要推辞一番,表现得无可奈何地接受,接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色,可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中,人们对别人送的礼品,一般都要当面打开称赞一番,并且欣然道谢。

4结语

在英语教学中,文化知识的教学方法是多种多样的,教师应该采用不同的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性,培养文化意识,例如:加强中西方文化差异的比较,将中西文化在称呼,招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异渗透到教学中。总之,中西方的文化存在着很多差异,在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学,而必须加强语言的文化导入,重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样,才能在日常生活中不仅能说出正确的英语句子,而且知道面对西方人的时候应该说什么,避免出现交际中的尴尬。

【参考文献】

[1]李常磊.英美文化博览.世界图书出版公司,2002年5月.

[2]Paul Norbury,culture smart!Britain.外语教育与研究出版社,2009年3月.

[3]叶朗,朱良志.中国文化读本.外语教育与研究出版社,2008年4月.

[4]段连城.美国人与中国人———中美文化的融合与撞击.河北师范大学学报,2001年.

[5]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言文化即英汉语言文化对比.外语教育与研究出版社,1994年.

[6]方文惠.英汉对比语言学.福建人民出版社,1990年.

论从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异

[论文摘要]从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异,旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时,要采用一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

[论文关键词]餐桌礼仪

易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群体意识”,的思想内核则是“个体意识”。所以西方人即使请客吃饭,也是各点各的菜、各喝各的酒,以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志,必须服从群体的共同意志。其目的既然意在人情,意在血缘,则其方式礼仪,自然也就以和为贵了,因此中国人爱聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中,面对陌生文化,因思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式不同,交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单的比较,以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为:东西方出现进食工具筷子和刀叉的不同,和有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木,南方多竹,祖先就地取材,竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究,刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧的生活习惯有关,他们马上生活随身带刀,往往将肉烧熟,割下来就吃。大约15世纪前后,为了改进进餐的姿势,欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子,不仅带来了进食习惯的差异,还影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为,刀叉必然带来分食制,而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃,由此衍生出西方人讲究独立,子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制,突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元,从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法),更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然,绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中,这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛,被认为是不吉利的)。在使用刀叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时,应将刀叉放在盘上才合乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好,尤其带汤汁的餐品,要一小块的逐一切食等等。

二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上,两边为偏座。请客时,年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座,男女主人或陪客者坐下座,其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人请客用长桌,男女主人分坐两端,然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位,即男女穿插安排,以女主人的座位为准,主宾坐在女主人的右上方,主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上方,讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士,都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国,左为尊,右为次;上为尊,下为次;中为尊,偏为次。而在西方,右为尊,左为次。

笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪:最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上,不可跷足。不可在进餐时中途退席(如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼)。用餐时,坐姿端正,背挺直,脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺胸着吃,在把面前的食物送进口中时,要以食物就口,而非弯下腰以口去就食物。

三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异

中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异,中国餐桌上动,西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐,排场之大,气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不绝,相互让菜,劝酒,尽情的享受山珍海味,美味佳肴。这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳,餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声,如汤菜过热,可待稍凉后再吃,不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客人交谈,但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识,可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话,即使有人同你讲话,也要等咽下食物后再回答。

四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异

中国人请客吃饭时,摆在桌上的菜花样繁多,至少有七、八道菜,如果是盛宴,主菜会更多,越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好菜招待大家”、“菜做得不好,多吃一点” “多多包涵”、 “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴一般四至五道菜,份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里,最好是吃完所有的菜,这样女主人会很高兴,认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席,主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理,很容易得出:中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观,在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人不议论令人作呕之事,会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代toilet,如:“Where can I wash my hand?”、“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”、“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外,在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗?”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗?”容易使人莫名其妙,甚至会出现误会。如在英国,你若问人吃饭没有,其含义是你有意请对方吃饭;这对于未婚男女,则表明你有意约会对方。

五、结语

世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、、价值观作为标准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化;同时,又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化,而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。

参考文献:

[1]易中天,《餐桌上的文化》,《文汇报.笔会》.

[2]林大津,《跨文化交际研究》,福建人民出版社,1996.10:92-127.

[3]李天民,《现代国际礼仪知识》,世界知识出版社出版,2003.12:109.

中西方教育文化差异论文篇二 《浅析我国英语教学中中西方文化差异教育》 摘 要:本文对中西方文化存在的差异进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了加强中西方文化差异教育的 措施 ,以期能够更好地促进英语教学的长远发展。 关键词:英语教学;中西方文化差异;教育;措施 一、中西方文化差异的分析 为了更好地进行中西方文化差异教育,就需要对中西方文化存在的差异进行必要的分析,这样才能更好地对其研究,提出相应的对策,更好地英语教学的发展。具体来说,中西方文化主要存在以下几个方面的差异: 1.宗教信仰存在的差异 我国有着悠久的历史,在历史的发展过程中关于信仰、宗教等方面也几经变迁,最后行为了儒家、道家、佛家三足鼎立的局面,所以我们经常会说“仁爱”、“阴阳”、“神明”、“菩萨”、“如来”等词汇;而在西方的历史发展过程中,____在其生活工作中占据着重要的地位,而这种文化,就使得在其语言中出现和基督____的词汇,诸如我们熟悉的angel(天使)、religion(宗教)等。 2.生活状态、环境存在的差异 在西方的文化中,很多词汇都是和英国的环境有着很大的关系的,其很多词汇中都很航行、水、鱼等涉及到大海的词汇有关,诸如我们比较熟悉的a ship in the sea(萍水相逢之人);all at sea(不知所措);to teach a fish to swim(班门弄斧)等;我国主要的还是以陆地环境为主,有关航海、大海等方面的词汇并不是非常多,但是我国生长竹子,所以有相应的势如破竹等相关的词汇,地理环境、生活方式存在的差异,也使得双方在语言表达上存在着一定的差异。 3.历史 典故 存在的差异 双方的典故的来源不一样,西方典故主要来自于《圣经》、喜剧、英美文学、罗马神话等方面,诸如Achilles' hee(l唯一致命弱点)、meet one's waterloo(一败涂地)等;我国的历史典故则包罗甚广,不但包括名著小说,还包括民间 传说 ,一些正史、野史以及传统的体育项目,其中比较经典的“曹冲称象”、“刻舟求剑”、“烽火戏诸侯”等,这些内容都反映了我国深化的历史文化内涵。 4.价值观存在的差异 西方注重自由、民主,自我意识比较强力,这种“自我”(self)的观念已经深入其文化中,具体体现在self-absorption(自我专注)、self-admiration(自我赞赏)等方面。而我国讲究的是先人后我的思想,讲究的是奉献,大局观念和全局意识非常强烈,诸如“居庙堂之高则忧其民处江湖之远则忧其君”就充分的体现了这种思想。 5.风俗习惯存在的差异 中西文化的差异还体现在风俗习惯上,诸如我们认为将人家唤作狗是十分不礼貌的用法,但是英国人却将狗作为昵称。诸如此类风俗习惯在中西的文化中体现之处比较多,在这里就不一一赘述。 6.社会礼仪存在的差异 我在我国的家庭文化中,“谢谢”这个词很少被提到,家长照顾儿女,儿女孝顺父母被当作理所应当的事情,这主要是受到我国深厚的伦理积淀的影响。如果偶然在家庭成员中说出了“谢谢”,反而疏远了彼此之间的关系。而在西方的社会礼仪中,“thank you”被使用的频次非常高,几乎在所有人之间都会遇到。在这里就体现了双方社会礼仪方面存在的差异。 二、加强中西方文化差异教育的措施 在了解了中西方文化存在的差异之后,就需要为改善这种状况而努力,这样才能更好地促进英语教学的长远发展,使学生能够在文化背景的支撑下更好地 学习英语 ,激发其学习英语的积极性和主动性。具体来说,应该从以下几个方面着手: 1.加强对应于文化内涵的渗透 中西方文化存在着一定的差异,这些差异使得学生在学习的时候有可能产生疑惑,这样就限制了学生的纵向深入和横向发展,对于学生英语的终身发展存在着很大的制约。为此,教师在进行教学的时候,不但应该注重对学生能力的教育,还应该在教学中渗透相关的文化内涵,这样才能更好地促进学生的长远发展。语言和社会是分不开的,其是社会发展到一定阶段的产物,并且随着社会的发展而发展,在不同时代其呈现出不同的特色。在语言中不但传承着民族的文化、风俗、历史等,还影响到人们的 思维方式 、价值理念,对于人们的生活、工作、学习等方面都有着重要的影响。只有在进行教学的时候,加强对文化内涵的渗透,加强对社会文化的了解,才能更好地加深学生的语言理解能力,才能激发学生的学习兴趣与潜能,更好地促进其英语水平的提高。 2.完善相关西方文化方面的素材 “巧妇难为无米之炊”,要想更好地进行中西方文化的差异教育,就需要拥有足够的素材,只有加强对英语国家相关文化的了解,开展相关的情境对话、实践活动,才能更直观地向学生展示 英语文化 中的人文风俗、地理文化、神话典故等方面的内容,这样就能激发学生的学习积极性,使其更加自觉地加强对西方文化素材的挖掘,加深对西方文化的了解,这样就能使其更好地明白中西方文化之间的差异,从而使其更加分明地利用英语进行交流。 3.挖掘和扩展教材中的相关的文化知识 教材是学生进行学习的基础,如果离开了教材,那么在当前的社会环境下,学生的英语成绩将很难保证。进行中西方文化差异教育要为学生的能力素质的提升服务,因此,教师在进行相关的安排的时候,应该充分考虑到教材的要求,联系教材输入相关的文化,只有津贴教材,才能使这些西方文化知识能够更好地提高学会僧的英语能力和水平。此外,教师还可以安排相关的活动,来对教材进行相关的扩展,诸如英语角、兴趣小组等,只有尽量创造真实的情境,才能激发学生交流、沟通的兴趣,才能增加其沟通、交流的能力。 参考文献 [1]韩琴.文化差异与英语教学[J].安徽工业大学学报(社会科学版),2009,(03). [2]党俊英.英语教学与文化导入[J].科技资讯,2007,(24).中西方教育文化差异论文相关 文章 : 1. 中西方教育差异论文1000字 2. 中西教育比较论文 3. 中西教育差异论文 4. 浅析中西方教育的差别论文

中西方建筑研究现状的差异论文

中外古代建筑差异从根本上说,中西方建筑艺术的差异首先来自于材料的不同:传统的西方建筑长期以石头为主体;而传统的东方建筑则一直是以木头为构架的。这种建筑材料的不同,为其各自的建筑艺术提供了不同的可能性。 不同的建筑材料、不同的社会功用,使得中国与西方的古典建筑有了不同的“艺术语言”。 不同的语言,表达着不同的思想,流露出不同的情感;不同的建筑,承载着不同的文化,体现着不同的信念。西方的石制建筑一般是纵向发展,直指上苍的。这样一来,能否将高密度的石制屋顶擎入云霄,便成为建筑艺术的关键所在,而执行这一任务的柱子也便成了关键中的关键。所以,西方建筑的“基本词汇”是柱子,即那些垂直向上、顶天立地的石头。如果说柱子是西方建筑艺术的“基本词汇”,那么屋顶则是其“主要句式”。屋顶的不同,导致了其风格类型上的差异,如希腊式、罗马式、拜占廷式、格特式、巴洛克式等等。 与西方的石制建筑不同,中国古代的木制建筑以斗拱为“基本词汇”。所谓斗拱,是将屋檐托起的交叠的曲木,它可以将纵向的力量向横向拓展,从而构造出多种多样的飞檐。同西方建筑的屋顶一样,作为中国古代建筑的“主要句式”,飞檐也有许多类型,或低垂,或平直,或上挑。其不同的形式制造出不同的艺术效果,或轻灵,或朴实,或威严。不仅亭、台、楼、阁都要用飞檐来标明自己的身份,表达自己的情感,而且飞檐的高低、长短往往会成为建筑设计的难点和要点。正所谓“增之一分则太长,减之一分则太短”,飞檐的设计必须恰到好处才能显得轻灵而不轻佻,朴实而不机械,威严而不呆板。 还有就是中国人对建筑的态度是以新为贵,而外国人则对古老建筑充满尊崇与敬意 还有就是西方建筑充满着宗教神秘主义的情绪,而中国的建筑则是儒家文化的反映。。 另外这里有一篇比较系统的, 或许更清晰一些。 不过大体说起来也就是这么几点,下面的要概括一些。 陈安国:中外城市建筑文化对比 中西建筑形式上的差别,是文化差别的表现,它反映了物质和自然环境的差别,社会结构形态的差别,人的思维方法的差别以及审美境界的差别。 1. 建筑材料的不同,体现了中西方物质文化、哲学理念的差异。从建筑材料来看,在现代建筑未产生之前,世界上所有已经发展成熟的建筑体系中,包括属于东方建筑的印度建筑在内,基本上,都是以砖石为主要建筑材料来营造的,属于砖石结构系统。诸如埃及的金字塔,古希腊的神庙,古罗马的斗兽场、输水道,中世纪欧洲的教堂……无一不是用石材筑成,无一不是这部“石头史书”中留下的历史见证。唯有我国古典建筑(包括邻近的日本、朝鲜等地区)是以木材来做房屋的主要构架,属于木结构系统,因而被誉为“木头的史书”。中西方的建筑对于材料的选择,除由于自然因素不同外,更重要的是由不同文化,不同理念导致的结果,是不同心性在建筑中的普遍反映。西方以狩猎方式为主的原始经济,造就出重物的原始心态。从西方人对石材的肯定,可以看出西方人求智求真的理性精神,在人与自然的关系中强调人是世界的主人,人的力量和智慧能够战胜一切。中国以原始农业为主的经济方式,造就了原始文明中重选择,重采集,重储存的活动方式。由此衍生发展起来的中国传统哲学,所宣扬的是“天人合一”的宇宙观。“天人合一”是对人与自然关系的揭示,自然与人乃息息相通的整体,人是自然界的一个环节,中国人将木材选作基本建材,正是重视了它与生命之亲和关系,重视了它的性状与人生关系的结果。 2. 建筑空间的布局不同,反映了中西方制度文化、性格特征的区别。从建筑的空间布局来看,中国建筑是封闭的群体的空间格局,在地面平面铺开。中国无论何种建筑,从住宅到宫殿,几乎都是一个格局,类似于“四合院”模式。中国建筑的美又是一种“集体”的美。例如;北京明清宫殿,明十三陵,曲阜孔庙即是以重重院落相套而构成规模巨大的建筑群,各种建筑前后左右有主有宾合乎规律地排列着,体现了中国古代社会结构形态的内向性特征,宗法思想和礼教制度。与中国相反,西方建筑是开放的单体的空间格局向高空发展。以相近年代建造、扩建的北京故宫和巴黎卢浮宫比较,前者是由数以千计的单个房屋组成的波澜壮阔,气势恢宏的建筑群体,围绕轴线形成一系列院落,平面铺展异常庞大;后者则采用“体量”的向上扩展和垂直叠加,由巨大而富于变化的形体,形成巍然耸立、雄伟壮观的整体。而且,从古希腊古罗马的城邦开始,就广泛地使用柱廊、门窗,增加信息交流及透明度,以外部空间来包围建筑,以突出建筑的实体形象。这与西方人很早就经常通过海上往来互相交往及社会内部实行奴隶民主制有关。古希腊的外向型性格和科学民主的精神不仅影响了古罗马,还影响了整个西方世界。同时,如果说中国建筑占据着地面,那么西方建筑就占领着空间,譬如罗马可里西姆大斗兽场高为48米,“万神殿”高43.5米,中世纪的圣索菲亚大教堂,其中央大厅穹窿顶离地达60米。文艺复兴建筑中最辉煌的作品圣彼得大教堂,高137米。这庄严雄的建筑物固然反映西方人崇拜神灵的狂热,更多是利用了先进的科学技术成就给人一种奋发向上的精神力量。 3. 建筑的发展不同,表现了中西方对革新态度的差别。从建筑发展过程看,中国建筑是保守的。据文献资料可知,中国的建筑形式和所用的材料3000年不变。与中国不同,西方建筑经常求变,其结构和材料演变得比较急剧。从希腊雅典卫城上出现的第一批神庙起到今天已经2500余年了,期间整个欧洲古代的建筑形态不断演进、跃变着。从古希腊古典柱式到古罗马的拱券、穹窿顶技术,从哥特建筑的尖券,十字拱和飞扶壁技术到欧洲文艺复兴时代的罗马圣彼得大教堂,无论从形象、比例、装饰和空间布局,都发生了很大变化。这反映了西方人,敢于独辟蹊径,勇于创新的精神。 4. 建筑价值的不同,显现中西方审美观念的异殊。从建筑的价值来看,中国的建筑着眼于信息,西方的建筑着眼于实物体。中国古代建筑的结构,不靠计算,不靠定量分析,不用形式逻辑的方法构思,而是靠师傅带徒弟方式,言传手教,靠实践,靠经验。我们对于古代建筑,尤其是唐以前的建筑的认识,多从文献资料上得到信息。历代帝王陵寝和民居皆按风水之说和五行相生相克原理经营。为求得与天地和自然万物和谐,以趋吉避凶,招财纳福,在借山水之势力,聚落建筑座靠大山,面对平川。这种“仰观天文,俯察地理”是中国特有的一种文化。古代希腊的毕达哥拉斯、欧几里得首创的几何美学和数学逻辑,亚里士多德奠基的“整一”和“秩序”的理性主义“和谐美论”,对整个西方文明的结构带来了决定性的影响,一切科学和艺术,它们的道路都被这种理念确定了命运。翻开西方的建筑史,不难发现,西方建筑美的构形意识其实就是几何形体;雅典帕提隆神庙的外形“控制线”为两个正方形;从罗马万神庙的穹顶到地面,恰好可以嵌进一个直径43.3米的圆球;米兰大教堂的“控制线”是一个正三角形,巴黎凯旋门的立面是一个正方形,其中央拱门和“控制线”则是两个整圆。甚至于象园林绿化、花草树木之类的自然物,经过人工剪修,刻意雕饰,也都呈献出整齐有序的几何图案,它以其超脱自然,驾驭自然的“人工美”,同中国园林那种“虽由人作,宛自天开”的自然情调,形成鲜明的对照。早在2000年前古罗马奥古斯都时期的建筑理论家维特鲁威就在他的著名《建筑十书》中提出了“适用、坚固、美观”这一经典性的建筑三要素观点,被后人奉为圭臬,世代相传。17世纪初建筑师亨利·伍登提出优秀建筑物必须具备三个条件;“坚固、实用和欢愉。”西方人把“坚固”和“实用”作为评价优秀建筑物的第一和第二原则。因而当中国古老的建筑物随着时间的流逝而被毁坏或“烟消云散”的时候,西方古希腊、古罗马、古埃及的建筑依然完好地保存着,用实物体形象演绎着自己的文化。通过对中西方建筑的比较可见出中西方在观念文化上,制度文化,物质文化上的不同。

建筑作为一种文化符号, 事实上成为了文化表 象的外在载体,只有从文化角度进行深层次的思考, 才能真正理解建筑形式的根本动因。正如M ·海德 格尔所言:。这种关于建筑的思考,并非要去揭示建 筑学的观念,也并非只是绐出建筑的规则。这种思考 的尝试并非建筑看作一门艺术或一门建造技术, 而 是把建筑追溯到万物所是而归属的领域。 __ 建筑起源于人类遮风避雨的实际需要。自人类 文明诞生,建筑的形式表现又被赋予了文化内涵。从 建筑的单体形象到建筑群的组织, 乃至对建筑空闻 的原初认识,都无不被打上文化体系的标签。在中西 方两种文化体系下,由于人们对世界、宇宙的认识和 对哲学、宗教、艺术的看法的不同,自然也带来了建 筑文化的差异。 一 、原始空间认识 原始民众在最初的空间体验中,所直接感受到 的是超自然力的存在, 因而人们对空间的认识最初 也是源自于巫术。比较而言,由文献所知的古代中国 人的巫术,多着意于环绕人类自身的外在宇宙的空 间形式,即以方位作为巫占礼仪的主要内容 而古代 欧洲巫术,多着眼于建立一个与周围环境不大相同 的神圣的区域,并将这一圣域与其他区域严格地划 分开。由此,中国建筑文化的空间认识在于将自身空 间与宇宙、环境空间融合,而西方建筑文化则强调创 造有别于周围环境的空间。 在许多宇宙神话中,存在两种基本的模式 一种 是垂直向的宇宙模式,其核心的中枢性构成是“宇宙 树”,将宇宙理船为天、地和地下三界空问模式 另 一种是水平向的宇宙模式, 认为宇宙是由四方形的 水平状大地构成, 一般有四个或八个与中央相对立 的区域。西方在经过一系列的文化综合之后,终于确 立了以上帝为主导的七方位立体空间观 在犹太人 以及基督徒的观念中,强化了垂直系统的空问序列, 表现在建筑上更注意立体的效果, 更着意建筑向上 甚至向下的发展。与西方人的选择相反,尽管在历史 的进程中中国人一直没有放弃向往上界的追求,但 最终还是务实地选择了对“绝地天通”理论的认可, 选择了心甘情愿地匍匐于大地之上的现实;进而从 理论上放弃了重视垂直向空间系列的七方位立体空 间图式,选择了在大地上水平铺展的五方位或九方 位平面空间图式,使之成为中国传统文化中的基本 空间模式。 二、建筑空间的组织方式 无论是建筑单体的室内空间, 还是群体建筑围 合成的室外空问,空问序列的形成都是围绕轴线展 开的。中、西方建筑的原始空间组织也都运用了轴线 的概念,所不同的是:西方建筑一般运用在单体建筑 空间的组织上,并且采纳东西向轴线;而中国是运用 南北向轴线组织建筑群。这两种不同方向轴线观念 的形成大多与原始宗教以及星象观察、祭拜和巫术 活动有关。 西方由原始宗教而产生的原始空间概念是竖向 立体的,但是在实际的建筑过程中,沿垂直方向上布 列建筑形式往往是一个十分浩大的工程, 于是人们 渐渐地用东西方向的轴线来取代竖直方向的轴线。 因为西方人在对太阳的崇拜中, 把太阳的朝起步落 理船为出生与死亡的完整过程,所以用背依太阳沉 沦的西方、面对太阳升腾的东方,来代替背依大地、 面向苍茫的轴线取向,成为组织建筑平面空问序列 的轴线 在中国,以农业为主要生产形式的古代先民,注 意到了北斗七星的特殊重要性, 并以此观察四季的 变化。北斗星一个特点是每天都绕北极星旋转一周, 并且七星中天枢星与天璇星的连线永远都指向居于 北天空中央的北极星。由此,中国人渐渐产生了“北 面为尊 的观念,直至后来采用南北向轴线组织建筑 群。另外,中、西方文化的不同对建筑空间的展开也 构成影响,这一点在宗教建筑中反映的尤为充分。

中西方友谊差异的研究现状论文

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

由于学习语言专业,接触到不少外籍教师,有来自北美洲,澳洲和西欧的。和其中一些教师有比较多的书信来往,相处也不错。他们常常会说“我们是好朋友”。然而,对于朋友之间的友谊,中西方人却有着很大的理解上和态度上的差异。多数中国人很难理解西方人所谓好朋友的概念。尽管随着我国的对外开放政策,越来越多的西方文化涌入中国,更多的人渐渐懂得了哪些该问,哪些不该说,以尊重朋友的隐私,但是由于受到长期文化传统的浸透,双方对于保持友谊的做法上差异很大。 例如,在我们这里,一个人会很爽快的答应他的好朋友陪他去购物的邀请,即便他手头上有一些事情要做。好朋友之间会长期分享同甘共苦的感受。袒露各自的秘密。而在西方人看来,你完全可让一位朋友和你一起做某件事,但是你不要期待他会放下他在做的事,去陪你去做类似于购物那种不是很紧迫的事。即使是非常好的朋友也应该接受对方说‘不’,只要对方能够给出理由。其间的独立性是显而易见的。在西方,居住地的搬迁,工作的更换,学业的结束,婚姻的变化等等,都有可能使得深厚的友谊发生改变。这也说明他们的友谊较多地建立在互相经常性的来往上。一旦这种频繁的交往变的稀少或停止,那么他们的友谊就会凋谢并消亡。这和我们传统中所说的‘两情若到久长时,又岂在朝朝暮暮’相去甚远。中国人比较多的是希望良好的友谊能够永远保持下去,直到一生。然而,西方人在一个时间内会有很多好朋友,但是这种友谊往往同特定的条件与情况有联系。一旦情况发生改变,朋友也就发生改变。他们更多的是独立性,而非依赖性。他们不喜欢一方过多的依赖另一方。在中国,我们常常可以看到一个人对于他人在经济上经常性的资助,而在西方这可能更多被看作为让被资助方产生依赖性,也不符合他们对于个人品质培养的原则。而在中国,朋友间更多是需要得到具体实在的帮助。比如,找一份不错工作,请一位好的医生,职务的提升等等。西方人会因为对朋友带来哪怕是非常小的不便而向他致歉。在十分亲近的朋友间也使用很有礼貌的语言。而在我们这里,往往相反。比如,朋友不言谢。不必客套等等。 所有这些差异都有其深远的文化背景与传统影响。我们只能互相尊重,互相理解。了解中西方之间在观念,思维,习俗,人际交往上的差异会有助于彼此建立起更良好的关系。

西方相对于东方文化起步比较晚,但在他们内部之间,比如:南欧和北欧,西欧和东欧,就是英国,德国内部也有着异处,然而体现着本质差异的无疑还是东西方文化间的差异。龙和凤在中国,龙是图腾的形象,在图腾发展的进一步神圣化之后,形成了龙,凤等具有多种动物特征的综合性图腾形象, 在我国古代传说中,龙是一种能兴云降雨神异的动物。因而,在我国龙凤指才能优异的人,龙虎比喻豪杰志士。“龙”在成语中也被广泛的利用,如、“龙飞凤舞、藏龙卧虎”等。汉民族素以“龙的传人”自称,以“龙的子孙”自豪。我国的传说中,凤凰是一种神异的动物,与龙、龟、麒麟合称四灵。凤在中国还指优良女子,还有太平昌盛之意,旧时,凤也为圣德。"凤毛麟角"指珍贵而不可多得用来比喻有圣德的人。中华民族是一个渴望安定祥和的民族,因此,就想象龙、凤是一种福音。从文化的角度上看,西方长期受宗教的影响,我国却在相当长的时间内受封建思想的统治。西方人信仰上帝,与上帝作对就是过错,就是罪恶;而我国人民信仰上天,佛祖,祈求上天能给我们带来好运,神把龙作为自身的代表降到人间,是至高无上的象征。东西思维方式的冲突在欧洲工作生活了26年,现在是中国驻德国大使的卢秋田老师说一个德国人和一个法国人在临死以前,你问法国人,你死前最大的愿望是什么?法国人的回答是我想喝一杯最好的香槟酒。又问德国人,你死前有什么愿望?他说如果我还有力气的话,我想再作一次报告。这就是德国人,喜欢作报告。我想这也许就是思维的不同,这还只是在西方内部,要说到东西方的差异,我想就更大了.对于思维方式的特点,主要有四点:第一,思维的广泛性.我曾看到过这样一篇文章, 一个美国人给中国人写信,中国人看美国人的信,一看就发火,因为美国人在信的开头,将自己的要求放在最前面,开门见山,后面才讲些客套话。中国人为了保持心理平衡, 把美国人的来信先看后面。而美国人看中国人的信,开始越看越糊涂,不知道对方要说明什么问题,到信的末尾有几句才是他要说的问题,前面说的都是客套话等等。 美国人读中国人的信也是倒过来看。这种不同的写法反映出不同的思维方式。第二,民族思维方式形成以后,有相对的稳定性。我们中国人原来最好的问候就是:“您吃了吗?”知道为什么吗?是因为咱们过去温饱没有解决。以后咱们再见面就说:“撑着了吗?打嗝了吗?”,我觉得咱中国人应该向英国人学学,英国人见面打招呼都是“Hello!”Hello完了之后就问天气怎么样?“你觉得今天天气怎么样?”“我觉得今天天气不错啊!这真是难得一个晴天。”2008年要开奥运会了,肯定很多外国人要来。来了之后咱得知道人家外国人是怎么想的,跟咱们是不是一样。你对他好,他不一定领情。比方说尊老爱幼,尊老,要按咱们来讲,你要看见马路上一个老奶奶,颤颤悠悠地拿八十多个包袱在那儿正过马路呢,你不过去帮帮忙的话,你还是人吗?所以你一定要过去帮忙,过去后说:“老大娘,您要过马路吗?来,把包给我,我替您扛过去。”给老大娘搀过去以后,老大娘一定非常高兴:“谢谢你小伙子,谢谢你。你叫什么名字?”“不要问我的名字了,如果您想知道我的名字,我叫雷锋。”一般都这样。可要是外国人就不是这样了,你看到一个外国老太太过马路,你过去了说:“Hello,天气不错,我替你搬。”那不行,老太太一定不高兴,倒不是因为她担心你抢她东西,关键是她不服老,如果你这样做就等于说她给人感觉她是一个老人。我记得我在加拿大住的时候有一邻居91岁了,走路直晃悠。那天刮四级大风,他拿了两包,我心说我一定得帮帮忙去,咱也让加拿大人知道,除了白求恩红遍我们中国之外,我们雷锋也能红遍加拿大。我就去了,说:“Heloo”他说:“NO,不用帮,不用帮。”我说这老大爷怎么这样啊?不让帮忙。其实,他们外国人就是这个习惯。再如救死扶伤。如果我们看见有人掉到河里了,“噗通”一下,你得赶紧下去救人,可是在外国这样就不行。西方人就是这样,你甭救我,你千万别来救我,你救我还是给我添麻烦?你说这人怎么想的呀?他的思维是什么逻辑?他这种思维逻辑就是:你是想来救我,可你受过专业训练吗?你会游泳吗?你不会游泳你来救我,最后你也搭进去了赖谁呀?必须得要专业人士,你要想救我打110啊,打119啊。我这么一想,可能也对,过去我看有个报纸说,有个人根本不会游泳就毅然决然地跳了下去,最后两个人同时牺牲了。其实这样也真是有点冤得慌,你倒是找个会游泳的下去啊。咱们中国人和西方人喝水也不一样 。我喝什么水呀?冰水,一饮而尽!可是以前咱们中国人对客人最热情的举动就是给滚烫的热水,过去斯诺到中国来采访,他在日记中说:当我踏上延安土地的时候,我才知道我们和东方人是多么的不同。为什么呀?他见着毛主席的时候,记录员说:“您喝口水吧”,他正想喝口水呢,结果给端上来一杯滚烫的热水。斯诺说,这水要在我们家能烫死一头猪啊。但是他还得捧着,就是喝不了啊,最后只好问有井水没有。咱们和西方人使用的生活工具也不一样。咱们中国人喜欢用筷子,老外就觉得中国人奇怪,拿两根树枝就能吃饭了,而且是能切、能剁、能叉、能碾、能搅、什么都能做。他不理解,他觉得中国人真聪明,手特别灵活。所以老外到中国吃饭一般最怕的就是用筷子,每次吃完饭手都抽筋,因为手实在是太累了。不过咱们要吃日本饭就惨了,日本人吃饭得跪着,满桌饭菜多香啊,可是每次我都吃不饱。为什么?我得跪着吃,没吃两道菜呢,我觉得我下身已经麻木了,要再吃下去非死那儿不可。你有没有发现日本人的筷子头是尖的。知道为什么吗?这是日本武士发明的,过去吃饭的时候不能带武器,他们就把筷子给削尖了,然后在谈判时候用,先吃着谈,谈不投机了拿筷子扎你。这就是当初的武器!那么西方就更直接了,直接把刀叉带进餐厅了。先拿着,你别看正在那儿吃饭,不行的话直接就扔过去,拿刀“咔嚓”就砍了你。我们早已经把食物进化了,而西方人还处在刀耕火种的年代,他们还在吃生肉,还在吃生菜。像咱们做的菜,比方说葱爆羊肉、糖拌西红柿、鱼香肉丝、素炒芥兰啊……多好吃 。可西方人不行,把菜也就洗吧洗吧,放一块儿,然后再搁点汁,告诉你这叫蔬菜沙拉。咱们主食是馒头,人家主食是土豆,西方人把土豆煮熟了之后剥了皮,蘸着盐,就算是大餐了。如果哪天我那威请您吃西餐大餐,主菜是土豆蘸咸盐,您一定把我骂死。咱们中国人就不是这样了,咱们把土豆改良了,比如说做个青椒土豆丝、酸辣土豆丝、土豆炖蘑菇、土豆炖牛肉……总之能够把一种食品的作法发挥到极致。为什么咱们和西方差距这么大?首先我们长的就不一样,我们是黄皮肤,他们是白皮肤,咱们眼睛是黑色的,他们是什么色都有——黑的、蓝的、白的、花的。我想这是最明显的一个区别,但是究其根本,我认为还是因为磁场造成的。据科学家研究,水池子蓄满水时把塞子拔掉,你就会发现水在我们这半球它是顺时针方向消失,要到了南半球它就逆时针方向消失。没发现吧?自己蓄一池子水试试吧!这方向就是磁场在起作用,同样也造成大脑磁场的不同,所以咱们看待问题也是不一样的。比方说咱们做饭搁盐说搁盐少许,大家都知道搁多少,手大抓半斤,手小抓一两。老外就不懂,少许是多少?他得量,所以很多外国人的厨房,就是一个实验室,锅、碗、瓢、盆不是很多,各种天平、计量工具倒是一大堆,所以他们学理工科的人比较多一点。他们认为做饭是一件很痛苦的事情,因此到今天他们还在吃油炸食品,他们永远吃不到松鼠鱼。如果他们要做松鼠鱼的话,4天未必能做出来,他得且研究呢。其实这就是一种观念上的问题。再说约会。咱们中国人一般表示友谊、表示对你的尊重都要提前来,有的时候说:“我在这已经等了你3天了,我终于今天见到你了,哎哟等了我三天呐”。可是在国外都是这样,咱俩9点约会,往往那大钟刚敲到9点,老外噌就出来了:“Hello,我准时到了 。”一看表,一秒都不差。你要跟一个德国人约会,你说提前3天就到了,他一定觉得你神经病!再说咱们熟悉的喝酒 。比如说老外要喝酒,都是拿瓶XO给自己倒,然后祝你健康!祝你幸福!祝你怎么怎么样!然后自己把自己没一会儿就给撂到了,一般喝酒时老外都属于自虐,没事儿就把自己给办到地上去。中国人不是这样,他是为了办别人。每次喝酒都说:“来,再干一杯!”一下喝三杯,深水炸弹什么的,一般都是头三尾四,或者说这鱼头可冲着你呢,你得喝,不喝可不够哥们!至于合同这事儿咱们再单说,来干!咣咣咣咣!最后把这个人给办倒了,如果他自己也晕了,也是在办别人的过程当中不小心被另外一个人给办了。而老外一般很少有互相劝酒的,都是劝自己喝酒,这是一个本质的区别。咱们再说这玩儿。你看一群老外抢一个球,那一定是欧洲人——踢足球。看俩人在那儿较劲,你一拳、我一拳一定要把对方给干到地下,那是美国人——拳击。两个人不吱声皱着眉头在那儿玩儿桥牌,动智商的,这个一般也不符合我们亚洲人的习惯。那我们喜欢玩儿什么呀?玩儿麻将啊!麻将才符合我们的精神,才符合我们的智慧。咱们玩儿麻将时一般都是这样,四个人在一起玩儿麻将,一般都是盯着上家、看着下家、防着对家,我胡不了,你们谁也甭想胡,我就是死活不点炮。所以这个就是玩儿的不同。有一个电影叫做《刮痧》看过吧?其实刮痧是我们中国非常好的一个治病的办法,刮刮皮肤,什么病都好了,只不过会在皮肤上留下一些斑斑点点的血印子。美国人就想不明白,觉得是虐待孩子,这看着让人生气。王姬演那个《北京人在纽约》看了吧?中草药,他老公愣说是树根子,喝着苦,废话!中药能不苦吗?良药苦口利于病!你UNDERSTAND吗?可是老外就是不明白呀,所以要取消你的抚养权,因为你给孩子喝巫术的东西。什么叫巫术?其实是对我们中医不了解。还有香水,咱们中国人也想掸香水,其实错了。千万别跟外国人学,因为外国人身上有严重的体臭,所以他必须掩饰体臭才掸香水。我们中国人起码是正常的,所以我们根本不需要掸香水,这点您一定要记住了。如果您要是看见两个俄罗斯人打架,多半是因为他们喝多了;如果你看见两个印度人打架,多半是因为他们姓氏不同;如果你看见两个以色列人打架,多半是因为他们政治信仰的不同;如果你看见两个东方人在打架,80%是争着结帐:今天的费用我来结帐,我看谁敢和我抢……。

对于朋友之间的友谊,中西方人却有着很大的理解上和态度上的差异。多数中国人很难理解西方人所谓好朋友的概念。尽管随着我国的对外开放政策,越来越多的西方文化涌入中国,更多的人渐渐懂得了哪些该问,哪些不该说,以尊重朋友的隐私,但是由于受到长期文化传统的浸透,双方对于保持友谊的做法上差异很大。 例如,在我们这里,一个人会很爽快的答应他的好朋友陪他去购物的邀请,即便他手头上有一些事情要做。好朋友之间会长期分享同甘共苦的感受。袒露各自的秘密。而在西方人看来,你完全可让一位朋友和你一起做某件事,但是你不要期待他会放下他在做的事,去陪你去做类似于购物那种不是很紧迫的事。即使是非常好的朋友也应该接受对方说‘不’,只要对方能够给出理由。其间的独立性是显而易见的。在西方,居住地的搬迁,工作的更换,学业的结束,婚姻的变化等等,都有可能使得深厚的友谊发生改变。这也说明他们的友谊较多地建立在互相经常性的来往上。一旦这种频繁的交往变的稀少或停止,那么他们的友谊就会凋谢并消亡。这和我们传统中所说的‘两情若到久长时,又岂在朝朝暮暮’相去甚远。中国人比较多的是希望良好的友谊能够永远保持下去,直到一生。然而,西方人在一个时间内会有很多好朋友,但是这种友谊往往同特定的条件与情况有联系。一旦情况发生改变,朋友也就发生改变。他们更多的是独立性,而非依赖性。他们不喜欢一方过多的依赖另一方。在中国,我们常常可以看到一个人对于他人在经济上经常性的资助,而在西方这可能更多被看作为让被资助方产生依赖性,也不符合他们对于个人品质培养的原则。而在中国,朋友间更多是需要得到具体实在的帮助。比如,找一份不错工作,请一位好的医生,职务的提升等等。西方人会因为对朋友带来哪怕是非常小的不便而向他致歉。在十分亲近的朋友间也使用很有礼貌的语言。而在我们这里,往往相反。比如,朋友不言谢。不必客套等等。 所有这些差异都有其深远的文化背景与传统影响。我们只能互相尊重,互相理解。了解中西方之间在观念,思维,习俗,人际交往上的差异会有助于彼此建立起更良好的关系。

中西方抗议文化差异研究论文

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

文化差异进行论述: 一、物质文化差异 中西方文化在物质文化上的差异主要是指...由于中国与西方生产生活习性的不同,中国人吃饭用的餐具是"筷子",西方人则用"刀子和叉子",且中西方饮食中的主食构成不...

中西方人格观念的差异造成中西方两种自成系统的文化传统,从而产生差异。中国文化传统追求“天人合一”的境界,即人与客体对象的融合,从而达到无我无对象的水平;西方文化传统是通过对自然的观察分析,达到控制自然的目的,为我所用。要达到中国文化所尊崇的至高境界,其负载形式通常都是比较柔和的“琴棋书画”等“高雅”技术。而排斥经世致用的改造自然的科学技术。2、 思想文化所带来的差异。中国一直受儒家思想所左右,它对于中国从古到今的影响都是极其深刻而广泛的,儒家宣传“万般皆下品思想,唯有读书高”,但它所宣扬的书是四书五经,那些爱搞发明创造的人被称做是奇技淫巧,并被归类到地位低下的工匠行列中去。中国有许多古话,什么“劳心者治人,劳力者治于人”,“学而优则仕”等等,所以有聪明才学的人都不以科技方面有所长为荣,那些不钻研做官技术而钻研科技技术的人永远不会得到荣誉,也进入不了上流社会。那些有文化的人无不沉迷于士大夫阶层所讲求的风流文雅,把时间花在风花雪月,吹拉弹唱,弹琴下棋,饮酒赋诗上。他们追求的是儒家所谓自己高尚的精神境界,才不会想到如何用自己的学问去帮助泥腿子们生产劳动。政府也对技术改进和发明没有任何的推动作用,不在这些方面有所鼓励。在西方却不太一样,基督教讲究在上帝面前人人平等,谁能创造财富,并施舍帮助穷人,谁就能进入天堂。基督徒是“一批指甲上沾着污垢的知识分子”,这种劳动与知识的结合、以及没有权威、人人平等的精神是科学发展的重要因素。自从汉武帝搞罢黜百家、独尊儒术以后,中国就再也没出过什么大思想家,中国历史上的大思想家都出现在先秦时代,到了明清就更无足取,以后的中国学者,最擅长的是就前人的经典做文章,从书本到书本。这就说明了独尊儒术政策的实施,对于人们思想的控制到了何种地步,而需要创新精神、挑战精神的科学就更加被深深地扼死了。3、 宗教文化所带来的差异西方社会在中世纪宗教独尊独统太深,反抗的力量就大,许多有识之士要研究科学以破除神学的迷信。比如培根,他就尖锐地抨击经院哲学蔑视自然、扼杀自然科学真理的情形,所以他提出的新理论是主张要以自然科学为基础,他后来成为西方哲学和科学史上一位划时代的人物。他积极思考,为了给科学争取一块存在和发展的空间,提出了“二重真理说”,也就是科学与宗教互不干扰的学说。他提出了科学的复兴的论点,指出科学发展对社会发展有巨大的推动作用。还有笛卡尔,他主张提出理性主义反对经院哲学的信仰主义,提介以具体的科学研究反对经院哲学和形式主义,为了对经院哲学进行批判和清算,他主张人们在认识之前,要用“理性”对过去接受的思想进行审查,这种精神垫定了西方科学精神的基石。希腊的观念以一个永恒的第一动因或外在的造物主为特点,所以希腊自然科学的动力就是去发现造物主设下的宇宙秩序的规律。而西方相当长一段时间的宗教统治也合乎这样的观点,许多文艺复兴时的科学家一开始都是神学家,他们甚至是为了在天空中找寻上帝而去研究星空的,但最后他们通过自已的研究却证明了上帝的不存在,于是反抗的力量就更大的。而中国的学者没有这种要破除迷信神学的动力,因为自古宗教在中国就没有完全占据过统治地位,同时,由于中国一向丰衣足食,人们的崇神思想没有那么重,当然同时,改革社会生产力的动力也没那么大,而农业在当时的情况下也不太需要太多的科技帮助就已可以达到不错的收获,这一切都造成了中国后期的科技进展缓慢的结果。西方宗教独尊的黑暗还影响到教育的改革,14世纪,当文艺复兴开始时,青年们都聚集到可以解释古典名著的学者周围,这些学者通过开办学校以及对教学内容的改革,来与原来的宗教教育对抗,这就开了西方新式教育的先河,西方在文艺复兴后,自然科学教育成为正规教育一部分。而中国没有这种要破除黑暗的宗教统治的情形,学者们都沿着老路在走,只教儒学,所以没有新式教育的出现。西方的宗教是一个扩张的宗教,他们的传教士到全世界去,要把他们的宗教强加给全世界的人民,而中国从来没有这种传统。我们的道教是土生土长的宗教,什么时候见到道士们跑遍全世界把自已的宗教观点硬性贯输给人家?西方的宗教扩张甚至用军队来扩张,不接受他们的宗教的就杀光,中国的宗教可曾做过这样的事?道士们都是住在深山中,有人上门肯求加入还要左挑右剔,轻易不肯接受。同时,这些搞宗教扩张的传教士们却在加强勾通方面起了很重要的作用,当年马可波罗的往来就是受教庭之托,而1698年法国的海神号第一次往来与法中之间,也是由神父们向路易十四送上了康熙帝的礼物,包括法国人从来没有见过的绚丽多彩的绸缎、瓷器、茶叶。当时的法国人从来没有见过这些,茶被他们称为神奇的叶子,认为它可以包治百病,并很快在欧州掀起了饮茶的热潮。科学是交流的产物,在许多情况下科学发明和发现都是靠触类旁通的方法产生,所以西方的这种宗教扩张也起到了一些它原来没有想到的作用。

最大差异是西方国家都想压制中国,而却不敢明目的针对中国。

中西方婚姻文化差异研究论文

Differences Between Chinese Marriage Custom and Western Marriage Custom 中西方婚俗的差异AbstractThere are many procedures in Chinese marriage custom. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride. In western marriage, there are four procedures. They are proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding. As the different religions, cultural origins, marriage concepts and geographies, there are many differences existing in the two kinds of marriage customs. In Chinese marriage custom, the matchmaker functions almost all the time and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men. By contrast, in western marriage custom, the priest functions and the youths have legal right to choose whom they want to marry and men and women are equal. There also exist common things in the two sides. They have been maintained for thousands of years. But in recent years (especially after the founding of modern China), people have tended to discard some of the details and advocate simplified marriage procedures and wedding ceremonies.Key WordsMarriage custom; differences; reasons摘 要中国婚俗有着许多的仪式。最早记载婚礼习俗的《仪礼》云:“婚有六礼,纳采、问名、 纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。”而在西方国家主要有4个程序,即建议,改姓,选期和举行婚礼。由于宗教、文化根源、婚姻观念以及地理环境的不同在一定程度上导致了中西方婚俗的不同。在中国婚俗中,媒人起着决定性的作用,而作为婚姻当事人的青年男女却没有选择的自由和权力,而且男女在婚姻中的不平等现象也屡有出现。 在西方,是牧师在婚姻中起作用,并且青年男女有合法的权力去选择自己的夫婿或妻子。当然中西方的婚俗也存在相同的地方。它们存在了上千年之久。近年来(特别是新中国成立之后),中西结合的婚姻屡有出现。关键词婚俗;差异;原因IntroductionMarriage is formed in a long historical evolution of the marriage custom in a nation. It is the regularity of the activities that restrains people's awareness of marriage and marriage. Marriage custom’s binding does not depend on the law, and it can not rely on science tests neither, but on the force of habit, traditional culture and national psychology. During the development of human history, the institution of marriage and family system has experienced different processes of development. Human have experienced group marriage, the dual system of marriage and individual marriage system (monogamy).As a union of a man and a woman and a family formation stage, marriage includes not only marriage, but also the preparation phase for the marriage and the performance stage after the festivities. It runs through the whole process of life. These customs, as a national symbol and cultural development, plays a very important role in ethnic studies and the history of mankind.China is a country with an ancient civilization and a long history, and many customs. Among so many customs, there is a particular marriage custom. This custom goes through various and long stages of development from ancient simple wedding ceremony to later complex ceremony, from feudal marriage custom to the modern free marriage custom. During these courses, people’s ideas are progressing, though we can not say that their ideas are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in all over the world at all over the time because there are still backward ideas existing in many places, in many people’s mind and they maybe will still exist for a long time. However, they are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in a certain stage of the uninterrupted development of ideas.Greek civilization is the base of western culture. Britain plays an important role in western history and western culture, and of course marriage custom.Comparing with each other, they are different in many aspects such as in right aspect and in freedom aspect and there are many reasons that result in these differences such as cultural reason and geographical reason. I. Chinese Marriage CustomLike other folk, marriage custom has the same development and evolving process. In the early days of humanity, the human relationship in a very long period of time still carried the irregular relations like the animal world. There was no marriage at all, if suggest some, the only "arbitrary marriage." In China, marriage has gone through for a long time. As a most grand etiquette, it has always been a high degree of attention. To control the marriage, the family and the whole society, since the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, Chinese marriage should comply with six procedures, which is the so-called "six etiquettes." And Later in Tang and Ming Dynasty in China, marriage also complied with the "six etiquettes". As time goes by, although many wedding customs experienced various changes "Six etiquettes" as the basic pattern has not changed much. It is still essential and core in marriage custom.Marriage has changed much today, but in many places, there still remains traditional marriage custom.In feudal society, a marriage would be decided not by the youths’ love, but by their parents' desires. Only after a matchmaker's introduction and when parents considered the two family conditions were similar and could be matched, would the marriage procedures went forward. Conditions that should be taken into consideration included wealth and social status. If a boy's family was well-off or an official family, his parents would never permit him to marry a girl from a poor family. Essential to the marriage process were the commonly recognized 'three Letters and six etiquettes'. The three letters were the betrothal letter, the gift letter with a gifts list and the wedding letter used on the day the bridegroom met his bride at her home. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage, usually, involves six necessary procedures, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal present to girl's family, discussing date of marriage and meeting the bride.A. Proposing:Proposing is the first etiquette in marriage and is the first meet between the members in the two families. Thus, it is very important. Using a common expression, it is making an offer of marriage to another family on behalf of the son or daughter.If the parents thought that the girl could be the daughter-in-law in old times, they would ask a matchmaker for sending the gifts and bring the son and the girl together. If the girl’s parents also agreed on the marriage, they would accept the gifts. People usually used a wild goose when sending the gifts. Because the wild gooses could fly to the south or the north according to the seasons and they would never change it which implied the woman would be punctual and also because when the wild gooses flied they were in a row and when they stopped they were in a line which implied that woman should comply with the marriage rules and arrange in order that one should not breach it.B. Asking the NameIt aims to ask for girl’s name and pray.In ancient times the girl’s name would not be known by other people until the girl was in an age of marriage. First, one must have the matchmaker and inform of the man’s family through a card. And the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Thus it can be seen that “asking the name” not only meant that the man’s family wanted to know the girl’s name, but also wrote down the woman’s birthday and Eight-characters (in four pairs denoting the time, date, month and year of a person’s birth, each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch, used in fortune-telling). If the birthday and Eight-characters were not harm the man, the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Sometimes the woman’s parents also wrote down the official position of the woman’s great-grandpa, grandpa and father and the dowry that could be supplied. What’s interesting is that during this progress it was the matchmaker that functioned, not the man’s family or the woman’s family. Matchmaker was also important in the other procedures. In traditional Chinese marriage, people believed “behest of the parents and proposal of a matchmaker”. That’s why many marriages in the past were arranged by parents and matchmakers. Matchmaker’s proposal was the marriage’s valid basis in Tang dynasty.It has been simplified today. Many marriage does not need this process.C. Asking for Fortune After asking the name, the bridegroom’s side had got the woman’s birthday and Eight-Characters and they went to consult a fortune-teller then which was called “asking for fortune”. It included two aspects of contents. One was consult the female virtues. Ancient people regarded female virtues as the most important one in the gospel of three obedience that were obedience to one’s father before marriage, to one’s husband after marriage, and to one’s son after one’s husband’s death and four virtues that was morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work for a woman according to Confucian ethics.Zhong lichun, Zhuge Liang’s wife (Zhuge Liang was a statesman and strategist in the period of the Three Kingdoms, now a symbol of wisdom in Chinese folklore) was famous for her ugliness, wisdom and high female virtues. A man in old times always had many wives. In order to solidifying and stead in the family, people paid much attention to female virtues. Hence there was the saw “Marry wife is marrying virtues and take a concubine is marrying appearance”.The other one was consult good or bad luck. If they were not fit for each other in Eight-Characters according to the birthday and what’s more, the woman would harm the man, the result was that this marriage would not be held and would be cancelled. If the result was fit for each other and moreover the woman would make the man prosperous, the man’s side would inform the woman’s side through the matchmaker and send the betrothal gifts and exchange cards. Thus the marriage was actually decided to be held.D. Sending Betrothal Presents to the Girl’s FamilyThe book propriety and ceremony wrote by the scholars in Han dynasty regards it as sending money. If there is no receipt of gifts, there is no marriage. Hence whether receipt the gifts or not is the implication of the agreement of the marriage by the woman’s side.The significance of it includes two aspects of meaning. One is the thanks for the woman’s parents because the parents feed up her. The other is help the woman’s family prepare for dowry.E. Discussing the Date of MarriageIn the past, the bridegroom’s side decided the lucky day and sent the matchmaker to inform of the woman’s family. People paid much attention to the marriage time. They usually had a person looked at the almanac or asked for fortune. They liked having marriage in spring or autumn because spring was the time that everything comes back to life and time when spring was changing into summer and was favor to pregnant with new life; autumn was the season of harvest. After the labor for a year, people had enough money to hold the marriage.Nowadays, it is also an important event. People pay many attentions to it.F. Meeting the BrideThe marriage is finally held after the five procedures. In the past, the bridegroom wore wedding suit, riding on a horse, and guided the bridal sedan chair to marry the bride on the day. And the bride wore a red cheongsam waiting for the bridegroom. Now, the bridegroom wares western suit, and the bride wares wedding dress and usually in a car.待续

从婚礼的细节

西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从开始到结束到充满了浪漫气息。新娘的礼服一般为白色,新郎是黑色的礼服,使整个婚礼显的庄重严肃.到教堂去举行结婚仪式是整个婚礼最重要的环节.首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走到新郎面前,由她的父亲将她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师会要求新郎新娘对对方作出一辈子的承诺,这也是整个婚礼的高潮.然后他们会在牧师和众人的祝福下,交换结婚戒指并亲吻对方。而新娘手中的花球也不是一般的装饰用品.在婚礼结束时,新娘就会抛给到场的女宾客,如果谁接到花球,谁就是下一个结婚的人,这就使整个婚礼在欢声笑语中结束了。二.西方人结婚时的很多习俗都是大家所熟悉的,婚庆场面既欢快热闹,又美丽浪漫。由于中国的不断开放和东西方文化交流,我国的婚俗不少方面也在受其影响,例如穿婚纱、戴钻戒等等已经成为都市婚礼不可或缺的重要内容。然而究其渊源和象征意义,并不是所有人都很清楚的。下面就简要介绍一下一些西方婚礼用品和名词的来历和含义。 三.比如以浪漫著称的法国就被称为白色婚姻,白色是浪漫的法国婚礼的住色调;在菲律宾,观礼的嘉宾会轮流与新郎跳舞,并把金钱钉在他们的衣服上,有时后候双方亲戚朋友还会比赛哪方得到的金钱多。韩国的婚礼服装也挺有特色,值得一提――“两点”,新娘韩国新郎会穿上大礼服,新娘的嫁衣则是七彩的丝织服,配以长袖子和黑丝顶冠,这以阿拉伯的婚礼服装我认为是挺相似的,因为阿拉伯的新娘会穿着华丽的土耳其长袖袍子,不同的是视礼的女士会依习俗为新娘出嫁而恸哭,所以阿拉伯的婚礼又称为“恸哭”,当然这与我所谈论的服装无关。 四.而西方的婚礼风俗则是浪漫式的,婚礼重在礼而不在乎排场。婚前礼节也没那么复杂。一切都爱轻松自在的气氛下进行。而结婚在西方国家也是各国有各国的独特的方式。如:法国的白色为婚礼的主色调。无论是布置用的鲜花,还是新娘的服饰。可以看出法国人眼中的婚姻应该是纯洁无暇的,而新人用的杯子,也有特定的名称,名为“Coupdemarriage”,意思为“婚礼之杯”。而德国人的“疯狂”与德国人一直崇高的理智与冷静不同。他们的婚礼更多呈现出疯狂的一面。德国人在婚礼中会举行party(派队),派对中,新人会被戏弄。这类似于我们中国的“闹洞房”,其中重头节目就是兴高采烈地将碟子掷碎……西方给东方人带来的最亮点大概就是举行教 回答者:anonymous首先,是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国的传统婚俗有三书六礼”三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓三书”,就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。(聘书订亲之书,男女双方正式缔结婚约。纳吉(过文定)时用。 礼书过礼之书,即礼物清单,详尽列明礼物种类及数量。纳征(过大礼)时用。 迎亲书迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日(亲迎)接新娘过门时用。)而六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。(纳采古时婚礼之首,属意女方时,延请媒人作谋,谓之纳采,今称「提亲」。 问名男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰,以卜吉兆,谓之问名,今称「合八字」。 纳吉问名若属吉兆,遣媒人致赠薄礼,谓之纳吉,今称「过文定」或「小定」。 纳征奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等, 回答者: 缚灵

首先,是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国的传统婚俗有“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓“三书”,就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。(聘书:订亲之书,男女双方正式缔结婚约。纳吉(过文定)时用。 礼书:过礼之书,即礼物清单,详尽列明礼物种类及数量。纳征(过大礼)时用。 迎亲书:迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日(亲迎)接新娘过门时用。)而“六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。(纳采:古时婚礼之首,属意女方时,延请媒人作谋,谓之纳采,今称「提亲」。 问名:男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰,以卜吉兆,谓之问名,今称「合八字」。 纳吉:问名若属吉兆,遣媒人致赠薄礼,谓之纳吉,今称「过文定」或「小定」。 纳征:奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等,即正式送聘礼,谓纳征,今称「过大礼」。 请期:由男家请算命先生择日,谓之请期,又称「乞日」、今称 「择日」。 亲迎:新郎乘礼车,赴女家迎接新娘,谓之亲迎。)而在这之间更有换庚谱、过文定、过大礼、安床等一系列的活动。而在这些活动中有着大量的禁忌和礼俗,比如新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀(蝴蝶双飞)、痰盂(子孙桶)、尺(良田万顷)、片糖(甜甜蜜蜜)、银包皮带(腰缠万贯)、花瓶(花开富贵)、铜盆及鞋(同偕到老)、龙凤被、床单及枕头一对、两双用红绳捆着的筷子及碗(有衣食)、七十二套衣服,用扁柏、莲子、龙眼及利是伴着(丰衣足食)等物,每样物品都有其不同的含义。同时,在婚礼进行时也有一定的顺序,按一般的情况,在整个婚礼过程中有:祭祖(男方在出门迎娶新娘之前,先祭拜祖先。)、出发(迎亲车队以双数为佳。)、燃炮(迎亲礼车行列在途中,应一路燃放鞭炮以示庆贺。)、等待新郎(礼车至女方家时,会有一男童侍持茶盘等候新郎,新郎下车后,应赏男孩红包答礼,再进入女方家。)、讨喜(新郎应持捧花给房中待嫁之新娘,此时,新娘之闺中密友要拦住新郎,不准其见到新娘,女方可提出条件要新郎答应,通过后才得进入。)、拜别(新人上香祭祖,新娘应叩拜父母道别,并由父亲盖上头纱,而新郎仅鞠躬行礼即可。)、出门(新娘应由福高德劭女性长辈持竹筛或黑伞护其走至礼车,因为新娘子在结婚当天的地位比谁都大,因此不得与天争大。)、礼车( 在新娘上礼车后,车开动不久,女方家长应将一碗清水、白米撒在车后,代表女儿已是泼出去的水,以后的一切再也不予过问,并祝女儿事事有成,有吃有穿。)、掷扇(礼车起动后,新娘应将扇子丢到窗外,意谓不将坏性子带到婆家去,扇子由新娘的兄弟拾回,掷扇后必须哭几声,且在礼车之后盖「竹筛」以象征繁荣。)、燃炮(由女方家至男方家的途中,同样要一路燃放礼炮。)、摸橘子(迎新车队到达新郎家时,由一位拿着橘子或苹果的小孩来迎接新人,新娘要轻摸一下橘子,并赠红包答礼。这两个橘子要放到晚上,让新娘亲自剥皮,意谓招来「长寿」。)、牵新娘(新娘由礼车走出时,应由男方一位有福气之长辈持竹筛顶在新娘头上,并扶新娘进入大厅。进门时,新人绝不可踩门槛,而应横跨过去。)、喜宴(时下颇流行中西合壁式的婚礼,大都在晚上宴请客人同时举行观礼仪式,在喜宴上,新娘可褪去新娘礼服,换上晚礼服向各桌一一敬酒。)、送客(喜宴完毕后,新人立于家门口送客,须端着盛香烟、喜糖之茶盘。)、闹洞房(新人被整之灾情大小,端视新人是否曾在其他的婚礼上戏弄别人,或平素待人够不够忠厚等。)、三朝回门(在婚后第三天,新妇由夫婿陪同下,带备烧猪及礼品回娘家 祭祖,甚至小住一段日子,然后再随夫婿回家。)。有此可以见到我国文化的繁琐,但不要以为繁琐是我国婚礼的特有特征,其实,不同国家虽然有不同的婚俗,但从繁复的细节与用品的喻意,都可见对婚姻的尊重和期许无分国界。在西方国家中,婚礼时有旧(Something Old)、新(Something New)、借(Something Borrowed)、蓝(Something Blue)等习俗。旧是指母亲传下来之婚纱,头饰或首饰,代表承受美好的一切;新是指朋友送的礼物如裙子,饰物,象征新的生活;借是指可向任何人借东西回来,据说从富裕亲友借来金或银放在鞋内,象征带来财运;蓝是指新娘的一些小饰物或花束用蓝色,意味着新娘的纯洁及贞洁。而在进行婚礼时,西方亦有大量的习俗。比如,在结婚时新娘总要带着一方手帕,西方人认为白手帕象征好运。根据民俗说法,农夫认为新娘在磨擦婚当天所流下的泪能使天降甘露,滋润家作物。后来,新娘在新婚汉天流泪,就变成她将有幸福婚姻的好兆头。而在婚礼典礼时,新娘总是站在新郎的左边,据说,古时候,盎格鲁撒克逊的新郎必须保护新娘子免得被别人抢走。在结婚典礼时,新郎让新娘站在自己左边,一旦情敌出现,就可以立即挥出配带于右边的剑,吓退敌人。在进行结婚晚宴时,要特别定制结婚蛋糕,根据历史记载,自罗马时代开始,婚礼结束时,人们会在新娘头上折断一条面包的材料----小麦象征生育能力,面包屑则代表着幸运。新人必须以糖霜,就形成今天的结婚蛋糕了。由此可见,西方的婚俗并不比中方简洁。 其次是在服装方面。在进行婚礼不只是有仪式习俗需要遵守,在穿着方面也有讲究。中国传统婚礼进行时新郎和新娘具着红色的礼服,象征的吉祥如意,预示在结婚后日子红红火火。而西方的新娘则穿白色的礼服。自罗马时代开始,白色象征欢庆。1850年到1900年之间,白色亦是富贵的象征。到了本世纪初,白色所代表的纯洁意义更远超其他。西方认为白色与童贞有关。古罗马的新娘穿着白色的婚纱,蒙着鲜橙黄色的面纱,象征着激情的火焰。在西方的天主教传统里,白色代表着快乐;其他一些地区,白色在他们的婚礼和葬礼里指示各种各样的通路典礼和意义。例如,在安达曼群岛(Andaman Islanders),白色代表一种地位的变化。“传统”的白色结婚礼服,在早期是贵族的特权。在多利亚女王时代,大多数的新娘只能穿传统的国家服装,只有上层阶级才能穿代表权力和身份的白色婚纱。一直到近代,贵族阶级的特权消失以后,白色的婚纱才成为普通新娘的礼服。而相对于西方白色婚纱的历史,中国婚礼中的大红色的凤袍的历史则较简单。龙凤在中国的神话中有着重要的地位。龙主阳凤主阴,而阳则代表男子,阴就表示女子。因此新娘就用凤表示。所以在红色的礼服上绣着凤也就很容易理解了。 还有就是在一些小的习惯上面,中西方的婚俗有相似的地方。例如,中国古代有抛绣球迎亲的习俗;而西方的新郎新娘在教堂举行婚礼后,会把手中的鲜花抛向空中,如果有人接到的话就预示着他将很快结婚。 中西方在婚俗上面有以上种种的差异,这和中西方人在思想思维的差异有直接的联系。中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。直到近代西方的文化传入以后,中国的传统文化才开始向西方转化,但在很大的程度上任有中国传统婚俗的礼仪。而中国人爱热闹的性格在中国传统婚礼中可以得到充分的体现。除了中西方都有的结婚晚宴以外,在中国的传统婚俗中,还有一个为新娘饯行的结婚午宴。其次在婚宴结束以后,新人的亲朋好友会去新房中闹洞房。认为在新房中越热闹,新人在婚后的生活越幸福。因此闹新房的成员们无不用所其极,用种种方法刁难新郎新娘。西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘手挽着父亲捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给你,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。她是今天最美的新娘。 在神圣的教堂上空,他们的誓言在回荡,带上永结同心的婚戒,只到神父说:“你可以亲吻你的新娘了…… 结婚是一生的盟约,你是要为之坚守一辈子的誓言。 主耶稣说:上帝所配合的人便不可分开。 这一生一世的爱情,因为今天而完美。”然后新郎新娘或是去晚宴地点或是去渡蜜月,并没有中国传统婚俗的种种礼节。另一个造成中西方差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从开始到结束到充满了浪漫气息。新娘的礼服一般为白色,新郎是黑色的礼服,使整个婚礼显的庄重严肃.到教堂去举行结婚仪式是整个婚礼最重要的环节.首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走到新郎面前,由她的父亲将她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师会要求新郎新娘对对方作出一辈子的承诺,这也是整个婚礼的高潮.然后他们会在牧师和众人的祝福下,交换结婚戒指并亲吻对方。而新娘手中的花球也不是一般的装饰用品.在婚礼结束时,新娘就会抛给到场的女宾客,如果谁接到花球,谁就是下一个结婚的人,这就使整个婚礼在欢声笑语中结束了。 中国的婚礼就不同于西方,整个婚礼的主色调是红色,这也是中国的传统的代表喜气的颜色。这也就使婚礼变的喜气洋洋.在传统婚礼中,新娘一般穿着红色罗衣,头戴凤冠,上面还有一块红色丝巾.而新郎就穿着红色的长衫马褂,头戴红色大沿帽。新娘乘着大红花轿在后,新郎骑着马在前,随着红娘和迎亲队伍到新郎家中拜堂.双方家长坐在上堂,而新郎新娘在下堂成婚.整个婚礼由司仪主持,在他的指挥下,新郎新娘一拜天地,下拜高堂,然后夫妻对拜,送入洞房.闹洞房是婚礼的高潮,新娘先回洞房等待新郎,而新郎就在外招待客人,酒足饭饱后,新郎在一大堆人的簇拥下来到洞房.众人就开始闹洞房了,新郎新娘在大家的起哄下做各种游戏……这样整个婚礼就在一片笑声中结束了。

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