自动化英语论文范文

用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器A Wireless Controller for Parallel Inverters in Distributed Online UPS SystemsJosep M. Guerrero', Luis Garcia de Vicufia", Jose Matas'*, Jaume Miret", and Miguel Castilla". Departament #Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automatica i Informhtica Industrial. Universitat Polithica de CatalunyaC. Comte d'Urgell, -Barcelona. Spain. Email: .. Departament #Enginyeria Electrbnica. Universitat Polit6cnica de CatalunyaAV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. SpainAbsiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnectedonline-UPS inverters without control wireinterconnections is presented. The wireless control technique isbased on the well-known droop method, which consists inintroducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order toshare properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop methodhas been widely used in applications of load sharing betweendifferent parallel-connected inverters. However, this methodhas several drawbacks that limited its application, such as atrade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharingaccuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phasedeviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable themethod in online-UPS systems, since in this case every modulemust be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome theselimitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to theparalleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictlyfrequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, andexcellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental resultsare reported confirming the validity of the proposed . INTRODUCTIONThe parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible PowerSupplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supplycritical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and poweravailability are required. In the last years, many controlschemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democraticcontrol [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have beenappeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], orthe distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes needcontrol interconnections between modules and, hence, thereliability of the system is reduced since they can be a sourceof noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wireslimited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].In this sense, several control techniques has been proposedwithout control interconnections, such as the droop this method, the control loop achieves good power sharingmaking tight adjustments over the output voltage frequencyand amplitude of the inverter, with the objective tocompensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].This concept is derived from the power system theory, inwhich the frequency of a generator drops when the powerdrawn to the utility line increases [8].0-7803-7906-3/03/$ 02003 IEEE. 1637However, this control approach has an inherent trade-offbetween voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requireslow-pass filters to calculate the average value of the activeand reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics ofthe whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristicsof these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations ofthe output voltage amplitude and , when active power increases, the droopcharacteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominalvalue and, consequently, it results in a variable phasedifference between the mains and the inverter output fact can be a problem when the bypass switch mustconnect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead ofits phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented inorder to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractiveUPS systems. The first one is to locate a particularmodule near the bypass switch, which must to synchronizethe output voltage to the mains while supporting overloadcondition before switch on. The second possibility is to waitfor the instant when phase matching is produced to connectthe , the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to aparallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer timeought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modulesmust be always synchronized with the mains when it ispresent. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transferdirectly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in caseof overload or failure [lo].In our previous works [11][12], we proposed differentcontrol schemes to overcome several limitations of theconventional droop method. However, these controllers bythemselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme isproposed to parallel different online UPS modules with highperformance and restricted requirements. The controllerprovides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharingaccuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phasematching between the output-voltage and the utility , this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability andpower availability. Simulation and experimental results arereported, confirming the validity of this control . 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bust"Fig. 2. P-odraop . REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHODFig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connectedto a common bus through coupled impedance. When thisimpedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawnto the load can be expressed asEVcosQ - V2 Q=where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phaseangle between the output voltage of the inverter and thevoltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of theoutput voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage, the above equations it can be derived that the activepower P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltageamplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control ofparalleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,which introduces the following droops in the amplitude Eand the frequency U of the inverter output voltageu = w -mP (3)E = E ' - n Q , (4)being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitudeat no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficientsfor the frequency and amplitude, , a coupled inductance is needed between theinverter output and the critical bus that fixes the outputimpedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPSmodules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distortedwhen supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedanceis a pure is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,then good power sharing is achieved at the expense ofdegrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts thementioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation interms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, andsystem the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate theaverage value over one line-cycle of the output active andreactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented bymeans of low pass filters with a smaller bandwidth than thatof the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the powercalculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a largeextent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinvertersystem [ conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsicproblems to be applied a wireless paralleled-system ofonline UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharingaccuracy (active an4d reactive).2) Limited transient response. The system dynamicsdepends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,the droop coefficients, and the output of ac mains synchronization. The frequency andphase deviations, due to the frequency droop, makeimpracticable this method to a parallel-connectedonline UPS system, in which every UPS should becontinuously synchronized to the public ac )3)111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPSINVERTERSIn this work, we will try to overcome the above limitationsand to synthesize a novel control strategy withoutcommunication wires that could be appropriate to highperformanceparalleled industrial UPS. The objective is toconnect online UPS inverters in parallel without usingcontrol interconnections. This kind of systems, also namedinverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized tothe utility line. When an overload or an inverter failureoccurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line tothe load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed onlineUPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utilitybus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and thesecure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. Theinterface between these buses is based on a number of onlineUPS modules connected in parallel, which providescontinuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modulesinclude a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a staticbypass ac mainsutility busI I Ij distributed loads !Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS /I 4(4Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failureThe main operation modes of a distributed online UPS1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, fromthe utility through the distributed UPS ) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, theUPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from thebatteries, without operation: When an overload situation occurs,the bypass switch must connect the critical busdirectly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee thecontinuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damageof the UPS this reason, the output-voltage waveform should besynchronized to the mains, when this last is are listed below (see Fig. 5):3)Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droopmethod can not satisfy the need for synchronization with theutility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, whichprovokes a phase obtain the required performance, we present a transientP-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,proposed previously by OUT in [ 111w=o -mP (5)where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,which is done by. -I t -1sP= p ,( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )being zthe time constant of the transient droop transient droop function ensures a stable frequencyregulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the sametime, achieves active power balance by adjusting thefrequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, toadjust the phase of the modules we propose an additionalsynchronizing loop, yieldingo=w'-m%k,A$, (7)where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and themains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequencyadjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can beobtained by measuring the utility line second term of the previous equality trends to zero insteady state, leading tow = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverterand the utility mains, into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain thenext differential equation, which is stable fork, positived$ *dt dt- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency willdecrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will besynchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawnto the . CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATIONFig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposedcontroller. The average active power P , without the dccomponent, can be obtained by means of multiplying theoutput voltage by the output current, and filtering the product........................................................................................io",.LSj'nchronirorion loop.......................................................................................Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the averagereactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltagemust be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequencymains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient activepower signal term; and the phase difference term, whichis added in order to synchronize the output voltage with theac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltageamplitude is regulated by using the conventionaldroop method (4).Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided byusing a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists inemulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the outputvoltage proportionally to the time derivative of the outputcurrent. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highordercurrent-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltageTHD. This can be easily solved by using a high-passfilter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance canreduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedanceimpact over the power sharing . SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTSThe proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulatedwith the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shownin Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. Thecoefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,phase difference between the modules and the utility line,and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note theexcellent synchronization between the modules and theACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...... ..........................B...u...n...... ................................... iFig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharingobtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller tothe online UPS paralleled I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order toshow the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPSinverter consisted of a single-phase IGBT full-bridge with aswitching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, withthe following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters werebased on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PIcontroller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharingcontroller, based on (4) and (7). The last controllerwas implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from TexasInstruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in TableI. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order tosynchronize the inverter with the common bus. When thisoccurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbasedcontrol is 7 Wa\cfc)rms for , ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#>dth e ai mum(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPSNote that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ THE PARALLELESDYS Order I IFilter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I ragsFig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of theUPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallelwithout load. Notice that a small reactive current is circlingbetween the modules, due to the measurement , a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connectedsuddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharingof the paralleled system when sharing a . 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of Bcommon nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:5 Mdiv.).VI. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnectedonline UPS systems, was proposed. The controlleris based on the droop method, which avoids the use ofcontrol interconnections. In a sharp contrast with theconventional droop method, the controller presented is ableto keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictlysynchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaininggood load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact letus to extend the droop method to paralleled online the other hand, the proposed controller emulates aspecial kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physicalcoupled inductance. results reported here show theeffectiveness of the proposed approach.

我有一篇我本科毕设的小论文，英文中文都有，而且是我人工翻译的，8000字左右。你要的话PM我。我是电气工程及其自动化专业的。《Analysis of thyristor-controlled phase shifter applied in damping power system oscillations》

计算机英语是学习计算机新理论和新技术的桥梁。计算机英语教材的主要目标是培养计算机及其相关专业学生使用本专业英语的能力。下面是我为大家整理的计算机英语论文，供大家参考。

计算机英语论文范文一：计算机英语教学实训设计研究

1高职高专计算机英语的特点

时效性和实用性

新技术飞速发展，大量的计算机专业概念专业词汇随着新技术的发展层出不穷。如ITinformationtechnology;online;E-merce等都是随着新技术的发展产生和应用的，因此它的时效性和实用性显而易见。

专业性与客观性

计算机专业文章一般重在客观地陈述事实，力求严谨和清清楚，避免主观成分和感 *** 彩，这就决定了计算机英语具有客观性。

专业术语多

如：CPUCentralProcessingUnit：中央处理器;DBSMDatabaseSystem资料库管理系统OperatingSystem作业系统.

缩略语经常出现

如：MBMotherBoard：主机板，LCDLiquidCrystalDisplay：液晶萤幕USBUniversalSerialBus：通行序列汇流排;

合成的新词多

如：input出入;output输出;Personalputer：个人计算机;

介词短语、分词短语和名词性片语和长句使用频繁

如：Someapplicationpackagesofferconsiderableputingpowerbyfocusingonasingletask，suchaswordprocessing;others，calledintegratedsoftwareoffersomewhatlesspowerbutincludeseveralapplications，suchasawordprocessor，aspreadsheet，andadatabaseprogram.有些应用程式包可就一个单项任务提供相当的计算能力，如文书处理;其它应用程式包，称为综合软体，计算能力略差但也包括了很多应用功能，如：文书处理器，电子表格和资料库程式等。

2如何开展高职高专计算机英语教学和实训

“加快现代职业教育体系建设，深化产教融合、校企合作，培养数以亿计的高素质劳动者和技术技能人才。”是发展职业教育的指导思想。高职高专IT职业英语的任务就是要培养既有一定IT专业技术技能，又有较强的外语水平的高素质人才。

合理的课程安排

高职高专《计算机英语》主要针对高职院校的计算机各专业学生开设，是计算机专业学生学好计算机专业课程的一门重要工具。为软体技术，资讯管理，物联网技术，等专业方向的学生必修课。

实用的高职高专计算机英语实训内容

通过计算机英语教学内容的学习，使学生掌握电脑科学相关硬体和软体以及相关计算机技术的英语表达方式，并运用到实践中。在实训时，学生应能够运用所学的计算机英语知识，根据看到的硬体装置实现口头表达，以及借助相关工具书和翻译软体，对与自己专业相关文献和应用软体，实现书面表达。了解上机时常见的提示资讯及解释，根据专业方向能看懂与本专业相关的专业资讯提示。通过本课程实训使学生扫清上机时使用英语软体的障碍，并且使学生具备阅读计算机专业英语书刊的能力，能听懂一般性专业学术报告的能力。

基于专业需求的课程和实训设计

1基于专业需求的课程和实训设计设计理念计算机英语程开发遵循“劳动过程系统化”的先进教学理念，贯穿日常教学中，将理论教学中渗入实训教学环节，提出集专案确定——专案分析——专案策划——专案管理与评估为一体的系统的实训教学模式，以专案驱动来完成知识的内化。在软体技术专业可以侧重SoftwareEngineer的教学与实训设计;网路工程专业则可以加强puterNetworks的教学与实训设计;而资讯管理专业应侧重DatabaseSystem的教学与实训设计。

2基于专业需求的课程和实训设计设计思路计算机英语课程和实训设计的总体思路是：以市场为导向，基于IT行业人员工作岗位基本职责进行教学和实训设计，紧紧围绕各专业人才培养方案实施教学和实训，取舍教材内容，为专业服务。

3基于专业需求的课程和实训设计培养目标根据高职教育的指导思想和培养目标，在更新教学理念和创新教学模式的过程中，计算机英语课程和实训设计，以促进就业为导向，适应技术进步和生产方式变革以及社会公共服务的需要社会需求为出发点，以“实用为主，够用为度”为原则，突出专业特点，突出课程的实用性，适应计算机相应专业需求的，培养具有动手能力和创新意识的高技术人才。计算机英语是一门实用时很强的课程，要求教师具有较强的英语语言知识与应用能力，同时要具备对科技前沿的洞察力，更需要更新教学理念，创新教学模式，注重实训环节。

计算机英语论文范文二：计算机英语课内实践教学研究

1.课内实践教学多元化

“任务驱动”教学方式

对于该课程,课内实践教学的目的是为了充分发挥教师的主导作用和学生的主体作用,因此,采用“任务驱动”的方式可以较好的激发学生的积极性。“任务驱动”指的是学生在学习过程中,在教师的帮助下,围绕一个共同的任务为中心来完成,在这个过程中,学生会通过任务的程序获得成就感,可以较大地激发他们的积极性,逐步形成一个良性回圈,从而培养学生独立思考和自主学习能力。该门课内实践教学结合任务驱动的方式,已经采用的是让学生选择自己感兴趣的某个IT领域技术方向,运用文献检索方法,自行查询英文文献并阅读翻译,在课堂上用英文对其作报告,并制作英文PPT加以展示,并新增现场提问的环节,培养学生用英文进行学术答辩的能力。通过在课堂上使用这种实践方式,已取得了较好的效果。

其他多元化的任务方式

除了培养学生英文文献检索、学术报告的能力之外,应用型本科IT专业学生是未来IT行业的建设者之一,该课内实践教学还要考虑市场需求的因素。在IT行业中,企业对员工专业英语能力的需求是必要且多样化的;如测试、编码等初级职位员工只需要阅读使用者介面、操作说明等英文文献的能力;而对于技术研究等中级职位,不仅需要阅读能力还要求掌握一定的翻译技能、回复英文邮件等;在更高级别的工作如订单签订、专案谈判等事务中,则需要具备听、说、读、写、译各方面的综合能力以及跨文化交流能力。因此在今后的实践教学中,计划新增多样的任务方式,如设计一些具有很强实践性和实操性的活动,全方位训练和提高学生面向行业、企业岗位需求、在真实工作环境中的英语交际能力、应用能力和学习能力。比如训练学生英文简历的撰写,再设计情景对话,让学生分小组扮演IT公司面试官和应聘者角色,对职场招聘进行场景模拟,学习和应用计算机英语知识和口语表达能力。不仅如此,在工程实践中,软体企业开发人员常常需要编写英文版本的软体需求文件和使用者指南,因此还可以考虑与软体工程的课程老师合作,在学生进行课程设计时编写英文版本的软体需求规格说明书。

灵活布置作业

作业也是实践教学的重要补充,对于作业一定要布置一些实用有意义的内容,这样学生才会主动而非被迫地去做;关于这方面教师要充分利用自己积累的学习和工作经历。比如根据笔者学生时期的应聘经验,可以告诉学生大中型IT公司的软体开发职位招聘的笔试题很重视动态记忆体方面的内容,有相当比例该方面的试题,也具有一定难度,而很多中文教材关于此方面的内容往往讲解的不够详实,而英文教材文献六的“PointersandDynamicMemory”这一节对动态记忆体的思想介绍的较清晰,通过此类方法抓住学生的心理,吸引学生主动地去学习,这样不仅训练了计算机英语,又提升了学生应聘的竞争力。此外,一定要让学生体会到利用网路资源来促进学习和交流的重要性。可以鼓励学生登陆各大著名IT外企的网站,上面会经常地提供其新技术和新产品宣传的英文视讯和动画。这类视讯短片直观而形象,学生不但学习了新技术和新词汇,同时还锻炼了听说能力,学习兴趣也会大大提高。还可以引导学生平时多关注外企网站上的招聘广告,本专业领域的产品说明书等,上面有大量描述本专业技术的计算机英语,这对培养学生的实际应用能力有很大的帮助。

2结语

该文分析了计算机英语课内实践教学对于IT应用型人才培养的必要性,并结合该研究者本身的经验体会,探讨了一些关于该课程的课内实践教学方式,通过在教学实践中使用这些方式,已取得了较好的效果。计算机英语是专业课和英语课的有机结合,具有很强的实用性。课内实践教学应合理采用多种有效的教学方法和多元化教学模式,让学生通过该课程的学习,进一步提高专业英语听、说、读、写等水平,培养综合素质,从而提高了就业竞争力,才能真正发挥该课程的作用。

什么意思？要英文的？题目要汉语翻译？

1主题内容与适用范围本导则适用于电压等级在35~220kV的国产油浸电力变压器、6kV及以上厂用变压器和同类设备，如消弧线圈、调压变压器、静补装置变压器、并(串)联电抗器等。对国并进口的油浸电力变压器及同类设备可参照本导则并按制造厂的规定执行。本导则适用于变压器标准项目大、小修和临时检修。不包括更换绕组和铁芯等非标准项目的检修。变压器及同类设备需贯彻以预防为主，计划检修和诊断检修相结合的方针，做到应修必修、修必修好、讲究实效。有载分接开关检修，按部颁DL/T574-95《有载分接开关运行维修导则》执行。各网、省局可根据本导则要求，结合本地区具体情况作补充规定。2引用标准电力变压器油浸式电力变压器技术参数和要求GB7251-87变压器油中溶解气体分析和判断导则GBJ148-90电气装置安装工程电力变压器、油浸电抗器、互感器施工及验收规范GB7665-87变压器油DL/T572-95电力变压器运行规程DL/T574-95有载分接开关运行维修导则3检修周期及检修项目检修周期大修周期一般在投入运行后的5年内和以后每间隔10年大修一次。箱沿焊接的全密封变压器或制造厂另有规定者，若经过试验与检查并结合运行情况，判定有内部故障或本体严重渗漏油时，才进行大修。在电力系统中运行的主变压器当承受出口短路后，经综合诊断分析，可考虑提前大修。运行中的变压器，当发现异常状碚或经试验判明有内部故障时，应提前进行大修；运行正常的变压器经综合诊断分析良好，总工程师批准，可适当延长大修周期。中华人民共和国电力工业部1995-06-29发布1995-11-01实施小修周期一般每年1次；安装在2~3级污秽地区的变压器，其小修周期应在现场规程中予以规定。附属装置的检修周期保护装置和测温装置的校验，应根据有关规程的规定进行。变压器油泵(以下简称油泵)的解体检修：2级泵1~2年进行一次，4级泵2~3年进行一次。变压器风扇(以下简称风扇)的解体检修，1~2年进行一次。净油器中吸附剂的更换，应根据油质化验结果而定；吸湿器中的吸附剂视失 程度随时更换。自动装置及控制回路的检验，一般每年进行一次。水冷却器的检修，1~2年进行一次。套管的检修随本体进行，套管的更换应根据试验结果确定。检修项目大修项目吊开钟罩检修器身，或吊出器身检修；绕组、引线及磁(电)屏蔽装置的检修；铁芯、铁芯紧固件(穿心螺杆、夹件、拉带、绑带等)、压钉、压板及接地片的检修；油箱及附件的检修，季括套管、吸湿器等；冷却器、油泵、水泵、风扇、阀门及管道等附属设备的检朔；安全保护装置的检修；油保护装置的检修；测温装置的校验；操作控制箱的检修和试验；无盛磁分接开关和有载分接开关的检修；全部密封胶垫的更和组件试漏；必要时对器身绝缘进行干燥处理；变压器油的处理或换油；清扫油箱并进行喷涂油漆；大修的试验和试运行。小修项目处理已发现的缺陷；放出储油柜积污器中的污油；检修油位计，调整油位；检朔冷却装置：季括油泵、风扇、油流继电器、差压继电器等，必要时吹扫冷却器管束；检修安全保持记装置：包括储油柜、压力释放阀(安全气道)、气体继电器、速动油压继电器等；检修油保护装置；检修测温装置：包括压力式温度计、电阻温度计(绕组温度计)、棒形温度计等；检修调压装置、测量装置及控制箱，并进行调试；检查接地系统；检修全部阀门和塞子，检查全部密封状态，处理渗漏油；清扫油箱和附件，必要时进行补漆；清扫并绝缘和检查导电接头(包括套管将军帽)；按有关规程规定进行测量和试验。临时检修项目可视具体情况确定。对于老、旧变压器的大修，建议可参照下列项目进行改进油箱机械强度的加强；器身内部接地装置改为引并接地；安全气道改为压力释放阀；高速油泵改为低速油泵；油位计的改进；储油柜加装密封装置；气体继电器加装波纹管接头。4检修前的准备工作查阅档案了解变压器的运行状况运行中所发现的缺陷和异常(事故)情况，出口短路的次数和情况；负载、温度和附属装置的运行情况；查阅上次大修总结报告和技术档案；查阅试验记录(包括油的化验和色谱分析)，了解绝缘状况；检查渗漏油部位并作出标记；进行大修前的试验，确定附加检修项目。编制大修工程技术、组织措施计划其主要内容如下：人员组织及分工；施工项目及进度表；特殊项目的施工方案；确保施工安全、质量的技术措施和现场防火措施；主要施工工具、设备明细表，主要材料明细表；绘制必要的施工图。施工场地要求变压器的检修工作，如条件许可，应尽量安排在发电厂或变电所的检修间内进行；施工现场无检修间时，亦可在现场进行变压器的检修工作，但需作好防雨、防潮、防尘和消防措施，同时应注意与带电设备保持安全距离，准备充足的施工电源及照明，安排好储油容量、大型机具、拆卸附件的放置地点和消防器材的合理布置等。5变压器的解体检修与组装解体检修办理工作票、停电，拆除变压器的外部电气连接引线和二次接线，进行检修前的检查和试验。部分排油后拆卸套管、升高座、储油柜、冷却器、气体继电器、净油器、压力释放阀(或安全气道)、联管、温度计等附属装置，并分别进行校验和检修，在储油柜放油时应检查油位计指示是否正确。排出全部油并进行处理。拆除无励磁分接开关操作杆；各类有载分接开关的拆卸方法参见《有载分接开关运行维修导则》；拆卸中腰法兰或大盖宫接螺栓后吊钟罩(或器身)。检查器身状况，进行各部件的紧固并测试绝缘。更换密封胶垫、检修全部阀门，清洗、检修铁芯、绕组及油箱。组装装回钟罩(或器身)紧固螺栓后按规定注油。适量排油后安装套管，并装好内部引线，进行二次注油。安装冷却器等附属装置。整体密封试验。注油至规定定的油位线。大修后进行电气和油的试验。解体检修和组装时的注意事项。拆卸的螺栓等零件应清洗干净分类妥善保管，如有损坏应检修或更换。拆卸时，首先拆小型仪表和套管，后拆大型组件，组装时顺序相反。冷却器、压力释放阀(或安全气道)、净油器及储油柜等中件拆下后，应用盖板密封、对带有电流互感器的升高座应注入合格的变压器油(或采取其它防潮密封施)。套管、油位计、温度计等易损部件拆下后应妥善保管，防止损坏和受潮；电容式套管应垂直放置。组装后要检查冷却器、净油器和气体继电器阀门，按照规定开启或关闭。对套管升高座、上部管道孔盖、冷却器和净油器等上部的放气孔应进行多次排气，直至排尽为止，并重新密封好擦净油迹。拆卸无盛磁分接开关操作杆时，应记录分接开关的位置，并作好标记；拆卸有载分接开关时，分接头应置于中间位置(或按制造厂的规定执行)。组装后的变压器各零部件应完整无损。认真做好现场记录工作。检修中的起重和搬运起重工作及注意事项起重 荼应分工明确，专人指挥，并有统一信号；根据变压器钟罩(或器身)的重要选择起重工具，包括起重机、钢丝绳、吊环、U型挂环、千斤顶、枕木等；起重前应先拆除影响起重工作的各种连接；如系吊器身，应先紧固器身有关螺栓；起吊变压器整体或钟罩(器身)时，钢丝绳应分别挂在专用起吊装置上，遇棱角处应放置衬垫；起吊100mm左右时应停留检查悬挂及捆绑情况，确认可靠后再继续起吊；起吊时钢丝绳的夹角不应大于60°，否则应采用专用吊具或调整钢丝绳套；起吊或落回钟罩(或器身)时，四角应系缆绳，由专人扶持，使其保持平稳；起吊或降落速度应均匀，掌握好重心，防止倾斜；起吊或落回钟罩(或器身)时，应使高、低压侧引线，分接开关支架与箱壁间保持一定的间隙，防止碰伤器身；当钟罩(或器身)因受条件限制，起吊后不能移动而需在空中停留时，应采取支撑等防止坠落措施；吊装套管时，其斜度应与套管升高座的斜度基本一致，并用缆绳绑扎好，防止倾倒损坏瓷件；采用汽车吊起重时，应检查支撑稳定性，注意起重臂伸张的角度、回转范围与临近带电设备的安全距离，并设专人监护。搬运工作及注意事项了解道路及沿途路基、桥梁、涵洞、地道等的结构及承重载荷情况，必要时予以加固，通过重要的铁路道口，应事先与当地铁路部门取得联系。了解沿途架空电力线路、通信线路和其它障碍物的高度，排除空中障碍，确保安全通过。变压器在厂(所)内搬运或较长距离搬运时，均应绑轧固定牢固，防止冲击震动、倾斜及碰坏零件；搬运倾斜角在长轴方向上不大于15°，在短轴方向上不大于10°；如用专用托板(木排)牵引搬运时，牵引速度不大于100m/h，如用变压器主体滚轮搬运时，牵引速度不大于200m/h(或按制造厂说明书的规定)。利用千斤顶升(或降)变压器时，应顶在油箱指定部位，以防变形；千斤顶应垂直放置；在千斤顶的顶部与油箱接触处应垫以木板防止滑倒。在使用千斤顶升(或降)变压器时，应随升(或降)随垫木方和木板，防止千斤顶失灵突然降落倾倒；如在变压器两侧使用千斤顶时，不能两侧同时升(或降)，应分别轮流工作，注意变压器两侧高度差不能太大，以防止变压器倾斜；荷重下的千斤顶不得长期负重，并应自始至终有专人照料。变压器利用滚杠搬运时，牵引的着力点应放在变压器的重心以下，变压器底部应放置专用托板。为增加搬运时的稳固性，专用托板的长度应超过变压器的长度，两端应制成楔形，以便于放置滚框；运搬大型变压器时，专用托板的下中应加设钢带保护，以增强其坚固性。采用专用托板、滚框搬运、装卸变压器时，通道要填平，枕木要交错放置；为便于滚杠的滚动，枕木的搭接处应沿变压器的前进方向，由一个接头稍高的枕木过渡到稍低的枕木上，变压器拐弯时，要利用滚框调整角度，防止滚杠弹出伤人。为保持枕木的平整，枕木的底部可适当加垫厚薄不同的木板。采用滑全国纪录组牵引变压器时，工作人员和需站在适当位置，防止钢丝绳松扣或拉断伤人。变压器在搬运和装卸前，应核对高、低压侧方向，避免安装就位时调换方向。充氮搬运的变压器，应装有压力监视表计和补氮瓶，确保变压器在搬运途中始终保持正压，氮气压力应保持，露点应在-35℃以下，并派专人监护押运，氮气纯度要求不低于。(2005-06-25)整体组装整体组装前的准备工作和要求组装前应彻底清理冷却器(散热器)，储油柜，压力释放阀(安全气道)，油管，升高座，套管及所有组、部件。用合格的变压器油冲洗与油直接接触的组、部件。所附属的油、水管路必须进行彻底的清理，管内不得有焊渣等杂物，并作好检查记录。油管路内不许加装金属网，以避免金属网冲入油箱内，一般采用尼龙网。安装上节油箱前，必须将油箱内部、器身和箱底内的异物、污物清理干净。有安装标志的零、部件，如气体继电器、分接开关、高压、中压套管或高座及压力释放阀(或安全气道)升高座等与油箱的相对位置和角度需按照安装标志组装。准备好全套密封胶垫和密封胶。准备好合格的变压器油。将注油设备、抽真空设备及管路清扫干净；新使用的油管亦应先冲洗干净，以去除油管内的脱模剂。组装装回钟罩(或器身)；安装组件时，应按制造厂的“发装使用说明书”规定进行；油箱顶部若有定位件，应按并形尺寸图及技术要求进行定位和密封；制造时无升高坡度的变压器，在基础上应使储油柜的气体继电器侧具有规定的升高坡度；变压器引线的根部不得受拉、扭及弯曲；对于高压引线，所包扎的绝缘锥部分必须进入套管的均压球内，防止扭曲；在装套管前必须检查无盛磁分接开关连杆是否已插入分接开关的拨叉内，调整至所需的分接位置上；各温度计座内应注以变压器油；按照变压器外形尺寸图(装配图)组装已拆卸的各组、部件，其中储油柜、吸湿器和压力释放阀(安全气道)可暂不装，联结法兰用盖板密封好；安装要求和注意事项按各组部件“安装使用说明书”进行。排油和注油排油和注油的一般规定检查清扫油罐、油桶、管路、滤油机、油泵等，应保持清洁干燥，无灰尘杂质和水分。排油时，必须将变压器和油罐的放气孔打开，放气孔宜接入干燥空气装置，以防潮气侵入。储油柜内油不需放出时，可将储油柜下面的阀门关闭。将油箱内的变压器油全部放出。有载调压变压器的有载分接开关油室内的油应分开抽出。强油水冷变压器，在注油前应将水冷却器上的差压继电器和净油器管路上的塞子关闭。可利用本体箱盖阀门或气体继电器联管处阀让安装抽空管，有载分接开关与本体应安连通管，以便与本体等压，同时抽空注油，注油后应予拆除恢复正常。向变压器油箱内注油时，应经压力式滤油机(220kV变压器宜用真空滤油机)。图1真空注油连接示意图1-油罐；2，4，9，10-阀门；3-压力滤油机或真空滤油机；5-变压器；6-真空计；7-逆止阀；8-真空泵真空注油220kV变压器必须进行真空注油，其它奕坟器有条件时也应采用直空注油，真空注油应遵守制造厂规定，或按下述方法进行，其连接图见图1。通过试抽真空检查油箱的强度，一般局部弹性变形不应超过箱壁厚度的2倍，并检查真空系统的严密性。操作方法：以均匀的速度抽真空，达到指定真空度并保持2h后，开始向变压器油箱内注油(一般抽空时间=1/3~1/2暴露空气时间)，注油温度宜略高于器身温度；以3~5t/h的速度将油注入变压器距箱顶约200mm时停止，并继续抽夫空保持4h以上；变压器补油：变压器经真空注油后补油时，需经储油柜注油管注入，严禁以下部油门注入，注油时应使油流缓慢注入变压器至规定的油面为止，再静止12h。胶囊式储油柜的补油进行胶囊排气：打开储油柜上部排气孔，由注油管将油注满储油柜，直至排气孔出油，再关闭注油管和排气孔；从变压器下部油门排油，此时空气经吸湿器自然进入储油柜胶囊内部，至油位计指示正常油位为止。隔膜式储油柜的补油注油前应首先将磁力油位计调整至零位，然后打开隔膜上的放气塞，将隔膜内的气体排除再关闭放气塞；由注油管向隔膜内注油达到比指定油位稍高，再次打开放气塞充分排除隔膜内的气体，直到向外溢油为止，经反复调整达到指定油位；发现储油柜下部集气盒油标指示有空气时，应用排气阀进行排气；正常油位低时的补油，利用集气盒下部的注油管接至滤油机，向储油柜内注油，注油过中发现集气盒中有空气时应停止注油，打开排气管的阀门向外排气，如此反复进行，直至储油柜油位达到要求为止。油位计带有小胶带时储油柜的注油变压器大修后储油柜未加油前，先对油位计加油，此时需将油表呼吸塞及小胶囊室的塞子打开，用漏斗从油表呼吸塞座处徐徐加油，同时用手按动小胶带，以便将囊中空气全部排出；打开油表放油螺栓，放出油表内多余油量(看到油有内油位即可)，然后关上小胶囊室的塞子，注意油表呼吸塞不必拧得太紧，以保证油表内空气自由呼吸。整体密封试验变压器安装完毕后，应进行整体密封性能的检查，具体规定如下：静油柱压力法：220kV变压器油柱高度3m，加压时间24h；35~110kV变压器油柱高度2m，加压时间24h；油柱高度从拱顶(或箱盖)算起。充油加压法：加油压时间12h，应无渗漏和损伤。变压器油处理一般要求大修后注入变压器内的变压器油，其质量应符合GB7665-87规定；注油后，应从变压器底部放油阀(塞)采取油样进行化验与色谱分析；根据地区最低温度，可以选用不同牌号的变压器油；注入套管内的变压器油亦应符合GB7665-87规定；补充不同牌号的变压器油时，应先做混油试验，合格后方可使用。压力滤油采用压力式滤油机过滤油中的水分和杂质；为提高滤油速度和质量，可将油加温至50~60℃。滤油机使用前应先检查电源情况，滤油机及滤网是否清洁，极板内是否装有经干燥的滤油纸，转动方向是否正确，外壳有无接地，压力表指示是否正确。启动员滤油机应先开出油阀门，后开进油阀门，停止时操作顺序相反；当装有加热器时，应先启动滤油机，当油流通过后，再投入加热器，停止时操作顺序相反。 滤油机压力一般为，最大不超过