关于经济全球化写一篇文章

摘要:随着经济全球化的不断深入,来自不同文化背景的人们之间的商务活动日益频繁,因而跨文化谈判中的文化障碍问题已逐渐引起广泛关注。人们已意识到,跨文化谈判失败的主要原因在于谈判双方缺乏对彼此文化背景的了解,以及忽视文化差异对谈判的影响与作用。关键词:文化背景;文化障碍;价值观念随着“信息时代”的来临,世界各国的经济发展越来越相互联系和互相依存,各国、各民族的文化也随之相互交融,进一步促进了世界范围的跨文化交际。一、跨文化商务谈判中的文化障碍随着国际贸易的增加和经济全球化的不断深入,来自不同文化背景的人们之间的商务活动日益频繁,因而跨文化谈判中的文化障碍问题已逐渐引起广泛关注。下面的案例就从多侧面体现了跨文化商务谈判中的文化障碍。康沃公司是加拿大一家生产印刷设备的公司。公司派两名商务代表到中国江苏省上海北部的一座小城与一家印刷设备公司谈判。公司总裁查理波顿和市场主任菲比瑞内斯同行。之前该公司从未向加拿大境外销售过设备,两人对中方对他们的热情款待非常高兴。李经理亲自到上海机场接机,然后行驶九十公里开到小城,安排他们住在一个新建的宾馆里。几小时后主人盛宴招待他们,并有很重要的政府官员出席宴会。这种红地毯式的接待令他们对销售前景十分乐观。第二天上午是观光。他们迫切地想开始谈判,但午饭后却让他们休息。下午一个会说英语的公司雇员来告诉他们说晚上将安排他们去看歌舞演出。第三天终于可以坐下来谈判了,进程非常缓慢。双方先概括介绍自己,加方认为这与销售毫无关系。中方提供翻译,虽然翻译的友好使加方感到很舒适,但翻译环节使沟通缓慢。中方还花大量时间谈论之前曾来过小城的加方贸易代表并问及他。波顿从未见过这位贸易代表,所以无话可说。当轮到加方进行陈述时,他们惊讶地发现竟有十个中方代表隔桌相坐。中方代表不停地微笑并点头赞许。波顿和瑞纳斯准备了充足的数据并有力地证明了五年之内他们公司产量将会翻一倍。最后二位满怀信心地返回了宾馆。第二天中方代表又增加了四人,并让他们再次解释已经陈述过的事情。他们开始觉得沮丧。中方让他们解释有关技术方面的微小细节。加方两位代表均未涉入如此高科技的技术活动,这是此设备的核心。加方代表尽其所能地解释完后,疲惫地回到了宾馆。第二天中方代表中的一员指出他们所陈述的内容与他在加拿大时生产总监工程师所说的不一致,中方抓住这一点不放。午餐时加方代表迅速向加拿大发传真索取细节和解释。下午的情景令波顿和瑞纳斯有点不安。谈判过程中一位中年女匆忙进入谈判室与中方谈判领导耳语,随后他立即起身离开。没有任何人对此做出解释。第二天加方收到了传真,谈判就昨天的问题再次进行了讨论。进程十分缓慢,中方很欣赏加方产品的高质量,但担心一旦产品损坏,他们不会维修。他们希望加方提供维修培训服务。加方提出如果派专人在中方工作数周或数月将会增加巨额开销,他们认为设备不会有问题并且中方完全有能力维护此设备。最终谈判进入了实质性阶段:价格。这是最艰难的阶段。中方要求打折20%。加方认为这种谈判过于粗暴,他们坚持原价格,并认为此价格非常合理,但在滚筒部件上可打3%的折扣。尽管之前加方代表听说在中国谈判会很费时间,但他们认为一周的时间是足够宽裕的。但时间飞逝,再有两天他们就要回国了。他们开始询问究竟是什么原因使双方达不成协议,他们需要再就什么问题做进一步讨论。最后的谈判过程中他们竭力使中方讨论未解决的关键问题,但中方似乎并不愿意这么做。第二天下午告别宴会开始之前双方仍未能达成一致。价格问题基本解决了,但付款方式没有解决,这是难以解决的难题,中方不能保证付款计划,因为这要由市政府最终决定。尽管如此,李经理还是微笑着提到了今后的合作,中加双方过去的友谊,以及他们从加方身上学到很多东西。他们再次签了九个月前已经在加拿大签过的意向书。加方代表失望地回国了,但还希望双方通过传真或邮件进一步讨论销售事宜。两周后,加方惊愕地得到消息:中方已经从日本生产商手中买下了此设备。他们的设备质量上乘,价格合理,是什么使谈判失败呢?二、跨文化商务谈判中文化障碍产生的原因分析在单一文化背景下,谈判过程是可以预见、也是可以准确把握的。然而跨文化谈判则具有不确定性,更充满了挑战性,因为跨文化谈判是不同思维方式、不同沟通方式、不同行为方式之间进行的谈判行为。跨文化谈判失败的主要原因在于谈判双方缺乏对彼此文化背景的了解以及忽视文化差异对谈判的影响与作用。下面就案例中谈判失败的原因逐一进行分析。(一)国人注意培养关系中国人谈判焦点不在于谈判主题,而在于建立长期合作的人际关系。因此,谈判初期双方谈论的内容涉及宽泛的议题及社交活动,直到彼此建立相互信任、增进相互了解之后才进入谈判主题。而对西方人而言,谈判焦点就在于实质性的内容,在于交易,而非人际关系。以中国为代表的东方人,在人际交往中是非常看重感情和人情的。一方面,这源于中国人古老文化和和谐相处、友好往来、团结共事、合作互利的精神和观念。这种处世态度和人际关系有利于交往双方的进一步合作,对商人说来则有利于交易的成功。从这方面讲,这种观念和行为有其有益的一面。这也是为什么中国人求人办事总是礼数先行、中国商人与他人谈生意之前总是先宴请对方的原因。利奈尔•戴维斯说得好:“在宴席上,人们常常谈论食品,交换一些十分正式的、表示敬意或友谊的词语。从低语境文化的视角出发,人们所谈论的事都不是与个人有关的,也不含有多少信息。人们只是在比其他场合更为精确地遵循一套礼仪规范。这包括彼此敬酒,同时使用一些与相互关系和当时场景相适宜的套话。……交谈是愉悦而轻松的,来自高语境文化的赴宴者将此情景解释为:彼此之间的关系已经发展到可以开始谈生意或谈完生意的地步了。”“合同属于低语境文化的文件类型。对于西方人说来,合同的含义全在于文字之中。在签署合同之前,一位西方人肯定会审读小号字体印刷部分,这意味着他会十分仔细地关注合同细节以确保没有不利的条款隐藏在用以撰写合同的专用法律术语中。一旦表示赞同,合同就将牢牢约束签约双方,即使签约之后发生了双方都未曾预料的事也不可违约。例如,假如市场情况发生变化,其中一方因此而遭受损失来自低语境文化的签约方不会把它当成更改合同的理由。这种态度对于来自高语境文化的签约方却似乎是不公平的,后者总是习惯于将情景事态的因素纳入考虑之中。假如一个西方人从合同中获得了超过他事先预料的利益,他仅仅会认为他一直是好运相随。假如他亏损了,他就会认为是自己运气不佳。”“假如签约双方有了争议,则低语境文化的交际者就会竭力通过参照合同条款来解决分歧。而高语境文化的交际者则会更有可能在精确的合同条款之外去考虑公关因素和情景因素。事实上,对于高语境文化的交际者说来,情景因素要比严密的合同条款更为重要。”(Davis, 2004:68-69)从上面这段论述中,可以清楚地看出,法制观念很重的西方人与人情观念很重的中国人之间在处理彼此关系和相互纷争时的巨大差异。当然我们也应看到,中国近年来随着改革开放的不断深入,随着社会经济的持续发展,人们在保留人情观念中有益因素的同时,正在努力摒弃那种有害的极端人情观。(二)西方人注重时间和效率西方人在历史上率先进入工业化时代,科技和经济都较为发达,至今生产力水平已有了迅猛的提高,每一分钟都意味着新的产品问世、新的价值产生,由此而形成的快速的工作和生活节奏使他们深切感到“时间就是金钱”,而无休无止、尽最大可能地追逐利润是他们的奋斗目标,为此他们必须要节约和利用分分秒秒,去创造最大的价值,故而他们看重和珍惜时间,认真对时间进行规划安排,也十分守时。而东方人科技和经济的发展相对滞后,长期的以农业为主的小农经济的生产方式导致其生产和生活节奏缓慢,尤其因他们相对更重视形式、礼仪,不惜在繁文缛节上花费时间,因此他们远不如西方人那么珍惜时间,守时观念相当差。约会时间、计划安排等常常随意变动。对此,萨莫瓦评论道:“当具有不同文化背景的人们走到一起来的时候,有关时间的观念和实践的运用也颇具有重要性。大多数来自西方文化的人是依据线性空间看待时间的。我们是受时间约束的。我们的时间表和工作日程支配着我们的生活。德国人和瑞士人的时间意识甚至比我们还要强。对他们说来,火车、飞机以及一日三餐都必须始终准时。但有很多文化并非如此。在他们看来,是活动而非钟表决定人们的行动。” (三)中西方的价值观念不同西方人特别尊崇个人主义,这源自于西方资本主义制度下生产资料以及财产的私有制观念。美国学者萨莫瓦说:“来自非洲某些国家或地区、古巴以及中国的人多半会认为,企业以及生产手段应当归国家或人民集体所有。另一方面,一些出生在美国或加拿大的人从小到大都会认为,生产手段应该归于拥有唯一业主身份的个人所有,要么归拥有共同业主身份的几个人所有,要么归合股经营公司的许多人共同所有。”在资本主义社会里,为赚得尽可能多的资产和钱财成为绝大多数人的奋斗目标,从而逐步形成以个人为中心的“个性主义”理念以及行为方式。在西方人的心目中,个人主义指的是这样一种信条,即个人的利益应该是至高无上的,一切价值观、权利和职责都起源于个人。它强调个人的能动性、独立性、个人意愿的表达以及个人的隐私性。在西方国家,尤其是美国,个人意识是十分强烈的;个人的权利、财产、隐私、事业、目标等被摆在他人、集体、乃至国家之上,绝对不可分侵犯;而集体或团队的意识则相对淡薄。集体主义,又称集体本位、集体意识或团队观念,是指看重集体利益、重视集体力量、强调集体作用、主张依靠集体、注重协作配合、提倡团结奋斗的观念。一般而言,贫穷落后的国家 (尤其是非资本主义的发展中国家)、民族或种族通常都崇尚集体主义精神,甚至在美国文化影响下的非洲裔美国人也尊崇集体主义。据Triandis估算,全世界70%的人口生活在具有集体主义特征的文化中(Triandis, 1990:48)。这或许是由于他们都属于弱势群体,长期以来在经济、科技等领域的发展滞后不仅造成国家的经济基础薄弱,而且导致个人的能力与机遇的极大缩水,使得个人无论是与自然作斗争,还是谋求个人在社会中的生存和发展,都更加依赖于国家、他人或社会组织的集体力量。在中国,数千年来中国思想文化特别是儒教、道教以及佛教历来强调“以和为贵”、尊崇“天人合一”、注重人情亲情和团结友爱的传统,是导致中国人看重和依赖家庭、团体和社会力量的重要原因之一。不同的文化、民族、国家拥有不同程度的个人主义或集体主义观念,这同样也表现为一个连续体,有些国家的人个人主义意识更强烈一些,有些国家的人则集体主义思想更浓厚一些。其中,经济越发达的国家,其个人主义观念越强烈;经济越不发达的国家,其集体主义意识越浓厚。三、结论随着经济全球化的不断深入,人们已意识到,跨文化谈判失败的主要原因在于谈判双方缺乏对彼此文化背景的了解以及忽视文化差异对谈判的影响与作用。在单一文化背景下,谈判过程是可以预见、也是可以准确把握的。然而跨文化谈判则具有不确定性,更充满了挑战性,因为跨文化谈判是不同思维方式、不同沟通方式、不同行为方式之间进行的谈判行为。首先,我们应正视并承认本民族以外的种种不同的民族文化;在继续弘扬本民族优良文化传统的同时,尊重其他民族的文化传统、社会习俗、风土人情,并虚心学习乃至接收吸纳其他民族的优良文化传统。其次,深入了解、认真研究其他民族文化的内涵和精髓,找出本民族文化与其他文化之间的异同,研究跨文化交际的内在规律,掌握跨文化商务谈判的知识、技能及正确策略,恰当运用这些技能与策略,在跨文化商务谈判过程中获得成功。

试题答案：1. D2. C 试题解析：1.发展中国家在经济全球化中的优势是自然资源和劳动力资源丰富，发达国家的优势是资金、技术力量雄厚。所以本题选择D选项。2.发展中国家面对经济全球化应该注意避免开放国外市场幅度太大，影响自身经济安全。所以本题选择C选项。

经济全球化的趋势不可逆转，也正因为如此，我们 英语 作文 写作的范围也受到了一定的拓展。下面我为大家带来经济全球化英语作文，供大家参考! 经济全球化英语作文(一) Economic globalization benefits the world immensely, especially the prosperity of tourism. As a result,the cultures, languages and customs in the minorities are notmysterious to the world any more, which should be attributed to thepopularity of tourism. It is a consensus that tourism canstimulate the economic development in a region, since tourism playsan important role in the acceleration of the improvement ofservice, such as transportation, accommodation, catering and othermarginal business. With a view to attracting more tourists, theminority regions have to consider how to improve their image andservice, during the course of which they can have an overall planto promote the status of their region. Nowadays, many people travelfor minority regions to satisfy their curiosity, where they canhave unexpected findings. Furthermore, tourism can strengthenthe interflow of cultures and traditions between the people indifferent regions. Trips to minority countries and regions renderpeople a lot of new cultures and customs, which, presumably, havebeen handed down from old ages and enjoyed very splendid history. Formerly, people can only get some segments about the minoritiesfrom videos, films and other incomplete descriptions on books. Now,tourists have more opportunities to communicate or even live withthe minority people and acquire first-hand knowledge about them,which provides the researchers with a lot of authentic information. Admittedly, tourism damages thenatural environment in some minority regions and spoils thepeaceful life of them to some degree due to their frequentactivities in the minority regions, the environment beingdeteriorated in some regions, which is not what we expected. Generally, the popularity of Englishand tourism brings more advantages than damage to the minorityregions, since it has enriched people’s knowledge and widened theirhorizons. But meanwhile, we should be on the alert for the damageto the minority regions and take effective means to tackle theproblems tourism arouses. 经济全球化英语作文(二) Economic opportunities of globalization on developing countries: First, economic globalization for developing countries to attract more foreign investment conditions and opportunities. To attract foreign investment scale will no doubt help to solve the problem of shortage of funds in developing countries. Second, economic globalization for developing countries outside of the capital voted to create a favorable external environment and conditions, so that foreign direct investment scale is continually expanding and growing fast. Third, economic globalization brought about a worldwide economic and technological development zones and bonded areas and free trade zones and other forms of development of free economic zones. Fourth, the economic globalization so that the worldwide industrial restructuring was further deepened, the pace of increase. Developing countries can take advantage of this opportunity to follow based on reality and focus on the future of the organic unity and take the initiative to coordinate the worldwide industrial restructuring and upgrading of domestic industries relationship. Fifth, economic globalization has promoted the development of transnational corporations in developing countries so that in the world market gradually. However, the development trend, as a result of economic globalization for developing countries in the broader field of active participation in international competition opportunities for transnational corporations in developing countries more actively active in the world economic stage of the era just around the corner. Sixth, the economic globalization has driven the rapid development of international trade. Although developed countries are the biggest beneficiaries of international trade, but developing countries, especially developing countries in Asia also benefited from international trade, its trade volume of world trade accounted for about 20% of the total. Economic challenges of globalization on developing countries The challenges posed by economic globalization is tough, developing countries and developed countries brought about by economic globalization to share some interests, but under pressure from economic globalization brought about by the negative effects of even a serious blow to their economies. Economic globalization on developing countries, the challenges are: First, developing countries in the current process of economic globalization in a disadvantageous position. With the global trade and the global production system of rapid development, as well as multinational corporations and capital expansion of the national economy of developing countries are faced with increasing pressure and the impact of dependence on the developed countries is also increasing . Developed countries to control the international economic system, holds the hands of capital, technology and other advantages, in economic globalization to the majority of developing countries far behind. Secondly, under the economic globalization of financial globalization in developing countries in promoting economic growth, brought about the financial risks can not be ignored and economic shocks. At present, 24 hours of electronic transactions in the global financial market has taken shape, in order to provide greater facilitation of market transactions, but also for the financial sector has provided many opportunities for speculators. Second, because under the conditions of economic globalization, market forces around the world to strengthen, as well as developed countries, the expansion of large multinational companies, there may be some impact on domestic industries of developing countries, threatening the safety of its domestic market to enable developing countries in economic affairs the relative decline in power. 经济全球化英语作文(三) Nowadays we can enjoy the same films,fashions,brands,advertisements and TV evident difference between countries is what extent do you think the disadvantages overweight the advantages of this? Globalization creates conditions for widening international exchanges,strengthening mutual understanding between nations,expanding cultural,educational,and scientific cooperation between nations and countries,enjoying the cultural achievements of people around the world which encourages the process of modernization and the enrichment of national culture. However,these conditions also create the possible danger of diminishing the national culture with a negative impact on the pre123vation of national globalization and an open door policy,erroneous concepts and a lowering of ethical standards,a selfish and individualistic lifestyle and harmful cultural products can easily be imported into the present,modern information technology which in the main is controlled by US is hourly and intensively disseminating US ideology,way of life,culture and films across the US food is promoted so that some people consider globalization as global Americanization. During the process of economic globalization,inequality between developed and developing countries has been increasing and the gap between the rich and the poor has become wider,most of the result of globalization go to assist developed does not pose equal interests and risks to all an overwhelming advantage compared to most of the developing countries in terms of finance and the level of science and technology,developed ca123alist countries control the situation of economic globalization. For these reasons,globalization is a fierce and complicated struggle in both cultural and ideological take the initiative in international economic integration but also have to take the initiative in fighting to keep our distinct culture resisting pro-foreign and cross-bred phenomena,and overcoming the psychology of preferring money over ethical values. 经济全球化英语作文(四) Globalization`s dual power Globalization has found a significant place in the lives of the people. During the process of globalization, we have made a bridge where ideas and beliefs can cross the borders, and the walls of distrust and the barriers of suspicion between countries have gradually disappeared. Though globalization is seen as a sign of a hopeful future by some, there are others who believe that it can cause a horrible disaster for the world economy. Counties benefit a lot from globalization, especially the developing countries. With it, there is a global market for companies to trade their products which can make the production sector develop rapidly. This gives lots of options to the manufacturers as well. Besides, competition keeps prices relatively low and it can provide a wider range of options for people, to choose from among the products of different nations. In addition, there is a sound flow of money, as a result, inflation is less likely to occur. But the disadvantages brought by globalization cannot be ignored. Globalization is causing Europeans to lose their jobs as work is being swerved to the Asian countries. The cost of labor in the Asian countries