关于颜色词翻译英文毕业论文

Sample 色与人类的生活息息相关，我们我们无时无刻不在与颜色打交道。大千世界的颜色种类无穷无尽，有各自的独特物理属性，在语言中也有鲜明生动的体现。对颜色的认知，是人类最基本的认知范畴之一。人类对颜色的认知，是有很明显的共同处的。发映在语言上，就是虽然各种语言表达颜色的词汇数量差别较大，但是表达颜色的基本词汇，如黑、白、红、黄、绿、蓝等，在很多语言中都是相通的，是非常一致的。不过，由于各民族文化风俗，地理位置，历史传统，宗教信仰，民族心理，思维习惯等方面差异，颜色词语有时有表现出各民族独特的“个性”，带有显著的文化烙印。这就使得颜色词语的翻译，可以采用不同的方法。下面，先让我们来比较一下英汉两种语言中一些常见颜色词汇的异同。A. red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。因为日历中，这些日子常用红色字体。因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure：赤字red ink：赤字in the red：亏损red-ink entry：赤字分录red balance：赤字差额除此之外，还有如red cent：一分钱；red gold：纯金；red tip on stock market：指股票市场的最新情报汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”。例如：红糖：brown sugar 红茶：black tea 红榜：honour roll 红豆：love pea 红运：good luck 红利：dividend 红事：wedding red wine： 红酒 red ruin： 火灾 red battle： 血战 red sky： 彩霞B. black（黑色）在英语中经常有“不好的”、“坏的”、“邪恶的”这种意味。例如：black money：黑钱（指来源不正当而且没有向政府报税的钱）black market：黑市交易或黑市（意为暗中进行政府禁止买卖的商品或外汇的交易，或指进行违法的投机市场）；由此派生出black market price：黑市价格另外，英语中，和红色墨水是记帐时的意思相反，黑色还可表示盈利。例如：black figure / in the black：盈利、赚钱、顺差又如black figure nation：国际收支顺差国interest in the black：应收利息C. blue（蓝色）在英语中通常表示不快乐、忧郁的情绪。如：in a blue mood：情绪低沉还常用来表示社会地位高、有权势或出身贵族或王族。如He is a real blue blood.（他是真正的贵族。）blue-eyed boys：受到管理当局宠爱和特别照顾的职工a blue moon：千载难逢的机会经济词汇中blue表示许多不同意思。如：blue book：蓝皮书blue-sky market：露天市场blue-collar workers：从事体力劳动的工人blue chip：热门证券blue button：喻指有权进入股票交易的经纪人blue return：蓝色所得税申报表（专供诚实的纳税人申报用）blue-chip rate：英国的优惠的信贷利率blue laws：蓝法（指禁止在星期日从事商业交易的美国法律）blue-sky law：蓝法（指美国各州为管理股票所制定的股票发行控制法）blue sky bargaining：漫天讨价（指谈判或其它交易中提出根本不切实际的或不合理的要求，使协议无法达成）D. green（绿色）英语中的green常用来表示表示“嫉妒”，如green-eyed：嫉妒/眼红green还表示“新鲜”或没有经验、缺乏训练，如：green meat：鲜肉a green hand：新手green在财经领域还有下列意思：green back：美钞（因为美元背面为绿色）（用于口语）green power：“金钱的力量”或“财团”green stamp：指美国救济补助票，因印成绿色而得名green sheet指政府预算明细比较表green pound：绿色英镑（指共同体内部计算农产品价格而规定的高汇率英镑。）E. white（白色）在英语中white常使人联想起清白，如：white war：没有硝烟的战争，常指“经济竞争”。有些事物因其颜色为白而得名，如white goods：指的是体积大、单价高的家用电器用具，这类物体常刷成白色，故名。white money：银币white coal：水力white elephant：昂贵却派不上用场的物体或物主不需要但又无法处置之物white sale：大减价the white way：白光大街（指城里灯光灿烂的商业区）F. 其它颜色构成的词汇。 如：grey market：半黑市grey area：灰色地区（指失业严重地区）pink slip：解雇职工通知单yellow pages：黄页（指分类电话簿，并非指黄书。）通过以上例子，我们可以看出，颜色词语的翻译，大致有以下四种方法：（一）直译。基本按照原文的词语形式来翻译。如：White House 白宫red figure：赤字yellow pages：黄页（指分类电话簿，并非指黄书。）（二）改换颜色词。根据译入语（英汉翻译时，就是汉语了）的习惯，用读者熟悉的颜色词来改变原文的颜色词。如：black tea 红茶black and blue 青一块紫一块 (而不是青一块黑一块)（三）原文中无颜色词，译文中根据汉语的表达习惯，可以增加适当的颜色词。如He didn't try in vain.他没有白干。 （华先发主编，《新实用英译汉教程》，湖北教育出版社）Her eyes became moist.她眼圈红了。 （同上）（四）意译。有些颜色词语因为是习惯用法，有引申意义，这时，可以根据原文的意思，完全忽略原文的颜色词，而用译入语的适当词语来翻译。如：红豆 love pea pink slip：解雇职工通知单a green hand：新手Text1）红色red letter day，一般指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。不管在中国还式外国，红色一般象征喜庆日子，这个再中国绝大部分是这样！比方说结婚啊！干什么的都是红色象征红红火火！呵呵！但是有时候也有其他的特殊用法其它的常用的有！red figure赤字red ink赤字in the red亏损red-ink entry赤字分录red balance赤字差额而这些再汉语中带有红色的词语，却在英语中用其他方式表示这个我觉得很重！红糖brown sugar 红茶black tea 红榜honour roll 红豆love pea 红good luck 红利dividend 红事wedding red wine红酒red ruin火灾red battle血战red sky彩霞2） black在英语中经常有“不好的”、“坏的”、“邪恶的”这种意味。例如：black money：黑钱（指来源不正当而且没有向政府报税的钱）black market：黑市交易或黑市（意为暗中进行政府禁止买卖的商品或外汇的交易，或指进行违法的投机市场）；由此派生出black market price：黑市价格另外，英语中，和红色墨水是记帐时的意思相反，黑色还可表示盈利。例如：black figure / in the black：盈利、赚钱、顺差又如black figure nation：国际收支顺差国interest in the black：应收利息3）. blue在英语中通常表示不快乐、忧郁的情绪。如：in a blue mood：情绪低沉还常用来表示社会地位高、有权势或出身贵族或王族。如He is a real blue blood.（他是真正的贵族。）blue-eyed boys：受到管理当局宠爱和特别照顾的职工a blue moon：千载难逢的机会经济词汇中blue表示许多不同意思。如：blue book：蓝皮书blue-sky market：露天市场blue-collar workers：从事体力劳动的工人blue chip：热门证券blue button：喻指有权进入股票交易的经纪人blue return：蓝色所得税申报表（专供诚实的纳税人申报用）blue-chip rate：英国的优惠的信贷利率blue laws：蓝法（指禁止在星期日从事商业交易的美国法律）blue-sky law：蓝法（指美国各州为管理股票所制定的股票发行控制法）blue sky bargaining：漫天讨价（指谈判或其它交易中提出根本不切实际的或不合理的要求，使协议无法达成）4）green英语中的green常用来表示表示“嫉妒”，如green-eyed：嫉妒/眼红green还表示“新鲜”或没有经验、缺乏训练，如：green meat：鲜肉a green hand：新手green在财经领域还有下列意思：green back：美钞（因为美元背面为绿色）（用于口语）green power：“金钱的力量”或“财团”green stamp：指美国救济补助票，因印成绿色而得名green sheet指政府预算明细比较表green pound：绿色英镑（指共同体内部计算农产品价格而规定的高汇率英镑。）对了！大家别忘记了最熟悉的 green hand!5)white（白，看不见了，不用白色表了）在英语中white常使人联想起清白，如：white war：没有硝烟的战争，常指“经济竞争”。有些事物因其颜色为白而得white goods：指的是体积大、单价高的家用电器用具，这类物体常刷成白色，故名white money：银币white coal：水力white elephant：昂贵却派不上用场的物体或物主不需要但又无法处置之物white sale：大减价the white way：白光大街（指城里灯光灿烂的商业区）这几个太重要了！呵呵:lol::lol::lol:※ 来源：考研论坛 ）其它颜色构成的词汇grey market：半黑市grey area：灰色地区（指失业严重地区）pink slip：解雇职工通知单yellow pages：黄页（指分类电话簿，并非指黄书。）Natural color;begin colour 自然色 Primary colour;fundamental colour 原色 Pure colour 纯色 Complementary colour 补色 Fashion colour;trend colour 流行色 International colour 国际流行色 Essential colour 基本色 Similar colour 同类色 Multicolour 多种色彩 Full colour 彩色 Plain colour 素色 Secondary color 混合色 Contract colour 对比色 Cold colour 冷色 Warm colour 暖色 Neutral colour;intermedium colour 中间色 Soft colour 柔和色 Rich in colour 浓色 Advancing colour 前进色 Receding colour 后退色 Expansive colour 膨胀色 Contracting colour 收缩色 Ground colour 底色 Surface colour 表面色 Transparent color 透明色 Metal colour 金属色 Accent colour 强调色 Colour matching;colour combination 配色 Colour mixing 调色red 红色 vermeil, ponceau 朱红 pink;soft red; rose bloom 粉红色 plum;crimson;梅红 rose 玫瑰红 peach blossom;桃红 cherry 樱桃红 salmon pink 桔红色 garnet石榴红 purplish red;date red 枣红色 lotus red 莲红色 fuchsia pink 浅莲红 bean red 豆红 capsicum red辣椒红 Kaoliang red 高梁红 poppy red 芙蓉红 lake;rouge red胭脂红 salmon 鲑鱼红 hawksbill turtle red 玳瑁红 cadmium orange 海螺红 ruby red 宝石红 agate red 玛瑙红 coral珊瑚红 bronze red金红 iron oxide red铁红 rust red铁锈红 chrome red铬红 brick red砖红 reddle 土红 purplish red;wine red;紫红（酒红） prune;mulberry深紫红 henna棕红 dark red;dull red暗红 fresh red;blood red;bright red鲜红 scarlet绯红 silver pink米红 deep red深红 light red 淡红橙色 orange 黄色 yellow 深桔黄 deep orange 浅桔黄 light orange; clear orange 柠檬黄 lemon yellow;lemon 玉米黄 maize 橄榄黄 olive yellow 稻草黄 straw yellow 芥末黄 mustard 杏黄 broze yellow 蛋黄 york yellow;egg yellow 藤黄 rattan yellow 象牙黄 nude 日光黄 sunny yellow 土黄 earth yellow ;yellowish brown; 砂黄 sand yellow 金黄 golden yellow;gold 深黄 deep yellow 棕黄 tan 青黄 bluish yellow 灰黄 sallow;grey yellow 米黄 cream 嫩黄 yellow cream 鲜黄 cadmium yellow 鹅黄 light yellow 中黄 midium yellow 浅黄 light yellow ,pale yellow;buff 淡黄 primrose;jasmine绿色 green 豆绿 pea green;bean green 浅豆绿 light bean green; 橄榄绿 olive green;olive 茶绿 tea green; plantation 葱绿 onion green; 苹果绿 apple green 森林绿 forest green 苔藓绿 moss green 草地绿 grass green 灰湖绿 agate green 水晶绿 crystal 玉绿 jade green 石绿 mineral green 松石绿 spearmint ; viridis 孔雀绿 peacock green 墨绿 green black ;jasper 墨玉绿 emerald black 深绿 petrol ;bottle green;Chinese green 暗绿 deep green 青绿 dark green 碧绿 azure green; viridity 蓝绿 blue green 黄绿 yellow green 灰绿 grey green; 褐绿 breen 中绿 medium green;golf green 浅绿 light green 淡绿 pale green靛青 ingigo 蓝色 blue 天蓝 ;蔚蓝 sky blue ; azure 月光蓝 moon blue 海洋蓝 ocean blue 海蓝 sea blue 湖蓝 acid blue 深湖蓝 vivid blue 中湖蓝 bright blue 冰雪蓝 ice-snow blue 孔雀蓝 peacock blue 宝石蓝 sapphire;jewelry blue 粉末蓝 powder blue 藏蓝 purplish blue ;navy 海军蓝 navy blue 宝蓝 royal blue 墨蓝 blue black 紫蓝 purplish blue 浅紫蓝 dutch blue 青蓝 ultramarine 深灰蓝 blue ashes 深蓝 dark blue ; deep blue 鲜蓝 clear blue 中蓝 medium blue 浅蓝 light blue 淡蓝 pale blue ;baby blue紫色 purple ;violet 紫罗兰色 violet 紫水晶色 amethyst 葡萄紫 grape 茄皮紫 wineberry;aubergine 玫瑰紫 rose violet 丁香紫 lilac 墨紫 violet black 绛紫 dark reddish purple 暗紫 violet deep;dull purple 乌紫 raisin 蓝紫 royal purple 鲜紫 violet light 深紫 modena 浅紫 grey violet 淡紫 pale purple ;lavender 淡白紫 violet ash 青莲 heliotrope 雪青 lilac 墨绛红 purple black 暗绛红 purple deep 浅绛红 purple light黑色 black 炭黑 carbon black;charcoal black 暗黑 pitch-black ; pitch-dark 漆黑 dull black 白色 white 象牙白 ivory white 牡蛎白 oyster white 珍珠白 pearl white 玉石白 jade white 银白 silver white 羊毛白 wool white 乳白 milky white 米白 off-white; shell 雪白 snow-white 灰白 greyish white 纯白 pure white 本白 raw white ;off white 粉红白 pinky white 浅紫白 lilac white 灰色 grey 银灰色 silver grey 炭灰色 charcoal grey 烟灰 smoky grey 雾灰 misty grey 黑灰 grey black金色 gold 银色 silver 青古铜色 bronze;bronzy 驼色 camel ;light tan 米色 beige;cream; gray sand 卡其色 khaki 奶油色 cream 豆沙色 cameo brown 水晶色 crystal 荧光色 iridescent 彩虹色 iris; rainbow 棕色 brown 茶褐 umber;auburn 淡褐 light brown 咖啡 coffee 琥珀色 amber希望对你有帮助

把你文献综述给我吧，一千字左右就可以了，我也是写的关于颜色的，我的提问悬赏100分，麻烦贴给我吧~~~跪谢跪谢~~~~

我觉得你应该考虑写下现实问题，比如金融危机下英语专业学生就业的机遇和挑战等。如今，金融危机肆虐，学生就业困难，特别是与国外交流更广泛的英语专业，但也存在一些机遇。因为机遇总是与挑战并存。。。。对了，还不知道你是写什么论文呢？本科？硕士？博士?

中西文化中颜色词语的象征意义 The symbolic meaning of the color word of between China and western countries Summary: Show in the Chinese-English language the words of different colors or color is very abundant. We not merely should pay attention to observing themselves' basic meaning, should paying attention to the deep and broad symbolic meaning of their meaning even more, because their symbolic meaning often has different characteristics in different national languages, some characteristics even form people to the advocating and taboo of the color after guiding stretching , transferred meaning. The difference of symbolic meanings of the color between such different culture is because of each national difference and producing of historical background , aesthetic psychology of culture, sanctified by usage in the sediment of development , history in the society, it is a kind of permanent culture phenomenon. The angle that this text attempts to compare from Chinese and Western culture with analysis, probe into various nationalities' culture to develop the impact on symbolic meaning of the color word. The human language is extensive and profound, different countries, the unique glamour that different and national color words demonstrate, make people regard with special esteem. In Great Britain's Chinese-English language, all very abundant to displaying different colors or the word of the color. We not merely want to understand their each one's own basic meaning, should pay attention to the deep and broad symbolic meaning of their meaning even more. Because often there are different characteristics in different national languages in symbolic meanings of the color, some characteristics have not represented the meaning of its word itself yet, but guide stretching, transferred meaning to it. First , midwest square color word because of our country and hopeless the greater part English country ten thousand li apart objective cause , symbolic meaning of difference, in the geographical position , scene that history aches , very great difference exists aesthetically psychologically, so the feeling of seeking the color word will not be the same. The symbolic meaning that a color word shows will be various naturally . This text will do some brief contrasts and discussions on the color of the word and symbolic meaning difference in Chinese and Western culture. By the look of definition of the color, color through eyes brain and people a kind of vision effect to the light experience of life produce, it is a vision phenomenon launched , reflecting or causing through certain light wave by the object, it is a kind of basic domestic animal of the human eye vision . About the definition of, it is relatively short to going through the time of the feudal society, and in nearly modern science is popularized and the west of development says at full speed, it is easier they accepted. The west relatively pays attention to the analysis things with rational science from the beginning, display it to the objective world and realistic scientific attitude known objectively. So, the symbolic meaning of the color is often more direct in western culture, generally symbolize some abstract cultural meaning with the concrete color of objective things For example: Western culture " getting red " to point color of " blood " but blood surge forward life liquid of the human body among the mind in westerner mainly, once the blood trickles, the life stops , so, the red make people associate it with the violence , dangerous, thus produced to the red taboo. Western Sinologist translate " Dream of the Red Chamber " may because of the fact that consider " red " make them is it bleed to associate it with, so adopted title " the stone is written " that the novel had used originally, English meant story of the stone to compare with the western civilization, Chinese culture is of long standing and well established, the feudal society that China goes through several thousand years, education and science lag behind relatively, so, in Chinese culture, the thought that the color expresses has strong mystery flavor, the development of the objective reality receives China's social development relatively largely. Color intension and symbolic meaning are very abundant in Chinese culture, and the symbolic meaning of the color word is plural. For example, the red in Chinese culture comes from the sun. Our ancestor has a kind of instinctive attachment and worships to the sunshine, the red joyous and lucky production naturally of purpose. With getting white as example and then, in mankind initial stage, our ancestor is small and weak and unable, make them completely exposed in broad daylight, an attack of the irresistible fiendish beast of prey, therefore the dialogue color has a kind of instinctive frightened sense, so the white becomes a kind of color and prohibits avoiding as taboo in Chinese culture. It is obvious; the symbolic meaning of the color demonstrates the human psychological characteristics at the same time. Second, concrete description of different symbolic meanings of the color in Chinese and Western culture. , the red advocates the color basically in our country's culture. It is lucky , joyous that it symbolizes; For example facilitate others bright marriage name " matchmaker ", joyous day will be it register for bright red lantern to want, stick to and form uniting red, the red good fortune word: The man sticks the bright red " liking " word while marrying the daughter and is married, one is lively | The prosperity is named " flourishing "; It symbolizes the revolution and progress again, for instance, Communist Party of China's initial regime is named " red regime ", the initial arms are called " the Red Army "; It is it smoothly , succeed to symbolize too, such as to very kind to known as " becoming much more popular " circumstances have people; Trusted unduly and called " the favourite follower " by the superior ; Assign to and manage profits and shout and " share out bonus", load the end with the beautiful woman to call " the beauty " ,etc.. The red is one to demote symbol that the word with quite strong purpose is " fire , blood " in western culture, representatives are cruel and ferocious and bleeding. If (1), is it massacre with violence is it claim for The red rules of tooth and claw (2 ) bloody to revenge for red revenge to ruling to describe; It symbolizes the radical violent revolution again, such as (1)It is a red revolution to describe the red revolution (2)Radical political movement represent for red hot political campaign (3 ) the Left radical activity commendatory as for a getting red one for red activities, for instance joyous day the red carpet of red days, grand reception ,etc., benefit from different culture and exchange and merge. 2, White and red and opposite, it is a basic taboo word; reflect Chinese are in the material and spiritual abandoning and disgust. The white does not have blood color, dead behavior; symbolize the death, ill omen. If the relative has wanted to wrap rough Dai Xiao after dying since ancient times, worn the white mourning dress, is called the funeral, set up the white mourning hall , should hit the white long narrow flag while carrying a coffin to the cemetery . Getting white word is it reach political influence is it fail, be unwise, is it take to have no profit to signify also to like in the course of its development, such as party that fail play " white flag " say that surrenders always among war; Call person with low intelligence " eat free ", exert oneself but make the advantage or come to naught and is named " busy oneself to no purpose " | " waste strength ". Finally, it signifies there is little knowledge, there is not fame and gain, such as calling rank and file “the commoner ", temper being scarce, scholar not deep calls “the pale-faced scholar ",etc. the experience. Western culture getting white symbolic meaning focus on one's own color their mainly, snow such as being new, fresh milk and color of the lily. Westerners think it white and graceful and pure, so it is the advocating color in the western culture. It is evil that it signifies that too pure to have, such as (1) a white souls, pure white wedding bride's wedding in white full dress of soul (2 ); It is honest , honest that it symbolizes again, such as (1) a white spirit honest soul (2)A white men is noble, an educated person. (3)White hand is honest; It is honest , honest that it symbolizes again, such as (1) a white spirit honest soul (2)A white men is noble, an educated person. (3)White hand is honest; It symbolize lucky too, if (1) somebody, life of one of the white days o f sib’s, it have legal and having hostile meaning lucky day of the life, such as (1) white market legal market, 3, the black has heavy mysterious senses in Chinese culture, it is a kind of serious and serious tone, and its symbolic meaning seems comparatively complicated because of affecting by western culture. On one hand it symbolizes serious , justice, black face Boa Zhen in the popular legend , black type of facial make up of Zhang Fey , Li Chui in traditional Beijing opera ,etc.; It again because a one's own one their dark to give somebody sinisterly , sinister and terrific feeling while being unglazed on the other hand. It symbolizes evilly, reactionary, such as meaning the sinisterly vicious person is a black heart, hidden repulsive inside information is " shady deal ", members of the reactionary group are the reactionary gang, evil backstage manipulator, call the ruler for the list of the dissident that draws up blacklist, (2) legal bright form that white list is sanctioned, (3) a white lie harmless lie. It show crime , break the law, such as is it do bandit conduct shout " walk the underworld " , is it kill robbery of goods , do illegal inn of business name the gangster inn to claim to claim, the violated goods trade calls the black market, is named the dirty money and waited with the money that the illegal means is obtained It is the basic taboo color in the western culture to be black (black), have reflected westerner's spiritual abandoning and disgust. It symbolizes the death , ill omen , disaster, if (1) Black Mass fits fairy Mass, (2) to wear black for her father is her father Dai Xiao, (3)black words unlucky words, (4) the fierce day of a black letter day; It symbolizes the evilness , crime, such as (1) the evil devil of Black Man, (2) a black de ed extremely abominable black guard ruffian , hooligan of behavior (3 ); It symbolizes shame, inglorious too, if a black eye disgraced , bad reputation of a black mark stain (2 ) of (1 ); Depressed , angry that it still symbolizes, such as (1) black dog depressed mood, (2) The future looks black prospects are dim, (3)He gave me a black look. He is looking at me in a great rage. 4,In a word there is a very great difference in different national culture in the symbolic meaning of the color word. Fundamentally, among Chinese culture, symbol of color based on China in the past ruling of feudalism, feudalistic superstition and primitive, backward science, educational state take shape, so the symbolic meaning of the color has quite strong inclination of politicizing and mystifying. The color in western culture signifies that benefits from the popularization degree of the national opening in the west and science , education more, symbolic meaning its little and mysterious, getting many some reason, make sometime , motivation easy to track the meaning of a word its. Symbolic meanings of the color between different cultures are all sanctified by usage in the sediment of development, history in the society; it is a kind of permanent culture phenomenon. , interesting, humor, cordial that they can make the language more vivid! List of references: 1, “modern Chinese dictionary ", Foreign Language Teaching and Research Publishing House. June of 1998 2, Zhang Devin, " informal discussion of Chinese and foreign languages ", the publishing house of university of Henna is 1999. 3, Li Yantis, <>, the 2nd Foreign Language Inst. of Beijing, 1998 4, Jig Mingling, " the social cultural meaning of English color word is analyzed ", the journal of Zhen Zhou University, 1997. 3 5, " 300 Tang poetries ", Jillian People's Press, 1999. 汉英语言中表示各种不同颜色或色彩的词语都很丰富。我们不仅要注意观察它们本身的基本意义，更要留心它们含义深广的象征意义，因为它们的象征意义在不同民族语言中往往有不同的特点，有些特点甚至构成了人们对经过引伸、转义以后颜色的崇尚和禁忌。这种不同文化之间颜色象征意义的差异是由于各自民族的文化历史背景、审美心理的不同而产生的，是在社会的发展、历史的沉淀中约定俗成的，是一种永久性的文化现象。本文试图从中西文化对比的角度，去分析、探究各民族文化发展对颜色词的象征意义的影响。 在人类语言中，颜色词语表现出的独特魅力，令人刮目相看。在汉英语言中，表示各种不同颜色或色彩的词都很丰富。我们不仅要注意观察它们本身的基本意义，更要留心它们含义深广的象征意义，因为颜色的象征意义在不同民族语言中往往有不同的特点，有些特点甚至构成了人们对经过引伸、转义以后颜色的崇尚和禁忌。由于我国与绝大部分英语国家相隔万里，地理位置、自然现象、历史背景、审美心理等千差万别，人们对于颜色的感受和表达不尽相同。这样，颜色的象征意义在中西文化之间自然又会产生很大的差异。本文拟就中西文化中词语的颜色、词语的象征意义作一些对比和探讨，以求教于同行和读者。 从科学的定义来说，颜色是由物体发射、反射或透过一定光波所引起的视觉现象，是人眼视觉的一种基本特征。颜色生成的这种定义，对经历封建社会时间相对短，且在近代和现代教育和科学得到普及和飞速发展的西方来说，是比较易于为他们所接受的。西方从文明一开始，就比较注重科学理性的教育和科学方法的发现，对客观世界和客观认识采取现实的科学态度。因此，西方文化中颜色的象征意义往往比较直接，一般是用客观事物的具体颜色来象征某些抽象的文化含义，所以更易追溯其语义理据和逻辑理据。例如：西方文化中的红色（red）主要指鲜血（blood）颜色，而blood在西方人心目中是奔腾在人体内的"生命之液"。一旦鲜血流淌下来，生命之花也就凋谢。所以red使西方人联想到"暴力"和"危险"产生了一种颜色禁忌。美国学者阿思海姆在他的《色彩论》中说："色彩能有力的表达情感。……红色被认为是令人激动的，因为它能使我们想到火、血和革命的含义。"著名汉学家霍克斯在翻译"红楼梦"时，由于意识到red可能使现代英语读者联想到“暴力"、"流血"，所以采用小说原来曾使用的书名《石头记》，译为The story of the stone。但是由于中国经历了几千年的封建社会以及教育和科技的相对落后，在中国文化中，颜色的生成具有强烈的神秘色彩，它的发展受到中国社会文化发展的较大影响。在先秦，颜色词就已经与古人的世界观、哲学思想联系在一起，后来又与政治挂钩。所以中国文化中的颜色内涵和象征意义十分丰富，而且颜色词的象征意义是多元 的。例如，从文化人类学角度来讲，中国文化中的红色源于太阳，因为烈日如火，其色赤红。我们的初祖在祭祈巫舞的过程中，对阳光有一种本能的依恋和崇拜，红色的喜庆和吉祥之意自然而然地产生了。古人还认为"日至而万物生" （《淮南子•天文训》）感到阳光下万物繁茂，生机勃勃，令人振奋，因而对代表太阳的红色产生了特别亲切的感情。再以白色为例，在人类初始阶段，我们的祖先弱小而无力，无法抗拒凶恶猛兽的攻击、光天化日的白昼使他们暴露无遗，有一种随时都有被食肉猛兽扑食的危险，因而对白色有一种本能的恐惧感；另外，我们的初祖还观察到"月到中秋分外明"，因而认为明月与萧煞的秋季连在一起，而代表秋天的颜色也就是白色了（银白色的中秋之月）。这样白色在中国文化里就成了一种颜色禁讳。可见颜色的象征意义在漫长的历史进程中的约定俗成的，体现出某种心理功能。下面我们就中西文化中颜色的不同象征意义进行具 体描述。 1、红色 红色是我国文化中的基本崇尚色，它体现了中国人在精神和物质上的追求。它象征着吉祥、喜庆，如把促 成他人美好婚姻的人叫"红娘"，喜庆日子要挂大红灯笼、贴红对联、红福字；男娶女嫁时贴大红"喜"字，把热闹、兴旺叫做"红火"；形容繁华、热闹的地方叫"红尘"；它又象征革命和进步，如中共最初的政权叫“红色政权”，最早的武装叫“红军”，把政治上要求进步、业务上刻苦钻研的人称为“又红又专”等；它也象征顺利、成功，如人的境遇很好被称为"走红"、"红极一时"，得到上司宠信的叫"红人"，分到合伙经营利润叫"分红"，给人发奖金叫"送红包"等；它还象征美丽、漂亮，如指女子盛妆为"红妆"或"红装" ，把艳妆女子称为"红袖"，指女子美艳的容颜为"红颜"等。 西方文化中的红色（red）则是一个贬意相当强的词，是"火"、"血"的联想，它象征着残暴、流血，如（1）The red rules oftooth and claw残杀 和暴力统治，（2）red revenge血腥复仇，（3）ared battle血战 ；它又象征激进、暴力革命，如（1）red hotpolitical campaign激烈的政治运动，（2）a red revolution 赤色革命，（3）red activities左派激进活动；它也象征危险、紧张，如（1）red alert空袭报警，（2）a red adventure story一个令人紧张的冒险故事，（3）a red flag危险信号旗；它还象征着放荡、淫秽，如（ 1）a red waste of his youth他那因放荡而浪费的青春，（2）ared light district花街柳巷（红灯区），（ 3）Is she really sored as she is painted？难到她真的象人们所描绘的那样放荡吗？ 至于红色的褒义，如red—letter day喜庆的日子，the red carpet隆重的接待等，则得益于不同文化之间 的交流和融合。据考证，red的褒义是从远东经波斯传到西方的。 2、白色 在中国文化中，白色与红色相反，是一个基本禁忌词，体现了中国人在物质和精神上的摈弃和厌恶。在中国古代的五方说中，西方为白虎，西方是刑天杀神，主萧杀之秋，古代常在秋季征伐不义、处死犯人。所以白色是枯竭而无血色、无生命的表现，象征死亡、凶兆。如自古以来亲人死后家属要披麻戴孝（穿白色孝服）办"白事"，要设白色灵堂，出殡时要打白幡；旧时还把白虎视为凶神，所以现在称带给男人厄运的女人为"白虎星"。白色的心理功能在其发展过程中由于受到政治功能的影响，又象征腐朽、反动、落后，如视为"白专道路"；它也象征失败、愚蠢、无利可得，如在战争中失败的一方总是打着“白旗”表示投降，称智力低下的人为"白痴"，把出力而得不到好处或没有效果叫做"白忙"、"白费力"、"白干"等，它还象征奸邪、阴险，如"唱白脸"、"白脸"奸雄；最后，它还象征知识浅薄、没有功名，如称平民百姓为"白丁"、"白衣"、"白身"，把缺乏锻炼、阅历不深的文人称作"白面书生"等。 西方文化中的白色象征意义主要着眼于其本身色彩，如新下的雪、新鲜牛奶及百合花的颜色。西方人认为白色高雅纯洁，所以它是西方文化中的崇尚色。它象征纯真无邪，如（1）awhitesoul纯洁的心灵，（2）whitewedding新娘穿白礼服的婚礼；它又象征正直、诚实，如（1）awhitespirit正直的精神，（2）whitemen高尚、有教养的人，（3）whitehand廉洁、诚实；它也象征幸运、吉利，如（1）oneofthewhitedaysofsb'slife某人生活中的吉日之一，（2）whitemagic有天使相助的法术；它还有合法、无恶意的意思，如（1）whitemarket合法市场，（2）whitelist经过批准的合法明单，（3）awhitelie无害的谎言。 3、黑色 古代黑色为天玄，原来在中国文化里只有沉重的神秘之感，是一种庄重而严肃的色调，它的象征意义由于受西方文化的影响而显得较为复杂。一方面它象征严肃、正义，如民间传说中的"黑脸"包公，传统京剧中的张飞、李逵等人的黑色脸谱；另一方面它又由于其本身的黑暗无光给人以阴险、毒辣和恐怖的感觉。它象征邪恶、反动，如指阴险狠毒的人是"黑心肠"，不可告人的丑恶内情是"黑幕"，反动集团的成员是"黑帮"、"黑手"，把统治者为进行政治迫害而开列的持不同政见者的名单称为"黑名单"，它又表示犯罪、违法，如称干盗匪行径叫"走黑道"，称杀人劫货、干不法勾当的客店叫做"黑店"，违禁的货物交易叫"黑货"、"黑市"，用贪赃受贿等非法手段得来的钱叫"黑钱"等。 黑色（black）是西方文化中的基本禁忌色，体现了西方人精神上的摈弃和厌恶。它象征死亡、凶兆、灾难，如（1）BlackMass安灵弥撒，（2）towearblackforhcrfather为她父亲戴孝，（3）blackwords不吉利的话，（4）ablackletterday凶日；它象征邪恶、犯罪，如（1）BlackMan邪恶的恶魔，（2）ablackdeed极其恶劣的行为，（3）blackguard恶棍、流氓，（4）blackmail敲榨、勒索；它也象征耻辱、不光彩，如（1）ablackmark污点，（2）blacksheep败家子，（3）ablackeye丢脸、坏名声，它还象征沮丧、愤怒，如（1）blackdog沮丧情绪，（2）Thefuturelooksblack前途暗淡，（3）Hegavemeablacklook。他怒气冲冲地看着我。 4、其他颜色 黄色在中国文化中是红色的一种发展变异，如旧时人们把宜于办大事的日子称为“黄道吉日”，但是它更代表权势、威严，这是因为在古代的五方、五行、五色中，中央为土黄色。黄色象征中央政权、国土之义，所以黄色便为历代封建帝王所专有，普通人是不能随便使用"黄色"的，如"黄袍"是天子的"龙袍"，"黄钺"是天子的仪仗，"黄榜"是天子的诏书，"黄马褂"是清朝皇帝钦赐文武重臣的官服。至于现在流行的与"性"有关的"黄色"观念，有一种说法是中西文化交流融合的一种现象。据说美国纽约的《世界报》用黄色油墨印刷低级趣味的漫画以争取销路，人们便称这一类不健康的刊物为“黄色刊物”.