英语谚语的国内研究现状论文

英文谚语大全 Each bird loves to hear himself sing. 鸟儿都爱听自己唱歌。 Each day brings its own bread. 天无绝人之路。 Each man is the architect of his own fate. 命运掌握在自己手中。 Eagles catch no flies. 大人物不计较小事情。 Eagles fly alone, but sheep flock together. 鹰单飞，羊群集。 Early mistakes are the seeds of future trouble. 早期的错误可以酿成日后的麻烦。 Early sow, early mow. 播种早的收获早。 Early start makes easy stages. 早开始是成功的保证。 Early to bed and early to rise make a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起，令人健康、富有而且聪明。 Early wed, early dead. 早婚早夭。 Easier said than done. 说话容易做事难。 East or west, home is best. 在家千日好，出门时时难。 Easy come, easy go. 易得易失。 Eat at pleasure, drink with measure. 随意吃饭，适度饮酒。 Eat one's cake and have it. 又要马儿好，又要马儿不吃草。 Eat to live, but not live to eat. 吃饭是为了生存，但生存不是为了吃饭。 Eat to please thyself, but dress to please others. 吃是使自己受用，穿是使别人受用。 Education begins a gentleman, conversation completes him. 人的教养始于教育，成于社交。 Education has for its object the formation of character. 教育的目的在于培养品德。 Elbow grease gives the best polish. 只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针。 Empty vessels make the greatest sound. 空桶响声大。 Enough is as good as a feast. 知足常乐。 Envy assails the noblest, the winds howl around the highest peak. 高位遭人妒，高峰招风吹。 Equivocation is first cousin to a lie. 支支吾吾，其言必诈。 Errors, like straws, upon the surface flow; he who would search for pearls must dive below. 错误像稻草，漂浮在水面。欲觅珍珠者，须往水下潜。 Even Homer sometimes nods. 人非圣贤，孰能无过。 Even the walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。 Every advantage has its disadvantage. 有利必有弊。 Every bean has its black. 人人有其缺点。 Every bird likes its own nest. 人爱其家。 Everybody's business is nobody's business. 人人都管，大家不管。 Every brave man is a man of his word. 勇敢的人都是信守诺言的人。 Every bullet has its billet. 无风不起浪。 Every cloud has a silver lining. 山穷水尽疑无路，柳暗花明又一村。 Every cock crows on its own dunghill. 夜郎自大。 Every cook praises his own broth. 自吹自擂。 Every country has its customs. 乡有乡俗。 Every couple is not a pair. 同床异梦，貌合神离。 Every day is not Sunday. 好景不常在，好花不常开。 Every day of thy life is a leaf in thy history. 生命中的一天就是你历史上的一页。 Every dog has his day. 凡人都有得意之日。 Every dog has his day, and every man his hour. 人人都有得意的日子。 Every dog is a lion at home. 夜郎自大。 Every dog is valiant at his won door. 狗在家门前条条都凶悍。 Every door may be shut but death's door. 除了死门外，每门都可关。 Every extremity is a fault. 万事过分都差误。 Every fool can find faults that wise man cannot remedy. 蠢人也能找出聪明人无法弥补的岔子来的。 Every heart has its own sorrow. 人人都有伤心处。 Every horse thinks his sack heaviest. 每疋马认为自己驮的袋子重。 Every Jack has his Jill. 有情人终成眷属。 Every little makes a mickle. 积少成多。 Every lover sees a thousand graces in the beloved object. 情人眼里出西施。 Every man has a fool in his sleeve. 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 Every man has his faults. 人孰无过。 Every man has his hobby-horse. 人各有所好。 Every man has his liking. 人各有所好。 Every man has his weak side. 人人都有自己的弱点。 Every man is best know to himself. 自己最了解自己。 Every man has the defects of his qualities. 一个人的好品质上也有不足之处。 Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 每个人都是他自己命运的建诛师。 Every man is the master of his own fortune. 每个人都是他自己的命运的主宰。 Every man is the son of his own works. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 Every man thinks his own geese swans. 每个人都以为自己的东西了不起。 Every medal has its reverse. 事物都有它的反面。 Every mother's child is handsome. 老王卖瓜，自卖自夸。 Everyone is dissatisfied with his own fortune. 人对自己的命运总不感满足。 Every one's faults are not written in their foreheads. 知人知面不知心。 Every pleasure has a pain. 乐中必有苦。 Every potter praises his own pot. 老王卖瓜，自卖自夸。 Every salesman boasts of his own wares. 老王卖瓜，自卖自夸。 Every shoe fits not every foot. 不能以己度人。 Everything comes to him who waits. 安心等待必有好处。 Everything has its seed. 无风不起浪。 Everything has its time and that time must be watched. 任何事情都有好的时机，不要随意放过。 Everything hath an end. 任何事物都有它的结果。 Everything is good in its season. 万物逢时皆美好。 Everything is good when new, but friend when old. 东西新的好，朋友老的好。 Everything is nice in your garden. 老王卖瓜，自卖自夸。 Everything must have a beginning. 凡是都有起源。 Everything new is fine. 新事物总是美好的。 Every tide hath its ebb. 兴盛之日必有衰退之时。 Every tree is known by its own fruit. 观其言行，知其为人。 Every why has a wherefore. 事出有因。 Evil comes to us by ells and goes away by inches. 罪恶来时，尺进寸退。 Evil communications corrupt good manners. 交往恶劣，有损风度。 Evil gotten, evil spent. 悖入悖出。 Example is better than precept. 言教不如身教。 Exchange is no robbery. 公平交易并非强行夺取。 Exercise, temperance, fresh air, and needful rest are the best of all physicians. 锻链、节制、新鲜空气和必要的休息是最好的医生。 Experience is a school from which one can never graduate. 经验无止境。 Experience is the best teacher. 经验是良师。 Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother. 经验是知识之父，记忆是知识之母。 Experience is the mother of wisdom. 智慧来自经验。 Experience keeps a dear school, but fools learn in no other. 吃亏学乖代价高，笨汉非此学不好。 Experience keeps no school, she teaches her pupils singly. 亲身经验，才是经验。 Experience must be bought. 若要得经验，必须化代价。 Experience teaches. 经验给人教训。 Experience without learning is better than learning without experience. 有经验而无学问，胜于有学问而无经验。 Extremes are dangerous. 物极必反。 Extremes meet. 否极泰来。 Eye for eye and tooth for tooth. 以牙还牙，以眼还眼。

谚语是人们在长期实践过程中 总结 出来的精华，是语言及文化的高度提炼，是修辞手法诸如比喻，隐喻等的集中运用。正是由于其丰富内涵，在翻译谚语时，部分地保留了其固有的文化特征，即采用了直译或对应的翻译方法。如“纸老虎”，译成 paper tiger. “狐假虎威”，译为 the tiger behind the fox. 还有：“一燕不成夏”，译成：One swallow does not make a summer. 这句话的意思相当于 It is unwise to form a judgment on the basis of a single instance. 英译后，既保留了原谚语的本意，又恰当地传达了寓意（做事或判断不能太片面），外国人看后也能理解和接受。不宜用直译的谚语，可采用意译或加注的方法。如：“牵马河边易，逼它引水难”，译成：You may take a horse to the water, but you can’t make it drink. 这句谚语在翻译时采用了直译加意译的手法，意思相当于 Good suggestions can be made but people cannot be forced to do what they don’t want to. “驴子扇耳朵”，译成 All asses wag their ears, 意思相当于 sb. who is ignorant pretends to know much. 即无知装聪明。更多的实例如下：⑴ 浑水摸鱼：to fish in troubled waters⑵ 吠犬不咬人：Barking dogs do not bite．⑶ 好鱼居深渊： The best fish swim near bottom． ⑷ 一石二鸟（一箭双雕）：To kill tow birds with one stone．⑸ 骑虎难下：To ride the tiger．⑹ 披着羊皮的狼：A wolf in sheep’s clothing.⑺ 掉鳄鱼泪：To shed crocodile tears．⑻ 纸老虎：Paper tiger⑼ 驴子扇耳朵，无知装聪明：All asses wag their ears⑽ 同时追两兔，全都抓不住：If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.比如：“掉鳄鱼泪”，译成：To shed crocodile tears. 为了更确切地表达原意，可采用加注的方法，掉鳄鱼泪即假慈悲，类似的说法还有“猫哭耗子－假慈悲”， 英文 相当于 sb. pretend to be sad about sth, but they are not really sad at all.。2.汉英动物词汇冲突对于能够采用直译的谚语，还是使用直译为好。这样可以使语言的生动性，直观性，形象性更直观地表现出来。而且直译可以最大程度地保留原语的风格和文风。但是谚语是原语言文化的高度提炼，很多谚语若仅采用直译难以做到形神兼备。所以为了能更好地译出谚语中的内涵，哲理，还需要采用意译，甚至添加说明解释的方法。比如 “塞翁失马”，如果仅仅把“塞翁”翻译为 Saiweng 或者 The old man who is called Lao Sai, 等等，外国人还是不了解其中典故。塞翁是 中国 历史传说中的景点人物，如果仅仅将其翻译为普通人的名字，并和英谚放在一起，有种不伦不类的感觉。所以要采用意译的方法翻译“塞翁失马”，译成 A loss many turn out to be a gain. 类似的说法还有 No great loss without some small gain. 意思是 When the old man on the frontier lost his mare, who could have guessed it was a blessing in disguise. 汉语中还有“安知祸福？”或“焉知福焉？”等相似的说法。翻译动物类的谚语时，还要注意由于对于同种事物，不同人的联想是有很大差异的。因此汉语中出现动物词汇，并非在英译时都要照搬。本文拟从下列三中情况，依次说明翻译谚语时的词汇冲突现象，主要有词汇遗漏，词汇补充，词汇错位三类。汉语中有“初生牛犊不怕虎”的说法。因为中国人把虎看作是“百兽之王”，是凶很，勇猛的象征。比如“母老虎”喻指凶悍的妇女。“虎穴”喻指危险的地方。而英美等国家的人则将狮子看作是“百兽之王”。如 Lion’s den 指 a difficult situation in which you have to face a person or people who are aggressive towards you. 译成汉语是“龙潭虎穴”，指处于危险的境地。所以如果仅仅按照汉语字面，直译过来，外国人不能很精确地理解原语的内涵。类似的实例如下：汉英动物词汇遗漏。⑴ 初生牛犊不怕虎：Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.⑵ 狗嘴吐不出象牙：A filthy mouth can’t utter decent language.⑶ 心猿意马：To have a head like a sieve⑷ 鸦雀无声：Be utterly quiet (or: dead silence) ⑸ 不入虎穴，焉得虎子：Nothing venture, nothing have. ⑹ 鸡飞蛋打：Fall between two tools⑺ 塞翁失马，安知非福？A loss many turn out to be a gain.⑻ 黔驴技穷：A fool’s bolt is soon shot. ⑼ 呆若木鸡：Clutch up⑽ 守株待兔：Waiting for gains without pains.谚语中动物词汇遗漏指汉语的谚语中有动物词汇，但是由于文化内涵不同，人的思维方式有差异，因此这些谚语在译成英语后，为保留其英语谚语的特色，动物词汇消失，相对应的英语谚语中不再有动物词汇。这些谚语大致涵义相同，各有其别致新颖之处，各自反映了自己文化的特色。汉英动物词汇补充。⑴ 名声扫地：In the dog house.⑵ 本末倒置：Putting the cart before the horse. ⑶ 鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利：If the shepherds quarrel, the wolf has a winning game.⑷ 倾盆大雨：To rain cats and dogs.⑸ 有眼无珠：As blind as a bat.⑹ 风水轮流转：Every dog has his day.⑺ 尔虞我诈：Man is to man a wolf⑻ 血流如注：Bleed like a pig⑼ 守口如瓶：As dumb as an oyster⑽ 人以类聚，物以群分：Birds of a feather flock together (like attracts like)⑾ 佛要金装，人要衣装：Fine feathers make fine birds谚语中动物词汇补充指汉语中的谚语本没有动物词汇，但是在充分考虑了 英语 的文化特点后，为了译成相对应的英语谚语，添加或补充了意义相近的动物词汇。如“佛要金装，人要衣装”，译成 Fine feather make fine birds 表达了同样的寓意，即 The gilded Buddha looks better and the well-dressed person looks more decent 的意思。汉英动物词汇错位⑴ 虎毒不食子：Dog doesn’t eat dog. ⑵ 露出马脚：Let the cat out of the bag.⑶ 树倒猢狲散：Rats desert a falling house.⑷ 爱屋及乌：Love me, love my dog.⑸ 虎口拔牙：Beard the lion⑹ 落汤鸡：A drowned rat.⑺ 拦路虎：A lion in the way.⑻ 热锅上的蚂蚁：A cat on hot bricks (or: An ant on a hot saucepan)⑼ 山中无老虎， 猴子称霸王：When the cat is away, the mice will play.⑽ 狐假虎威：Ass in the lion’s skin⑾ 亡羊补牢：To lock the stable door after the horse is stolen. ⑿ 健壮如牛：As strong as a horse汉英动物词汇错位指汉语谚语中，由于特定的文化习俗，长时间运用后形成特定的习惯说法，使用了部分动物词汇。为了用英语表达同样特定的文化 内容 ，必须译成在英语文化中有寓意的谚语，所以使用了其他动物词汇。上面一一列举了谚语在汉译英时，根据需要，将原语中的动物词汇或删除，或补充，或用相对等的词汇充分表达出来。由于翻译手法的灵活性，英译这些谚语时，没有必要拘泥于一种翻译手法。对于同一句汉语谚语，只要能传达出原语的文化内涵，翻译时既可采用直译，也可采用意译，或者二者结合的 方法 。比如：“热锅上的蚂蚁”，既可以直译为 An ant on a hot saucepan，亦可以意译为A cat on hot bricks。“守口如瓶”，可以译为As dumb as an oyster，也有诸如 as silent as the grave, as close as wax 等译文。三、汉译英谚语的原则对于谚语的翻译，具体采用哪种翻译方法或者遵循何种原则没有一个统一的标准。由于直译具有直观，形象等优点，因此能直译的谚语则要直译。比如汉语中有“前怕狼，后怕虎”的说法，指充满了恐惧。英美文化中虽然视狮子为兽中之王，但是老虎和狼也代表令人恐惧的动物，因此上句谚语译成 Fear the wolf in the front and the tiger behind, 外国人完全可以理解其中的意思，指full of fears. 但是如果遇到下句谚语“力大如牛”，英语中却没有 as strong as a cow的说法。在 历史 上战争频繁的西方，没有马便无法生存。而在 中国 ，牛则是生活之本。在这种文化差异的背景夏，上句话当然不能直译。不能直译的，如采用意译更能表达出原语的内涵的，这种情况则必须采用意译的方法。所以英语把“力大如牛”译为 as strong as a horse（力大如马）。再比如汉语中有“本末倒置”的说法，意思是分不清重要的和不重要的，分不清主次。用英语解释就是 Put the things in the wrong order. 而英语中也有一句表达类似意思的说法 Put the cart before the horse. 两句有异曲同工之妙。 希望能被采纳！！！！

(英语系毕业论文)英文谚语的文化场景在中译文中的缺失与弥合 摘 要本文从谚语文化角度着手，分析谚语中的文化因素，以及英汉谚语中的文化差异，尝试研究在谚语的英汉翻译过程中发生文化缺失时如何弥合。最终通过意译手段实现英语谚语的可译性，从而顺利完成跨文化交际活动，实现国际间的文化交流与传播。关键词 谚语文化; 文化缺失; 意译; 翻译补偿ContentsAbstract ⅠKeywords Ⅰ摘要 Ⅱ关键词 ⅡIntroduction 1I. The Brief Introducton to Proverb 3II. Proverb Culture Factors in Proverb Different Cultures Between English and Chinese Proverb. Belief Living Conditions. 8III. English Proverb Translation in English to Chinese Translation of English Proverb National Feature Art of Language Compensation 12Conclusion 14Acknowledgements 15Bibliography 16

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have to be first, best or different. —— Loretta Lynn 你必须是第一， 或者最好的， 或者与众不同。 ——洛莱特·林恩 doesn't need any specific reason. If you're alive , you should feel 100 percent confident. 自信不需要理由,生活应该保持100分的自信 is nothing sexier than being confident and taking care of yourselves. 充满自信，爱护自己，魅力无以过之。--碧昂斯. confident, not arrogant. ------PA Teacher Miss Tan 自信 但是别骄傲 believe i can fly. 我相信我可以飞 leaders go out of their way to boost the self-esteem of their personnel. If people believe in themselves, it's amazing what they can Walton 杰出的领导人特例独行不随大流.相信自己,你会惊奇于自己无所不能。 Rohn Whatever good things we build end up building us. Maltz Low self-esteem is like driving through life with your hand-break on. 缺乏自信,就好象没拉手刹地在人生道路上行驶 and self-reliance are the mainstays of a strong character.自信和自力更生是坚强品格的柱石。 Where there is great love, there are always miracles. 哪里有真爱存在，哪里就有奇迹。 Love is like a butterfly. It goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 If I had a single flower for every time I think about you, I could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 Within you I lose myself, without you I find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。 At the touch of love everyone becomes a poet. 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。 Look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。 Distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更近。 I need him like I need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 If equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让我爱多一些吧。 Love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。 If I know what love is, it is because of you. 因为你，我懂得了爱。 Love is the greatest refreshment in life. 爱情是生活最好的提神剂。 Love never dies. 爱情永不死。 The darkness is no darkness with thee. 有了你，黑暗不再是黑暗。 We cease loving ourselves if no one loves us. 如果没有人爱我们，我们也就不会再爱自己了。 There is no remedy for love but to love more. 治疗爱的创伤唯有加倍地去爱。 When love is not madness, it is not love. 如果爱不疯狂就不是爱了。 A heart that loves is always young. 有爱的心永远年轻。 Love is blind. 爱情是盲目的。 Love is like the moon, when it does not increase, it decreases. 爱情就像月亮，不增则减。 The soul cannot live without love. 灵魂不能没有爱而存在。 Brief is life, but love is long. 生命虽短，爱却绵长。 Who travels for love finds a thousand miles not longer than one. 在爱人眼里，一千里的旅程不过一里。 Love keeps the cold out better than a cloak. 爱比大衣更能驱走寒冷。 Take away love, and our earth is a tomb. 没有了爱，地球便成了坟墓。 My heart is with you. 我的爱与你同在。 I miss you so much already and I haven't even left yet! 尽管还不曾离开，我已对你朝思暮想！ I'll think of you every step of the way. 我会想你，在漫漫长路的每一步。 Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you. 无论你身在何处，无论你为何忙碌，我都会在此守候。 Passionate love is a quenchless thirst. 热烈的爱情是不可抑制的渴望。 The most precious possession that ever comes to a man in this world is a woman's heart. 在这个世界上，男人最珍贵的财产就是一个女人的心。 One word frees us of all the weight and pain in word is love. 有一个词可以让我们摆脱生活中所有的负担和痛苦，那就是"爱情"。 Every day without you is like a book without pages. 没有你的日子就像一本没有书页的书。 Love is hard to get into, but harder to get out of. 爱很难投入，但一旦投入，便更难走出。 Love is a light that never dims. 爱是一盏永不昏暗的明灯。 May your love soar on the wings of a dove in flight. 愿你的爱乘着飞翔的白鸽，展翅高飞。 She who has never loved, has never lived. 人活着总要爱一回。 Life is the flower for which love is the honey. 生命如花，爱情是蜜。 No words are necessary between two loving hearts. 两颗相爱的心之间不需要言语。 Precious things are very few in this world. That is the reason there is just one you. 在这世上珍贵的东西总是罕有，所以这世上只有一个你。 You make my heart smile. 我的心因你而笑。 The road to a lover's house is never long. 通往爱人家里的路总不会漫长。 Why do the good girls, always want the bad boys? 为何好女孩总喜欢坏男孩？ Being with you is like walking on a very clear morning. 和你在一起就像在一个清爽的早晨漫步。 It is never too late to fall in love. 爱永远不会嫌晚。 To the world you may be just one person. To the person you may be the world. 对于世界，你可能只是一个人，但对于某个人，你却是整个世界。 Where there is love, there are always wishes. 哪里有爱，哪里就有希望。 You don't love a woman because she is beautiful, but she is beautiful because you love her. 你不会因为美丽去爱一个女人，但她却会因为你的爱而变得美丽。 Love is something eternal; the aspect may change, but not the essence. 爱是永恒的，外表可能改变，但本质永远不变。 Love is not a matter of counting the days. It's making the days count. 爱情不是数着日子过去，它让每个日子都变得有意义。 With the wonder of your love, the sun above always shines. 拥有你美丽的爱情，太阳就永远明媚。 Love is a fabric that nature wove and fantasy embroidered. 爱情是一方织巾，用自然编织，用幻想点缀。 First love is unforgettable all one's life. 初恋是永生难忘的。 In the very smallest cot there is room enough for a loving pair. 哪怕是最小的茅舍，对一对恋人来说都有足够的空间。 Love without end hath no end. 情绵绵，爱无边。 Love's tongue is in the eyes. 爱情的话语全在双眼之中。 In love folly is always sweet. 恋爱中，干傻事总是让人感到十分美妙。 There is no hiding from lover's eyes. 什么也瞒不过恋人的眼睛。 The only present love demands is love. 爱所祈求的唯一礼物就是爱。 The heart that once truly loves never forgets. 真挚恋爱过的心永不忘却。 Love warms more than a thousand fires. 爱情的炽热胜过千万团的火。 Your smiling at me is my daily dose of magic. 你嫣然的微笑是我每日享受到的魅力。 Your kiss still burns on my lips, everyday of mine is so beautiful. 你的吻还在我的唇上发烫，从此我的日子变得如此美丽。 Love understands love; it needs no talk. 相爱的心息息相通，无需用言语倾诉。 Love me little and love me long. 不求情意绵绵，但求天长地久。 First impression of you is most lasting. 对你最初的印象，久久难以忘怀。 When the words "I love you" were said by you for the first time, my world blossoms. 第一次听到你对我说"我爱你"，我的世界一瞬间鲜花绽开。 Tell me you are mine. I'll be yours through all the years, till the end of time. 请告诉我你是我的。岁岁年年，我都属于你，永远永远。 Love is a fire which burns unseen. 爱情是无形燃烧的火焰。 I feel happy at times we have had angry words but these have been kissed away. 我们生气争执时，爱的双唇把它们吻得无影无踪，我的心也顿觉甜蜜。 You cannot appreciate happiness unless you have known sadness too. 不知道什么是忧伤，就不会真正感激幸福。 But if the while I think on thee, dear friend, all losses are restored, and sorrows end. 只要我一想起你，亲爱的人，所有的失落和遗憾烟消云散. A light heart lives long .( William Shakespeare , British dramatist ) 豁达者长寿。 (英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.) Early to bed and early to rise , makes a man healthy , wealthy and wise .(Benjamin Franklin , American president ) 早睡早起会使人健康、富有和聪明。 (美国总统 富兰克林. B.) Sloth , like rust , consumes faster than labor wears .(Benjamin Franklin , American president) 懒惰像生锈一样，比操劳更能消耗身体。 (美国总统 富兰克林. B.) The first wealth is health .( Ralph Waldo Emerson , American thinker ) 健康是人生第一财富。 (美国思想家 爱默生. R. W.) All is but lip-wisdom that wants experience. (Philip Sideney, British satesman) 凡是没有实际经验的，都只是口头智慧。(英国政治家 锡得尼 D .) Expericence is a hard teacher because she gives the test first, the lesson afterwards. (Law Vernon, British writer) 经验是一位先行测试然后才授课严厉的教师。(英国作家 弗农. L.) Experience is not interesting till it begins to repeat itself, in fact, till it does that ,it hardly is experience. (Elizabeth Bowen, British novelist) 经验直到自我重复时才变得有意义，事实上，直到那时才算得上经验。(英国小说家 鲍恩 E.) Expericence is not what happens to a man; it is what a man does with what happens to him. (Aldous Leonard Huxley, American writer) 经验不会从天而降；经验只有通过实践才能获得。(美国作家 郝胥黎..) Experience is the child of thought , and thought is the child of action. We cannot learn men from books. (Benjamin Disraeli, British statesman) 经验是思想之子，思想是行动之子，了解他人不可以书本为据。(英国政治家 迪斯雷利 B .) Experience is the na me give their mistakes. (Oscar Wilde, British playwriter and poet) 经验是每个人为其错误寻找的代名词。(英国剧作家、诗人 王尔德 O.) Experience is what you get when you don’t get what you want. (Dan Stanfort, American brsinessman) 经验是当你没得到想得到之物时所得到的东西。(美国实业家 斯坦福。D.) Expreience keeps a dear school, yet fools will learn in no other. (Benjamin Franklin, Americna president) 经验始终是收费高的学校，然而，笨汉非进此学校不可。(美国总统 富兰克林 B ) Experience more than sufficiently teaches that men govern nothing with more difficulty than their tongues. (Bendict de spinoza, Dutch philosopher) 经验给我们太多的教训，告诉我们人类最难管制 的东西，莫过于自己的舌头。(荷兰哲学家 斯宾诺沙 B) Experience never misleads; what you are missed by is only your judgement, and this misleads you by anticipating results from experience of a kind that is not produced by your experements. (Leonardo Da Vinci, Italian painter) 经验永远不会对你做错误的引导；把你引导错的只是你自己的判断，而你的判断之所以对你发生误导的作用，乃是由于它根据那种并非借着实验而产生的经验来预料的结果。(意大利画家 达芬奇) Experience without learning is better than learning without excperi-ence. (Bertuand Russell, British philosopher and mathematician) 有经验而无学问胜于有学问而无经验。(英国哲学家、数学家 罗素.B.) I have but one lamp wait which my feet are guided; and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. (Patrick Henry, Americna statesman) 我只拿一盏灯来指引我的脚步，而那盏灯就是经验，对于未来，我只是能以过去来判断。(美国政治家 享利.P.) Mistakes are an essential part of education. (Bertrand Russell, Bdritish philosopher) 从错误中吸取教训是教育极为重要的一部分。(英国哲学家 罗素 . B .) Neither beliver nor reject anything, because any other person has rejected of believed it. Heaven has given you a mind for judging truth and error, Use it. (Thomas Jefferson, American president) 不要因为别的人相信或否定了什么东西，你也就去相信它或否定它。上帝赠予你一个用来判断真理和谬误的头脑。那你就去运用它吧/ (美国总统 杰斐逊 .T.) One thorn of experience is worth a whole wilderness of warning. (James Russell Lowell, British Poet and critic) 一次痛苦的经验抵得上千百次的告诫。(英国诗人、批评家 洛威尔 .J. R .) Practical wisdom is only to be learned in the school of experience. (Samuel Smiles, British writer) 实用的知识只有通过亲身体验才能学到。(英国作家 斯迈尔斯 . S .) Proverbs are short sentences drawn from long experience. (Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer) 谚语是从长期经验中获得的短句。(班牙作家 塞万提斯.M.) The tragedy of the world is that those who are imaginative have but slight experience, and those who are experienced have feeble imaginations. (Alfred North Whitehead, British philosopher and nathematician) 世界的悲剧就在于有想象力又缺乏经验，而有经验的人又缺乏想象力。(英国哲学家、数学家 怀特海 .A . N.) The great difficulty in education is to get experience out of ideas. (Grorge Santayana, Spain-born American philosopher and poet) 教育之艰苦在于从意念中获得经验。(西班牙裔美国哲学家、诗人 桑塔亚那.G.) The greatest lesson in life is to know that even fools are right sometimes. (Winston Churchill. British statesman) 傻瓜有时候也是对的。(英国政治家 丘吉尔 .W.) To make good use of life one should have in youth the experience of advanced years, and in old age the vigor of youth. (Stanislars I, Polish king) 青年而有老年之经验，老年而有青年之朝气，就能使人生发挥更大的作用。(波兰国王 斯坦尼劳斯一世) To most men , experience is like the stern light of a ship which il-luminates only the track it has passed. (Samuel Tylor Coleridge, British poet) 对于大多数人，经验像是一艘船上的尾灯，只照亮船驶过的航道。(英国诗人 柯勒津治. S .T .) Too much experience is a dangerous thing. (Oscar Wilde, British dramatist) 经验过多反而危险。(英国剧作家 王尔德 . O.) We know nothing of what will happen in future , but by the analogy of past experience. (Abraham Lincoln , American president) 除了凭着对过去的经验加以类推之外，我们对今后的事一无所知。(美国总统 林肯 . A .) Absence to love is what wind is to fire. It extinguishes the small; it inflames the great. (Roger de Bussy-Rabutin, French writer) 离别之于爱情好比风之于火，它能将小火熄灭，使大火熊熊燃烧。(法国作家 比西-拉比旦.R.) Every man is a poet when he is in love. (Plato ancient Creek philosopher) 每个恋爱中的人都是诗人。(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图) First love is only a little foolishness and a lot of curiosity. (George Bernard Shaw) 初恋就是一点点笨拙外加许许多多好奇。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G) Friendship is like earthenware: once broken, it can be mended; love is like a mirror: once broken, that ends it. (Josh Billings. American humorist) 友谊就像陶器，破了可以修补；爱情好比镜子，一旦打破就难重圆。(美国幽默作家 比林斯 .J.) Friendship is love without his wings. (George Gordon Byron, Bdritish poet) 友谊是没有羽翼的爱。(英国诗人 拜伦.G,G) Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love. (Albert Einstein, American scientist) 并非地球引力使人坠入爱河。(美国科学家) The greater the power, the more dangerous the abuse. (Burke Edmund, British statesman) 权力越大，滥用职权的危险就越大。(英国政治家 埃德蒙.B.) The greatest of evils and the worst of crims is poverty. (George Bernard Shaw, British dramatist) 最大的恶和最凶的罪是贫穷。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

ABSTRACT The development of people's ability totranslate figurative speech was studied, using sentences con­taining metaphors, dual function words, and proverbs, aspresented in classroom workbooks. One hundred twentychildren from first, third, fifth, and seventh grades wereasked to describe the meaning of each figurative word orphrase placed in context. Responses were scored on a four­point scale indicating the extent to which the child used aliteral or figurative translation. Significant effects betweengrade levels and figurative conditions were found, indicatingthat the ability to translate figurative speech proceeds alonga developmental hierarchy of language comprehension. Themajority of third grade children were able to translate meta­phors and dual function words into figurative language suc­cessfully. The ability to translate proverbs required a levelof comprehension that does not appear in most childrenuntil seventh grade, as suggested by recent review of the psychological literature onmetaphor suggests a strong relationship betweenmetaphor comprehension and Piaget's cognitive stagesof thought development (3). Piagetian theory suggeststhat children from seven to twelve years of age developa broad range of transformational skills that allows themto operate on reality, building a repertoire of symbolsand signs (8). This display of cognitive growth representsan enormous expansion of power and abstraction in thatit frees children from the literal aspects of their percep­ and Piaget suggest that the capacity for poeticusage and the ability to operate on linguistic elementsmay be the last facet of language to develop (3). Theauthors' experiences in third grade classrooms, whileobserving children's understanding of figurative speechas presented in reading workbooks, revealed a wide rangeof abilities in the children's interpretation of metaphorsand proverbs at the concrete operations period of develop­ment. Some children had an immediate grasp of the mul­tiple meanings of terms, while others, regardless of theamount of explanation given, could not override theircognitive ties to the literal suggests that the capacity to understandmetaphoric speech occurs at an age beyond the preschoollevel (5). An early study investigated the development ofchildren's ability to understand dual function words,terms that have a joint reference in language to bothphysical and psychological data (1). For example, suchwords as "cold" and "warm" denote thermal propertiesand can serve a dual function in describing psychologicalaspects of people. The authors suggested that these termsare an elementary instance of metaphorical thinking andinvestigated the order in which children's understandingof dual terms emerged. Results indicated that childrenfrom three to seven are sensitive only to the literal trans­lation, while seven- to eight-year olds demonstrate thebeginning of the ability to use the psychological sense ofthe terms. The ability to state the dual function of theterms was clearly developed in the twelve-year-old group(for example, "hard things and hard people are bothunmanageable").Further work examined the ability of preschool child­ren to make metaphoric links, to perceive relationshipsamong disparate phenomena (6). Children, ages three tonineteen, were asked to indicate their knowledge ofliteral meanings of word pairs and then project them ontosensory domains using metaphoric skills. In contrast toearlier findings, these results indicated that the capacityfor metaphoric association between sensory modalitiesand adjectives was evident in young recent investigation found a developmental trendtoward the comprehension of metaphors, though it con­cluded that not until the age of ten were children ableto demonstrate metaphoric understanding of dual func­tion words (12).The ability to understand proverbs has been explainedby Piaget as part of the development of cognitive think­ing (10). He proposed that children from nine to elevenyears of age use a simple projection of the proverb intosentences by process of immediate fusion. At this level,there is no analysis of detail in comprehending proverbs,but a general fusion of two propositions without analysisof their meanings. Piaget believed that this phenomenonprecedes the development of logical thinking, that theability to translate proverbs does not occur until theformal operations present study examined the relationship amongmetaphors, dual function words, and proverbs, specificallylooking at children's ability to translate classroom materialpresented in context. Context has been cited as an impor­