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《呼啸山庄》人物关系结构 Title：Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights——The Psychoanalysis of love triangle relationship with Freud’s theory of personalityAbstract：Wuthering Heights tells a story of superhuman love and revenge enacted on the English moors. In this thesis, an attempt is made to analyze the love triangle relationship which leads to Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights by virtue of Freud’s theory of words：Wuthering Heights Freud’s theory of personality love triangle relationshipIn Catherine's heart she knows what is right, but chooses what is wrong. It is her wrong decision that pushes her into the inextricable []dilemma between her love and marriage; it is her wrong choice that plunges the two families into chaos. In the mind, she is truly out of her to Sigmund Freud(1856—1939), the structure of the mind or personality consists three portions: the id, the ego, and the superego.“The id, which is the reservoir of biological impulses, constitutes the entire personality of the infant at birth. Its principle of operation, to guard the person from painful tension, is termed the pleasure principle. Inevitable frustrations of the id, together with what the child learns from his encounters with external reality, generate the ego, which is essentially a mechanism to minimize frustrations of the biological drives in the long run. It operates according to the reality principle … []The superego comprises the conscience, a partly conscious system of introjected moral inhibitions, and the ego-ideal, the source of the individual's standards for his own behavior. Like external reality, from which it derives, the superego often presents obstacles to the satisfaction of biological drives.”“In the mentally healthy person, these three systems form a unified and harmonious organization. Conversely, when the three systems of personality are at odds with one another the person is said to be maladjusted.” Here Catherine's tragic psychological process may be well illustrated by Freudian psychoanalysis.“I cannot express it; but surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation, if I were entirely contained here？” Catherine's strange words reflect that the intelligent Emily Bronte had been earlier pondering over a same question in her work. What on earth is“the existence of Catherine's beyond Catherine”？Here we may believe that Heathcliff stands for Catherine's instinctual nature and the strongest desire—her “id” in the depths of her soul; Edgar, her ideal “superego”, represents another part of her personality: the well-bred gracefulness and the superiority of a wealthy family; and she, herself is the “ego” tortured by the friction between the two in the disharmonious the light of Freud's theory of personality, “the superego is the representation in the personality of the traditional values and ideals of society as they are handed down from parents to children.” Catherine's choice of Edgar as her husband is to satisfy her ideal “superego” to get wealth and high social position, which are the symbol of her class, on the basis of the education by her family and reality from her early childhood. She is a Miss of a noble family with a long history of about three hundred years. Only the marriage well-matched in social and economic status could be a satisfaction for all: her family, the society and even her practical self. “It would degrade me to many Heathcliff now ... if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars？” This is her actual worry for her future. Catherine yields to the pressure from her brother, and alike, in truth, she is yielding to the moral rules of society, without the approval and identification of which, she could not live a better life or even exist in it at , Catherine underestimates what her other more intrinsic self would have effect on her. The most remarkable claim by Catherine herself may be the best convincing evidence to distinguish the different roles of Heathcliff and Edgar—her “id” and her “superego”:“My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff's miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning: my great thought in living is himself. If all else perished, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else perished, and he was annihilated, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it. My love for Linton is like foliage in the woods: time will change it. I'm well aware, as winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I'm Heathcliff! He's always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure and more than I am always a pleasure to me, but as my own being. So don't talk of our separation again: it is impracticable.”It was a happy thought to make her love the kind, wealthy, weak, elegant Edgar, yet in submission to her superego to oppose against her id, she would fall into a loss of the self. Since the id is the most primitive basis of personality, and the ego is formed out of the id, Catherine's life depends wholly on Heathcliff， as the whole connotation and truth of her life in the cosmic world, for its existence and further more for the significance of her existence. Heathcliff is the most necessary part of her being. She marries Edgar, but Heathcliff still clutches her soul in his passionate embrace. Although she is a bit ashamed of her early playmate, she loves him with a passionate abandonment that sets culture, education, the world at defiance. Catherine's wrong choice for marriage violates her inner desires. The choice is a victory for self-indulgence—a sacrifice of primary to secondary things. And she pays for one hand, Catherine doesn't find the heavenly happiness she was longing for. Though as a girl “full of ambition”and “to be the greatest woman of the neighborhood” would be her pride, the enviable marriage could only flatter her vanity for a second. After her marriage, the comfortable and peaceful life in the Grange was just a monotonous and lifeless confinement of her soul. She feels chocked by the artificial and unnatural conditions in the closed Thrushcross Grange— a world in which the mind has hardened and become unalterable.“If I were in heaven, Nelly, I should be extremely miserable. ” Catherine eventually knows that the Lintons' heaven is not her ideal heaven. She and Heathcliff really possess their common heaven. Just as Catherine says,“Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Linton's is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.”Catherine doesn't want to live in the Lintons' heaven; on the other hand, she has lost her own paradise that she ever had with Heathcliff on the bare hard moor in their childhood. The deepest bent of her nature announces her destiny—a wanderer between the two worlds. When she is alive, she occupies a position midway between the two. She belongs in a sense to both and is constantly drawn first in Heathcliff's direction, then in Edgar's, and then in Heathcliff's again and at last she loses herself completely. Her childish illusion to use her husband's money to aid Heatllcliff to rise out of her brother's power has vanished in thin air. And her constant struggle to reconcile two irreconcilable ways of life is in vain too, which only caused more disorder in the two worlds and in herself as Freudian principles, should the ego continually fail in its task of satisfying the demands of the id, these three factors together—the painful repression of the id's instinctual desires, the guilt conscience of revolt against the superego's wishes, and the frustration of failure in finding outlets in the external world- would contribute to ever-increasing anxiety. The anxiety piles up and finally overwhelms the person. When this happens, the person is said to leave hallucinatory wish-fulfillment, then a nervous radical breakdown, and in the end may finish the person off. Catherine is destroyed into psychic fragmentation by the friction between the two. At the height of her Edgan-Heathcliff torment, Catherine lies delirious on the floor at the Grange. She dreams that she is back in her own old bed at Wuthering Heights “enclosed in the oak-paneled bed at home, and my heart ached with some great grief…my misery arose from the separation that Hindley had ordered between me and Heathcliff.”Still dreaming, she tries to push back the panels of the oak bed, only to find herself touching the table and the carpet at the Grange:“My late anguish was swallowed in a paroxysm of despair. I cannot say why I was so wildly wretched ... and my all in all, as Heathcliff was at that time, and been converted at a stroke into Mrs. Linton...the wife of a stranger: an exile, and outcast.” She attempts to forget the lengthy days of years of life without her soul even in her temporary derangement.“Most strangely, the whole last seven years of my life grew a blank! I did not recall that they had been at all.” Her mental and physical decay rapidly leads to the body's mortal end. She dies and seems to have none into perfect even after her death, she is still a wandering ghost. In Chapter 3, Lockwood, the lodger in Catherine's oak-paneled bed at Wuthering Heights dreams about the little wailing ghost:“The intense horror of nightmare came over me: I tried to draw back my arm, but the hand clung to it, and a most melancholy voice sobbed, ‘Let me in-Let me in’.‘ Who are you?’…‘Catherine Linton’, it replied, shiveringly…‘I'm come home: I'd lost my way on the moor!’…Terror made me cruel; and finding it useless to attempt shaking the creature off, I pulled its wrist on to the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till then blood ran down and soaked the bedclothes: still it wailed, ‘Let me in!’…it is twenty years, twenty years. I've been a waif for twenty years!”Catherine aspires to be back in her heaven even being a spirit. But leer self-deceptive decision has made her fall from her and Heathcliff's heaven full of demonic love and her never docile or submissive nature has drawn her out of her and Edgar's heaven filled with civilized emptiness in the meantime. She pushes herself into her tragedy, the endless dilemma between her love and marriage, which won't end up with her ： Emily，Wuthering Heights，Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，London：Oxford University Press Sigmund，Interpretation of Dreams，Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press Trysh，Heathcliff and Cathy，the Dysfunctional Couple，The Chronicle of Higher Education，Washington， Rebecca，Diaries and Displacement in Wuthering Heights，Studies in the Novel，Denton，2000 里面有你需要的英语论文，我载老一篇，不合适切看下嘛，呵呵！！！

现代文学主要是指在国家社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下，广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。下文是我为大家整理的关于文学的的论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考!

从《傅雷家书》 反思 傅雷精神

摘 要：《傅雷家书》是一部关于父亲写给子女书信的集子。它非一般书信，而是涉设到做人、文艺和追逐梦想，实现理想之精诚态度，书信充实的真挚情感、丰富学识、深刻哲理、流畅文笔，使得傅雷家书思想性、文学性、艺术性大放异彩，具备了甚高的鉴赏价值。家书蕴韵着诸多的人生哲理和人文感悟，给人以刻骨的启迪和无限的反思，从而给力地体现了傅雷先生的思想、精神与其独具魅力的人生观、艺术观。换言之，傅雷家书是傅雷人格魅力最集中的体现。笔者将借助傅雷家书所折射出的独具魅力的人生观、艺术观两个方 面试 析傅雷精神。

关键词：傅雷家书;傅雷精神;人生观;艺术观

一、引言

傅雷夫妇已逝四十余年，而傅译文学作品现有十五卷，字数多达五百万字，无论从数量、技巧或水平，傅雷一代翻译巨匠当之无愧;笔者愚钝，认为傅先生留给后世最最宝贵的财富，《傅雷家书》当仁不让。楼适夷谈及《傅雷家书》时如是说：“这是一部最好的艺术学徒修养读物，这也是一部充满父爱的苦心孤诣、呕心沥血的教子篇。”杨剑龙论及《傅雷家书》中这样写“在傅聪1953年 出国 到1966年傅雷夫妇自尽的13年间，傅雷以一颗慈爱之心不断地给儿子写信，谈生活，谈艺术，说做人，说从艺，循循善诱、谆谆教诲，善解人意、体察入微，将满腔热忱流泻于笔端，把一怀舐犊深情寄寓于信笺。”著名纪实文学作家叶永烈先生在《傅雷与傅聪》一书中写道，“他的翻译作品中所透露的是外国作家的思想，而非他自己的思想。惟有《傅雷家书》，他生前也没有想到过将来他的这些信会编成一本《傅雷家书》，会有一百多万册的印制量，会受到那么多读者的喜爱。”傅雷家书，在艺术之林中以其独特的处事为人、真切的情感投入和深刻的音乐探讨，从而使得这部家书熠熠生辉，夺目放彩。此前，哪一位父亲用如此细微的笔触寄予子女这般无限又无微不至的关爱和 教育 ?傅先生的真情，学识真真切切拨动着人们渐渐冷漠的心弦，让人感悟，让人反省，让人向往，其所折射的傅雷精神是一笔巨大的财富，启迪着一代又一代寻觅通往幸福之路的青年人。许钧先生在《傅雷翻译研究》一书中将傅雷精神归纳为“热情、认真、执著、理想”，这或许是傅雷翻译工作之工作态度，而笔者借用家书，透过文字背后暗藏的本质，对傅雷精神的解读即是――慈爱、真诚、乐观、坚强、人本。此种强大的精神刻骨铭心地鼓舞笔者，激励着笔者的深刻反省、无限深思。

二、傅雷家书：傅雷人生观的反思

如何做人是傅雷教育儿女的重中之重，他将为人视为从艺的基础。家书的字里行间透露出傅雷的谆谆教导：“人人多少有些惰性，假如你的惰性与偏向不能受道德的约束，又怎么能够实现我们教育你的信条：‘先为人，次为艺术家，再为音乐家，终为钢琴家’?”“我始终认为弄学问也好，弄艺术也好，顶要紧的是Human(人)，要把一个‘人’尽量发展，没成为××家××家以前，先要学做人;否则那种××家如何高明也不会对人类有多大的贡献。”

“真诚是第一把艺术的钥匙，知之为知之，不知为不知，真诚的‘不懂’比不真诚的‘懂’，还叫人好受些。最讨厌的莫如自以为是，自作解人。有了真诚，才会有虚心，有了虚心，才肯丢开自己去理解别人，也才能放下虚伪的自尊心去理解自己。”傅雷反对不懂装懂的自欺心理，崇尚“知之为知之，不知为不知”的虚心求学态度。有一次谈及傅聪与杰老师时，他给儿子写道，“你能继续跟杰老师上课，我很赞成，千万不要驼子摔交，两头不着。有个博学的老师指点，总比自己摸索好，尽管他有些见解与你不同。但你还年轻，musical literature的接触真是太有限了，乐理与曲体的知识又几乎等于零，更需要虚心一些，多听听年长的，尤其是一个scholarship很高的人的意见。”傅雷在儿子的一次成功演奏之后赞赏道：“我更高兴更安慰的是：多少过分的谀词与夸奖，都没有使你丧失自知之明，众人的掌声，拥抱，名流的赞美，都没有减少你对艺术的谦卑!”他希望儿子谦虚谨慎，积极奋进，不怕挫折，不怕失败，不怕打击，他说：“只要你能坚强，我就一辈子放了心!成就的大小、高低，是不在我们掌握之内的，一半靠人力，一半靠天赋，但只要坚强，就不怕失败，不怕挫折，不怕打击――不管是人事上的，生活上的，技术上的还是学习上的――打击;从此以后你可以孤军奋斗了。”在谈及失败与错误时，他说：“得失成败尽量置之度外，只求竭尽所能，无愧于心。”“人一辈子都在高潮与低潮之间浮沉，惟有庸碌的人，生活才如死水一般;只要高潮不过分使你紧张，低潮不过分使你颓废，就好了。太阳太强烈，会把五谷晒焦; 雨水 太猛，也会淹死庄稼。我们只求心理相当平衡，不至于受伤而已。”“一个人惟有敢于正视现实，正视错误，用理智分析，彻底感悟;终不至于被回忆侵蚀。”反窥现实，我们不禁感叹，傅雷精神影响深远，倘若现今的我们，尤其是年轻一代能真真领悟傅雷精神，更上一层楼的和谐就指日可待了!

傅雷家书中，人本观念熠熠生辉。除了教导儿子将为人为人生的重中之重，还时常关心儿子的身心健康，这在家书里比比皆是，譬如，傅聪即将出国 留学 时傅先生写道，“可是关于感情问题，我还是要郑重告诫：无论如何要克制，以前途为重，以健康为重。在外好好利用时间，不但要利用时间来工作，还要利用时间来休息，写信。”傅聪多次比赛前，傅雷都会耐心教导儿子，“比赛以前的几个月，一定要把身心的健康保护得非常好，才能有充沛的精力出场竞赛。俗语说‘养兵千日’，‘养’这个字极有道理。”在谈及傅聪练琴时，傅雷嘱咐儿子：“不过身体还得保重，别为了多争半小时一小时，而弄得筋疲力尽。从现在起，你尤其要保养得好，不能太累，休息要充分，常常保持fresh的精神。好比参加世运的选手，离上场的日期愈近，身心愈要调养得健康，精神饱满比什么都重要。”相形见绌，今昔的人父人母，尤其是都市里的爹妈，有几人能像傅雷这般照顾子女的精神成长?有几人能牺牲一丁点时间去关照子女的情感问题?有几人能奉行“人本主义”呵护子女的身心健康?错综复杂的社会体制又容许我们的人父人母能做到几分“人本”呢?这是体制问题?或者是人文问题?我们更明白的是这些问题一时间难以明辨，但这并不影响我们对人生观的深刻反省。

三、傅雷家书：傅雷艺术观的反省

傅雷家书不仅仅展现了傅雷对儿子的为人处事，身心健康诸多方面的关爱，同时还流露出其对音乐、绘画等颇有见地的才识和睿智。在谈及艺术境界时，他跟儿子分享道：“音乐主要是用你脑子，把你蒙蒙胧胧的感情(对每一个乐曲，每一章，每一段的感情)分辨清楚，弄明白你的感觉究竟是怎么一回事;等到你弄明白了，你的境界十分明确了，然后你的technic自会跟踪而来的。”在谈到音乐与技巧时，他也曾告诫儿子：“现在我深信这是一个魔障，凡是一天到晚闹技巧的，就是艺术工匠而不是艺术家。一个人跳不出这一关，一辈子也休想梦见艺术!艺术是目的，技巧是手段：老是只注意手段的人，必然会忘了他的目的。”笔者以为，这两点同样适用于翻译领域，如若译者能对原文的意思(每一个词，每一个句，每一个篇章的意思)分辨清楚，那么翻译的境界也就高超了，翻译技巧也会随之炉火纯青。反之，译者如若整天只顾研究翻译技巧，终若有所成，顶多是翻译匠而非翻译家。只注重翻译手段而不讲究翻译境界的人，必然会偏离亦或遗忘翻译目的的。

傅雷家书蕴涵着深刻的思想哲理，深深地启发着世人。在傅聪感觉职业生涯不乐观时，他鼓励儿子：“你说常在矛盾与快乐之中，但我相信艺术家没有矛盾不会进步，不会演变，不会深入。有矛盾正是生机蓬勃的明证。眼前你感到的还不过是技巧与理想的矛盾，将来你还有反复不已更大的矛盾呢：形式与内容的枘凿，自己内心的许许多多不可预料的矛盾，都在前途等着你。别担心，解决一个矛盾，便是前进一步!”“矛盾是解决不完的，所以艺术没有止境，没有perfect的一天!唯其如此，才需要我们日以继夜，终生的追求、苦练;要不然大家做了羲皇上人，垂手而天下治，做人也太腻了。”傅雷的这种矛盾观、积极向上的心态，笔者以为，在今天仍不乏极高的艺术价值，或曰，在今天这个竞争最为激烈的社会，此种矛盾观、乐观向上、积极上进的态度更值得我们学习和借鉴。

四、结语

傅雷在家书中提到给儿子写书信的目的：“长篇累牍的给你写信，不是空唠叨，不是莫名其妙的gossip，而是有好几种作用的。第一我的确把你当作一个讨论艺术，讨论音乐的对手;第二，极想激出你一些青年人的感想，让我做父亲的得些新鲜养料，同时也可以间接传布给别的青年;第三，借通信训练你的――不但是文笔，而尤其是你的思想;第四，我想时时刻刻，随处给你做个警钟，做面‘忠实的镜子’，不论在做人方面，在生活方细节面，在艺术修养方面，在演奏姿态方面。我做父亲的只想做你的影子，既要随时随地帮助你、保护你，又要不让你对这个影子觉得厌烦。”在此，我们对傅雷家书的思想哲理、睿智见识、真挚情感便可管窥全貌。叶永烈先生在其论文如是说：“《傅雷家书》的意义，远远超过了傅雷一家的范围。哲学家可以从《傅雷家书》中研究傅雷的思想、哲理、 方法 ;教育家可以从《傅雷家书》探讨人才培养的规律以及家庭对成才的影响;文学家可以从《傅雷家书》中研究 散文 的笔法;艺术家可以从《傅雷家书》中汲取音乐、美术的营养;历史学家可以从《傅雷家书》中剖析二十世纪五十至六十年代中国知识分子的灵魂;广大读者可以把《傅雷家书》作为一本优秀的青年思想修养读物，一本爱国主义教育的生动教材。”而笔者，欲跟诸位，尤其我们的青年人，共享家书在现实生活方方面面的重大教育意义和巨大指导意义，亦如笔者上文所提：《傅雷家书》教育儿子在为人处事上的睿智、交往中的真诚、学习中的谦虚，都值得我们借鉴;家书教育儿子不怕困难、不惧挫折、敢于面对的乐观坚强的态度更是值得我们铭记;家书中关于艺术境界的探讨，值得我们从事翻译的译者借鉴并学习;家书的“人本”思想、矛盾观等等理念，值得我们深思、反省。

参考文献：

[1]楼适夷.傅雷家书・读家书，想傅雷[M].北京：三联书店，1998.

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论《祝福》中的女性形象

摘要：鲁迅是中国二十世纪最伟大的文学家、思想家和革命家。他在《祝福》中塑造了三类女性形象：被奴役、被压迫的女性;封建礼教的代言人;有意和无意的帮凶。表达了作者对封建礼教的批判。

关键词：祝福;女性形象;封建礼教

鲁迅是中国二十世纪最伟大的文学家、思想家和革命家，他以独特的视角分析中国社会存在的各种问题。在中国几千年的封建社会中，女人的地位始终是最低下的，她们受的压迫最厉害，是“铁屋子”中最弱小的群体。早在1918年，鲁迅就写了著名的《我之节烈观》，深刻批判了封建 文化 对女性的戕害，表达了对封建礼教“吃人”本质的愤恨。《祝福》可算得上是这方面的典范之作。《祝福》中的女性形象，可分为三类。

一、被奴役、被压迫的女性――祥林嫂

祥林嫂是旧中国广大劳动妇女的代表。她勤劳、善良、坚韧。但就是这样的一个人在旧社会不但没有争得一个做人的起码权利，反而成为一个被践踏、遭迫害、受鄙视的对象，最终被封建礼教所吞噬。祥林嫂为了躲避再嫁的命运，逃到鲁镇到鲁四老爷家帮工，整日劳作，衣食不论，却非常满足，以至于“口角边渐渐的有了笑影，脸上也白胖了。”只要暂时坐稳了奴隶，她也就感到了莫大的满足和幸福。然而，宗法制度和封建礼教却不会因此而放过她，生活的打击接二连三：婆婆把她绑到山坳里卖掉了，丈夫贺老六得伤寒死了，儿子阿毛被狼吃了，房子被大伯收去了。她再次成为无家可归之人。当再嫁再寡的她再次回到鲁镇的时候，就成为人们眼中的一个异类，成为一个“不干不净”的人，最终被大家排斥，倒毙在家家祝福的风雪交加的街头。至此，她是“想做奴隶而不得做”(《灯下漫笔》)了。

在祥林嫂短暂的一生中，她也曾不屈服于命运的安排，进行过各种各样的反抗：为躲避被婆婆卖掉而逃到鲁镇;再嫁时闹得“出格”; 面对人们的嘲弄、侮辱与伤害，给以无言的抗议;为取得精神上的平等，免除阴间被锯为两半的命运倾其所有到土地庙去捐了门槛;死前怀疑灵魂的有无等等。但这些反抗，无不带有浓厚的封建色彩，是受了“好女不嫁二夫”，“饿死事小，失节事大”等封建思想毒害的结果。她的“出格”的反抗，是为了保持自己的“贞节”; 她的捐门槛是为了赎“罪”。她拼命反抗的东西，实际上恰恰成了她拼命维护的东西。她是为了坐稳奴隶而进行的抗争，是在封建礼教和封建迷信的泥沼中进行的抗争。她反抗地越厉害，说明受的封建礼教的毒害越深。她的反抗具有浓烈的悲剧性。封建礼教已经深入人心，生活在封建势力占统治地位的中国农村的祥林嫂，其悲剧是无法避免的。祥林嫂的悲剧是一个时代的悲剧。

二、封建礼教的代言人――婆婆、四婶

从小说的 故事 情节看，祥林嫂的悲剧命运源于她的婆婆。作者通过卫老婆子之口交代了她婆婆的特点：“那女人虽是山里人模样，然而应酬很从容，说话也能干。”为了给小儿子娶媳妇，善于算计的婆婆公然地把逃到鲁镇的祥林嫂象畜生般捆走卖到山坳里去了。封建时代要求女子“三从”“、四德”，对家长绝对服从，女人一生的命运都寄托在男人身上。在婆婆家，祥林死后祥林嫂无子可从，作为封建家长的婆婆就可以把她随意卖掉;在山坳里，贺老六病死，儿子被狼吃掉，祥林嫂就只能被大伯赶出去，成为无家可归之人。这种封建思想根深蒂固，就连认为绑架祥林嫂的行为损害了自己尊严的鲁四老爷在气愤过后也释然地说：“可恶!然而……”

四婶是大户人家的太太，表面看来温柔敦厚，心地善良，实际上也是一个自私、顽固、残忍的封建礼教的维护者，一个杀害祥林嫂的凶手。是她，从精神上彻底打垮了祥林嫂，用封建礼教这把利剑把祥林嫂逼上了绝路。四婶对祥林嫂的态度可以说经历了三个阶段：念叨――不满――扫地出门。而发生这一切变化的根源在于祥林嫂能否为她出力。她对祥林嫂念叨是因为祥林嫂整日不停地劳作;她对祥林嫂不满是因为祥林嫂在遭受了丧夫失子的痛苦后，精神变得不济，做事时常丢三落四，又总是絮絮叨叨。她从内心深处开始嫌弃“不干不净”的祥林嫂，在祭祀时不让祥林嫂沾祭器，从精神上宣判了祥林嫂的死刑。尽管祥林嫂用自己辛苦挣得的血汗钱捐了一条千人骑、万人跨的门槛，希望自己能够重新获得做人的权利，但四婶的一句“祥林嫂，你放着罢!我来摆。”“祥林嫂，你放着罢!我来拿。”彻底打破了她的希望。害怕自己成为异类的祥林嫂最终还是无奈地成为了人们眼中的异类，被四婶扫地出门，在家家祝福的 除夕 夜，倒毙在了风雪交加的街头。作者通过这一形象的塑造，从更深层次挖掘出了祥林嫂悲剧的社会根源。

三、有意和无意的帮凶――柳妈、卫老婆子、老妇人

柳妈的出场是在小说的高潮部分――祥林嫂第二次到鲁镇的时候。关于柳妈她深受封建礼教的毒害又反过来用封建礼教害人。她对同处于被剥削阶层的祥林嫂本应同情、宽容，但有意无意中却充当了刽子手的角色。她不怀好意地用她那明亮的小眼睛盯着祥林嫂额角那引以为耻的伤疤，取笑力气大的祥林嫂何以竟自己愿意了，恐吓她死后两个死鬼的男人还要相争，阎罗大王只好把她锯为两半。并“好心”地为祥林嫂出主意――用自己的血汗钱到土地庙捐一条门槛来赎了这一生的罪名，然后又把自己和祥林嫂谈话的内容张扬出去，使人们得到了取笑祥林嫂的新材料。柳妈这一形象，使人们从更深广的角度认识到社会对祥林嫂的不宽容。处在如此险恶环境中的祥林嫂的被毁灭是一种历史的必然。

卫老婆子和老妇人是小说中着墨不多的人物。但通过淡淡的笔墨，仍能窥探出他们的内心世界。卫老婆子是一个见风使舵、圆滑世故之人，她以介绍人打工为职业，从中谋利。她一开始以热心肠的身份出现，热情帮助孤苦无依的祥林嫂，极尽甜言蜜语之能事，把祥林嫂介绍到鲁四老爷家帮工。转而又加入到与婆婆一起绑架贩卖祥林嫂的行列中去。这个没有起码是非观念的女人，左右逢源，如鱼得水，从中尽情捞着自己的好处。对于祥林嫂的不幸遭遇，她不但不感到可惜、气愤，反而以艳羡的口气说他交了好运，儿子也胖，母亲也胖。她被金钱和封建礼教吞噬了灵魂，同时又帮着封建礼教吞噬着其他善良的人们。老妇人等则专以别人的痛苦为快乐。她让祥林嫂不断重复着自己悲惨的故事，不断揭开祥林嫂始终流血的伤疤。她始而同情，眼角流出几滴眼泪，口中发出几声叹息，继而也就冷漠，最终是厌弃了。这些麻木的看客，津津有味地咀嚼着别人的痛苦，成为祥林嫂悲剧命运的推波助澜者。

法捷耶夫曾说：“鲁迅，是短篇小说的名手，他善于简短地、清楚地在一些形象中表达一种思想，在一个插曲中表达一件巨大的事变，在某一个别的人物中表达一个典型。”作者在《祝福》中塑造的这三类女性形象，尽管身份不同，地位不一，却都深受封建礼教的毒害。在《我怎么做起小说来》中，鲁迅这样说：“说到‘为什么’做小说罢。我仍然抱着十多年前的‘启蒙主义’，以为必须是‘为人生’，而且要改良这人生。我深恶先前的称小说为‘闲书’，而且将‘为艺术的艺术’，看作不过是‘清闲’的新式别号。所以我的取材，多采自病态社会的不幸的人们中，意思是在揭出病苦，引起疗救的注意。”这也正是《祝福》中这些女性形象的意义所在。

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