森林问题论文参考文献

环境会计产生的环境 回顾环境会计产生和发展二十多年的历史，可以看出环境会计是在自然环境遭受严重破坏、生态环境严重恶化、经济发展的物质基础受到威胁的背景下，人们在分析了传统会计理论和方法的局限性基础上提出的。 环境状况的恶化对经济活动主体提出新的要求。 人类在生产和生活过程中，不断从自然界取得资源，同时又将生产和生活中产生的废物排放到环境中去。随着经济的发展和人口的增长，人类要求从自然界取得的资源越来越多，同时排放到自然界中的废物也越来越多，超过了自然界的承受能力，导致生态破坏、环境污染等一系列环境问题。目前，世界各国都不同程度的存在着环境污染和生态破坏问题，各国的环境问题又共同造成了全球性的环境问题。 面对越来越严重的环境问题，各国提高了对环境问题的重视程度，在世界范围内寻求合作以解决治理环境的国际协调问题。1987年，联合国世界环境与发展委员会提出了可持续发展战略，作为指导各国环境与发展实践的共同战略。所谓可持续发展是指既满足当代人的需要，以不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展模式，其实质在于限制、调整人类的各种活动特别是经济活动，在经济社会的发展过程中解决各种环境问题，使经济社会的发展建立在环境资源可以承受的基础上，并促使其充分、持久地发展，从而最大限度地满足当代人和后代人的需要。 我国20年来的改革开放促进了经济发展和国民经济高速增长，创造了巨大的物质财富，人民生活有了较大提高，但由于对资源开发强度过大，造成环境污染，水土流失，耕地面积减少，资源耗竭速度提高，大量物种濒临灭绝等环境问题。98年特大洪水在一定程度上就是由于沿江植被遭到破坏，水土流失严重造成的。 我国政府近年来加大了环境保护方面的法制建设和资金投入，取得了一定的效果，但也存在着投入总量不足、环保效益和经济效益差等问题。在总量上，发达国家环境保护投入平均占GNP的1％－2％，我国仅占％，且由于我国环保历史欠帐较多，投入总量更显不足。在效益上，由于对环境资源的过度开发和浪费缺乏有效的监督和控制，现阶段仅仅从法律监督和行政管理方面对破坏环境的行为进行控制，而没有健全、系统的量化指标把企业的环保责任和经济效益联系起来，把保护环境变为企业的自觉行为。企业还没有把环境保护作为企业生存和发展的一个必要条件，没有把环境保护作为企业扩大市场占有率、提高经济效益的重要手段，认为进行环保投入和技改得不到切实的回报，积极性较差。为提高环保投入产出率，改善环保工作的效果，确保人类社会的可持续发展，利用会计手段对环境资源和环保责任进行计量和控制，研究专门的会计方法体系是十分必要的。 1. 企业适应环境要求，提高经济效益的必由之路。 企业要实现长期生存和稳定发展，必须树立适应环境的观念，社会环境是企业生存和发展的制度基础，而自然环境则是企业生存和发展的物质基础。传统观点认为：企业必须尽可能地适应社会环境，寻求最佳投资环境、融资环境、市场环境和政策环境，才能求得长期生存和稳定发展。而从可持续发展观点看来：企业的生存和发展需要不断地从自然环境中取得资源，又要不断地将废物排放到环境中去，如果企业没有一个持续、稳定的自然环境作为物质基础，求得与自然环境的和谐共生，企业的长期生存和稳定发展只能是空谈。 现实生活中，人们的环境保护意识不断增强，越来越要求企业提供更多的绿色产品，企业立足自身经济利益，也应增强环保意识，增大环保投入，降低能源消耗，细化环保投入和产出的计量，计量取得的环境资源、负有的环保责任和发生的环境费用，确认取得的环境收益或损失。这样才能全面的衡量企业的效益状况，为企业目标的实现提供真实、可靠的信息。 2. 传统会计模式的局限性 传统会计的目标是借助会计对经济活动进行核算和监督，为经营管理提供财务信息，并考核经营责任，从而取得最大的经济效益。传统会计侧重于从人类经济活动的角度出发，着眼于对自然资源的开发利用，没有将环境所带来的经济问题纳入会计研究的范围，表现为会计信息披露不充分和会计循环过程的不完整。传统会计没有将环境所带来的经济问题纳入会计研究的范围，缺乏对企业环境资源、环境责任和环境费用的计量，缺乏对企业取得的环境收益或损失的确认。传统会计没有把企业视为与环境共生的经济体，没有认识到经济运转和自然环境循环是紧密联系在一起的。认为经济循环从企业从环境中取得资源开始，到企业实现其产品，取得经济收益结束。忽视了环境对企业的影响和企业对环境的影响，忽视了环境自身的物质补偿过程和企业环境中取得资源造成的企业对环境的补偿责任。具体而言，没有将环境资源确认为资产，没有将企业应承担的环保责任确认为负债，没有将环境资本确认为所有者权益，没有确认环境收入和费用以及环境利润。导致上述问题的原因是，传统会计认为没有凝结人类一般劳动的环境资源是没有价值的，不必对之进行确认和计量。应当看到，环境资源具有社会产品具有的有效用性和稀缺性，应当并可能对其进行确认和计量。environmental accounting environmental Recalling the development of environmental accounting and have more than two decades of history, can be seen in the natural environment, environmental accounting is severely damaged, a serious deterioration of the ecological environment, the material basis of economic development against the backdrop of threats to people in the traditional analysis of accounting theory and methods On the basis of the limitations. The deterioration of environmental conditions on the economic activities of the main new requirements. In the production and life of mankind, made from natural resources will have a life of the production and discharge of waste into the environment. With the economic development and population growth, from the nature of human resources to achieve more and more, at the same time released into the nature of the waste more and more, exceeding the tolerance of the natural world, leading to ecological damage, environmental pollution, such as a Series of environmental problems. At present, all countries in the world there are different levels of environmental pollution and ecological damage, environmental problems also led to a common global environmental problems. In the face of increasingly serious environmental problems, raised the importance of environmental issues, around the world to seek cooperation to address environmental issues of international coordination. In 1987, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development put forward a strategy of sustainable development as a national guidance on Environment and Development, the common practice of the strategy. The so-called sustainable development means not only meets the needs of the people, not to future generations to meet their own needs the ability to pose a hazard model of development and its essence is to limit the adjustment of human activities, especially economic activities in the economic and social development In solving environmental problems, so that the economic and social development in the establishment of environmental resources to bear on the basis of, and to its full and lasting development in order to satisfy current and future generations. China's 20 years of reform and opening to promote the economic development of the national economy and rapid growth has created tremendous material wealth, the people's living standard has improved greatly, but on the strength of resource development is too large, causing environmental pollution, soil erosion, reduction of arable land , To increase the speed of resource depletion, a large number of endangered species such as the environment. 98-year flood to a certain extent is due to the destruction of vegetation along the river, caused serious soil erosion. In recent years, China's government increased the legal system of environmental protection and investment, has achieved some results, but there is a total lack of inputs, inefficiency and poor economic returns. In total, the Environmental Protection developed into an average of 1% of GNP accounted for -2%, China accounted for only percent, and as a result of China's environmental history, more debt, the total investment is even more inadequate. In terms of effectiveness, as a result of over-exploitation of environmental resources and a waste of a lack of effective supervision and control at this stage only from a legal and administrative supervision of the destruction of the environment control, and no sound system of quantitative indicators of the enterprises Responsibility for environmental and economic benefits linked to the protection of the environment into a business conscious act. Environmental protection enterprises have not as a corporate survival and development of a necessary condition, not as an environmental protection enterprises to expand market share, an important means to enhance economic efficiency, environmental protection that are not practical technical inputs and the return of the more active Poor. In order to enhance environmental protection input-output, improving the effectiveness of environmental protection to ensure sustainable development of human society, the means of accounting for the use of environmental resources and environmental responsibility and control measures, the study of specialized accounting system is essential. 1. Enterprises to adapt to environmental requirements, the only way to increase economic efficiency. To achieve long-term business survival and development of a stable, we must foster the idea to adapt to the environment, social environment for enterprises to survive and develop on the basis of the system, and the natural environment is the existence and development of enterprises on the basis of the material. The traditional view: companies must adapt to the social environment as much as possible, to seek the best investment environment, financial environment, the market environment and policy environment in order to achieve stability and development of long-term survival. From the point of view of sustainable development: the survival and development of enterprises need to obtain resources from the natural environment, but also will continue to discharge waste into the environment, if companies do not have a sustained and stable environment as a material foundation, To achieve harmony with the natural environment, Symbiotic, enterprises and the steady development of long-term survival can only be empty talk. In real life, people's awareness of environmental protection, growing more and more requests to provide more green products, companies based on their own economic interests, should also enhance environmental awareness, increasing environmental protection input and reduce energy consumption, environmental protection, investment and Refinement The output measures, measures to achieve environmental resources, has the responsibility for environmental protection and environmental costs, to obtain recognition of the environmental gains or losses. Only in this way can a comprehensive measure of the effectiveness of business conditions, corporate objectives to provide a true and reliable information. 2. Limitations of the traditional accounting model Traditional accounting with the goal of accounting for economic activities and supervision of accounting, business management for the provision of financial information, assessment and accountability, so as to maximize economic benefits. The traditional emphasis on accounting from the human point of view of economic activity, focusing on the development and utilization of natural resources, not the economic environment into the accounting of the scope, accounting for the performance of inadequate disclosure and accounting of the cycle is not complete . Traditional accounting does not brought about by the economic environment into the accounting of the scope, lack of resources in the enterprise environment, environmental responsibility and environmental costs of the measures, lack of access to the corporate environment or loss of revenue recognition. Not the traditional accounting business environment, Symbiotic and as the economy has not recognized the functioning of the economic cycle and the natural environment are closely linked. That the economic cycle from the corporate environment to obtain resources from the beginning to achieve its business products, to obtain the end of the economic benefits. Ignoring the environmental impact of corporate and business impact on the environment, environmental neglect their own material and the process of compensation and business environment to obtain resources of the corporate environmental liability. In particular, there is no environmental resources will be recognized as assets, not companies should bear the responsibility for environmental protection recognized as liabilities, not the environment identified as the owner's equity capital, there is no confirmation of income and the cost of the environment and environmental profits. These led to the cause of the problem is that traditional accounting in general do not think there is condensation of human labor, environmental resources is of no value, no need for the confirmed and measured. It should be noted that the community has the resources and the environment with the products and effective use of scarce, it should be and could be identified and measured.

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浅析公益林规范化管理论文

1、板桥林场公益林基本情况

板桥林场位于驻马店市驿城区板桥镇，界于北纬32°50′~33°10′，东经113°15′~113°45′之间。东北、西北和北部分别与确山县、方城县和舞钢市接壤。森林经营总面积万hm2，公益林总面积万hm2，其中2004年经国家认定的国家级公益林面积万hm2，2006年认定的省级公益林万hm2，全部为水源涵养林，权属国有，森林覆盖率为95%。由于地域优势，林场林地植被丰富，其中有香果树、杜仲、粉椴等，辖区内分布的哺乳类、两栖类、蠕性类等野生动物资源十分丰富。

2、公益林工作开展情况

抓好护林员选聘，注重业务能力培养

护林员的素质决定着公益林管护的成败。为此，板桥林场专门成立了公益林管理办公室，委派2名林业技术骨干，专职公益林管理。林场专职护林员实行聘用制，按照竞争上岗，择优录用的原则，一年一聘。管护公益林的护林员在本场范围内，且有《森林管护》等级的正式职工中产生，并与场签订《国有板桥林场公益林护林合同》，佩证上岗。合同明确规定了护林员的护林范围、面积、期限、权利、报酬、义务及违约责任等。管护区域按《河南省生态公益林管理办法》，在不打破林班的原则下划分管护区域，确定管护面积，结合护林员的档案工资发放护林员的管护劳务费。场公益林管理办公室负责对选聘的护林员进行相关的政策、法规、森林防火、林业有害生物防治、野生动植物保护等有关公益林管理知识的岗位培训，使护林员具备森林管护的技能，从而更好的胜任公益林管护工作。

建立长效管理机制，抓好岗位责任监督

为加强公益林管理的长效管理，板桥林场严格按照公益林管理办法，签订“二级合同”，先由板桥林场与市林业局签订《国家级公益林管护合同》和《省级公益林管护合同》，再由板桥林场与护林员签订《河南省公益林护林员护林合同》，具体落实管护责任。为规范公益林护林员管理，评价护林员的管护效果，建立长效机制，制订了《国有板桥林场生态公益林护林员管护细则》。场公益林管理办公室负责对选聘的护林员开展职业道德教育、业务知识培训。公益林管理办公室负责对选聘的护林员护林绩效进行考核，护林员的劳务费与护林绩效挂钩，及时调换不称职或不合格的护林员。场公益林管理办公室每月对各林区护林员召开一次例会，随机查岗不少于2次，查验护林日志记录，上岗签到，管护区内有无盗伐林木、乱采滥挖、乱牧滥猎等毁坏公益林资源的现象。护林员请假必须经林区主任批准，以请假条为准，说明请假原因和时间，电话请假一律不予认可。护林日志要求每日记录，认真记录时间、天气、巡护路线、巡护期间发生案件记录、违章纠查记录及宣传记录。同时要求护林员做到“三必须”：必须记录好巡护日志，必须认真参加培训，必须坚持参加例会。公益林管理办公室及时通报巡查结果，为场考评护林员提供依据，进而安排下步管护工作[1]。

加强宣传，营造良好的舆论氛围

公益林管理工作涉及面广，政策性强，不少基层工作人员和林区群众对公益林的生态作用不了解，对国家实施森林生态效益补偿的政策不清楚，为了确保公益林管理工作的顺利推进，仅靠林业部门一家是不可能实现的，必须提高大众的认识，调动全社会的积极性。为此我们举办了公益林学习培训班，利用广播、电视、场宣传车、印发宣传册，多种宣传途径，向广大社会人员宣传有关林业的法律、法规，森林分类经营改革政策。同时在重点公益林周边的主要路口，河流交叉口设立公益林标牌，明确公益林的管护范围、责任和进入重点公益林林区的注意事项。通过这些工作的落实，取得了社会人员的理解和支持，有效地预防了放牧、砍柴、违法征占用公益林情况、活林木丢失等人为破坏公益林资源行为的发生，减轻了公益林管护人员的负担，提高了公益林概念的社会认知。

完善公益林档案和数据库管理

板桥林场成立了公益林管理办公室，明确专人做好公益林档案管理工作。从公益林区划界定到管护合同、有关管理方案、方法、规章制度及上级文件，分事权等级，分类别存放。档案资料有专人负责，有专门的档案室及档案柜，充分发挥档案的科学性和连续性，使公益林档案管理更加规范有序。建立完善河南省生态公益林数据库，对全场生态公益林进行全面核查，核实公益林小班面积和小班相关因子，将全部国家级公益林和省级公益林落实到具体小班，并制作shp格式的矢量数据库和河南省生态公益林小班基础信息数据库，完善公益林数据库相关资料。

建立监管机制，强化科学支撑

林场按照《中央财政森林生态效益补偿基金管理办法》和《河南省生态公益林管理办法》等规定，加强资金管理，确保专款专用，不得截留、克扣或挪作它用，确保资金真正用到公益林管理上去。

注重管护绩效，提高生态意识

《国有板桥林场生态公益林护林员管护细则》规定，护林员的管护效果和护林劳务费挂钩，护林员管护区内一年中无森林火灾发生、无乱砍滥伐、无乱占林地，优先续签护林合同，对考核不合格的护林员终止护林合同。建立宣传机制，提高职工的生态保护意识。负责公益林管理的同志不仅要自己首先学习好公益林管理规定及补偿政策，更要主动为护林员和领导提供学习材料，采取灵活多样的学习形式和学习手段，共同把公益林管理工作做好。

3、存在的问题

林分质量低

板桥林场为事业差供单位，经费30%来源于财政拨款，70%需要单位自筹，林场为了生存，争取了低产林改造、林木皆伐等项目，森林植被遭受破坏，导致林分质量下降。板桥林场树种为建场时营造的马尾松、黑松、麻栎，树种单一，纯林多，混交林少，阔叶林多，针叶林少。山上土层厚度较薄，树木生长缓慢，病虫害危害比较严重，林区立地条件不高，藤灌较多，有些树木大面积枯死，加上林区内群众封建迷信，进入林区上坟烧纸，使林区内森林火灾时有发生，影响树木生长，降低了林分质量。补植补造后，管护区内牲畜过多，啃食幼苗，幼苗生长缓慢，中幼龄林多，成熟林少，造成生态林林分质量不高，起不到有效抵御自然灾害的屏障保护作用，生态功能等级偏低。

补偿标准低，支撑保障能力不强

自2004年生态公益林实行森林生态效益补偿基金以来，森林生态效益补偿标准偏低。虽然各级财政投入林业资金总量逐年增加，但与林业建设的.需求相比差距还很大，补偿资金只能够满足一部分护林员的护林劳务开支，远远满足不了公益林补植、补造、基础设施建设费用等开支，国有林场尚未摆脱贫困，生态公益林经营管理者的工作积极性不高。

管护难度大，缺乏护林经验，素质参差不齐

由于历史和自然等原因，林业产业发展基础薄弱，致使林区工作站、森林病虫害防治、森林防火等基础设施落后，大部分林区道路较差，加大了林业资源管护难度。在选聘管护人员队伍中，大多数是初、高中文化水平，只有少数的技术员和管理人员是大专以上学历。因此，他们对管理好生态公益林缺少清楚的认识，也缺少应有的护林知识、技巧和经验，致使公益林管护目标不明确，护林效果不好。

4、公益林管理的建议

根据生态区域的重要性和脆弱性，综合森林质量、管护难度，对现有生态公益林提高森林生态效益补偿标准。在不破坏生态的前提下，充分利用生态公益林的景观资源、林下资源，科学合理地规划林地保护与利用，保障林业的可持续发展和生态安全，实现生态、社会、经济效益的有机统一。加强生态公益林的管理，全面禁伐。通过中幼林抚育和大径材培育，促进保留木生长，缩短林木成熟期，提高林分质量和生长量。实行造林树种多样性（适地适树），改善树种单一结构问题。板桥林场管护面积大，各护林点基础设施薄弱，不能适应现代化管理模式，亟待加强基础设施方面投入。提高管护人员素质是为了更好地管护生态公益林资源，实施生态安全屏障保护修复。应对护林员进行林业法律、法规方面的学习和系统的、专业的理论知识培训，培育壮大专业管护人员队伍，增强林业基础保障能力。

参考文献：

[1]陈卫.论东源县生态公益林的建设[J].广东林业科技，2004，20（2）：63-66.