财务风险控制国外文献论文

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1 the meaning of financial risk Ye at "small and medium-sized financial risk assessment and control of research" that the financial risk is the possibility of corporate insolvency and shareholders, the proceeds of uncertainty, it is difficult because of enterprise funds, to adopt a different mode of financing brought about by risk. Starting from the analysis of financial risk on its meaning, characteristics and types of content; at this based on the causes of the financial risk to conduct in-depth analysis and detailed research, analysis concludes that the financial risks arising from internal factors and external aspects; in turn, establish a risk awareness, the establishment of an effective risk prevention mechanism; set up and improve the financial management system to meet the financial management of environmental change; set up the financial risk early warning mechanism, strengthen the financial crisis management; improve the scientific level of financial decision-making to prevent due to poor decisions arising from the financial risk; through internal systems to prevent the establishment of binding mechanisms to control and guard against financial risk in five areas of financial risk prevention measures as well as self-insurance, diversification of risk control, risk transfer, risk averse, risk reducing the five techniques. Only controlled enterprises to guard against and defuse financial risks, in order to ensure that enterprises in the fierce competition in the market in an invincible position. The causes of the financial risks(A) external causes 1, the national policy changes brought about by the financing risk. Generally speaking, small and medium-sized production and operation because of instability. A country's economy or monetary policy changes, there may be small and medium-sized production and management, market conditions and financing forms have a certain impact. Beginning in 2007, our country has increased the intensity of macroeconomic regulation and control, the central bank to raise the fourth time the deposit reserve ratio, in particular, are ready to implement the difference between a direct deposit system to make small and medium-sized service-oriented small and medium-sized commercial banks to tighten credit, SMEs First of all, the capital supply disruption, the risk of inviting a lot of financing, SMEs also in urgent need of funds can not be forced to stop production or the scale of downsizing. 2, bank financing channels for non-financial risks caused by fluid. Corporate sources of funds are nothing more than its own funds and external financing in two ways. In various modes of financing, the bank credit is also an important source of funds, but banks in the country's financial policies as well as their own sound system is not under the influence of such circumstances, the general enthusiasm for SME lending is not high, their loans more difficult to increase the the enterprise's financial risk. (B) internal factors one, blind expansion of investment scale. There is a considerable number of conditions are not ripe for the SMEs in the circumstances, only the experience of one-sided pursuit of companies to determine the expansion of the extension, ignore the company's content and core competitiveness, resulting in a major capital investment wasted. 2, the investment decision-making errors. For business, the correct selection of industries are the starting point for the survival and development strategy. However, some industrial enterprises in the selection process, the often overlooked "industry is a dynamic selection process" concept, should not a keen grasp of industry trends and direction of evolution. 3, improper selection of investment partners. Enterprises to make investment decisions, we must give full consideration to qualified partners, reputation, and should have to bear the corresponding risks. 4, less than honest. Lack of SME credit is a common situation. Therefore, small and medium-sized banks to provide loans or investments to small and medium-sized people had to step up investment on human resources in order to improve the quality of information collection and analysis. This respect has increased the investment bank or person lending and investment costs. On the other hand also give small and medium enterprises financing difficult. Ability to finance capital, to finance the number of funds, the financing of SMEs exist great 国内研究现状财务风险的含义叶华在《中小企业财务风险评价与控制研究》中指出财务风险是企业丧失偿债能力的可能性和股东收益的不确定性, 它是由于企业资金困难, 采取不同的筹资方式而带来的风险。从分析财务风险入手，阐述其含义、特征以及种类等内容；在此基础上对财务风险产生的原因进行深入细致的分析研究，分析总结出财务风险产生的内因和外因诸方面；从而提出树立风险意识，建立有效的风险防范机制；建立和完善财务管理系统，以适应财务管理环境变化；建立财务风险预警机制，加强财务危机管理；提高财务决策的科学化水平，防止因决策失误而产生的财务风险；通过防范内部制度，建立约束机制来控制和防范财务风险五个方面的财务风险防范措施以及自我保险、多元化风险控制、风险转移、风险回避、风险降低五种技术方法。只有控制防范和化解企业财务风险，才能确保企业在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。 财务风险的成因（一）外部原因1、国家政策的变化带来的融资风险。一般而言，由于中小企业生产经营不稳定。一国经济或金融政策的变化，都有可能对中小企业生产经营、市场环境和融资形式产生一定的影响。从2007 年开始，我国加大了对宏观经济的调控力度，央行第四次提高存款准备金率，尤其是实行差额准备金制度使直接面向中小企业服务的中小商业银行信贷收紧，中小企业的资金供给首先受阻，融资风险徒增不少，中小企业也因无法得到急需资金而被迫停产或收缩经营规模。2、银行融资渠道不流畅造成的融资风险。企业资金来源无非是自有资金和对外融资两种方式。在各种融资方式中，银行信贷又是重要的资金来源，但是银行在国家金融政策以及自身体制不健全等情况的影响下，普遍对中小企业贷款积极性不高，使其贷款难度加大，增加了企业的财务风险。（二）内部原因1、盲目扩张投资规模。有相当一部分的中小企业在条件不成熟的情况下，仅凭经验判断片面追求公司外延的扩大，忽略了公司内涵和核心竞争力，造成投资时资金的重大浪费。2、投资决策失误。对企业来说，正确的产业选择是生存发展的战略起点。但一些企业在选择产业过程中，往往忽视了“产业选择是一个动态过程”的观念，不能敏锐地把握产业演变的趋势和方向。3、投资合作伙伴选择不当。企业在做出投资决策时，一定要充分考虑合作伙伴的资质、信誉，并应具备承担相应风险能力。4、诚信不足。中小企业信用不足是一个普遍现象。因此，银行要向中小企业提供贷款或投资人要向中小企业进行投资就不得不加大人力资源的投入以提高信息的收集和质量分析。这一方面加大了银行或投资人的贷款和投资成本。另一方面也给中小企业的融资带来困难。能否融通到资金，能融通到多少资金，中小企业的融资存在很大的不确性。

风险的三层涵义：(1)风险的本质是不确定性；(2)风险是客观存在的；(3) 风险被人们厌恶、不愿其发生。 美国小阿瑟·威廉姆斯和里查德·M·汉斯在他们合著的《风险管理与保险》一书中，把风险定义为“在给定的情况下和特定的时间内，那些可能发生的结果间的差异。如果肯定只有—个结果发生，则差异为零，风险为零；如果有多种可能结果，则有风险，且差异越大，风险越大。” 1921年，美国经济学家奈特在他所著的《风险、不确定性和利润》一书对风险的涵义作了进一步阐述，他认为风险不是一般的不确定性，而是“可测定的不确定性”，他明确指出，经济生活中的现实风险和未来风险都可以借助数理统计分析来计量和测定。奈特的观点为后来风险的评估和测度理论的建立奠定了一块基石。 20世纪70年代后，由于布雷顿森林体系倒塌所带来的汇率风险，引起人们 对企业财务风险的关注。尽管企业财务风险管理应该成为风险管理的一个重要组成部分，但20世纪80年代以来，财务风险管理的发展并没有引起管理和经济学界的重视。随着时间的推移，财务风险管理终于在1998年的美国风险管理与保险学会引起了业界重视。美国风险管理与保险学会时任主席Stephen在大学的主 席演讲中特别指出：“风险管理与保险的研究应该从对纯粹风险的研究转向对投资风险的研究，从对人身和财产风险管理的研究转向对财务风险管理的研究。”而国际上从事财务风险管理相关的研究，可以追溯到20世纪50年代，美国三位著名经济学家马可威茨、威廉·夏普和米勒对财务风险管理的深入研究。 早在1952年，马可威茨在《财务学》杂志上发表的《资产组合选择》一文，该文同时采用风险资产期望收益和均方差研究资产组合的收益和风险问题，被学界视为现在资产组合理论的起点。他提出了证券投资组合的效率边界概念，即在相同风险下，效率边界上的组合收益最高；在相同收益下，效率边界的组合风险最。 60年代初威廉·夏普继承并发展了马可威茨的理论，这就是著名的资本资产定价模型，他提出的这一理论结论是：一种股票的风险包括系统风险和非系统风险，通过多元化可以消除非系统风险，为了承担风险，投资者必须得到补偿，风险越大要求的收益率也越大，他提供了计算股票系统风险的方法和通过系统风险计算股票预期收益的模型—资本资产定价模型