隧道贯通毕业论文

这项工程一旦开通以后，其实最本质的特点那就是对该工程的总体完工提高一步，另外通车以后肯定会加快两地的交通便利，同时也能够逐步的体现出该工程的高效率和优质的工作态度。所以这项工程的隧道顺利畅通有积极的作用。

实际上这项工程的总体设计规划并实施是需要很长一段时间，而这个工程已经做到了一部分，那就说明这项工程还是很有意义，隧道顺利贯通也能够说明这项工程也在逐步推进。

一、加快两地交通便利

这项工程的全面贯通，或许还需要花一定时间过隧道贯通以后，其实已经能够说明你工程结束已经很快，毕竟隧道的打通就能够解决大部分的疑难问题，后期进行地面铺设以及道路试验，也是比较快的，所以隧道一旦贯通，就能够逐步的加快两地的交通便利，加强两地人民交流。

二、进一步加快道路贯通

一个道路工程要全线贯通，其实要花很长的时间，也要经过全面测验才行，而仅仅是隧道贯通，都能够逐步说明这项工程想要完工其实已经做了很大努力，毕竟隧道的贯通是一项非常困难的事情，如果这项工程都能够顺利的结束，那就说明离道路畅通不远，至少已经能够看到这条道路，再进一步的贯通。

三、体现该工程的高效率

而且这项工程做的还是挺好，毕竟隧道这项比较困难的任务都已经成功，说明该工程的效率还是比较高，渝西工程的整个线路其实规划起来也是非常难，从规划设计并实施也是要花一定时间，所以这项工程能够顺利完成，那说明该工程整体效率还是非常高，也是深受大家认可和喜欢，相信两地人民也都期盼着渝西工程能够尽快完工。

召唤出一个奥特曼，一拳打穿

富春江流域的首条过江隧道成功贯通了，这条隧道的贯通能够让交通运输变得更加便利，也能够带动沿岸经济的发展，也为大家提供着便利。

当这条过江隧道成功，贯通之后，可以发现当地的交通会变得更加方便，这也有利于推动当地经济的发展，从整体上看这是非常好的一种举动。当地的道路交通会越来越便利，也能够让当地的商业交流以及商品循环，有着增速的情况出现，这是非常有意义的一件事情，从具体方面来说，这就能够推动当地的经济发展为当地的人民出行也能够带来便利，能够构建不一样的城市生活圈。当富春江的隧道贯通之后，当地的经济发展就会推动，因为这个地区主要由两个部分组成，有一个主城区，还有一个新区，在富阳新区这是经济开发区，还有一个就是商品制造区。

在两个区域之间因为中间有一个江隔开了，如果两地交流一般只能通过轮渡这样的方式在沟通速度上是比较缓慢的，也导致沟通的效率变低，现在的隧道已经能够贯通，而公路也会建成两地的交流沟通效率就会变快，商品的交流也会有所促进，对于当地的经济发展来说是非常重要的，这样的意义就是推动沿岸经济的发展。

当隧道贯通之后，也能够构建不一样的城市圈，而两地乘车的时间会有所缩大，不会超过半小时，沟通的效率会得到提升，对于当地的人民来说，在工作和生活的时候就能够变得更加便利，能够构建出一个不一样的城市圈。对于大家来说出行是更加便利的，两地的沟通交流，之前是需要轮渡，耽误的时间是特别的多，当隧道贯通之后，公路就能够建成，直接能够实现直接沟通，让人们的生活变得更加便利。

8月25日渝西工程红岩隧洞顺利贯通，该隧洞贯通对工程建设是非常好的影响的。

该隧道是该工程的一个重点难点，解决了这个隧道，对这个工程的完工增加了很多信心

隧道勘测：为确定隧道位置、施工方法和支护、衬砌类型等技术方案，对隧道地处范围内的地形、地质状况，以及对地下水的分布和水量等水文情况要进行勘测。在隧道勘测和开挖过程中，须了解围岩的类别。围岩是隧道开挖后对隧道稳定性有影响的周边岩体。围岩分类是依次表明周围岩石的综合强度。中国在1975年制定的铁路隧道工程技术规范中将围岩分为 6类。关于岩石分类70年代以前常用泰沙基及普氏等岩石分类方法。70年代以后在国际上应用较广并为国际岩石力学学会推荐的为巴顿等各种分级系统。此外，还有日本以弹性波速为主的分类法。围岩的类别的确定，为隧道工程设计合理和施工顺利提供了依据。 隧道设计：包括隧道选线、纵断面设计、横断面设计、辅助坑道设计等。 选线：根据线路标准、地形、地质等条件选定隧道位置和长度。选线应作多种方案的比较。长隧道要考虑辅助坑道和运营通风的设置。洞口位置的选择要依据地质情况。考虑边坡和仰坡的稳定，避免塌方。 纵断面设计：沿隧道中线的纵向坡度要服从线路设计的限制坡度。因隧道内湿度大，轮轨间粘着系数减小，列车空气阻力增大，因此在较长隧道内纵向坡度应加以折减。纵坡形状以单坡和人字坡居多，单坡有利于争取高程，人字坡便于施工排水和出碴。为利于排水，最小纵坡一般为2‰～3‰。 横断面设计：隧道横断面即衬砌内轮廓，是根据不侵入隧道建筑限界而制定的。中国隧道建筑限界分为蒸汽及内燃机车牵引区段、电力机车牵引区段两种，这两种又各分为单线断面和双线断面。衬砌内轮廓一般由单心圆或三心圆形成的拱部和直边墙或曲边墙所组成。在地质松软地带另加仰拱。单线隧道轨面以上内轮廓面积约为27～32平方米，双线约为58～67平方米。在曲线地段由于外轨超高车辆倾斜等因素，断面须适当加大。电气化铁路隧道因悬挂接触网等应提高内轮廓高度。中、美、苏三国所用轮廓尺寸为：单线隧道高度约为 ～米、宽度约为～米；双线隧道高度约为～米，宽度约为～米。在双线铁路修建两座单线隧道时,其中线间距离须考虑地层压力分布的影响,石质隧道约为20～25米，土质隧道应适当加宽。 辅助坑道设计：辅助坑道有斜井、竖井、平行导坑及横洞四种。斜井是在中线附近的山上有利地点开凿的斜向正洞的坑道。斜井倾角一般在18°～27°之间，采用卷扬机提升。斜井断面一般为长方形,面积约为8～14平方米。竖井是由山顶中线附近垂直开挖的坑道，通向正洞。其平面位置可在铁路中线上或在中线的一侧（距中线约20米）。竖井断面多为圆形，内径约为～米。平行导坑是距隧道中线17～25米开挖的平行小坑道，以斜向通道与隧道连接，亦可作将来扩建为第二线的导洞。中国自1957年修建川黔铁路凉风垭铁路隧道采用平行导坑以来,在58座长3公里以上的隧道中约有80%修建了平行导坑。横洞是在傍山隧道靠河谷一侧地形有利之处开辟的小断面坑道。此外，隧道设计还包括洞门设计，以及开挖方法和衬砌类型的选择等。 隧道贯通控制测量：隧道测量是为了保证测量的中线和高程在隧道贯通面处的偏差不超出规定的限值。 中线平面控制：长隧道以往多用三角网，短隧道多用导线法，借以控制中线的偏差。自50年代以来，中国在 1公里以上长度的隧道测量中采用导线法也能控制隧道的贯通误差。光电测距仪的出现和发展，解决了量距的困难。山岭隧道洞外及洞内都采用主副闭合导线法，即在主导线上测角并用光电测距仪量距，在副导线上只测角不量距。由主副导线所组成的多边形，只平差其角度，不平差其长度。这样主副导线法比三角网法简单实用，比单一导线法可靠。中国大瑶山双线隧道即采用主副闭合导线法作为中线平面控制在隧道进行中线测量以前，就要考虑将来隧道打通后的偏差数值。根据隧道的长度和平面形状，在地形图上先行布置测点的位置和预计的贯通点，并在平面图上量出必要的尺寸，再根据规范规定的极限误差试算出测角和量距的必要精度，然后进行测量。这个过程叫做测量设计或叫做隧道贯通误差的预计4公里以下的隧道中线贯通极限误差为±100毫米;4～8公里的隧道中线贯通极限误差为±150毫米。 高程控制：短隧道应用普通水平仪，长隧道应用精密水平仪即能保证需要达到的精度。高程贯通极限误差为±50毫米。 隧道开挖开挖方法分为明挖法和暗挖法。明挖法多用于浅埋隧道或城市铁路隧道，而山岭铁路隧道多用暗挖法。按开挖断面大小、位置分，有分部开挖法和全断面开挖法。在石质岩层中采用钻爆法最为广泛，采用掘进机直接开挖也逐渐推广。在松软地质中采用盾构法开挖较多。 Tunnel survey: to determine location, construction methods and tunnel lining type support, and technical solution to the tunnel, which is located in the range of terrain, geological condition, and the distribution of the underground water and hydrological conditions such as water to survey. In the tunnel survey and excavation process, must understand the categories of the surrounding rock. Surrounding rock tunnel excavation is to have influence on the stability of the tunnel surrounding rock mass. Classification of surrounding rocks is that in turn around the comprehensive strength of rock. In 1975, China railway tunnel project for technical specification of surrounding rock is divided into 6 will. About rock classification before the 70 s commonly used the field commander and the classification method such as pullman's rock. Since the 70 s are widely used in the world and for international rock mechanics society recommendation of various classification system for patton. In addition, and Japan with elastic wave velocity as the classification. The category of the surrounding rock of tunnel engineering, the determination of reasonable design and construction smoothly to provide the basis. Tunnel design: including tunnel line longitudinal, design, the cross-sectional design, auxiliary tunnel design, etc. Route: according to the standard, line topography and geology condition such as position and the length of the selected tunnel. Route shall be the comparison of the DuoZhong scheme. Long tunnel to consider auxiliary tunnel and operation ventilation Settings. The mouth of the cave location choice must be based on the geological conditions. Consider the slope and the scope of slope stability, prevent landslide. Longitudinal design: along the tunnel to the centerline of the vertical slope line design limit slope. Because humidity is big, the wheel/rail tunnel between adhesion coefficient decreases, and train the air resistance increases, so in a long tunnel vertical slope should be reduction. ZongPo shape to ChanPo and person word majority, to fight for slope ChanPo elevation, person word for construction drainage and slope of ballastless out. In order to facilitate drainage, ZongPo minimum general for 2 ‰ ~ 3 ‰. Cross-sectional design: tunnel lining in outline, namely cross into the tunnel construction is on the gauge and work. China tunnel structure gauge is divided into steam and diesel locomotives traction sections, electric locomotives traction sections two kinds, the two and every single divided into sections and double section. In general, the outline lining single round or three heart heart of the formation of the round arch department and straight or curved sidewall of the side-wall composed. In the geological soft zone plus Yang arch. Singleline tunnel rail surface outline area within the above about 27 ~ 32 square meters, dual for 58 to 67 square metre about. Because the area in the curve track vehicles factors such as high tilt, shall be appropriately enlarging section. Electrified railway tunnel for suspension overhead contact system should be improved and in high profile. And the United States, Susan countries size is used outline: singleline tunnel height about ~ m, width is about ~ meters; Two-lane tunnel height about ~ meters, width is about ~ m. The two-lane railway building two seat singleline tunnel, including the distance between the line must be considered formation pressure on the distribution of the rock tunnel, about 20 to 25 m, soil tunnel should appropriate widened. Auxiliary tunnel design: auxiliary tunnel have, well, DaoKeng parallel shafts and horizontal hole four. Tilt in the mountains of Central Line is near the site of the favorable oblique are dug the hole in the tunnel. Tilt Angle in the 18 ° ~ 27 general °, the hoisting between ascension. Inclined section is rectangle commonly, an area of about eight to 14 square meters. By the top of the hill near the midline of the shaft is perpendicular to the tunnels of the excavation, is hole. Its plane position on the central railway line or the side of about 20 meters) from the center line. Shaft section for more rounded, inner diameter is about ~ m. Parallel DaoKeng is apart from 17 to 25 m midline tunnel excavation of the parallel tunnel, with little inclined to channel tunnel, can also be connected with future expansion for the second line of drift. China since 1957-built railway cool wind railway tunnel adopts parallel DaoKeng stelae since a long 3, in all 58 km above the tunnel around 80% of the parallel DaoKeng built. The hole is the waterfront in mountain tunnel river valley side on the benefits of open terrain small cross-section tunnel. In addition, the tunnel also includes DongMen design, design and excavation method and lining type of selection. Tunnel breakthrough control measurement: the tunnel is to ensure that the measurement and elevation measurement line in tunnel breakthrough face the deviation of the place not beyond the prescribed limits. Central Line plane control: long tunnel before the triangulation short tunnel, multi-purpose multi-purpose the wire act to control the midline deviation. Since the s, China has in the 1 km above the length measurement of the wire act for the tunnel can also control the tunnel breakthrough error. Photoelectric ranger's appearance and development, to solve the difficulties of distance. Mountain tunnel hole hole and all the main and auxiliary closed to the wire act, that in leading online measuring Angle and photoelectric rangefinder quantity in the distance, vice wires Angle measuring only not measure distance. By the vice wire of polygons, only the Angle adjustment of the length of the poor, uneven. So the Lord vice wire method is better than the triangle nets method is simple, practical, and the wire act than single reliable. China is the principal tunnel data to double the wire act as deputy closed midline plane control tunnel in the midline measurement, be about to consider the future before tunnel through the deviation of the numerical. After According to the length of the tunnel face shape in peace, topographic map decorate the measuring point position and advance the breakthrough point, and is expected to in the quantity on the floor plan of the necessary size, again according to the provisions of the code limit error try calculate measuring Angle and quantity of precision, and then from the necessary measure. This process is called measure design or called tunnel breakthrough error of 4 km of the tunnel is expected to line breakthrough limit error for + 100 mm; 4 to 8 kilometers of tunnels through Central Line limit error for + 150 mm. Elevation control: short tunnel application ordinary level, long tunnel precision level that can ensure application needs to achieve the precision. Elevation breakthrough limit error for + 50 mm. Tunnel excavation excavation method into the Ming WaFa and type of method. Ming WaFa more for shallow buried tunnel or city railway tunnel, and mountains railway tunnel multi-purpose type of method. According to section size and location excavation points, excavation method and the whole section division excavation method. In stone in the rock drill blasting method, the most widely used roadheader direct excavation also gradually promotion. In the loose in the geological shield excavation method is more.

用经纬仪算出两个开凿点，及掘进路线的方位角，后头用激光打着那条直线，按激光照的方向掘进就行了每一个开挖循环都是要测量的，不会出什么问题。

先用经纬仪测量，测好之后安排专门的人看着或用灯照着（用架子架上），凿灯照着的地方

在隧道进出口各定一个固定点，各自确定掘进方向。每掘进一点就用经纬仪校正方向。哪怕是弯曲隧道，都可以根据测量的偏角法确定掘进方向。标高也是用水准仪来控制。确定掘进路线的方位角，后头用激光打着那条直线，按激光照的方向掘进。

1.贯通测量是坑道施工中和贯通后的测量，包括平面贯通测量和高程贯通测量。前者是为确保掘进的坑道(或竖井)能按设计准确贯通而进行的，一般包括:地面联测、地下导线测量和坑道掘进测量、放样掘进方向和坡度，并常检查其正确性;后者是在隧道贯通后，测定实际的横向、纵向和竖向贯通误差。

2.贯通测量是为获取实际的贯通误差值，作为下一步调整施工中线的依据，以获得一条调整后的隧道中线，作为扩大断面、衬砌以及在铁路隧道中铺设铁轨的依据。

3.平面贯通测量和高程贯通测量。前者是测定实际的横向和纵向贯通误差，测量方法随洞内控制的形式而异:对于采用中线法施工的隧道贯通之后，应从相向测量的两个方向各自向贯通面延伸中线，并各钉一临时桩，量取两桩之间的距离，即得隧道的实际横向贯通误差，两临时桩的里程之差即为隧道的实际纵向贯通误差;采用单导线作为洞内控制时，贯通之后在贯通面上钉一临时桩，从相向测量的两个方向各自向临时桩进行支导线测量，分别测取临时桩点的平面坐标，将两组坐标的差值分别投影到贯通面上和隧道中线上，则贯通面上的投影即为横向贯通误差，在中线上的投影即为纵向贯通误差。其他类型的控制图形可据实际情况设计适合的方法。高程贯通测量是测定实际的竖向贯通误差，通常采用水准测量方法，从隧道两端洞口附近的水准点开始，各自向洞内进行，分别测出贯通面上同一点的高程，即获此点的两个高程之差。