下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
期刊论文英文摘要格式
你发表过期刊论文吗?期刊论文英文摘要格式大家知道怎么写吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于期刊论文英文摘要格式，希望能够帮到大家!
Your Paper's Title Starts Here: Please Center use Helvetica (Arial) 14 FULL First Author1, a, FULL Second Author2,b and Last Author3,c 1Full address of first author, including country 2 Full address of second author, including country 3 List all distinct addresses in the same way a email, bemail, cemail
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论文abstract写作要遵循以下五点：反向outline并不是所有的摘要都包含完全相同的元素、阅读其他摘要在你的学科中，学习写摘要的习惯的最好方法是阅读别人的、写得清楚简洁一个好的摘要应该简短而有影响力，所以要确保每一个字都有价值、专注于自己的研究摘要的目的是报告你的研究的原始贡献，所以避免讨论别人的工作，即使你在主要文本中有一定篇幅提到它、检查你的格式如果你正在写一篇论文或将论文提交给一本杂志，通常对摘要有特定的格式要求、确保你满足要求。
1、反向outline并不是所有的摘要都包含完全相同的元素。如果你的研究有不同的结构（例如，人文学科论文通过主题章节建立论点），你可以通过反向提纲的方式来写摘要。对于每一章或部分，列出关键词，并起草1-2句话来总结中心观点或论点。
这将为你的摘要结构提供一个框架。接下来，修改句子，建立联系，展示论点是如何发展的。摘要应该讲述整个故事的浓缩版本，并且应该只包含在主要文本中可以找到的信息。重读你的摘要，确保它对你的整体论点给出了一个清晰的总结。
2、阅读其他摘要在你的学科中，学习写摘要的习惯的最好方法是阅读别人的。在进行文献综述时，你可能已经阅读了很多期刊文章摘要——试着将它们作为结构和风格的框架。你也可以在论文和论文数据库中找到大量的论文摘要例子。
3、写得清楚简洁一个好的摘要应该简短而有影响力，所以要确保每一个字都有价值。每句话都应该清楚地传达一个主要观点。避免不必要的填充词，避免需要解释的晦涩的术语、摘要应该能让不熟悉你的研究主题的读者理解。
4、专注于自己的研究摘要的目的是报告你的研究的原始贡献，所以避免讨论别人的工作，即使你在主要文本中有一定篇幅提到它。你可以用一两句话概括学术背景，以定位你的研究，并显示它与更广泛的辩论的相关性，但没有必要提到具体的出版物。除非绝对必要，否则不要在摘要中引用（例如，如果你的研究直接回应另一项研究，或者围绕着一个关键理论家）。
5、检查你的格式如果你正在写一篇论文或将论文提交给一本杂志，通常对摘要有特定的格式要求、确保你满足要求。对于APA研究论文，你可以遵循APA摘要格式。一定要坚持字数限制。如果你没有得到任何关于摘要长度的指导，最好不要写超过一页。
这个只是摘要的英文翻译部分。怎么会需要写两万字
EI要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的目的(Purposes)，主要的研究过程(Procedures)及所采用的方法(Methods)，由此得到的主要结果(Results)和得出的重要结论(Conclusions)表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说，要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题：1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?)3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求，英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式，但一般来说，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括，并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。目的（What I want to do?）主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时，可利用论文中所列的最新文献，简要介绍前人的工作，但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面，《EI》提出了两点具体要求：1） Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)．2） Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。过程与方法(How I did it?)主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也应包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中，过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问题(What I want to do)之后，接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题(How I did it)，而且，最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时，最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物，只有定性的描述，使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此，在说明过程与方法时，应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述，这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路，又给那些看不懂中文(但却可以看懂公式、图、表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。结果和结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)结果和结论部分代表着文章的主要成就和贡献，论文有没有价值，值不值得读
这要看你写那方面点的论文了，但是一般写论文摘要都是要写明你的研究目的，研究意义以及研究成果。使用英文摘要也一样。。。
论文abstract写作要遵循以下五点：反向outline并不是所有的摘要都包含完全相同的元素、阅读其他摘要在你的学科中，学习写摘要的习惯的最好方法是阅读别人的、写得清楚简洁一个好的摘要应该简短而有影响力，所以要确保每一个字都有价值、专注于自己的研究摘要的目的是报告你的研究的原始贡献，所以避免讨论别人的工作，即使你在主要文本中有一定篇幅提到它、检查你的格式如果你正在写一篇论文或将论文提交给一本杂志，通常对摘要有特定的格式要求、确保你满足要求。
1、反向outline并不是所有的摘要都包含完全相同的元素。如果你的研究有不同的结构（例如，人文学科论文通过主题章节建立论点），你可以通过反向提纲的方式来写摘要。对于每一章或部分，列出关键词，并起草1-2句话来总结中心观点或论点。
这将为你的摘要结构提供一个框架。接下来，修改句子，建立联系，展示论点是如何发展的。摘要应该讲述整个故事的浓缩版本，并且应该只包含在主要文本中可以找到的信息。重读你的摘要，确保它对你的整体论点给出了一个清晰的总结。
2、阅读其他摘要在你的学科中，学习写摘要的习惯的最好方法是阅读别人的。在进行文献综述时，你可能已经阅读了很多期刊文章摘要——试着将它们作为结构和风格的框架。你也可以在论文和论文数据库中找到大量的论文摘要例子。
3、写得清楚简洁一个好的摘要应该简短而有影响力，所以要确保每一个字都有价值。每句话都应该清楚地传达一个主要观点。避免不必要的填充词，避免需要解释的晦涩的术语、摘要应该能让不熟悉你的研究主题的读者理解。
4、专注于自己的研究摘要的目的是报告你的研究的原始贡献，所以避免讨论别人的工作，即使你在主要文本中有一定篇幅提到它。你可以用一两句话概括学术背景，以定位你的研究，并显示它与更广泛的辩论的相关性，但没有必要提到具体的出版物。除非绝对必要，否则不要在摘要中引用（例如，如果你的研究直接回应另一项研究，或者围绕着一个关键理论家）。
5、检查你的格式如果你正在写一篇论文或将论文提交给一本杂志，通常对摘要有特定的格式要求、确保你满足要求。对于APA研究论文，你可以遵循APA摘要格式。一定要坚持字数限制。如果你没有得到任何关于摘要长度的指导，最好不要写超过一页。
EI要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的目的(Purposes)，主要的研究过程(Procedures)及所采用的方法(Methods)，由此得到的主要结果(Results)和得出的重要结论(Conclusions)表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说，要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题：1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?)3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求，英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式，但一般来说，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括，并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。目的（What I want to do?）主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时，可利用论文中所列的最新文献，简要介绍前人的工作，但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面，《EI》提出了两点具体要求：1） Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)．2） Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。过程与方法(How I did it?)主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也应包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中，过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问题(What I want to do)之后，接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题(How I did it)，而且，最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时，最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物，只有定性的描述，使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此，在说明过程与方法时，应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述，这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路，又给那些看不懂中文(但却可以看懂公式、图、表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。结果和结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)结果和结论部分代表着文章的主要成就和贡献，论文有没有价值，值不值得读
毕业论文Abstract怎么写？
毕业论文的Abstract简单说就是毕业论文的英文摘要，先把中文摘要写好，然后翻译成英文就可以了。
摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分。论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文，有其特别的地方。它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，留主干去枝叶，提取论文的主要信息。作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解，这些都应该在摘要中体现出来。好的摘要便于索引与查找，易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息。因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用。
书写摘要的基本规范和原则
（1）论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文（一般为英文）摘要。摘要在篇幅方面的限定，不同的学校和机构有不同的要求，通常中文摘要不超过300字，英文摘要不超过250个实词，中英文摘要应一致。毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅。
（2）多向指导教师请教，并根据提供的意见及时修改，以期达到更高水平。
（3）摘要是完整的短文，具有独立性，可以单独使用。即使不看论文全文的内容，仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论。
（4）叙述完整，突出逻辑性，短文结构要合理。
（5）要求文字简明扼要，不容赘言，提取重要内容，不含前言、背景等细节部分，去掉旧结论、原始数据，不加评论和注释。采用直接表述的方法，删除不必要的文学修饰。摘要中不应包括作者将来的计划以及与此课题无关的内容，做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量。
（6）摘要中不使用特殊字符，也不使用图表和化学结构式，以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式，不列举例证。
英语论文怎么写如下：
(说明:关键词Key Words为加粗。冒号后加空格再接关键词,相邻词间用逗号分隔。每个关键词.的首字大写。从"摘要”开始到”参考文献”结束，所有正文的字体均为Times New Roman， 12磅;两端对齐。均采用倍行距)
范例：Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is
closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years,
idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, butcultural differences were rarely involved in it.(ldentify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-ChineseChinese- English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle
of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom
translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
这要看你写那方面点的论文了，但是一般写论文摘要都是要写明你的研究目的，研究意义以及研究成果。使用英文摘要也一样。。。
EI要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的目的(Purposes)，主要的研究过程(Procedures)及所采用的方法(Methods)，由此得到的主要结果(Results)和得出的重要结论(Conclusions)表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说，要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题：1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?)3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求，英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式，但一般来说，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括，并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。目的（What I want to do?）主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时，可利用论文中所列的最新文献，简要介绍前人的工作，但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面，《EI》提出了两点具体要求：1） Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)．2） Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。过程与方法(How I did it?)主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也应包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中，过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问题(What I want to do)之后，接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题(How I did it)，而且，最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时，最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物，只有定性的描述，使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此，在说明过程与方法时，应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述，这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路，又给那些看不懂中文(但却可以看懂公式、图、表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。结果和结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)结果和结论部分代表着文章的主要成就和贡献，论文有没有价值，值不值得读
毕业论文Abstract怎么写？
毕业论文的Abstract简单说就是毕业论文的英文摘要，先把中文摘要写好，然后翻译成英文就可以了。
摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分。论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文，有其特别的地方。它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，留主干去枝叶，提取论文的主要信息。作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解，这些都应该在摘要中体现出来。好的摘要便于索引与查找，易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息。因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用。
书写摘要的基本规范和原则
（1）论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文（一般为英文）摘要。摘要在篇幅方面的限定，不同的学校和机构有不同的要求，通常中文摘要不超过300字，英文摘要不超过250个实词，中英文摘要应一致。毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅。
（2）多向指导教师请教，并根据提供的意见及时修改，以期达到更高水平。
（3）摘要是完整的短文，具有独立性，可以单独使用。即使不看论文全文的内容，仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论。
（4）叙述完整，突出逻辑性，短文结构要合理。
（5）要求文字简明扼要，不容赘言，提取重要内容，不含前言、背景等细节部分，去掉旧结论、原始数据，不加评论和注释。采用直接表述的方法，删除不必要的文学修饰。摘要中不应包括作者将来的计划以及与此课题无关的内容，做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量。
（6）摘要中不使用特殊字符，也不使用图表和化学结构式，以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式，不列举例证。
英文论文写作中Abstract部分的写作注意事项由学术堂整理提供：第一部分: 先考虑。就是为什么要做这件工作,逻辑是什么,意图是什么。一般论文的摘要是放在正文前面,然后摘要内容需 短小精悍,直切主题,归纳文章要点,使导师精确的了解文章的中心内容。第二部分:精辟的最初。即简略指明文章的首要发现。最初能够以“Here we describe…”或“Here we show…”直切主题,但要留意的是在写摘要主体内容时,最好用第三人称的完好的陈述句来表达,字数和一般控制在300字左右即可。第三部分:主体内容。许多初度完论文的学生往往会写许多细节,把我的办法是什么,成果正的方面是什么,反的方面是什么,做许多的详细烦琐的描绘, 其实大可不必要的。还有一点要提示:尽量少用特别名词,不要用缩写。最终部分:明确摘要内容的含义。摘要内容要阐明这个观点为什么重要,有什么理论依据或实际含义等等。 但要留意不要吹,更不能说鬼话,你能够在文章中以假设、或做一些阐明,但要有度,不要吹的太厉害了,这样反而会被引起导师注重的以发现在不足之处,最终留给老师欠好的形象。
论文abstract写作要遵循以下五点：反向outline并不是所有的摘要都包含完全相同的元素、阅读其他摘要在你的学科中，学习写摘要的习惯的最好方法是阅读别人的、写得清楚简洁一个好的摘要应该简短而有影响力，所以要确保每一个字都有价值、专注于自己的研究摘要的目的是报告你的研究的原始贡献，所以避免讨论别人的工作，即使你在主要文本中有一定篇幅提到它、检查你的格式如果你正在写一篇论文或将论文提交给一本杂志，通常对摘要有特定的格式要求、确保你满足要求。
1、反向outline并不是所有的摘要都包含完全相同的元素。如果你的研究有不同的结构（例如，人文学科论文通过主题章节建立论点），你可以通过反向提纲的方式来写摘要。对于每一章或部分，列出关键词，并起草1-2句话来总结中心观点或论点。
这将为你的摘要结构提供一个框架。接下来，修改句子，建立联系，展示论点是如何发展的。摘要应该讲述整个故事的浓缩版本，并且应该只包含在主要文本中可以找到的信息。重读你的摘要，确保它对你的整体论点给出了一个清晰的总结。
2、阅读其他摘要在你的学科中，学习写摘要的习惯的最好方法是阅读别人的。在进行文献综述时，你可能已经阅读了很多期刊文章摘要——试着将它们作为结构和风格的框架。你也可以在论文和论文数据库中找到大量的论文摘要例子。
3、写得清楚简洁一个好的摘要应该简短而有影响力，所以要确保每一个字都有价值。每句话都应该清楚地传达一个主要观点。避免不必要的填充词，避免需要解释的晦涩的术语、摘要应该能让不熟悉你的研究主题的读者理解。
4、专注于自己的研究摘要的目的是报告你的研究的原始贡献，所以避免讨论别人的工作，即使你在主要文本中有一定篇幅提到它。你可以用一两句话概括学术背景，以定位你的研究，并显示它与更广泛的辩论的相关性，但没有必要提到具体的出版物。除非绝对必要，否则不要在摘要中引用（例如，如果你的研究直接回应另一项研究，或者围绕着一个关键理论家）。
5、检查你的格式如果你正在写一篇论文或将论文提交给一本杂志，通常对摘要有特定的格式要求、确保你满足要求。对于APA研究论文，你可以遵循APA摘要格式。一定要坚持字数限制。如果你没有得到任何关于摘要长度的指导，最好不要写超过一页。
论文封面格式要求及字体大小一、封面题目：小二号黑体加粗居中。各项内容：四号宋体居中。二、目录目录：二号黑体加粗居中。章节条目：五号宋体。行距：单倍行距。三、论文题目： 小一号黑体加粗居中。四、中文摘要1、摘要：小二号黑体加粗居中。2、摘要内容字体：小四号宋体。3、字数：300字左右。4、行距：20磅5、关键词： 四号宋体，加粗。词3-5个，每个词间空一格。五、英文摘要1、abstract：小二号 times new 、内容字体：小四号 times new 、单倍行距。4、keywords： 四号 加粗。词3-5个，小四号 times new roman. 词间空一格。六、绪论：小二号黑体加粗居中。内容500字左右，小四号宋体，行距：20磅七、正文(一)正文用小四号宋体(二)安保、管理类毕业论文各章节按照一、二、三、四、五级标题序号字体格式章：标题 小二号黑体，加粗，居中。节：标题 小三号黑体，加粗，居中。一级标题序号 如：一、二、三、 标题四号黑体，加粗，顶格。二级标题序号 如：(一)(二)(三) 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，顶格。三级标题序号 如：. 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。四级标题序号 如：(1)(2)(3) 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。五级标题序号 如：①②③ 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。医学、体育类毕业论文各章序号用阿拉伯数字编码，层次格式为：1××××(小2号黑体，居中)××××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)。××××(3号黑体，居左)×××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)。××××(小3号黑体，居左)××××××××××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)。①××××(用与内容同样大小的宋体)a.××××(用与内容同样大小的宋体)(三)表格每个表格应有自己的表序和表题，表序和表题应写在表格上方正中。表序后空一格书写表题。表格允许下页接续写，表题可省略，表头应重复写，并在右上方写“续表××”。(四)插图每幅图应有图序和图题，图序和图题应放在图位下方居中处。图应在描图纸或在洁白纸上用墨线绘成，也可以用计算机绘图。(五)论文中的图、表、公式、算式等，一律用阿拉伯数字分别依序连编编排序号。序号分章依序编码，其标注形式应便于互相区别，可分别为：图、表、公式()等。文中的阿拉伯数字一律用半角标示。八、结束语：小二号黑体加粗居中。内容300字左右，小四号宋体，行距：20磅。九、致谢：小二号黑体加粗居中。内容小四号宋体，行距：20磅十、参考文献(一)小二号黑体加粗居中。内容8—10篇， 五号宋体， 行距：20磅。参考文献以文献在整个论文中出现的次序用[1]、[2]、[3]……形式统一排序、依次列出。(二)参考文献的格式：著作：[序号]作者.译者.书名.版本.出版地.出版社.出版时间.引用部分起止页期刊：[序号]作者.译者.文章题目.期刊名.年份.卷号(期数). 引用部分起止页会议论文集：[序号]作者.译者.文章名.文集名 .会址.开会年.出版地.出版者.出版时间.引用部分起止页十一、附录(可略去)小二号黑体加粗居中。英文内容小四号 times new roman. 单倍行距。翻译成中文字数不少于500字 内容五号宋体，行距：20磅。十二、提示论文用a4纸纵向单面打印。页边距设置：上，下，左，右。
毕业论文字体格式要求如下：
一、封面
题目：小二号黑体加粗居；各项内容：四号宋体居中。
二、目录
目录：二号黑体加粗居中；章节条目：五号宋体；行距：单倍行距。
三、论文题目： 小一号黑体加粗居中。
四、中文摘要
摘要：小二号黑体加粗居中；小四号宋体，300字左右，20磅。关键词： 四号宋体，加粗；词3-5个，每个词间空一格。
五、英文摘要
abstract：小二号 times new roman。内容字体：小四号 times new roman。单倍行距，keywords： 四号 加粗。词3-5个，小四号 times new roman。词间空一格。
六、绪论，小二号黑体加粗居中，内容500字左右，小四号宋体，行距：20磅。
七、正文
1、正文用小四号宋体。
2、安保、管理类毕业论文各章节按照一、二、三、四、五级标题序号字体格式。
章：标题 小二号黑体，加粗，居中。节：标题 小三号黑体，加粗，居中。
一级标题序号如：一、二、三、 标题四号黑体，加粗，顶格。
二级标题序号如：(一)(二)(三) 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，顶格。
三级标题序号如：. 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。
四级标题序号如：(1)(2)(3) 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。
五级标题序号如：①②③ 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。
毕业论文Abstract怎么写？
毕业论文的Abstract简单说就是毕业论文的英文摘要，先把中文摘要写好，然后翻译成英文就可以了。
摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分。论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文，有其特别的地方。它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，留主干去枝叶，提取论文的主要信息。作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解，这些都应该在摘要中体现出来。好的摘要便于索引与查找，易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息。因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用。
书写摘要的基本规范和原则
（1）论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文（一般为英文）摘要。摘要在篇幅方面的限定，不同的学校和机构有不同的要求，通常中文摘要不超过300字，英文摘要不超过250个实词，中英文摘要应一致。毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅。
（2）多向指导教师请教，并根据提供的意见及时修改，以期达到更高水平。
（3）摘要是完整的短文，具有独立性，可以单独使用。即使不看论文全文的内容，仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论。
（4）叙述完整，突出逻辑性，短文结构要合理。
（5）要求文字简明扼要，不容赘言，提取重要内容，不含前言、背景等细节部分，去掉旧结论、原始数据，不加评论和注释。采用直接表述的方法，删除不必要的文学修饰。摘要中不应包括作者将来的计划以及与此课题无关的内容，做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量。
（6）摘要中不使用特殊字符，也不使用图表和化学结构式，以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式，不列举例证。