文化差异毕业论文

文化差异毕业论文

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

从《刮痧》看中西方文化差异电影《刮痧》讲述的是一个在美国生活了八年的中国家庭，因为孩子的一次意外发烧，刚来美国，不懂英文的爷爷用了中国传统的刮痧治疗方法为小孙子治病，但在医院里被护士发现了因刮痧而留下的血痕，怀疑是其家人虐待孩子所致。于是，儿童福利院便把孩子的父亲许大同告上了法庭，在法庭上，许大同因为无法解析刮痧是中国的一种传统治疗法，又因为律师的曲意刁难，许大同最终被判决与孩子隔离，并且搞得失去了工作、朋友和与妻子分居，幸亏许大同的朋友去了一趟中国，知道了刮痧是一种治疗方法，为其作证，故事也就有了完满结局。许大同一家在美国的遭遇，在很大程度上反映了华人在外国生活的种种不适，而这些不适很大程度上是由于中西文化的差异造成的，随之而来的必然有隔阂，对立与冲突。首先是医学领域的认识差异。刮痧是故事冲突引发的导火索，刮痧疗法在中国民间很常见，是中医的一种治疗方法，确实能够治愈一些常见病。但是，这种疗法搬到美国，就成了大同对孩子施以暴力的罪证。二是法律观念的不同。在西方社会里，法律存在于每一个角落，每一种纠纷都通过法律途径来解决，而每一件事实都是要讲求证据的。如美国的法庭及儿童福利院虽被大同的满腔激情，真挚而忘情的诉说所震慑，却仍要求有“爱的证据”，以供法庭判决。而中国人比较看重的是人情冷暖，尤其是对于亲情特别看重。三是对尊重的理解不同。在故事开头，许大同因为自己的儿子没有向老板的儿子道歉，便用手打了自己儿子一下，老板看了觉得不可思议，许大同对约翰解释这一举动说：“我为什么打我儿子，那是出于我对你的尊重，那是我给你面子。”这样的解释让这个典型的西方人迷惑不已，他并不知道眼前这个东方小伙子的这一耳光竟然是出于这样的逻辑，作为西方人的约翰，他是无法理解这个东方爸爸打他儿子时的那种复杂心情的，他只知道，打人是违法的，这是对人权的不尊重。这两种截然不同的观念，说明这样一个道理：由不同国家和不同民族文化背景形成的观念上的差异，在相互交织、碰撞中必然发生尖锐的冲突。四是对爱，对家庭的理解的差别。这也是《刮痧》中冲突的本质所在。许大同对付美国社会的生活和工作都游刃有余，这并不意味着他在成长中濡染的中国传统文化观念就已经烟消云散。在许大同的心里，家庭也是他的精神支柱。他所做的一切，都是为了这个家的幸福与团圆。三世同堂，其乐融融，是他奋斗的动力和意义所在。为了爷爷能在美国拿到绿卡，他还把给孩子刮痧这事称是自己刮的；为了儿子能回家宁愿分居；为了爷爷能看一眼孙子，偷偷把儿子从福利院了带出来；在法庭上，许大同爱子心切，甚至和对方辩护打了起来；为了给孩子送圣诞礼物，不顾危险爬到九层，完全有可能“坠楼而亡”…… 爱就是付出和负责任，可能会表现为严厉，表现为分居，甚至表现为欺，表现为劫持……正是这种爱把孩子和父亲以及这个家和二为一体，这种爱超越了其自己的尊严，平等，自由和选择自身幸福的权利。 而在西方人眼里这些都是不可思议的，甚至是犯法的！这部《刮痧》，让我们意识到了中西方文化差异是如此之大，若不在了解双方的文化前提下，引出的问题确实令人头疼。看来世界的大同文化要经历长时间的碰撞，相互交织，尖锐的冲突，磨合，才能融合与发展的。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

文化的差异毕业论文

简述中西方方化的现状，总结出两者的差异，分析差异形成的原因，最终得出结果是应该以什么样的眼光看待这些差异这样可以么？

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

不同的文化传统，使得人们价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西方文化差异论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!

中西方文化差异对日常交际的影响

【摘要】文化是一种社会现象，同时又是一种历史现象,是人们长期创造形成的产物。中西方文化存在许多差异：整体性和个体性的差异;价值观与道德标准的差异;社会礼仪的差异;社会习俗的差异等。本文分析了文化差异对日常交际的影响。了解这些差异有助于更好地实现跨文化交际，避免出现文化休克。

【关键词】中西方文化;差异;交际;教学

1中西方文化的差异

不同的文化传统，使中西方在思维方式，价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。在中国封建社会历史的过程中，儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的统治地位，对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典，接人待物，举止言谈以谦虚为荣，以虚心为本，反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此，中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征，这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。

西方国家价值观的形成至少可以追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义，宣扬个人主义至上，竭力发展自己表现自我。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事，有才能的强者得到重用，缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此，西方文化体现出个体文化特征，这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。

文化的不同带来价值观念的不同。如old一词，中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念，如老祖宗，老爷爷，老先生,老张，老王等等。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时，年龄越大，资格越老，也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来，长者不仅是智慧的化身，也是威望的象征。然而，西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来，“old”是“不中用”的代名词，是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老，更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中，他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士，更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄，也要别人猜测其年龄，而此时，他们的真正目的是期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小，是多么年轻。又如，中西方两种文化在某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如：ambition一词，本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义，表示“野心勃勃”，而英美人则取其褒义，表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词，中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”，而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进，有开拓精神”。

2跨文化交际的重要性

由于各种各样的原因，导致了中西方有如此多的文化差异，而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。社会的发展将各个不同的国家纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。例如，一个企业如果想让自己的产品畅销国际市场，不仅需要优质的产品质量，而且需要深入了解不同国家的文化，使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如，在中国，“龙(dragon)”是我们的精神图腾，是吉祥和权力的象征，中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪，然而在西方人眼中，对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感，甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解，将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场，试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲?能否给企业创造高效益。所以，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为面临的问题。在英语教学中在重视语言能力的教学的同时，特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力，将语言的文化差异在英语教学中作为一个重要问题对待。

3日常交际中应注意的问题

中西方的文化差异在日常交际中体现在很多方面，在英语学习中应充分地了解这些差异。

日常问候

中国人日常打招呼习惯于问：“你吃饭了吗?”，如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们会产生误解，认为你是想请他们吃。，英语国家人打招呼通常以天气，健康状况，交通，体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。又如，中国人见到熟人习惯问：“去哪里?”，如果对西方人也这样问候，他们可能会很不高兴地回答：“不关你的事。”西方人问候时常说:”Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”,”How are you doing?”，熟人间也可以说：“Hello”或“Hi”.

日常称呼

汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”;对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“UncleTom”，对方听了会觉得非常奇怪。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓。又如中国学生经常把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业;而中国人有尊师的传统，“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊重，西方人听起来却感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.,Miss,等。

感谢

一般来说，我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。

请客

在请客吃饭时，主人会问是否要再吃点或喝点什么时，我们通常习惯于先客气一番，回答：“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。如果与西方人交往时也这样说，对方就不会坚持再劝你，很可能你都吃不饱。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声“Yes,please.”若不想要，只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人交往中的含蓄和西方人直率的不同。

隐私

中国人初次见面经常问及年龄，婚姻，收入，表示关心，而英语国家却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私，因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心时，经常问“你在干什么?”，在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问，监视别人的话语而使人很不高兴。

节日及接受礼物

中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日外，双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有春节﹑元宵节和端午节等，英语国家有情人节﹑复活节﹑愚人节﹑感恩节﹑圣诞节等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不

相同。在节日里，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人往往要推辞一番，表现得无可奈何地接受，接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。

4结语

在英语教学中，文化知识的教学方法是多种多样的，教师应该采用不同的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性，培养文化意识，例如：加强中西方文化差异的比较，将中西文化在称呼，招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异渗透到教学中。总之，中西方的文化存在着很多差异，在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学，而必须加强语言的文化导入，重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样，才能在日常生活中不仅能说出正确的英语句子，而且知道面对西方人的时候应该说什么，避免出现交际中的尴尬。

【参考文献】

[1]李常磊.英美文化博览.世界图书出版公司，2002年5月.

[2]Paul Norbury,culture smart!Britain.外语教育与研究出版社，2009年3月.

[3]叶朗，朱良志.中国文化读本.外语教育与研究出版社，2008年4月.

[4]段连城.美国人与中国人———中美文化的融合与撞击.河北师范大学学报,2001年.

[5]邓炎昌，刘润清.语言文化即英汉语言文化对比.外语教育与研究出版社，1994年.

[6]方文惠.英汉对比语言学.福建人民出版社，1990年.

论从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异

[论文摘要]从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异，旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时，要采用一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

[论文关键词]餐桌礼仪

易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群体意识”，的思想内核则是“个体意识”。所以西方人即使请客吃饭，也是各点各的菜、各喝各的酒，以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志，必须服从群体的共同意志。其目的既然意在人情，意在血缘，则其方式礼仪，自然也就以和为贵了，因此中国人爱聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中，面对陌生文化，因思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式不同，交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单的比较，以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为：东西方出现进食工具筷子和刀叉的不同，和有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木，南方多竹，祖先就地取材，竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究，刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧的生活习惯有关，他们马上生活随身带刀，往往将肉烧熟，割下来就吃。大约15世纪前后，为了改进进餐的姿势，欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子，不仅带来了进食习惯的差异，还影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为，刀叉必然带来分食制，而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃，由此衍生出西方人讲究独立，子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元，从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法)，更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然，绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中，这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛，被认为是不吉利的)。在使用刀叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时，应将刀叉放在盘上才合乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好，尤其带汤汁的餐品，要一小块的逐一切食等等。

二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上，两边为偏座。请客时，年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人请客用长桌，男女主人分坐两端，然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位，即男女穿插安排，以女主人的座位为准，主宾坐在女主人的右上方，主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上方，讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士，都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国，左为尊，右为次;上为尊，下为次;中为尊，偏为次。而在西方，右为尊，左为次。

笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪：最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上，不可跷足。不可在进餐时中途退席(如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼)。用餐时，坐姿端正，背挺直，脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺胸着吃，在把面前的食物送进口中时，要以食物就口，而非弯下腰以口去就食物。

三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异

中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异，中国餐桌上动，西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐，排场之大，气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不绝，相互让菜，劝酒，尽情的享受山珍海味，美味佳肴。这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳，餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声，如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后再吃，不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客人交谈，但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识，可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话，即使有人同你讲话，也要等咽下食物后再回答。

四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异

中国人请客吃饭时，摆在桌上的菜花样繁多，至少有七、八道菜，如果是盛宴，主菜会更多，越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好菜招待大家”、“菜做得不好，多吃一点” “多多包涵”、 “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴一般四至五道菜，份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里，最好是吃完所有的菜，这样女主人会很高兴，认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席，主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理，很容易得出：中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观，在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人不议论令人作呕之事，会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代toilet，如：“Where can I wash my hand?”、“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”、“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外，在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗?”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗?”容易使人莫名其妙，甚至会出现误会。如在英国，你若问人吃饭没有，其含义是你有意请对方吃饭;这对于未婚男女，则表明你有意约会对方。

五、结语

世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、、价值观作为标准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化;同时，又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化，而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。

参考文献：

[1]易中天，《餐桌上的文化》，《文汇报.笔会》.

[2]林大津，《跨文化交际研究》，福建人民出版社，：92-127.

[3]李天民，《现代国际礼仪知识》，世界知识出版社出版，：109.

差异化分析毕业论文

《商务管理》毕业论文选题参考 1、ⅹⅹ公司营销渠道研究 2、ⅹⅹ公司部门绩效评价研究 3、ⅹⅹ公司员工激励模式研究 4、ⅹⅹ公司质量推到方法研究 5、ⅹ

《商务管理》毕业论文选题参考1、ⅹⅹ公司营销渠道研究2、ⅹⅹ公司部门绩效评价研究3、ⅹⅹ公司员工激励模式研究4、ⅹⅹ公司质量推到方法研究5、ⅹⅹ公司流程改善研究 6、某企业品牌战略分析7、某企业质量战略分析8、某行业竞争战略分析9、某企业竞争战略分析10、某行业调研报告 11、民营企业的人力资源管理战略研究。12、企业人员绩效评价机制的建立与完善研究。13、企业吸引人才的策略分析。14、以人为本在企业人力资源管理中的运用探讨。15、论道德在企业人力资源管理中的价值。16、员工忠诚度探讨。 17、论企业人力资源管理的策略。18、论企业应对知识经济（或全球化）挑战的策略。19、论企业核心竞争力的培育与提升。20、论网络时代的企业与顾客关系。 21、私营中小型企业创业战略研究。22、零售企业的市场营销战略研究。23、市场调研。 24、广东省中小企业出口渠道及产品营销问题25、广东省外向型企业员工培训问题26、WTO与中国外贸体制研究27、广东省出口企业贸易预警(如反倾销预警、知识产权预警) 28、国有企业改制问题 29、珠三角技能人才激励现状及发展趋势研究30、论中小企业的薪酬与激励机制31、广东民营中小企业吸引人才的策略分析32、企业核心竞争力与资源管理的关系研究33、企业文化与企业凝聚力 34、物流管理/供应链管理等。35、客户关系管理/网络营销/网络广告等。36、企业资源规划/企业信息化/信息系统/业务流程重组等。37、电子商务38、电子政务等39、试论民营企业家族化经营模式的改革方向40、民营企业发展中的问题与对策。41、中国加入WTO后中小企业的竞争优势。42、激励理论在企业管理中的运用43、企业提升顾客满意度的方法研究。 44、技术性贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响及对策 45、中国—东盟自由贸易区的发展与利弊分析 46、反倾销案例分析 47、中国企业国际化模式比较 48、物业管理相关问题研究 49、结合工作实际拟定论文题50、XX企业风险管理策略研究 51、XX企业生产运作战略分析 52、XX企业的流程分析和改善 53、XX企业的选址规划分析 54、XX企业的库存管理策略研究55、中小型企业信息化实施策略探讨 56、激励理论在企业中的有效运用（案例研究）。57、营销伦理研究，（案例研究）。58、企业诚信研究，（案例研究）。59、企业文化建设（案例研究）。 60、劳动合同法对人力资源管理的影响及其对策研究61、企业差异化薪酬制度设计和应用研究62、企业人力资源的分类及其管理模式研究63、基于员工工作特征的绩效考核方法的选择与设计研究64、基于可雇佣性的职业生涯开发策略研究65、深圳市人力资源配置模式研究66、基于工作成就感的员工激励措施研究67、新员工职业培训的开发与效果评估研究68、结合自己的工作选择题目 69、企业的社会责任问题研究。70、跨国公司与跨文化冲突问题研究。71、中小企业的发展战略研究。72、企业危机管理73、企业品牌管理 74、中小企业人力资源管理研究 75、市场竞争策略研究 76、企业文化研究 77、企业激励机制建设78、企业薪酬制度设计79、员工激励80、团队建设81、员工招聘和选择82、员工培训 83、旅游规划84、餐饮管理和餐饮项目85、连锁经营86、电子商务87、网上营销 88、商品房买卖合同中的相关法律问题(霸王条款问题、定金圈套问题和欺诈双倍赔偿问题)89、物业管理相关法律问题（物业管理职能问题、物业管理权限问题和物业公司与业主关系）90、消费者权益保护问题（对王海知假买假现象的评价、经营者对消费者在消费场所人身财产安全损害的安全保障义务问题、消费者的人格尊严问题）91、避税法律问题研究（避税的法律界限、外企避税与逃税）92、公司社会责任93、独立董事制度问题研究94、上市公司中小股东权益保护问题（累积投票制问题、股东代表诉讼问题）95、一人公司问题研究（法定资本制问题、公司法人人格之否认）96、保险法相关法律问题（机动车肇事赔偿责任的归责原则问题、保险公司的告知义务问题、交强险问题）97、金融领域的相关法律问题（银行服务收费问题、网上银行存款被盗的责任划分问题 98、跨国公司在中国的市场营销策略研究─—以XX公司为例 99、XX公司的营销渠道策略研究 100、渠道关系的生命周期研究──以XX公司为例 101、服务营销策略研究──以XX公司为例 102、客户关系管理战略研究 103、英美企业文化之比较（可任选两个国家） 104、征信体系建设的路径分析 105、美国征信体系的特点及对我国的启示（可任选一国） 106、跨国公司社会责任研究 107、企业绿色营销的策略研究 108、基于BPR的企业流程设计（以某企业为例） 109、科技型企业网络商务方案设计 110、ERP与商务智能的关系研究 111、我国企业信息化建设的问题与对策 112、现代企业的知识管理问题研究 113、某企业的国际化经营战略研究 114、跨国公司在某行（产）业垄断经营倾向的影响研究 115、某行（产、企）业竞争战略分析 116、某行（产业、企业）业的发展策略研究 117、某行（产业、企业）业的现状、存在问题及对策研究 118、外资进入对某行业（产业）的影响及对策研究 119、某公司某某战略分析 120、某企业的跨国经营模式的实证研究 121、某行业的差异化战略分析 122、深圳文化产业发展战略分析 123、某公司员工激励存在问题及其对策探讨 124、某行业的竞争争态势与企业发展策略分析 125、某外资企业某内资企业的经营比较 126、企业文化对构建企业核心竞争力的影响分析 127、某地旅游业发展现状与策略分析

有到一年毕业生写毕业论文的时间了，市场营销的毕业论文在选题上有哪些要求呢?有没有市场营销的论文题目构架格式呢?下面是我精心为你们整理的关于2017市场营销毕业论文题目提纲格式架构的相关内容，希望你们会喜欢!2017市场营销毕业论文题目提纲格式架构 一、专题研究类 1. 谈谈产品寿命周期与营销策略的关系 2. 产品特点与广告媒体的选择 3. 定价技巧的应用 4. 浅析直接营销在企业销售中的应用 5. 论公关促销策略 6. 定价策略和降价决策分析 7. 企业绿色营销问题的探析 8. 分销渠道管理中存在的问题及对策 9. 高新技术企业营销渠道设计与创新探讨 10. 试论企业销售渠道的创新与优化 11. 网络时代的消费特征及营销对策 12. 国际营销中产品的包装、促销与传播 13. 制约我国企业开展绿色营销的原因及其对策 14. “定制营销”理念的前瞻及潜力刍议 15. 市场营销观念与商品包装的伦理道德问题 16. 分销网络的有效管理与创新 17. 论渠道价值链增值管理对策 18. 跨文化交际中的跨国公司营销策略 19. 浅谈产品直销的利与弊 20. 营销道德失范的成因分析 21. 浅议利用营销中的非价格因素提高企业核心竞争力 22. 市场定位战略的应用 23. 市场渗透策略的应用 24. 销售人员销售目标值确定的依据 25. 谈谈与推销对象的交往技巧 26. 销售工作中的渠道组合策略 27. 产品寿命周期与渠道组合策略 28. 如何合理控制销售费用 29. 关于连锁经营运行模式的思考 30. 企业开拓国际市场的产品营销策略探讨 31. 市场营销渠道的冲突与管理 32. 试论网络时代的客户关系管理 33. 从汽车销售谈代理制与集团经营 34. 企业文化在产品销售中的推动作用 35. 服务营销新模型 36. 论“名牌”的特征及产生条件 37. 我国银行业市场营销中存在的问题及对策 38. “4P”、“4C”、“4S”三位一体的结合与应用 39. 快速消费品的营销渠道管理 40. 营销组织设计和再造问题 41. 商品房市场营销策划问题 42. 高新技术产品营销问题探讨 43. CRM在汽车营销企业中的开发与应用 44. 我国企业绿色营销理念及实践的特征分析 45. 论生态型企业营销体系的建立与改造 46. 高科技企业的网络营销 47. 中国汽车企业自主品牌营销策略研究 48. 国内连锁经营模式中的主要问题及对策 49. 医疗服务营销中的客户关系管理 50. 网络营销时代旅游企业的客户关系管理 51. 网络营销中的广告策略探究 52. 浅析服务企业个性化服务营销策略 53. 家电连锁企业物流配送策略研究 54. 我国房地产营销策略存在的问题及对策 55. 网络购物中影响消费者信任的因素研究 56. 体验营销在某行业的运用 57.论服务企业的客户关系管理 58.跨文化营销的挑战与对策研究 59.营销渠道变革的新趋势研究 60.高科技产品的营销战略研究 61.整合营销及其应用分析 62.企业危机公关研究 63.谈判中的沟通技巧 64.论营销城市 65.企业内部公共关系研究 二、企业、产品研究类 1. 某企业(产品)的市场调研 2. 某公司CI设计方案 3. 某企业广告案例分析 4. 某企业市场调查和市场预测的实施方案 5. 某企业销售激励机制的设计 6. 某公司营销战略研究(毕业论文参考网整理收集 ) 7. 某公司营销队伍的组织与设计 8. 某公司企划案例研究 9. 某企业促销方式评价 10. 某企业服务质量控制方案与评价 11. 某产品企划案 12. 某公司或产品广告效果评价 13. 某企业品牌营销策略研究 14. 为某企业制定销售人员培训计划 15. 某产品分渠道研究 16. 为某企业制定销售人员培训计划 17. 为某企业制定销售人员培训计划 18. 某企业新产品营销策略研究 19. 对某产品的市场预测 20. 某产品市场调查表的设计及分析 21. 某新产品投放市场的营销策略组合 22. 某产品寿命周期分析及营销策略的选择 23. 某企业内部治理机制与企业营销绩效关系研究 24. 某企业多元化经营战略的选择与实施 25. 浅析某企业实施绿色营销的问题以及对策 26. 如家经济型连锁酒店的营销策略分析 27. 宝洁洗发水多品牌实施的效度分析 28. 诺基亚新产品开发程序的效度分析 29. 宜家公司对我国家具零售业的影响与对策 30. 对新东方教育科技集团发展战略的探讨 31. 沃尔玛连锁经营中存在的问题与对策 32. 蒙牛公司企业文化营销探析 33. 海尔集团员工与顾客满意度探析 34. 李宁公司品牌营销研究 35. 中国某品牌国际化战略研究 市场营销论文题目 市场营销专业2010届部分毕业论文题目(市场营销类) 1,中小企业产业市场营销障碍与对策 2,供应链系统中关于提高服务质量的探讨 3,供应链管理中供应商选择问题的研究 4,浅谈产品直销的利与弊 5,呼伦贝尔市旅游营销问题和发展策略 6,呼伦贝尔市保险业市场营销管理现状,问题及对策 7,呼伦贝尔市旅游业营销策略与分析 8,营销创新——我国企业的营销创新研究 9,浅析电子商务产品的定价方法与策略 10,从银行业务拓展看银行营销 11,我国企业网络营销存在的问题及对策 12,营销整合的策划性研究 13,我国网络游戏营销策略分析——以《 》为例 14,关于呼伦贝尔市宽带市场的 调查报告 15,小论电子商务对市场销售的影响 16,论营销职能是企业的基本职能 17, 谈企业目标市场选择与产品开发 18,某产品寿命周期分析及营销策略的选择 19,营销策略中广告的运用 20,产品特点与广告媒体的选择 21,论消费心理预测 22,消费心理与广告研究 23,营销活动中的公共关系分析 24,营销活动中的定价技巧 25,激励因素在销售管理工作中的作用 26,我国不同职业和收入群体的消费心理现状研究 27,市场细分原理与企业目标市场选择 28,某新产品投放市场的营销策略组合 29,我国服装业营销渠道管理研究 30,快速消费品行业营销渠道管理研究 31,我国连锁企业商品配送问题研究 32,连锁企业的供应链管理研究 33,企业对经销商的选择和管理 34,我国物流现代化的现状及对策研究 35,浅析当前工商企业营销渠道的矛盾冲突 36,水平渠道冲突与管控 37,垂直渠道冲突管控 38,中小企业品牌建设研究 39, 结合行业谈企业营销战略选择 40,中小企业市场营销定位研究 41,企业定位与企业品牌建设的关系研究 42,企业定位中差异性特征的选择 43, 中小企业市场目标市场选择 44, 中小企业的差异性塑造 45,中小企业产品组合策略选择 46,产品组合策略与价格策略协同问题研究 47,终端主导市场条件下企业渠道变化 48,谈谈产品寿命周期与营销策略的关系 49,企业包装策略研究 50,差异化营销策略分析 51,产品分销中窜货问题研究 52, 论新产品开发策略 53,论渠道创新策略 54,论酒类产品的渠道策略 55, 食品企业品牌提升研究 56,中小型企业应该如何设计渠道结构 57, 啤酒企业的渠道策略研究 58,企业物流管理信息化问题及对策研究 59,论供应链战略联盟管理 60,市场预测手段研究 公共关系论文参考题目 1,社会主义市场经济条件下的政府公关问题 2,乡镇企业的公共关系问题研究 3,试论公关策划的几个问题 4,试论广告策划 5,创新思维在公关中的应用 6,经济全球化与公关观念创新 7,产品推销中的公关策略 8,市场经济中的企业形象策略 9,良好的购物环境在促销中的意义 10,企业转换经营机制中的公关问题 12,市场经济与公共关系的关系 13,试分析马斯洛的需要层次论 14,组织变革的理论分析 15,试论现代管理的系统观 16,试论现代管理的人本原理 17,政府公关形象的塑造 18,企业文化建设研究 19,公共关系在我国的发展趋势 20,公共关系危机处理的对策 21,组织形象构成要素分析 国际市场营销论文: 1,国际企业如何避免水土不服 2,国际企业市场进入模式及其选择研究 3,跨国经营中的文化营销 4,论我国出口企业核心竞争力的培育与构建 5,知识经济条件下国际营销渠道的变革趋势与策略 6,国际营销的两个流派: 标准化观点对适应性观点 7,国际营销: 标准化与差异化的融合 8,国际营销渠道中的渠道行为 9,经济全球化时代国际营销战略新发展 10,国际营销渠道新特点与跨国经营 11,试论我国企业在国际营销中的品牌策略 12,中国企业国际营销进展: 阶段特征与战略转变 13,经济全球化与我国国际营销战略 14,试论跨国战略联盟与提高企业国际营销效率 15,全球本地化: 国际营销之谜 16,绿色贸易壁垒与国际绿色营销研究 消费者行为学论文: 1,品牌形象的消费行为学研究 2,大学生消费心理和消费行为的研究 3,大学生消费行为的分析与引导 4,关于绿色消费行为的思考 5,当代大学生消费结构与消费行为探析 6,解读女性消费者行为学的理论范式 7,区域差异的消费行为研究 8,信息不对称条件下的消费者行为 9,论大学生的消费行为及其社会心理特点 10,消费体验理论评述 11,个人消费行为模型分析 12,方消费者行为学研究理论和方法评析 13,非理性消费行为理论分析 14,中年女性消费行为特点与营销策略 15,广告信息对消费行为的影响及作用 16,影响农民消费行为的制约因素及化解 17,农村不同收入群体消费行为特征分析 18,大学生通信业务消费行为分析 19,大学生不良消费行为的现状, 原因和对策 20,对从众消费行为的分析与思考 21,转型时期中国消费行为研究 22,网上消费者消费行为研究 服务营销论文题目: 1,论服务与服务营销 2,服务营销研究的热点与发展趋势 3,服务营销创造顾客忠诚 4,超市服务营销战略探析 5,关系营销: 服务营销的理论基础 6,透视服务营销的分析框架 7,服务营销: 21 世纪企业营销立足之道 8,服务营销打造顾客满意 9,现代企业中的服务营销 10,服务质量分析及评价研究 11,服务营销的定价策略研究 12,论服务营销的有形化策略 13,服务营销创造顾客忠诚 14,服务利润链与内部营销 15,客户关系管理在医院服务营销中的应用 16,服务营销的基础探析 17,知识经济与服务营销 18,顾客满意战略与服务营销 19,企业服务营销的初步探讨 20,服务质量差异模型及应用 21,服务营销与企业经营战 22,城市超市顾客消费行为模式研究

产品差异化毕业论文

做好企业营销工作必须有好的营销战略,才能提高企业的竞争力，为此我为大家整理了关于大专市场营销毕业论文范文3篇，欢迎参阅。

大专市场营销毕业论文范文(一)

《 品牌服装设计营销影响分析 》

摘要：品牌服装设计作为品牌服装营销的主要构成部分，从品牌服装角度来讲，其利用独特的语言符号表现内在精神，其设计与艺术创作并不相同，通常会受到国家商标法规和法令以及行业特点等相关因素影响。目前，品牌服装设计在营销中发挥着推波助澜的作用，直接影响企业的经济效益。

关键词：品牌服装;设计;营销

近些年，随着居民生活质量水平的提高，其对于服装提出更为严格的要求，且服装行业传统纯加工与订单方式已无法满足居民生活需求。从服装企业方面而言，应用服装设计展现服饰文化价值，可加强服装营销过程中的竞争力。但是，目前服装市场竞争十分激烈，怎样充分发挥品牌服装设计的作用，已成为企业关注的重点。

1.服装品牌设计分析

服装品牌名称和标志

服装品牌的名称和标志作为服装品牌设计的主要构成部分，在进行服装品牌设计时，应该保证名称和标志的简洁性与易记性，创建服装品牌识别系统，充分展现企业的经营理念与内在特点，保证服装品牌名称和标志可以为消费人员留下直接视觉印象，从而使消费人员可以对服装的品牌产生意识，为服装企业后期销售工作奠定基础，提高服装企业营销额。

服装品牌独特风格

服装品牌独特风格为各个服装品牌有效区别的关键因素。设计服装品牌的风格过程中，应该保证服装品牌可以深入人心，且独具一格。从服装消费人群方面来讲，服装消费人员在购买服装过程中，经常会追求个性化，而服装品牌的独特风格，能够有效满足消费人员的需求。对此，在服装品牌设计时，必须保证服装品牌的独特风格，利用服装品牌独特风格展现品牌服装。

2.品牌服装设计在营销中的功能

提高服装价值

在品牌服装营销过程中，品牌服装设计能够提高服装价值。而品牌服装设计过程中，设计师应明确目标消费群体和品牌核心价值，唯有合理定位消费群体和核心价值，才能够有效提高服装价值，从而使品牌服装在服装企业激烈竞争环境中占据一席之地。因而，品牌服装的设计不但提高服装核心价值，还促进了品牌服装营销。提高服装地位品牌服装的设计，可使品牌服装在营销过程中有效提高服装品牌在服装业的地位。从服装企业角度而言，品牌设计对于服装企业的发展十分关键。设计师在品牌服装设计时，可利用先进市场营销基础理论完成设计，保证品牌服装的设计满足服装企业需求，使品牌服装可以脱颖而出，在服装市场中占据更高的地位。

满足消费者要求

品牌服装的设计应该以满足消费者要求作为目标，综合分析消费者日常购买服装时的相关消费要求与消费意识，保证品牌服装营销时具有广阔的市场。从品牌服装营销方面而言，必须加强品牌服装设计的独特性，满足消费者特殊目标需求，充分展现品牌服装独特性与亮点，实现品牌服装营销目标。因此，品牌服装营销时，应该充分发挥出品牌服装设计功能，引导消费者购买品牌付账，进一步扩展服装企业的经济效益。

3.加强营销中品牌服装设计对策

建立服装品牌的价值意识

品牌服装设计下的品牌价值意识至关重要。建立品牌价值意识可在服装市场营销过程中充分发挥出品牌服装设计功能。同时，服装市场营销时，建立品牌意识，让市场营销人员意识到品牌服装的关键性，可使服装营销工作人员在服装市场营销的过程中，充分将品牌服装的价值意识传递给消费者，从而消费者就会对品牌服装产生依赖，直接影响消费者的购买意向。另外，品牌服装设计时，对于建立品牌价值意识，要掌握消费者与品牌直接的纽带，通过品牌定位和品牌印象以及品牌文化等相关品牌意识价值，提高消费群体在购买品牌服装时对于品牌服装的认可性。

提炼服装品牌的核心价值

提炼服装品牌的核心价值作为品牌营销的关键点与难点。对于服装市场营销过程中充分发挥品牌服装设计功能而言，有效提炼品牌核心价值，能够在一定程度上加强品牌服装的营销力度。从品牌服装营销方而言，提炼服装品牌的核心价值应该进行全方面的科学调研，并在品牌服装营销时，慢慢产生高度差异化和感染消费群体消费意识的品牌核心价值。但是必须重视品牌服装营销过程中品牌服装设计的重要性，保证品牌服装相应核心价值可以贯穿服装营销的各个流程，进而使消费群体可以深切感受到服装品牌价值核心。

平衡服装品牌设计营销

品牌服装设计与品牌服装营销相辅相成，有效平衡品牌服装设计和营销内容，为服装市场营销过程中充分发挥品牌服装设计作用的主要对策。针对品牌服装企业，不管是一方面重视品牌服装设计，或是一方面重视品牌服装营销，这些都制约着品牌服装企业的快速发挥在那。因此，必须合理平衡品牌服装设计与品牌服装营销，创建品牌服装设计与品牌服装营销科学协调体系，从而充分发挥品牌服装设计作用。

4.结束语

品牌服装营销作为一项综合工程，具备长期性与复杂性，其中设计和营销是服装品牌发展的重要源泉与动力。因而，在品牌服装营销时，应该建立品牌意识，有效提炼品牌服装的核心价值，合理平衡品牌设计和营销，使设计和营销完美融合，有效发挥品牌服装设计在品牌服装营销中的重要作用，推动服装企业的快速发展。

参考文献：

[1]邱小妹.邵阳中小服装企业走品牌化之路探索[D].湖南师范大学,2014.

[2]吴鹏.刍议针织女装产品差异化对品牌升级的影响[D].江南大学,2011.

[3]杜彬.动漫形象在服装品牌推广中的应用研究[D].浙江理工大学,2012.

[4]杨帆.论服装品牌形象的展示设计表达[D].安徽工程大学,2012.

大专市场营销毕业论文范文(二)

《 市场营销模拟实验项目规划与设计 》

摘要：本文分析了《市场营销模拟实验》课程实验项目开设的现状，然后指出了学生在实验中的学习需求，在此基础上提出了《市场营销模拟实验》课程实验项目规划设计调整的整体思路，最后探讨了《市场营销模拟实验》课程实验项目内容设计问题。

关键词：市场营销模拟实验;实验项目;设计

《市场营销模拟实验》课程是面向市场营销专业高年级学生开设的一门重要的专业性独立实验课程。该课程需要学生综合运用所学营销专业知识，在一个模拟接近真实的营销环境中分析和解决特定的营销问题，完成营销战略策略方面的决策，同时能得到相关决策带来的后果。由于该课程需要学生综合运用营销知识解决问题，因此，通过学习本课程，一方面可以对学生学习过的关键营销知识进行梳理和强化以形成体系;另一方面通过学习本课程，学生能学以致用，能够感受到真实的市场竞争和对抗性，对于学生营销全局思维能力培养、分析解决问题能力提升、实践操作能力训练和团队协作能力养成等方面都能起到重要的作用。虽然《市场营销模拟实验》课程的实验项目体系一直在不断的修改、改进和完善，但是外界的市场环境在变、学生在变、学习需求在提高、实验环境在调整，要想实验课程能够激发学生的学习兴趣，发挥它应有的作用，那么适时地对课程的实验项目进行新的规划设计的调整就是必须的。

1《市场营销模拟实验》课程实验项目开设现状

我校本实验课程实验项目的开设前后经历了两个阶段。最先是基于单一的南京世格营销模拟软件开设了SWOT分析、企业营销目标确定、4P策略等八个实验项目。后整合了消费者行为实验室、顾客满意度软件和CATI软件平台等形成了所谓的综合实验课程。早前的实验项目设计由于仅基于南京世格软件，该软件版本较早，且没有后续的更新，虽然整个实验项目分成了八个项目，但是实际上都只是将该软件平台中涉及到的营销战略及策略内容划分为不同的模块而已，更重要的是软件的仿真程度并不很高、软件操作无拓展性可能，影响了实验项目对学生的吸引力和对学生知识能力的训练。

后一个阶段的实验项目开设考虑了现有数个软件平台的充分利用、本实验课程课时的调整以及学生综合素质培养更高的要求等实际情况，将原本的南京世格实验软件涉及到的八个实验项目调整为十个实验项目，增加了两个新的实验项目：顾客满意度调研、CATI电话调查训练。由此形成了综合性的独立开设的实验课程。

此次调整，改变了原来各门实验之间分散、孤立的弊病，使各个实验项目组合成了一个实验课程整体，使实验课程涵盖了市场营销专业的一些重要知识点，同时进行了该实验课程的实验教学资源的建设，从而达到了优化课程人才培养模式和提升实验教学效果的目的。不过总的来看，以上几个实验项目由于是基于几个已有软件设计的，各软件平台的数据、界面、功能和软件设计初衷并不统一，无法做到相互兼容，各个项目模块之间逻辑联系不强，而且也没有针对培养学生素质与能力对上述实验项目进行深度挖掘与设计，虽然该课程已经设计了五个实验项目，形成了完整的实验内容体系，但是实质上是形聚而神散，没有很好地做到优化整合。针对市场营销专业学生的调查结果也显示了这一点，比如较多的学生都认为自己希望得到提高的能力没有提高的原因跟模拟软件、实验条件有关。

2学生在本实验课程学习中的需求

教学是为学生服务的，在对现有的实验项目进行调整设计之前，必须了解学生对于现有实验课程、实验项目的意见和建议，找出问题所在，才能确保调整后的实验项目能够切实适应新的需求、有效培养学生的专业能力。在针对市场营销专业学生的一份调查中我们发现，学生认为理想的《市场营销模拟实验》课程应该主要考虑将市场调研、环境分析、STP战略以及市场营销组合策略等方面的知识包含进去，它们的选择人次均超过了100人次，也就是说在144份有选项的问卷中多数学生都选择了这些答案。

而在能力训练方面，学生们认为理想的《市场营销模拟实验》课程应该主要考虑将市场信息收集与分析能力、营销战略制定和营销实践操作方面的能力训练。由此可以看出，学生们对《市场营销模拟实验》课程应当包含的知识与能力训练涉及到的内容均为该专业知识与能力构架中重要内容。那么在实验项目设计中，各个实验项目的开设就应该充分体现相关的知识和能力的训练内容，而且应当保证各个实验项目之间在知识和能力训练方面的逻辑联系和前后相承，并且要确保实验项目在知识和能力训练上的有效性。另据调查，学生们认为现有的模拟软件中“制定营销计划”模块对于学生通过实验提升能力方面帮助较大，占到了最大的比例，其次是SWOT分析模块。对于模拟软件提升学生能力方面不够理想的地方，我们应该充分挖掘其潜力，要么就应设法通过其它平台来补充。

3《市场营销模拟实验》课程实验项目规划设计整体思路

整合相关平台资源，增加实验项目的仿真程度，提高实验内容的吸引力

我校市场营销相关的实验软件资源采购来源不同、采购背景不同、软件功用也不同，虽然目前这些软件整合成《市场营销模拟实验》课程还存在各种问题，但是未来对于实验项目的规划设计也依然只能基于这些现有的平台资源，而不可能全部推倒重来。在新的软件资源完成替代之前，我们的实验项目规划设计必须以整合现有各种软件平台资源为前提，这是一个基本的原则。学生在实验中的学习状态和学习效果深受实验内容的影响，我们在设计实验项目的时候，在案例选取、实验分组、时间设定、参数调整、教师组织实施和引导等方面要想办法提高学生参与实验的积极性和主动性，提高实验项目的吸引力，增加实验项目的仿真程度。

努力实现实验项目的情景关联性设计

由于现有的实验项目体系是基于数个不同的软件平台规划设计的，存在实验项目之间逻辑联系不紧、不兼容等问题。较好的解决办法就是在实验中引入跟实验内容、软件平台功能模块兼容的现实的情景线索，以情景线索穿插各个实验项目，使学生的思路顺着各个实验项目走下去，思路清晰，知识能力训练合情合理，增强实验的仿真程度和吸引力。

挖掘实验软件相关模块中的专业知识和能力内容

现有的软件平台往往是一个涉及各种专业知识和能力训练的综合体，软件操作界面上各种功能操作也是一体化的，我们在进行实验项目规划设计的时候，应该注意根据你想训练学生知识和能力的意图去挖掘软件平台上的各种内容，形成相对独立和完整的实验项目模块，以便对学生进行专门的训练。比如营销模拟软件中的SWOT分析部分，我们可以单独设计成为一个实验项目进行专项训练，以达到强化的作用。

调整实验项目教学实施形式

学生们普遍对于沙盘演练和教学实训等实验组织实施形式比较感兴趣，对于电脑软件模拟的兴趣不高，而我们这门课程主要的实验教学形式恰好是电脑软件模拟。为了提升学生的学习兴趣，我们可以在电脑软件模拟过程中通过穿插同类案例讲解，在电脑软件模拟实验项目外增加实操性实验项目进行沙盘演练和教学实训等形式来活化课程教学实施形式，减少学生的抵触情绪，增强实验项目的吸引力以达到提升实验教学效果，提高学生学习兴趣的目的。

4《市场营销模拟实验》课程实验项目内容体系设计

根据以上实验项目设计思路，考虑学生学习需求，结合学校现有的实验条件和实验环境，本实验课程的实验项目规划设计调整整体上的情况包含营销动态模拟、顾客满意度研究和电话调查的内容，增加问卷设计与数据收集、焦点小组座谈、二手资料收集等实验内容，设计好各实验项目之间的逻辑联系，调整各实验项目教学安排。具体情况如下：首先，作为综合训练学生专业能力的营销动态模拟实验予以保留，但是调整为三个实验项目：认识模拟软件、SWOT分析、整体营销计划制定。这主要是考虑到课程实验学时要求以及该部分和后面实验项目的联系问题。

这一部分主要是强调从全局对学生进行综合的训练，让学生对营销框架和营销知识综合运用以及实践操作有一个全面的认识和体验。其次，在营销动态模拟中涉及到的市场调查、市场研究分析、顾客满意等重要内容，教师要适时对学生进行引导，让他们的思路顺势转到课程后半部分的营销模拟专项训练上，即以顾客满意度测评为线索，先后进行顾客满意度定性研究、顾客满意度定量研究等实验。

其中顾客满意度定性研究涉及到二手资料收集、焦点小组座谈、问卷测试与修改等问卷设计的实验;顾客满意度定量研究又涉及到电话调查、拦截问卷访问、网络问卷发布、顾客满意度结果计算与讨论、课程论文撰写等实验内容。这样一来，我们就可以以一个完整的情景线索“企业综合营销模拟—顾客满意度调查、市场调查与研究分析专项训练—问卷设计与数据收集—课程论文撰写完成实验”来串起学校现有的实验软件资源，增加各软件平台之间的逻辑联系，同时又通过情景设计增强了实验的仿真程度，从而提高实验项目的吸引力，增加学生的学习兴趣，提高学习效果。并且，整个实验课程既有综合训练，又有重要的专项训练，对于学生知识和能力的培养来说更为有效。

5结论

任何实验软件资源都不可能与具体学校具体专业的教学需求完全一致，何况学生的学习需求持续在改变，实验要求在不断提高，实验环境也在不断变化，要想适应新的形势、提高实验项目的吸引力，提高学生学习兴趣，对实验项目的规划设计进行调整就是必须的。但是这些规划设计的调整又只能依据现有的实验环境约束、考虑学生的学习需求，对各个实验平台实施整合利用，设计合理的情景线索、提高实验的仿真程度、开发蕴含专业知识的实验项目、合理运用各种实验项目教学实施形式，才能真正改变实验课程面临的不利情况，发挥它应有的功能，最大限度提升参与实验学生的专业素质和能力。

大专市场营销毕业论文范文(三)

《 电力企业改革下市场营销思路 》

摘要:近年来，随着社会的不断发展，电力行业发展的速度比较快。在这种大的环境背景下，电力企业发展的速度也比较快，发展前景比较乐观。但在电力企业快速发展的过程中也存在一些问题，从而迫使电力企业进行改革，以便更好地适应社会主义市场经济的发展。电力企业改革的内容比较多，既包括技术方面的改革，同时也包括管理方面的改革。市场营销策略属于电力企业改革的重点内容之一，对于电力企业的发展具有重要的意义。结合电力企业发展的实际情况，分析和研究在当前环境背景下电力企业应采用的市场营销策略，希望对电力企业的发展能有所帮助。

关键词:电力企业;改革;市场营销

市场经济的快速发展，加大了电力企业之间的竞争。在激烈的市场竞争中要想存活下来就必须要进行改革，以适应市场经济的发展。电力企业改革自从改革开放政策实施以后就一直在进行，经过了由浅到深的过程。现在正处于电力企业改革的关键时期，随着电力企业改革的不断深入，电力企业市场营销方面存在的问题逐渐显露出来，如何解决电力企业市场营销策略中存在的问题、提高电力企业市场营销策略的科学性成为人们关注的重点问题。因此，进行有关电力企业市场营销策略的研究十分必要。本文将从介绍我国电力企业市场营销的现状入手，分析我国电力企业市场营销策略中存在的问题，提出电力企业改革背景下应采用的市场营销策略。

1我国电力企业市场营销的现状分析

随着我国社会经济的不断发展，人们对电能的需求量越来越大，从而增加了电力企业的经济效益。但与此同时，人们对电能的要求也变得越来越高，这就使得电力企业不得不进行改革，以满足人们的使用要求，顺应时代发展的潮流。在这样的背景下，电力企业进入了改革时期。随着电力企业改革工作的不断深入，电力企业内部的管理人员逐渐意识到市场营销策略对企业的影响，加大了对电力企业市场营销策略的重视程度。其实，随着我国市场经济的不断完善，各行各业都开始意识到企业市场营销策略的重要性，市场营销策略将会直接影响到企业的经济效益，进而影响企业在市场中的竞争实力。现阶段，电力企业越来越独立，在发展的过程中国家也给予了大量的政策性支持。在新的市场形势下，电力企业也意识到企业的主要任务就是增加企业效益。而增加企业效益的一个主要途径就是进行合理的市场营销。合理的市场营销策略不仅可以提高企业的经济效益，同时还可以促进电力企业的进一步发展，使电力企业在激烈的市场竞争中生存下来。

2我国电力企业市场营销策略中存在的问题

就目前电力企业发展的实际情况来看，电力企业市场营销策略中存在的问题主要表现在下述三个方面。第一，就是电力市场分布不均匀。随着我国社会经济的不断发展，人们生产生活过程中用电量不断增加，从而使得很多地区都出现了用电高峰期，进而出现了供电不足的现象，影响了人们正常的生产生活。在这种情况下，为了满足人们的用电需求，电力企业必须要加大供应量。但是，电力企业主要解决的是发达地区的用电荒问题，对于那些经济不发达的地区来说供电不足的现象仍旧较为严重，经常会出现停电、断电现象。而电力企业并没有对这些不发达地区的用电问题给予高度重视。

电力市场分布不均匀不仅影响了一些地区人们正常的生活，同时也影响了电力企业的进一步发展;第二，就是电力企业内部管理缺少规范性。电力企业情况较为特殊，电力企业管理的主要内容之一就是对财务进行管理。做好财务管理工作不仅能维持企业的正常运行，同时还有利于提高企业决策的准确性。但是现在很多电力企业都存在财务管理不规范的问题，不仅影响了财务管理的效率，同时也难以对市场进行准确地判断，进而影响了电力企业的投资决策;第三，电力价格与市场存在较大偏差。目前，很多电力企业都将关注的重点放在完善电力网络系统上，从而忽视了电力价格等比较实际问题。现在，我国电力企业的定价方案还存在比较大的问题，主要体现在两个方面。一方面是对市场的了解不够，定价不合理。另一方面是没有认识到地区之间的差异性，定价不准确。电力企业定价方面存在的问题也影响了企业市场营销策略的制定，使得市场营销策略变得更加不合理。

3电力企业改革下应采用的市场营销策略

鉴于电力企业市场营销策略存在较大的问题，必须要采取合理的解决措施。首先，应制定符合电力企业实际情况的营销战略。电力企业的营销战略是其制定市场营销策略的重要参考标准，将直接决定市场营销策略的合理性。电力企业应依据制定的营销战略逐层确定市场营销部门的任务。第一，是决策层。决策层的主要任务是制定市场营销战略，并对相关职能部门的执行情况进行监督管理，确保企业处于正常运行状态。同时，还应加强企业与外部市场之间的联系，以便能及时适应市场的变化;第二，是相关职能部门。各个职能部门在企业中处于中间阶层，所承担的任务比较重。一方面要和决策层进行沟通，以便更好地了解企业的营销战略。另一方面还要和基层员工进行沟通交流，关注用户的需求变化情况;第三，是营销人员。营销人员是企业营销战略的直接执行者，其专业水平将直接影响到最终营销战略实施的情况。

因此，必须要提高营销人员的专业水平。完成上述工作相当于是对电力企业内部的营销管理系统进行了重新的梳理，使其变得更加规范化。其次，应加强和客户的沟通，了解客户的需要。市场营销的主要对象就是客户，只有全面了解客户的需求才能制定出符合市场实际情况的营销策略。但就目前的情况来看，电力企业和客户之间的沟通比较少，从而影响了电力企业对市场的判断，进而影响了电力企业的相关决策。因此，必须要加强和客户之间的沟通交流。例如，可以组织客户会议，面对面地了解客户的需要。最后，应完善全国电力市场。不同地区对电力的需求是不同的，电力企业在关注发达地区的用电需求时也应关注经济不发达地区的用电需求。为了避免出现资源浪费，电力企业可以根据地区的实际情况将客户划分成不同的类型，并采用不同的供电策略。同时，还可以根据地区差异制定不同的营销策略，实现企业经济效益最大化。

4结论

总之，在电力企业改革的背景下，电力企业市场营销策略的制定对电力企业的发展具有较大的影响。因此，电力企业应加强对市场营销策略的重视，制定合理的市场营销策略，提高电力企业的经济效益，使电力企业能更好的发展。

参考文献

[1]郭穗燕,梁裕琪.电力市场营销理念及策略分析[J].中国电力教育,2012,36:117-118.

[2]张凤义.树立营销新理念实施营销新策略———探析新形势下电力市场营销的现状及营销策略[J].中国商界(上半月),2010,05:155-156.

[3]刘邦伟.电力市场营销策略及优质服务在其中的作用[J].中国新技术新产品,2016,01:171-172.

浅谈福建省中小企业对外贸易的发展绪论自中国加入WTO以来，福建省中小企业的市场也正在与世界市场迅速融为一体。这些中小企业不论是否准备就绪，都要面对来自国内和国外市场的竞争压力。中小企业在企业的缝隙中生存，以大型企业无法比拟的灵活性，起着拾漏补缺的作用，因此无论是中小企业品种的多样性，还是因为地区间的成本差异产生的价格竞争力，都使得中小企业成为国际间活跃的贸易主体。近年来，福建省的贸易顺差不断扩大，但是由于福建省中小企业的外贸经济发展尚不成熟，所以存在些许问题。本文就福建省中小企业出口现状、金融状况、行业状况和政策经济制度状况等几个方面来分析福建省中小企业的外贸出口存在的问题，并为解决这些问题提出对策性建议。关键词：中小企业；对外贸易；对策性建议本论一、福建省中小企业的现状和特点（一）福建省中小企业的现状（二）福建省中小企业的特点二、福建省中小企业对外贸易所面临的困难（一）劳动力素质低下，外贸业务人员经验不足（二）国际竞争力差（三）出口产品趋于同质化，企业之间互相压价三、福建省中小企业的对外贸易策略（一）大力引进先进的生产技术，吸引优秀人才（二）实施产品差异化策略，推广多样化产品（三）强化企业的产权意识，创建福建特色品牌四、政府对中小企业建设的支持（一）政府要建立健全的法规，制订合理的保护政策（二）加强环境保护，建设和谐福建五、实习过程中对我的自身的看法（一）懂得了如何处理人际关系和为人处事原则（二）培养了自身的学习和动手能力、理解能力以及思维能力结论中小企业是经济中最活跃的经济主体，世界各国都把促进中小企业的发展作为国家整个发展战略的重要组成部分。在国内竞争日趋激烈和饱和的情况下，帮助中小企业扩大出口, 使其在国际市场立足、发展, 便成了各地方政府经济增长的突破点。在知识经济时代，福建省中小企业要积极参与国际竞争，努力开拓市场，制定与自身相适应的对外贸易经营策略，才能使福建省的中小企业促进自身更快的发展。参考文献[1]李雪松.加入WTO与中国经济前景[M].中国金融出版社,2002.[2]张小堂：提高企业国际竞争力[M].北京：经济科学出版社，2006。[3]金培：产业国际竞争力研究[M].北京：经济管理出版社，2006。[4]韦昌鑫.中小企业国际化发展研究[J].合作经济与科技,2006(2).

文化差异毕业论文范文

对中西文化进行了深入的探源分析，通过对比研究，剖析其不同的自然观、世界观，寻求不同意识形态的表征语言。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西文化对比论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!

中西禁忌文化对比研究

摘 要：禁忌是世界各民族共有的文化现象，是跨文化交际中的一大障碍，本文通过对中西文化禁忌的对比研究，提高人们的文化意识，避免交际冲突和失败，以此提高跨文化交际能力。

关键词：禁忌;文化差异;跨文化交际能力

禁忌(taboo) 源于太平洋汤加群岛的Togan(汤加语)，是一种普遍的文化现象，指通过禁止人们实施某种行为或者回避某些话语表达对神灵的敬畏或达到消灾避祸目的的规范。由于文化不同，各国间的禁忌习俗也不尽相同。

禁忌是世界各国共有的文化现象，只是禁忌的内容和形式有所不同。禁忌几乎无处不在，按照禁忌的范畴来分，可分为宗教禁忌和生活禁忌，其中生活禁忌包含其中生活禁忌包含饮食禁忌、服饰禁忌、婚姻禁忌、丧葬禁忌等方面，本文主要从宗教和生活禁忌两个方面探讨各国文化的异同。

一、宗教禁忌

世界各国人民都有不同的信仰，英语国家的人主要信仰基督教，另外还有天主教、新教和东正教。中国的宗教的有佛教、道教和伊斯兰教。宗教不同，禁忌也有很大差异。

1.基督教禁忌

基督教忌讳拜除上帝以外的偶像，进入教堂要严肃，保持安静，以表达对神的敬意。忌食带血的食物，忌衣冠不整和在聚会或礼拜中吸烟等。同时， 在西方信奉基督教的国家里，人们都记得耶稣被叛徒出卖，钉死在十字架上的故事。因此在耶稣受难日的当天，绝对不能从事与耶稣在十字架上受难有象征性联系的事情，如：理发、钉马蹄，钉钉子等。

2.天主教禁忌

天主教是基督教的三大教派之一，除基督教的某些禁忌外，天主教还有自身独特的禁忌。如：天主教的主教、修女和神父是不能结婚的，因此他们的相关隐私如子女问题是不能问及的。参加丧礼忌穿色泽艳丽的衣服，忌说笑;丧礼后两三星期死者亲属忌见客人，一年内忌参加大型宴会或舞会等。

3.佛教禁忌

佛教禁忌包含身体行为方面的禁忌如不杀生，不偷盗，不淫邪;语言方面的禁忌如不妄语，不恶口;意识方面的禁忌如不贪欲等。因此，信奉佛教的人忌吃荤食、不结婚、不蓄财。僧侣和教徒非常注重头部，忌讳别人提着物品从头部经过，忌随便抚摸小孩子的头部。忌当着僧侣的面杀生，喝酒，吃肉。女士面对僧侣忌穿着暴露;对于女信徒，在生理期间不得进入寺院朝拜，以免亵渎神像。

4.伊斯兰教禁忌

伊斯兰教是世界三大宗教之一，信奉者遍布世界各个国家和地区，在饮食方面，信仰者忌吃自死和非正常死亡的动物，忌饮酒。妇女忌外出工作，忌与男子相互观看，妇女在陌生人面前要带面纱。(《中国实用禁忌大全》，1991)①他们认为妇女除双手、双足和面部外，其余身体部位，不能显露给丈夫以外的男子观看。在卫生方面，禁止用右手处理污秽事物，如大小便均需用左，忌讳用左手给人传递物品尤其是事物。

二、生活禁忌

生活中禁忌很多，比如在英国，避免问他人私事，不能插队，忌购物时讨价还价等。下面着重谈一下饮食和饮酒方面的禁忌。

1.饮食禁忌

饮食是生活的重要组成部分，饮食禁忌包含饮食内容和饮食方式两个方面。中国人的饮食禁忌主要表现在饮食规矩而不是饮食内容上。中国人几乎什么都吃，包括动物的头脚和内脏。英语国家的人忌吃肥肉、粘骨，忌食动物的头脚或内脏制成的食品。忌食狗肉、蛇肉等特殊动物制成的食品。忌食大蒜等有酸辣味道的食品。在饮食规矩方面他们也有一些禁忌，如喝汤时忌出声，进餐时忌狼吞虎咽，用刀叉进菜时忌叮当作响。餐毕，刀叉忌乱放。忌当众挑牙，口中有食物时讲话。

2.饮酒禁忌

中国和英语国家在饮酒禁忌方面有较大差异。西方酒类繁多，讲究不同场合，不同饭菜配不同的酒。比如，饭前喝开胃酒，饭中喝佐餐酒，饭后喝鸡尾酒或威士忌酒等。隆重的宴会上，他们会一道菜换一种酒，有时会把几种酒参在一起混饮。而中国人主张隆重场合喝一种酒，混饮现象更是少见。西方人喝酒忌畅饮，一醉方休，而中国人忌牛饮或急饮。主人给客人斟酒宜勤，但忌浅、忌溢。

三、社交禁忌

在英语国家里，拜访某人需提前预约，否则会打乱别人的安排，造成不便。突然造访被视为粗鲁无礼的表现。以前中国人除了大事没有预约访客的习惯，但随着社会节奏的较快，预约访客逐渐开始实行，但没有那么严格。在预约到达时间上，中西方也存在差异。在西方晚到十分钟被视为正常现象，美国人习惯晚到3-5分钟，因为一般情况下女主人忙于饭菜，饭前5分钟才有时间换衣服，早到会使主人感到尴尬。在中国，人们习惯于提前4-5分钟到达以示尊敬。

在西方国家，隐私是最大的禁忌。与西方人交谈时切忌谈论涉及个人隐私的问题如年龄、收入、婚姻等。而在中国上述问题则被作为关注的话题加以讨论。中国人也有忌谈的东西如涉及个人尊严、缺点、短处等方面的事情。

在英语国家，有一火不点三支烟的忌讳。也就是说点一次火只能连续给两个人点烟，如果给第三个人点烟时需重新点火，否则会给其中一个人带来不便。

英语国家的人们在传统的节日互送小礼品是常有的事儿，但忌送重礼，重礼被认为是一种行贿行为。在美国，忌讳在公共场合或者业务交往过程中送礼，忌讳送有公司标志的东西(好像是在为公司做广告)。在英语国家，毫无缘由的送礼会使受礼者感到莫名其妙，这和中国相似。

四、其他禁忌

关于颜色的忌讳。在欧美国家，尽量少用黑色，比利时人忌讳蓝色，巴西人忌讳黄色。在中国，忌用红笔写自己的名字和写信。

关于数字的忌讳。西方人把“十三”视为不吉利的数字，公共场合尽量避免使用这个数字。“星期五”在西方被视为黑色星期五。据说耶稣是在这一天被钉在十字架上的，亚当夏娃是在这一天偷吃禁果的，大洪水也是在这一天爆发的。

中国人忌讳使用“四”和“三”(散的谐音)，在喜庆场合避免使用这些数字。

由此可见，不同的国家和民族有不同的禁忌，不了解对方国家的禁忌就会导致友谊破裂，交际失败，种族冲突等严重问题。在跨文化交际的过程中，要想达到交际成功，避免文化冲突，必须了解对方的文化禁忌。通过深入的对比研究，提高文化意识，减少文化冲突，促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。

参考文献：

[1] 杨宗、聂嘉恩、郭全胜，《中国实用禁忌大全》，1991，上海：上海文化出版社

[2] 胡文中、杜学增，《中英文化习俗比较》，1998，北京：北京外语教学与研究出版社

[3] 李建军、李贵苍，《跨文化交际》，2011，武汉：武汉大学出版社

中西餐桌礼仪文化禁忌的对比

摘 要：随着各国之间的交流日益密切，了解西方的餐桌礼仪文化对于了解西方文化至关重要。本文主要从餐具摆放及使用方面介绍中西餐桌礼仪文化的差异，来比较中西文方餐桌礼仪禁忌的差异，并剖析这些差异背景，加深我们的了解。

关键词：禁忌;餐桌;礼仪;中西方

一、引言

餐桌礼仪在日常生活中扮演着重要的角色，在中西方文化交流中的作用自然也不可小觑。中西方餐桌礼仪文化主要由入席离席、餐具使用与摆放、上菜顺序及品酒四个方面组成。本文旨在介绍中西餐桌礼仪文化禁忌的差异，主要从餐具摆放及使用这一方面来比较中西文方餐桌礼仪禁忌的差异，并剖析这些差异背景，加深对西方文化的了解。

二、问卷的数据分析

通过对问卷进行发放，采访被调查者，我们了解到大家对中西方餐桌礼仪禁忌的认识很局限，并且极少数人对其后的文化背景进行过探析，下面是我们分析问卷的详细情况。下面是我们分析问卷的详细情况，通过分析问卷，我们可以得出被调查者中大二的较多，占有效百分比为;大一占，大三占，而大四的最少，占有效百分比为。被调查者中英语类所占比例为，非英语类占，英语类和非英语类所占比例几乎相当。通过这些问卷的结果显示被调查者对中西餐桌礼仪文化的禁忌了解程度一般，而相当一部分人对此不了解。

具体分析问卷得出，大家对于极少数禁忌了解比较深，但是却很少有几个人了解到其中的文化渊源，对于其它中西文化餐桌礼仪禁忌的了解有限，有待加强。因此，我们将主要从中西文化餐桌的餐具使用及摆放这方面的对比和背景进行分析，系统的分析中西文化餐桌礼仪并究其根源。

三、正 文

餐桌礼仪在日常生活中扮演着重要的角色，也体现了中西方文化的差异。

餐具的摆放及使用

(1)筷子的摆放、使用及禁忌(忌讳、讲究)

通常就餐之前，在中国筷子的摆放应该放在饭碗的右侧，并且一定要两端对齐的整齐地摆放。如果是就餐期间使用筷子夹完菜之后，但是并没有连续进食，筷子则应整齐地竖向饭碗的正中间。

在中国餐桌上会看到一些这样的场景，客人拿起筷子夹菜时会举棋不定，不知道夹什么好，这种现象被称为“疑筷”，在正式的场合中疑这是较为忌讳的，在非正式的场合中则不是很严格。在夹菜时一些客人用筷子在菜盘里来来回回扒拉到底要夹什么菜，这种现象被称为“脏筷”。脏筷从浅层意义上来讲是不礼貌的。有时候大家会在中国的餐桌上看到两个人同时夹同一道菜时，不小心筷子撞在一起的情形，这一现象被称之为“抢筷”。为避免尴尬，人们在遇到这种情况时会巧妙地半开玩笑地说一句：“让我来帮你夹怎么样?”或者一方表示谦让地让对方来先夹。一般在连续就进餐时，筷子上仍然留着吃上一道菜留下的残迹就去夹菜的情况被称之为“粘筷”，这是忌讳的，所以在打算夹菜时要轻轻小嘬筷子，来避免夹别的菜时筷子上还粘着东西。

在吃放间隙聊天的时候，筷子的一大禁忌就是“指筷”，及用筷子指人。在用餐之时，最为忌讳的是“供筷”，就是将筷子插在饭菜上或者自己的饭碗中央。在中国的传统当中，一般在祭奠去世的人会上香叩拜，如果将筷子插在饭菜中央就与这一情形及其相似，因此，供筷不论在正式的还是非正式的中国餐桌上都是最大的禁忌之一。

除了以上描述的之外，中餐当中使用筷子的禁忌还有忌“刺筷”，即在夹不起菜的时候将筷子当叉子用，扎着夹;忌“别筷”，就是拿筷子当刀使用，用筷子撕扯肉类菜;忌“泪筷”，即在夹菜的时候使菜上有的汤汁淋了一桌;忌“敲筷子”。在等待就餐时，不能坐在桌边一手拿一根筷子随意敲打或用筷子敲打碗盏或茶杯。忌“叉筷”。 筷子不能一横一竖交叉摆放，不能一根大头，一根小头。用餐完毕，筷子应整齐地搁在靠碗右边的桌上。

(2)西方餐具的摆放、使用以及禁忌

相对于中餐，西餐的餐具则更为复杂。狭义上的西餐餐具有：刀、叉、匙三大件。刀子分为食用刀、鱼刀、肉刀(刀口有锯齿，用以切牛排、猪排等)、黄油刀和水果刀。叉子分为食用叉、鱼叉、肉叉和虾叉。匙子则有汤匙、甜食匙、茶匙。公用刀、叉、匙的规格明显大于餐用刀叉。而广义上的西餐餐具则包含：刀、叉、匙、盘、杯、餐巾等。其中盘又有菜盘、布丁盘、奶盘、白脱盘等。

在餐具摆放中，各个西方国家摆放西餐餐具遵循的共同规则是：“垫盘居中，左叉右刀，刀尖向上，刀口向内”。具体的规则有：“盘前横匙，主食靠左，餐具靠右”，其余用具酌情摆放;酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等，摆法是从左到右，依次摆烈性酒杯，葡萄酒杯，香槟酒杯，啤酒杯;西餐中餐巾放在盘子里，如果在宾客尚未落坐前需要往盘子里放某些物品，餐巾就放在盘子旁边。

西餐用餐餐具摆放为八字形，如果在用餐中途暂时休息片刻，可将刀叉分话盘中，刀头与叉尖相对成”一”字形或”八”字形，刀叉朝向自己，表示还是继续吃。用餐结束的摆置方式有两种：用餐结束后中，可将叉子的下面向上，刀子的刀刃侧向内与叉子并拢，平行放置于餐盘上。在宴会中，每吃一道菜用一副刀叉，对摆在面前的刀叉，是从外侧依次向内取用，因为刀叉摆放的顺序正是每道菜上桌的顺序。刀叉用完了，上菜也结束了。刀与叉除了将料理切开送入口中之外，还有另一项非常重要的功用：刀叉的摆置方式传达出“用餐中”或是“结束用餐”之讯息，而服务生是利用这种方式判断客人的用餐情形，刀叉柄朝向自己并列放在盘子里，则表示这一道菜已经用好，服务员就会把盘子撤去。

参考文献：

[1]蔡德贵、田辰山.三极世界文化差异(上)――筷子、手指和刀叉的视角[J]，东方论坛，2007(02)

[2]卞浩宇.论中西饮食文化的差异【J】。南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版)，2004

[3]胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论【M】背景：外语教学与研究社，1999

[4]李明英.社会习俗与饮食文化【J】。锦州师范学院学报，1997，

[5]多晓萍.从饮食角度浅谈中西文化【J】。兰州工业高等专科学校学报，2005

[6]林美泳，吴晓芳，吴家铭.浅谈中西方饮食文化差异[J]，2009(16)

[7]林丽端.中西方饮食文化之比较[J]，2009(18).

[8]杜莉， 孙俊秀. 西方餐饮文化，中国轻工业出版社

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Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

中西方在社会 文化 背景、社会经济环境、公众文化层次、 广告 发展阶段等方面的不同是其广告文化差异形成的内在原因。把握中西方文化广告的差异,并科学理解其成因是高效跨文化广告传播的需要。下面是我为大家整理的中西方广告文化差异论文，供大家参考。中西方广告文化差异论文 范文 一：试析中西方文化差异看跨文化广告的传播策略 论文摘要：中国属于集体主义价值观取向和高语境交际居主导地位的文化;而西方国家则属于个人主义价值观取向和低语境交际居主导地位的文化。中西方价值观和交际观的巨大差异在各自的广告上留下了深深的烙印。本文分析了中西方广告的这些差异,并提出了跨文化广告需要注意的三个传播策略。 论文关键词：集体主义;个人主义;高语境文化;低语境文化;跨文化广告 一、引言 经济全球化的今天，越来越多的跨国企业跻身国际市场。而广告是它们推销自己的产品，参与国际竞争的一个重要宣传手段。然而由于中西方存在着巨大的文化差别，不同文化背景的广告受众往往会有不同的价值观和 思维方式 。为了使跨文化广告能够准确传达信息，吸引消费者，激发其购买欲望,我们有必要研究一下广告对象的文化背景。因为“每个消费者都是在一定的文化环境中生活与成长，其思想意识和文化理念必然会受到不同文化环境的影响和熏陶，而且这种熏陶是潜移默化、根深蒂固的(章礼霞)。” “跨文化广告”和“跨文化广告传播”在我国的广告业界和学界已经成为重要的词语，许多学者甚至认为,“如何进行跨文化广告传播是当今中国广告界，乃至世界面临的一个迫切需要解决的大课题”(李宏,1999)。广告研究学者们从语言学、符号学以及传播学等角度探讨了广告传播的过程及其效果。叶敏，王华莹(2005)认为对跨文化广告影响较大的文化因素有语言、宗教、审美观、民族习俗等。尧旭华(2002)则从文化差异的影响,语言的限制,法律的约束,生产和成本的限制及媒体的局限分析了跨文化广告的传播策略。 美国广告界的知名人士迪诺.贝蒂.范德努特曾在2000说过，我们应当承认我们确实影响了世界的文化，因为广告工作是当今文化整体中的一部分，是文化的传播者和创造者。我国的邹威华(2004)也认为广告语反映一个民族的概念与意义体系、反映一个民族的价值体系、反映一个民族的思维方式。它向我们传递商品信息的同时也向我们推销传统的或外来的价值观念等文化信息。 二、中西方价值观差异及在各自广告上的反映 中西方属于不同的文化体系，有着各自不同的一套价值观念系统。西方文化以个人为本，中国文化以群体为本。在西方文化中，个人主义是首要的价值观，是西方文化的思想内核，其源头可以追溯到古希腊。西方文化宣扬个人至上，强调个人价值，崇尚自我肯定，反对权威主义和对个人的支配，要求尊重人的个性及私人空间，认为个人的自由发展是社会和人类自由发展的基础与条件。因此，在西方，人们通常把个人利益放在首位，而后才考虑集体利益。 而中国属于集体主义价值观的文化，这个价值观可以一直追溯到儒家文化。集体主义价值观认为,人的集体价值是社会的最高价值，水能载舟，亦能覆舟;个人是集体中的一员，当个人利益与集体利益发生矛盾时，个人利益应服从集体利益。先有群体，后有个体。俗话说：“大河有水小河满”，“一根筷子一折就断，一把筷子却拧不弯”，所以，没有群体，个体就不能生存和发展，群体利益是个体利益的前提和保障。 价值观念能直接影响人们的消费心理，能够决定购买行为是否发生，因此广告的宣传目的决定了不同的价值观必然会导致不同风格的广告。西方文化是个人价值观取向，更加重视个人的奋斗和利益。在广告中就往往表现为以自我为中心的文化，强调个体的独立和主体作用，重视个性的张扬。于是，我们可以经常在英美报刊广告中见到“个性”(individuality)、“个人”(persona1)和“隐私”(privacy)这样的主题，来激发和煽动消费者的购买欲望。 耐克经典的广告语“Just do it”(想做就做)就曾在美国风靡一时,因为它表达的对自我、个性、叛逆的推崇和张扬非常符合年轻一代的价值理念,所以很容易引起共鸣。然而也就这个广告,在香港等地却收到了很差的宣传效果,与当地的价值观念格格不入,该广告被认为有诱导青少年不负责任、干坏事的倾向。无奈最后耐克只得将广告语改为“应做就去做”。在中国的文化里，个体必须去做社会觉得应该你去做的事,个体必须履行社会所赋予的责任。 另外,在中国的广告里面,家庭这一价值观被频繁地应用。因为中国 传统文化 认为，家庭是社会组织结构中最基本的单位，家是社会的细胞。对于一个传统的中国人，他的身份、地位、义务和责任都与他的家族紧密联系在一起,所以一个温暖和谐的家庭比什么都重要。因此,广告设计者往往会在这方面大做 文章 。比如，“孔府家酒”广告，“孔府家酒，让人想家”,“常回家看看”“爱一个家,恋一张床,水晶家纺”等等。这样的广告词容易深深打动中国人传统的思家情结,从而收到很好的宣传效果。 三、中西方交际观差异及在各自广告上的反映 根据人类学家爱德华.霍尔的高低语境交际(High-Low context)学说，在高语境交际观的文化中，信息的传递与沟通是通过肢体语言、上下文联系、场景等进行的。信息与信息之间存在高度的前后联系,交际的最终效果往往取决于接受者对信息的诠释。霍尔(1976)曾指出:“当谈论心中的苦恼与忧虑时,来自高语境的人会期待对方明白是什么在困扰着他/她,以便不必不得不具体的说明。结果他/她会在交谈中环顾左右而言它,什么都谈了,除了关键的一点。 而领会这最关键的主旨则是对方的任务。”而低语境文化中，大多数信息是由清晰的符号如语言、文字、符号和各种象征图案等来表达的,信息发送者有义务帮助接受者正确地理解信息。Levine(1985)描述了美国的交际观,“把话说出来”,“不要环顾左右而言他”,“说主要的”这些言语在美国人的交际中常常可以听见。一般说来,个体主义文化倾向于低语境交际,其交际风格直接又明确;集体主义文化倾向于高语境文化,其交际风格委婉,追求和谐。这就是说，中国人的沟通是含蓄的，而西方人的沟通却是直截了当的。这种思维及表达方式的差异必然也会体现在广告里。 中国人习惯于含蓄而委婉的表达方式，广告往往表现为不是直接切人正题，而是擅长于先做好大段的渲染铺垫,然后逐步引向主题，最后在高潮中含蓄地升华出中心。比如雕牌洗衣粉的一则“下岗篇”广告，镜头刚开始是描写一位下岗母亲四处奔波寻找工作,渲染出一种生活艰难的场景。然后开始把镜头切换到她家里,一个衣着朴素但却非常懂事的孩子在家帮母亲洗衣服,孩子因为能帮妈妈洗衣服,脸上露出了灿烂的笑容。最后母亲回来看到孩子的字条“妈妈,我能帮你干活了”和洗好的衣服而感动得流下了眼泪，直到此时才打出产品的名称“雕牌洗衣粉”。 广告中并没有太多对“雕牌”洗衣粉质量的宣传，而是把感情因素注入到产品中，让人们记住了充满人情味的“雕牌”。雕牌洗衣粉的另一则“中秋篇”广告也是运用相同原理: 中秋节 到了，父母给孩子打电话问能不能回来过节,孩子站在繁忙的马路边，抱歉的说：又要加班。接下来的镜头是那个女孩子的默默自述“我也想家，想妈妈用雕牌洗衣粉洗衣服的样子,想爸爸做的红纱肉。”最后当中秋节那天她回到宿舍时,发现父母已经在她的宿舍,为她做好吃的了,此时此景,女孩子热泪盈眶,只叫了一声“爸,妈”。然后做爸爸的挺难为情的,给自己找了个借口“你妈非要来。”最后才是真正的主旨——中秋节,你在想念父母,父母也在想念你,雕牌,愿家家团圆。” 西方人的思维方式是直线式的，他们表达感情的方式通常也是非常直率，在广告中更是如此。如美国贝尔电话公司的广告，一天晚上，一对老夫妇正在用餐，电话铃响。老妇人去另一个房间接电话。回来后，老先生问：“谁的电话?”老妇人回答：“女儿打来的，说她爱我们。”两人顿时相对无言，激动不已。这时出现旁白：“用电话传递你的爱吧!”西方人这种直接表达感情的方式与中国人含蓄间接的文化特质有着明显不同。 四、跨文化广告应注意的三个传播策略 每个人乃至每个民族，都是在价值观的支配下行事的，成功的跨文化广告要重视当地消费者的价值观，反映当地广告受众的价值观。结合以上分析，笔者觉得跨文化广告在传播中应注意一下三个方面： (一)适当迎合当地的价值观念 许多外国品牌在进行跨文化广告传播时都注重使自己的广告做到本土化。对跨文化广告来说，尊重并体现目标区域消费者的价值观念是非常重要的。只有做到这一点，消费者才不会对广告产生抵触情绪，才会顺利接受其宣传的产品。在这方面做得很好的例子很多,比如“可口可乐”的广告,在美国，可口可乐的广告是突出个人的自我享受和愉悦之情;而到了中国却是完全中国化，一群人在兴高采烈的分享着可口可乐带来的乐趣,充分展示“独乐乐，不如与人同乐”的中国传统文化精髓。 还有一个例子，宝洁公司在我国刚刚推出“安儿乐”纸尿裤时，由于不了解中国的价值观念，在宣传时主要强调“方便妈妈”上面，结果造成产品销路不畅通。后来通过市场调研才发现，在中国这个提倡勤劳节俭的国度，父母应该为子女辛苦操劳。花钱买纸尿裤的妈妈容易被人误认为是懒惰。最后公司把主要的宣传点改为宝宝，“能更好地保护宝宝更加健康成长，同时方便妈妈”,这样年轻妈妈就可理直气壮地购买该产品,于是安儿乐纸尿裤很快就打开市场，被广大消费者接受。 最经典的要数美国的“万宝路”香烟广告，在美国展现的一直是粗犷、充满男性气的牛仔形象;在香港则换成了衣着高雅、时尚新潮的成功中产阶级形象，因为在香港流行的不是拓荒和开拓的西部精神，而是崇尚精致的中产阶级生活;而在中国大陆则又换成了锣鼓喧天和吉庆欢乐的祝贺 春节 的喜庆场景,符合中国消费者追求欢天喜地的心理。 (二)善于把握当地的思维方式