商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文
开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。下面是我帮大家整理的商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
题目名称：商务英语谈判中的礼貌策略研究
英文题目：Politeness Principle as a strategy in Business Negotiation
学生姓名：
学号：xxx
学院：xxxx
专业年级：英语专业商务方向xx级
指导教师：xxx
职称：
一、选题的依据：
由于商务活动的需要，在世界高度一体化，国际商务活动日益频繁，中国进入WTO 的国际背景下，需要人们熟练掌握对外商务活动的原则和技巧;而商务谈判是对外商务活动的重要环节，商务谈判实际上是通过语言来进行的经济活动， 其成功与否很大程度上取决于语言的应用。在谈判过程中谈判双方都希望己方利益最大化，因此双方在谈判过程中的语言表达和应用对谈判有着深远影响。得体、合适的语言表达能促进商务谈判的顺利进行。而礼貌原则作为一种语用策略是商务谈判的必要技巧，我们通过运用礼貌策略减少谈判双方的利益摩擦，缓和谈判环境，使双方在快乐的条件下获得共赢和理想的谈判结果。本选题旨在研究礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的影响及具体应用。其意义如下：
意义：1. 得体的谈吐能树立谈判者良好的文化素养和职业道德形象，是商务谈判中的润滑剂;
2.增加谈判者之间的信任度，提高谈判中的自觉性，增加谈判的成功性，从而实现经济利益;
3. 对商务谈判中礼貌原则的研究有利于对今后礼貌原则文化差异起着促进作用;
4. 对礼貌原则的研究及礼貌语言的学习、应用利于人们生活实际中的交际和商务活动，利于个人生活。
2)综合国内外有关本选题的研究动态和自己的见解
我国学者何自然认为礼貌语言实际上是一种语用策略。大量学者对语用学中的礼貌策略进行了研究。我国学者胡艳芳认为礼貌是人类文明的重要标志，是人类社会活动的一条重要准绳(2009)，普遍存在于人类的交际活动中。国内学者徐盛恒也有深入的见解他认为礼貌语言是语言交际可能涉及的各方关系的杠杆(1992)，起着调节人际关系的作用。他们的研究都说明了礼貌语言策略在人们生活交际中有着重要的作用。
国外学者对其的研究更为突出。早在20世纪50年代，美国学者戈夫曼(Erving Goffman)就提出了“面子行为理论”，建立了礼貌模式。20世纪60年代，美国语言哲学家Grice(1975)在Austin 和Searle的言语行为基础上提出了会话合作原则，该原则认为人们在所有会话中都应遵循质量，方式和相关的四准则。(1972,1973,1975,1977)在上世纪七十年代提出礼貌三规则。1978年Brown 和Levinson 提出了“面子论”。而英国语言学家利奇(Leech,1983)将语用原则分为“人际修辞”(interpersonal rhetoric)和“篇章修辞(textual rhetoric)，提出了礼貌六准则。语用学中礼貌语言策略的历史来源及国内外学者的研究为诸多学者对礼貌策略在商务谈判中作用及应用的研究有着巨大的指导意义。许多学者就Grice的合作原则及相关理论，Leech的礼貌六准则，以及Brown和Levison的“面子论”在商务谈判中的应用进行了相关研究。他们的研究结果表明礼貌原则这一语用策略不仅适用于人们生活中的交流同时在商务谈判中依然适用并发挥着重要作用。
在此基础上，本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时，着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Grice的合作原则、Leech的礼貌六准则(得体，慷慨，赞誉，谦逊，一致，同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。从而说明礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的重要性。
二、研究内容
(1)主要研究内容及观点：
本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时，着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Leech的礼貌六准则(得体，慷慨，赞誉，谦逊，一致，同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。
(2)论文内容提纲：
1 商务谈判的简单介绍
商务谈判的定义
商务谈判的基本原则(语言特征)
2 礼貌语言策略的介绍
礼貌的定义
相关的礼貌理论( Grice(1975)会话合作原则; Leech的礼貌六准则; Brown Levison的“面子论”等)
相关礼貌理论下的具体礼貌原则和策略
3一些语用礼貌策略在商务谈判中的应用(重点)
“得体准则”(把Grice的合作原则中的量的准则，质的准则，关系准则纳入为得体准则 说明：此为创新点)
慷慨准则的应用( Leech原理)
逊准则的应用( Leech原理)
Brown Levison积极和消极礼貌策略的应用
4 总结
三、研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析
本选题的主要研究方法有文献资料法和经验总结法，以网络技术、人工智能为研究手段，采用对比分析、综合分析等方法和手段，通过对国内外学者在礼貌原则领域的见解和研究成果的对比和解析，总结出礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的应用的重要性。
四、进程安排和采取的主要措施
：
资料收集，阅读整理资料，拟定论文研究大致方向
- ：
向论文老师申报论文题目;确定研究方向，拟定出论文大纲，积累资料
：
撰写开题报告及交予老师审核
：
听取指导老师建议结合实际撰写、修改论文一稿
：
听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文二稿
：
听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文三稿
：
撰写论文定稿
：
上交论文定稿
：
将论文定稿交予老师审查
—：
做好答辩准备
五、主要参考文献
[1] Brown, P. &Levinson, S., 1978, “Universals in Language Usage. Politeness Phenomena”. In . Goody(ed.), Questions and Politeness: Strateges in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1978, .
[2] Grice, ., 1975, “Logic and Conversation”. In Cole &Morgan(eds.). Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York : Academic Press. 1975, .
[3] Goffman,E., 1967, International Ritual: Essays on Face –to Face Behacior. New York: Doubleday and Company.
[4] Leech .G. Principle of Pragmatics [M]. New York : Longman Inc, 1983.
[5] 胡艳芳(Hu, Yanfang),积极礼貌策略在英语课堂教学中的应用[J]. 重庆工学学院学报(社会科学版)2009(1).
[6] 何自然(He, Zirran).语用与英语学习[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 1997.
[7] 邱天河(Qiu Tianhe), 语用策略在国际商务谈判中的运用[J]. 外语与外语教学.
[8] 徐盛恒(Xu Sheng hen)礼貌原则新拟[J]. 外语学刊，1992.
[9] 熊学亮(Xiong, Xueliang).礼貌文化参数. 简明语用学教程, : 1165-170.
[10] 杨林聪(Yang Lincong)礼貌原则在商务沟通中的应用[M].长沙.国防科技大学出版社，2002.
六、指导教师意见
指导教师签名：
xx年xx月xx日
课题名称：原则和合作原则在商务英语中的
本课题的研究现状、研究目的及意义
研究现状：随着全球经济一体化进程的加速，商务英语信函在国际贸易发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。商务英语信函引起了越来越多的国内外学者关注和研究，其领域涉及翻译、词汇学、语义学及语用学。国内的，如：吴金凤的《商务英语信函的特点及翻译》;黄雪芳的《商务英语信函的词汇特征分析》;武瑞的《商务英语信函中的'语用策略研究》。国外的，如：Josephine Baker的Correct Business Letter Writing and Business English;Beam Brilliance的New Business English;Leech,S.的Principles of Pragmatics等。
从这些论文著作整理统计来看，国内外学者对商务英语信函的翻译、词汇和语用的理论性研究分析的较多，将具体的礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究分析的较少。本论文选取礼貌原则和合作原则这两大原则并结合具体实例来具体分析研究这两大原则在商务英语信函的应用。
研究目的及意义：
目的：随着世界经济和信息技术快速发展，商务英语信函已经成为对外贸易中不可或缺的重要组成部分。商务英语信函是在商务环境下，利用信函与具有不同文化背景的客户进行国际交流的行为，它是一种行业英语，是开展对外商务活动的基础和重要工具，是最常用也最有效的通讯手段之一。为提高外贸人员对商务英语信函的礼貌原则和合作原则的认识，增强他们写作商务英语信函写作的有效性，本论文对礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用进行了具体研究。
意义：商务英语信函是建立友谊、吸引客户的手段，信函中灵活运用礼貌原则和合作原则是商务活动顺利开展的内在要求和取得商务交际成功的关键，是建立和睦合作关系的基础，因此，礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究对商务英语信函的写作具有重要的借鉴意义。
课题类型：
(1)A—工程实践型;B—理论研究型;C—科研装置研制型;D—计算机软件型;
E—综合应用型
(2)X—真实课题;Y—模拟课题;
(1)、(2)均要填，如AY、BX等。
本课题的研究内容
中文题目：礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究
摘要
1引言
论文研究的背景
论文研究的意义
2商务英语信函及语用原则简介
商务英语信函的定义
商务英语信函的特点
商务英语信函的语用原则简介
3礼貌原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用
礼貌原则简介
礼貌原则的定义
礼貌原则的特点
礼貌原则在商务英语信函中的应用
4合作原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用
合作原则简介
合作原则的定义
合作原则的特点
合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用
5 总结
6 参考文献
本课题研究的实施方案、进度安排
实施方案：
查找有关资料，收集并整理资料，结合自己兴趣和专业与指导老师探讨后确定选题。确定论文题目，根据论文的研究方向和所得资料结合任务书中的要求，写出开题报告。编写提纲根据提纲写出初稿，根据修改后的初稿写出二稿，根据再修改后的二稿写出三稿。调整论文结构，检查错别字，编排标准格式，定稿打印。
进度安排：
20XX年1月5日上交开题报告
20XX年4月9日交初稿
20XX年4至5月论文修改
20XX年5月22日论文定稿
20XX年5月29日答辩
已查阅的主要参考文献
[1] Beam Business English [M].Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,2010
[2] Frank of Positive Politeness Strategies in Business Letters [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2010
[3] Fraster, on Politeness [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2011
[4] and Politeness: strategies in social interaction [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2009
[5] Jef Pragmatics [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000
[6] Jiang : Theories and Applications [M].Beijing: Beijing University Press,2000
[7] Jones L,Alexander Business English [M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001
[8] Lesikar,Raymond Communication [J].New York: Richard
[9] Analysis of Business Letters of Negotiation [J].English for Specific Purposes,2002
[10] Scheraga, English Writing Skills [J].Illinois NTC Publishing Group,2001
[11]范俊芳.合作原则和礼貌原则在英语商务信函中的研究[D].辽宁大学，2012
[12]高欢.礼貌原则应用于商务英语信函的实证研究[D].重庆大学，2007
[13]胡志雯.语用原则在商务英语应用中的度范畴[J].湖南大学学报，2003
[14]李亮.商务英语应用中的合作原则和礼貌原则体现[J].广西大学学报，2009
[15]刘焕明.格莱斯合作原则在经贸英语合同文本中的应用[D].延边大学，2009
[16]梅庭军.合作原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].考试周刊，2012
[17]吴金凤.商务英语信函的特点及翻译[D].上海外国语大学，2006
[18]王晓英杨靖.商务英语写作教程[M].东南大学出版社，2004
[19]武瑞.商务英语信函中的语用策略探究[D].山西财经大学，2010
[20]赵军.商务英语语用特征研究[D].西华大学，2012
[21]周瑞琪.语用原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].广东外语外贸大学学报，2007
题 目：
On the Characteristics & Translating Skills of English Advertising(英语的特征和翻译)
选题依据及研究意义：
随着经济全球化的进一步加快，国际经济的进一步发展带动了广告业的腾飞，英语广告翻译日益成为翻译学研究的重要组成部分，广告翻译的发展对国际贸易的发展不言而喻。广告是商战中的有力的武器，广告英语是一种专门用途的英语，他与普通英语有着较大的差别，本文结合大量的实例，从广告英语的语法特点、句法特点和修辞特点三方面分析了广告英语的特点，并浅析了其翻译策略。英语广告翻译作为翻译学的一个新的领域，引起了众多的翻译工作者和研究人员的注意，发展仍然不够成熟和完善，这篇论文正是针对这一系列的问题提出了英语广告的特点和英语广告的翻译策略等重要意义的课题。从而为英语广告的翻译提供了有效的途径，为众多的翻译工作人员提供了重要的借鉴，同时也推动广告业及广告翻译事业的长足发展。
选题的研究现状：
对于商务沟通中的策略，曾有两语言学家提出过。
美国语言学家格莱斯于1967年提出的礼貌被称为“合作原则”。此原则中，会话双方需要共同遵守的原则包括数量、关系、质量和方式几个准则。有了“合作原则”，交易双方所说的话就不会逻辑混乱，说话者和听话者能顺畅沟通，以达到成功交际的目的。20世纪80年代，在合作原则的基础上，英国语言学家利奇又提出了著名的“礼貌原则”，其主要内容为：通过减少自身利益，使对方从中获得更大利益的方式获得对方好感，推进合作，使对方从中获得更长远的利益。
总而言之，“合作原则”和“礼貌原则”都是要求商务信函中要坚持礼貌策略，以达到维护交易各方地位均等、关系友好的目的。
拟研究的主要内容：
1.礼貌、礼貌原则和商务英语的表达原则;
2.商务英语信函的写作原则
3.礼貌原则在商务英语写作中的具体应用;
4.商务英语信函语言表达形式中礼貌的表现。
研究的创新点及重、难点：
（1）本研究的创新点：本研究立足于商务贸易间来往，提出了不容忽视的礼貌策略，符合现代商务沟通的基本准则，有利于更好的撰写商务英语信函，促进贸易。
（2）本研究存在的主要问题：参考文献的局限性以及信函中的创新概念，避免千篇一律。
研究的进程安排：
20XX-1-15——20XX-2-15 确定选题，收集资料，撰写开题报告
20XX-2-16——20XX-2-18 撰写初稿
20XX-2-19——20XX-2-20 完成二稿
20XX-2-21——20XX-3-1 定稿
主要参考文献：
[1] 曹顺发，冯波，国际商务英语谈判[M].沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，2001.
[2] 彭林霞，黄莉：商务电子邮件与传统商务信函中礼貌策略的对比分析[J].温州大学学报，2006第19卷第5期：49-56.
[3] 秦晓杰：英文商务信函中的“合作”和“礼貌”[J].西安外国语学院报，2001第9卷第4期：11-14.
[4] 曹菱，商务英语谈判[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001.
[5] Brown G&Yule,G Discourse Analysis,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Reserch Press
[6] Bilbow G for
当英语论文，或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后，在提交给相关读者阅读之前，必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
勤劳的手 勤劳的脑
这里我给大家分享了3篇bec中级写作 范文 ，希望可以提高大家的写作技巧。
BEC 商务英语 考试中级经典 作文 范文1
风格：两篇写作，1篇是正式，1篇是非正式。
1)短篇：memo, note, email
2)长篇：fax, proposal , letter(诉信、 道歉信 、邀请信、询价信、 感谢信 等), report (report on...、introduction、findings、conclusions、recommendations前面四个一个也不能少，至于最后的recommendations要看当时的题目要求)
要求
?the purpose of the correspondence
?references to previous communication
?factual details
?the feelings and attitude of the writer
?the level of formality
?the opening sentence
?the closing sentence
?paragraphing
?the desired outcome
PART ONE
You work for a company which produces laser printers. You are visiting another company, Softcell, to buy some company software for your department. They have expressed an interest in your company's printers and you would like to take twenty brochures and three sample printers with you.
Write a short note to Mr. Jim Asano, the Sales Manager.
Asking for his permission to take these items.
Explaining why you want them.
Mentioning the time and date when you want to collect them.
总体：这是一篇小作文，要求写一个MEMO，字数要求40-50字。本作文难度较大。
1. 审题：
本文审题会出现很大问题，大约有70%的考生或多或少对题目产生误解，30%的考生出现严重误读，导致分数不及格。
请理清楚本文人物关系：你公司生产激光打印机(laser printers)，Softcell是另一家生产软件的公司。You are visiting another company, Softcell, to buy some company software for your department. 本句中许多考生对are visiting理解错误，认为是已经访问过或正在访问。事实上高中语法中就学过be doing在某些时候表将来，也就是说你将要去Softcell公司买软件。而Softcell公司表示对你公司生产的打印机有兴趣，所以你要在买软件的同时带小册子和打印机的样品给Softcell公司。你现在要给你们公司的销售经理写信申请小册子和样品。许多考生容易产生误解，认为自己是给Softcell公司的经理写信，把自己的产品吹嘘了一通，或是申请从别人公司拿小册子和打印机样品。需要提醒考生的是BEC中级中考到的MEMO一般是公司内部交流的信件，机会不会出现给公司外部的人写MEMO。
练口语得准备好资料!!!
2. 字数：
字数要求是40-50字，一般要求写三句话，每句话讲明白一个信息即可，不需要展开太多的细节。太多或太少都不好。写作中需要充分利用题干中的信息。许多考生 句子 写的很短，许多小短句连在一起，这样的写作不符合英语的特点。例如：I would like to attend a seminar. It is about presentation skills. It will be held this Friday. 建议合句：I would like to attend a seminar on presentation skill this Friday. 也有些考生喜欢写长句，句子长了之后不好驾驭，容易出现问题，产生扣分。
3. 错误：
语法错误、词汇使用错误都会产生扣分。
例如：
I was asked to take twenty brochures and three sample printers out because of our products are interested by the Softcell Company.
本句中出现because of和interest的使用错误。Because of 后面只能加名词或动名词，不能加句子。Interest的用法：sb. is interested in sth./sth. is interesting to sb./sth. interest sb.
4. 范文：
Model writing
To: Mr. Jim Asano
From: Diana, Sales Dept.
Date: April 7th
Subject: Asking for brochures and sample printers
I will visit Sfttcell Co. to buy the computer software for our department next Tuesday April 15th. I want to gain your permission to take twenty brochures and three sample printers with me since they are quite interested in our products. If you can approve this, I would like to collect the items before next Monday.
Thank you
Diana
评析：本篇MEMO正确理解题目、覆盖所有要点、语言表达清晰流畅、无语法和词汇使用错误。可以得到BAND 5
BEC商务英语考试中级经典作文范文2
购货合同 Purchase Contract
写作案例详解
Purchase Contract
Contract No.:CU080145
Date: April 5th 2008
The Seller:Carlton International
Address: 102 Lind Road San Francisco California 90034 USA
The Buyer:Heyee Corporation
Address: 34 Yongquang Street Jinnan District Tianjin 300350 PRC
The Seller and the Buyer agree to conclude this Contract subject to the terms and conditions stated below:
1. Name and Specifications of Commodity：
Cotton Prints DY 78
2. Quantity：1% more or less allowed
3000 meters
Price：US$ per meters
Amount：US$ 9900
of Delivery:FOB
of Origin and Manufacturers:The United States
7. Packing：Package of 100 meters in a waterproof polythene bag and then in a cardboard box.
8. Shipping Marks：On the surface of each package,the package number,measurement,gross weight,net weight.
of Shipment：October 2008
of Loading：San Francisco USA
of Destination：Tianjin,PRC 12. Insurance：
According to the payment of the contract,insurance shall be covered by the Buyer for 110% of the invoice value against All Risks.
of Payment：
(1) Letter of Credit:The Buyer shall,7 days prior to the time of shipment /after this Contract comes into effect,open an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the Letter of Credit shall expire 15 days after the completion of loading of the shipment as stipulated.
(2) Documents against payment:After shipment,the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange on the Buyer and deliver the documents through Sellers bank and N/A Bank to the Buyer against payment, D/ Buyer shall effect the payment immediately upon the first presentation of the bill(s) of exchange.
(3) T/T:The Buyer shall pay to the Seller total amount by T/T within 3 days against receiving the full set documents or the goods after shipment.
14. Documents Required：
The Seller shall present the following documents required to the bank for negotiation/collection:
(1) Full set of clean on board Ocean/Combined Transportation/Land Bills of Lading and blank endorsed marked freight prepaid/ to collect;
(2) Signed commercial invoice in 5 copies indicating Contract No.,L/C No.(Terms of L/C) and shipping marks;
(3) Packing list/weight memo in 2 copies issued by Seller;
(4) Insurance policy/certificate in 5 copies (Terms of FOB);
(5) Shipping advice
The Seller shall,within 24 hours after shipment effected,send by courier each copy of the above-mentioned documents No.(1) to (5).
Advice：
The Seller shall,immediately upon the completion of the loading of the goods,advise the Buyer of the Contract No.,names of commodity,loading quantity,invoice values,gross weight,name of vessel and shipment date by letter within 24 hours.
：
After arrival of the goods at the port of destination,the Buyer shall apply to China Commodity Inspection Bureau (hereinafter referred to as CCIQ) for a further inspection as to the specifications and quantity/weight of the damages of the goods are found,or the specifications and/or quantity are not in conformity with the stipulations in this Contract,except when the responsibilities lies with
Insurance Company or Shipping Company,the Buyer shall,within 30 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,claim against the Seller,or reject the goods according to the inspection certificate issued by CCIB on the basis of the Rules and Regulations of Witness.
：
Should the quality,specifications,quantity,weight and/or packing be found not in conformity with the stipulation of this Contract,the Buyer shall give a notice of claims to the Seller and shall have the right to lodge claims against the Seller within 30 days from the date of the completion of unloading of the goods at the port of buyer shall make a claim against the Seller (including replacement of the goods) on the basis of the Rules and Regulations of Witness and all the expenses incurred therefore shall be borne by the claims mentioned above shall be regarded as being accepted if the Seller fail to reply within ten days after the Seller received the Buyer’s claim.
delivery and Penalty:
Should the Seller fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract,with the exception of Force Majeure causes specified in Clause 19 of this Contract,Shall be settled by the Witness on the basis of the Rules and Regulations of Witness.
Majeure：
The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure,which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or Seller shall advise the Buyer immediately of the occurrence mentioned above and within 3 days thereafter the Seller shall send a notice by courier to the Buyer for their acceptance of a certificate of the accident issued by the local chamber of commerce under whose jurisdiction the accident occurs as evidence such circumstances the Seller,however,are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the case the accident lasts for more than 15 days the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the buyer’s failure on getting the export license should not be regarded as force majeure.
:
Any dispute arising from or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through friendly case no settlement is reached,the dispute shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC),or South China Sub-Commission or Shanghai Sub-Commission for arbitration in accordance with its rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.
This contract shall be construed in accordance with and governed by the law of .
:
All notice shall be written in English or Chinese and served to both parties by fax/e-mail/ any changes of the addresses occur,one party shall inform the other party of the change of address within 3 days after the change.
terms FOB、CFR、CIF in the Contract are based on INCOTERMS 2000 of the International Chamber of Commerce.
clause：
N/A
Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English,each of which shall deemed equally Contract is in 3 copies,effective since being signed/sealed by two parties.
Representative of the Buyer
(Authorized signature):
Representative of the Seller
(Authorized signature):
BEC商务英语考试中级经典作文范文3
范文一：医生 证明书
Doctor’s Certificate
June. 18, 2017
This is to certify that the patient, Mr. Tomas, male, aged 41, was admitted into our hospital on June. 9, 2017, for suffering from acute appendicitis. After immediate operation and ten days of treatment, he has got complete recovery and will be discharged on June. 19, 2017. It is suggested that he rest for one week at home before resuming his work.
Jack Hopkins
Surgeon-in-charge
译文一：
医生证明书
2017年6月18日
兹证明病人托马斯先生，男，41岁，因患急性阑尾炎，于2017年6月9日住院。经立即施行手术和十天治疗后，现已痊愈，将于2017年6月19日出院。建议在家休息一个星期后再上班工作。
主治医生：杰克·霍普金斯
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5. 商务英语中级范文大全
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8. 商务英语report范文
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10. 商务英语(初级)写作范文:如何写订单
用英语写报告，对于外贸员来说，有没有接触过呢?下面是我给大家整理的商务英语report范文，供大家参阅!
Reports
Resource Planning Manager: Assessment ofSuitability for Home-based Working
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to assess the suitabilityof my position as Resource Planning Manager forhome-based working.
Findings
My working pattern and that of my colleagues variesfrom week to week. During certain periods a large proportion of my time is spent doingfieldwork. This is followed by office-based work collating and recording the data collected. Oncethe results have been recorded, I proofread the colour copies of all reports and maps.
As regards communication with colleagues, department meetings are held once a fortnight. Atall other times, the individual members of the team communicate either face-to-face or byphone, depending on their location. Apart from official meetings, the same results can beachieved whether I am in the office or working elsewhere.
Conclusion
It is clear that I would be able to undertake the same duties while working from home for a largeproportion of my time. Clearly, some days would be spent in the office for face-to-facecommunication with colleagues. It would also be necessary to use the technical facilities ofthe office at times. However, in order to be able to work effectively from home, I would needto be provided with a networked computer and printer.
Recommendations
I would suggest that I should be given the necessary equipment to work partially from homefor a trial period. After this time, further consultation should take place in order to reassessthe situation.
Report on Effective Team Leadership Workshop 关于举办提高团队领导效率研讨班的报告
The aim of this report is to summarise issues arising from the recent Team Leadership Workshop at Ekstrom and recommend appropriate action.
Findings
The workshop began with an assessment of how the Ekstrom team leaders understood their ranged from assigning and checking other people’s work to motivating others to do the disparity clearly showed that the team leaders had different understandings of their roles and that Ekstrom therefore needed to communicate its expectations more explicitly.
In order to do this,Ekstrom identified key tasks and used WorkSet colours to illustrate the precise level of responsibility which could be allocated to task such as communicating with the team,for example,might be approached in a variety of ways:
n\x05I give my staff instructions every morning.(Blue work)
n\x05I let my staff decide on the best approach for themselves.(Yellow work)
n\x05My team and I decide how to do each work.(Orange work)
Having identified the different possible approaches to each key task,the company was able to select which was most appropriate and communicate its expectations in terms of the skills and behavior required.
Conclusions
It is clear that Ekstrom needs to ensure that its team leaders are capable of performing key tasks in a manner(在某种意义上;在某种程度上) compatible with company the appropriate skills can be developed through in-company training,changing behavioural attributes is much more difficult.
Recommendations
We strongly recommend,therefore,that Ekstrom sets up assessment centres where existing team leaders and new applicants can be screened to ensure that they have the appropriate attributes for effective team leadership.
Barrie Watson
Belin Associates,February 2000
Assessment of Suitability for Home-based Working
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to assess the suitability of my position as Resource Planning Manager for home-based working.
Findings
My working pattern and that of my colleagues vary from week to week. During certain periods a large proportion of my time is spent doing fieldwork. This is followed by office-based work collating and recording the data collected. Once the results have been recorded, I proofread the colour copies of all reports and maps.
As regards communication with colleagues, department meetings are held once a fortnight. At all other times, the individual members of the team communicate either face-to-face or by phone, depending on their location. Apart from official meetings, the same results can be achieved whether I am in the office or working elsewhere.
Conclusion
It is clear that I would be able to undertake the same duties while working from home for a large proportion of my time. Clearly, some days would be spent in the office for face-to-face communication with colleagues. It would also be necessary to use the technical facilities of the office at times. However, in order to be able to work effectively from home, I would need to be provided with a networked computer and printer.
Recommendations
I would suggest that I should be given the necessary equipment to work partially from home for a trial period. After this time, further consultation should take place in order to reassess the situation.
Notes:
home-based working: working at home，在家办公
a large proportion of my time: 我的大部分时间
undertake my duties: 履行我的(工作)职责
Report on the use of company aircraft by department directors
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to discribe how the company jet is used by senior staff(departmental directors and above) of Florentino international.
Number of flights per year
The number of flights per year has increased from 56 last year to 63 this number is expected to increase by nearly 30% to 80 next year.
Reasons for flights
The main reason which was given for using the jet last year was customer meetings(56%).However,this has decreased to 40% this contrast,company meetings,which constituted 35% of reasons for flights last year,rose to 45% this is predicted that customer meetings will be the main reason for flights next year(60%),while company meetings are expected to decrease to just 30%.Other reasons for using the jet have remained almost the same over the three years at between 10% and 20%.
Conclusion
Use of the company aircraft is becoming increasingly popular,and customer meetings are the main reason for using it.
商务英语高级写作
商务英语是以适应职场生活的语言要求为目的，内容涉及到商务活动的'方方面面。下面是我整理的商务英语写作范文，希望能帮到大家!
Sample answer: (235words)
Reassessment of job satisfaction: SuePearson(PR Dept.)
Introduction
This report sets out to use Workset colours toassess the accuracy of my job description as PRofficer and to suggest a number of changes.
Findings
It is clear that there is a difference between theway the company views the job and the reality as I perceive it. Firstly, a number of areas whichdemand a significant proportion of my time are not mentioned in the official job brief. Thesegment on the pie chart which provides most cause for concern is the pink sector; this relatesto my attendance at a number of meetings which I can contribute little. Another significantarea is the grey segment; this refers to the unscheduled time I spend sorting out computerproblems. I feel these activities are hampering my core work. As can be seen from the piecharts, the time I spend actively working to meet the goals agreed with my line manager is lessthan envisaged.
Conclusions
The above discrepancies clearly indicate that my current job brief is inaccurate.
Recommendations
I would recommend that my official job brief should be updated using the Workset would also be valuable to consider the proportion of non-core colours in the pie chart andto investigate whether work in these areas could be carried out by someone else more suitedto these tasks.
Dear Mr Jacobs
I am writing to apply to the position of SalesAdviser for the North East Region which wasadvertised in Herald International yesterday.
Although I am currently working in the MarketingDepartment of a large multinational, I wouldappreciate to work for a rapidly expanding youngcompany such as yours.
As you can see from my enclosed CV, I obtainedan honours degree in Sales and Marketing from Nottingham University in 1994. I thoroughlyenjoyed the six months I spent in working in Boots plc as pert of the course. During this time Igained invaluable insights into the nature of sales. After leaving university I initially spent timeworking for a small local firm before finding my current job and I feel that I am more suited tothe dynamics and varied demands of a smaller firm.
Not only has my experience familiarised me with the challenges faced by the industry todaybut, having been brought up in the north east, I know the region, its problems and itsundoubted potential. As a result, I feel that I would be able to relate to your customers onboth a professional and a personal level.
I am available for interview from 15 September and would be pleased to discuss my CV inmore detail then,
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely
A motivation survey
How to improve efficiency
Recently,our company has been focusing on how to improve did a research on trying to put the relevant problems into spotlight.
Firstly, the staffing levels is too heavy to make responsibilities and duties clear to example,there are two sales directors under the chief account of the ambiguity existing in the segregation of duties,these two directors often give contradicted task couldn’t be executed rightly and recommendation is to simplify the personnel ,by cutting off the unnecessary personnel ,adding creativity.
Secondly, the communication between superior and subordinate is sophisticated and manager couldn’t get feedback timely when the workers at the production line encounter advise to set a straight line communication channel.
The last but not the least,as the development of export,setting up a new department focusing on foreign trade is new department could born from the sales department,which could be a good choice for the staff who cut down from sales we also need to recruit a batch of new employees who are gathering English ,contract,and technical ability on himself into it.
In conclusion,it is impossible to improve efficiency simply by simplifying process and need to undergo a big ache all over the company,which means certain people ‘s vested interest. We have to conquer the obstruction if we want to get it.
当英语论文，或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后，在提交给相关读者阅读之前，必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版（通用6篇）
转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束，我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.
So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.
In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !
today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.
the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.
The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.
With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.
Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.
Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.
Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.
Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.
Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。
我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究
我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该
接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。
本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。
好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 ！
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).
The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
英语论文答辩开场白（精选7篇）
在现在社会，许多人对开场白的掌握需求逐渐增多，开场白应该达到明确您的'意图，使目标愿意和您交流，允许您提出问题的目的。那么，开场白一般是怎么写的呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文答辩开场白，欢迎大家分享。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole years hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, thats all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper.
Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This times literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Good morning.
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.)
I am XXX. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor XXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is XXXXXXXXX.
The whole thesis consists of --- parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of ------. And the second part is going to analyze ----------.
In the third part, ---------will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about --------. Then the author will dig into the root causes of ------- in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal --------of ---------in the last part. Thank you!
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee am xsj and my supervisor is zy. With his sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Heavenly War and Earthly Conflict, an Insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this story as one of texts in British and American literature Selections. Last but not least, I am keen on the study of human nature and the profound significance and instructions for us from John Milton. For the above facts, I select the Heavenly war and earthly conflict an insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this great poem we can know more about this Literature masterpiece,and I also want to show my own understanding about it.
Next, here is an outline of my presentation and I devide my paper into four parts. Part one presents an introduction of John Milton and Paradise Lost. Part two introduces the main contents of the book of Paradise Lost. Part three gives my own analysis of major characters in Paradise Lost. Part four draws some conclusions by my careful reading and thinking.
OK, that is all. Thank you. Now you may raise your questions. I am ready.
Good morning.
all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
随着全球经济一体化趋势日益加快，国际商务活动日益频繁。这些商务活动的许多领域，如技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资等，所使用的英语统称为 商务英语 。下面是我带来的关于商务英语 毕业 论文摘要的内容，欢迎阅读参考!商务英语毕业论文摘要(一) 商务英语特点浅析 [摘 要]商务英语是外贸人员同世界各地开展进出口贸易时用于洽谈交易、联系业务的一种应用语言。由于英汉两种截然不同语言的差异及其特定的社会功能和题材内容决定了商务英语自身与众不同的写作特点。本文拟从跨 文化 交际学的角度对商务英语的特点作一番探析，从而事倍功半地达到成功交际的目的。 [关键词]商务英语 跨文化交际 合作原则 礼貌原则 关联原则 商务英语毕业论文摘要(二) 商务英语翻译浅析 [摘要]商务英语翻译在国际贸易中起着越来越重要的作用。本文从商务英语的内涵、特点、翻译策略等方面，对商务英语的翻译进行了浅要的分析。 [关键词]商务英语翻译策略 商务英语毕业论文摘要(三) 浅谈英语商务 谈判技巧 [摘要] 随着经济全球化的发展。中国的国际贸易也越来越发达。要想和外国人做好每一笔生意，你必须了解世界各国的文化。国际贸易中跨国的商务谈判在所难免，所以你也必须懂得把全界各国商人的谈判风格研究从文化的角度来探讨国际商务谈判，分析国际商务谈判过程、世界各国商人的谈判风格，增强中国商人在国际贸易中的竞争力。 [关键词] 语言技巧谈判风格谈判技巧 以下是我带来的关于商务英语的论文，希望能帮到您! 浅谈商务英语教学 摘 要：随着中国在世界经济中的日益活跃，大学中的商务英语需求也随之增多，这是因为商务英语专业培养的是有着扎实的英语基础同时具备外贸专业知识的复合型人才;同时，教师如何讲好这门课也日益受到关注。所以，本文就以商务英语教学为话题进行浅谈，企在与同行有所交流并最终相互促进与提高，使学生和教师双赢。 关键词：大学;商务英语;教学 随着中国在国际经济活动中的日益活跃以及自身发展的迫切需要，商务英语专业也日益成为了大学热门专业之一。商务英语专业培养的是有着扎实的英语基础同时又具备外贸专业知识的复合型人才，因此，对于商务英语的教学既要考虑到英语知识的授予，又要注重英语能力的提高。如同一般英语一样，阅读也是商务英语语言运用中的一项重要活动，通过阅读既可以让学生掌握相关阅读技巧，从而提高阅读速度和语言能力;同时又可以培养学生接触商务知识和熟悉商务运作流程的实用能力。所以，本文就以商务英语中教学方面进行浅谈，企在与同行有所交流和相互促进与提高。 一般来说，商务英语教学应该涵盖语言学习和商务知识两方面内容，是集语言理论、商务理论及商务实践于一体的综合性教学。所以，教师的教学要结合所用教材，灵活运用 教学 方法 ，并且在教学活动中要注意活跃课堂气氛，让学生在轻松愉悦的氛围里进行知识的学习，最重要的是提高学生实际应用语言并进行交流的能力。对于该课程的教学，笔者根据多年的相关教学 经验 ， 总结 出了如下的教学建议： 第一，基本词汇是商务英语的基础，以此为基础，扩充词汇的学习，这是进行相关商务 英语阅读 的基础。可以通过将生词与已知词汇进行相关联系来实现对生词的记忆和掌握，当然，将生词放在阅读 文章 中进行学习也是一个很好的方法，或者将二者联系起来回更好。下面举例说明。 confirm一词在普通英语中作动词时的意思是“确认，证实”，如： ● His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions. (他内疚的表情证实了我的猜疑。) 而在商务英语中，confirm应该译为“保兑信用证”，即指一家银行所开的由另一家银行保证兑付的一种银行信用证。如下句： ● Payment will be made by 100% confirmed， irrevocable Letter of Credit available by sight draft。(付款方式为100% 即期，保兑，不可撤消信用证。) 那么，教师再阅读短文中就可以先将需要讲解的词汇标出，让学生说出在一般英语中的其意义;然后，在进行商务英语中所表示出的意义的讲解;最后，让学生思考并练习这些“商务意义”，注意一定要在句中，然后是整篇文章中进行理解和熟悉。 第二，具备一定商务英语词汇后就要以篇章为单位来进行训练，目的是进一步巩固所学新意(商务英语中该词汇的意义)。此阶段，最好选取一些有实用价值的英语阅读材料，在真实的商务场景中进行语言知识和商务知识的双方面习得。如：阅读文章中摘出的两句话： ● You may get a 5% discount if your order is on a regular basis. ● If a seller extends credit to a time draft， they have made a trade acceptance. The seller can request that the bank finance the transaction by buying the draft. The bank is said to discount the draft. 通过加深巩固练习，学生可以跟深刻地理解discount一词。 下一步，以对话或是篇章进行知识的延伸。如下面关于产品介绍的对话： ● A： These are our new models. B： What are their strong points? A： There's a lot to be said for them. In the first place， they are more durable than any similar ones on the market. B： Why does it take longer to wear out than the others? A： The yarn is carefully selected for quality and woven very tightly in this fabric. B： Can you leave these samples with us? A： How long do you want to keep them? B： About three days. ● A： That's all right 此时，引导学生进行整体把握，即：“为什么在这种语境会这么说?”为下一步中西方差异做铺垫。并且可以考虑在这个阶段的学习后增加一些课堂对话练习的活动，激发学生使用的欲望，增添真实的语境。 第三，在商务英语的教学中一定要注重商务礼节的介绍，并且还要特别之处中西方商务礼节或习惯方面的差异，以免在今后的实际运用中造成跨文化差异而带来的不必要的困扰。如：在中国，对于对方的赞美或是夸奖，为了表现出礼貌，通常受赞美或是夸奖的一方一定会说“哪里哪里”等拒绝性的答复;但是，西方人一般会去高兴地接受，往往是Thank you. / Thank you very much. 等，因为他们认为拒绝是极为不礼貌的。又如，在商务谈判时，中国人喜欢委婉而谦和地表达自己的观点;而西方人一般会开门见山，直奔主题。因此，在平时的教学中必须指出诸如此类的文化差异，一方面解答而来学生对于一些商务英语文章背景的不理解问题，另一方面也提高了学生的学习兴趣和求知的欲望，充满了好奇感和探究感。 总之，在课堂教学中一定要同时兼顾英语的基础知识而后专业知识的储备，以及英语技能和相关商务知识的积累这两方面的内容。但是，这些不是孤立的，而是相互关联和相互渗透的，可以说，一环扣一环，环环相关，某一个方面出现问题，就会影响 其它 方面的学习和提高。因此，我们在日常的教学中应该多角度、多方面进行指导，同时，也要求我们教师也要多学习、多更新自己的知识，这样才能满足学生的需求和自身的提高。 参考文献 [1] 蔡芸。培养复合型人才的有效方式--商务英语专业课程评价[J]。外语与外语教学，2001(4)。 [2] 陈建平。案例教学法与商务英语教学[J]。宁波大学学报( 教育 科学版)， 2004(5)。 [3] 刘江凤。论本科院校商务英语专业学生职业技能的培养[J]。考试周刊，2011(5)。 [4] 莫再树，张小勇，张云。基于语言经济学的商务英语教育研究[A].。湖南大学学报(社会科学版)，2006(4)。 [5] 叶兴国。新形势下的商务英语教学与研究[C]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。2008年10月。 猜你喜欢： 1. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 2. 商务英语毕业论文范本 3. 关于商务英语毕业论文范文 4. 商务英语专业论文范文 5. 商务英语相关毕业论文范文
内容要求毕业论文一般应包括以下九个主要组成部分（注意此次序即为装订次序）： 1.封面 采用全校统一制作格式，填写的内容为：论文题目（包括英文和中文题目）、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、毕业论文完成日期。 2. 英文摘要 英文摘要应是毕业论文的中心内容，应具有独立性和自含性，即读者不需要阅读全文，就能获得必要的毕业论文信息。摘要内容涉及本项科研工作的目的和意义、研究方法、研究成果、结论。要注意突出毕业论文中具有创造性的成果和具有新见解的部分。 3. 中文摘要 中文摘要应与英文摘要相对应。 4.目录 目录作为毕业论文的提纲，是其各组成部分的小标题，应简明扼要。 5. 毕业论文正文 毕业论文正文是主体，一般由引言开始，以结论结束。毕业论文的内容可因研究课题的性质不同而变化，一般可包括文献综述，理论框架、研究方法、数据分析和讨论，以及本研究方法与已有研究方法的比较等。毕业论文正文应不少于6000英文词。 6.参考文献 参考文献是撰写毕业论文时引用的有关图书资料。应按作者姓氏的首字母顺序排列，英文文献在前，中文文献在后。 7.附录 研究中使用的问卷、重要的测试结果、图表、程序等可列在附录中。 8.致谢 对给予各类资助、指导和协助完成研究工作以及提供各种条件的单位和个人表示感谢。致谢应实事求是，切忌滥用浮夸庸俗之词。 9. 任务书 10. 开题报告 11.综合评定意见表
在全球化时代,随着国际交流日益增多,中国对高质量英语人才的要求也达到了前所未有的高度。英语教学在中国高等 教育 体系中占据着举足轻重的地位,也肩负着社会培养高质量人才的重任。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于 毕业 英语论文 范文 大全的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!毕业英语论文范文大全篇1 浅谈老水手的心理历程——《苦舟子咏》 读后感 [摘要]：《苦舟子咏》是英国19世纪湖畔派诗人柯勒律治的一首长诗。全诗是一个充满了奇幻之美的的航海 故事 。全诗探索人生的罪与罚问题，诗人把热爱宇宙的万物泛神论思想和____思想结合起来，宣传仁爱和基督____罪思想。诗中的水手的心理活动刻画得细致入微，水手杀掉信天翁表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物，他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物，也就除掉了对这个世界的感情，最后水手内心发生转变，以新的态度对待自然，为此他才得以解脱出来。 [关键词]：老水手;道德;内疚;痛苦;赎罪 Abstract: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s masterpieces. It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballads .The poem can be approached as a dream voyage to another realm, as a story of sin and expatiation, or as the quiet essential representation of the alienated isolated modern individual. 一、作者简介 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)1772年10月21日生于英格兰西南部德文郡一个乡镇牧师的家庭。9岁丧父，被送往伦敦基督慈幼学校上学，熟读希腊、罗马文学。19岁入剑桥大学，与骚塞相识。当时两人都同情法国革命，但又都害怕革命暴力，于是设想去美洲建立乌托邦社会。计划失败后柯尔律治移居英格兰部西部湖区，致力于写诗，并与华兹华斯结成密友。他憎恶资本主义城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系，于是远离城市，隐居于昆布兰湖区，寄情山水或缅怀中世纪的宗法社会。他们创作出歌颂大自然的或美化宗法制农村生活方式的诗篇，以抵制丑恶的资本主义现实。因此被称为“湖畔派诗人”。1798年，两人合作出版著名的《抒情歌谣集》。同年他与华兹华斯兄妹到德国 留学 ，被康德的哲学和耶拿派的诗歌理论和创作所吸引。回国后继续居住于湖区，与华兹华斯保持往来。柯尔律治年青时代即患有风湿痛等多种疾病。为求镇痛他长期服食鸦片竟至上瘾，故健康大受损害。晚年他贫病交加，1834年7月25日逝世于海格特。柯尔律治的作品以真的细节描绘超自然的神秘事物，令人甘愿暂时不去考虑普通情理而信以为真，并在领略到一种怪异的美的同时获得教益或良知的觉醒。柯尔律治的创作实践和理论建设，不仅影响过他的同时代人，也影响了包括和他政治态度相左的拜伦、雪莱和济慈，而且，对于时至今日的诗歌艺术探索者，仍具有重要的借鉴价值。他在英国文学史上有重要地位，是浪漫主义思潮的重要代表。 二、《苦舟子咏》简介 《苦舟子咏》是柯尔律治唯一一部完整的长诗。这部长625行的叙事谣曲是一个神秘恐怖的浪漫故事：一名老水手对一个赴结婚宴的客人讲述了他自己的可怕的故事。客人想走开，赶快去赴宴，却为老水手眼中的特殊表情所吸引住，不得不站在那里把这个故事听完了。老水手和同伴们坐了一艘船出海去。一路上很平安。然后遇到了一阵暴风，暴风过后，这位水手却无端地射杀一只了航海者认为好运象征的信天翁。因此，厄运又降临了。船驶进静海中，那里没有风也没有浪;太阳如火如荼地照耀着。海水绿绿地满载着腐物。船停在那里不动，老水手被视为这次厄运的造因者。水手们都渴得要死去，仿佛有一只船要驶进救他们却又消失不见了。那是一只幻船，水手们一个个都死在甲板上，每个死者的眼光都注定在这位杀死信天翁的水手身上。全船的人，只有他没有死。后来，他对于自所做的恶罪觉得悔恨。于是天使们可怜他的悲苦，使死尸们站了起来，仍去做水手们的职务。他们开上了帆。虽然没有风，船却渐渐地移动。于是，这船一直驶到了老水手的故乡。一个领航者离了海岸，出来迎接。但在他到这船之前，它却突然地沉下了，留下了这位老水手在海波中与死神挣扎着。他被领航者所救。后来，他一想起那时受的言之不尽的痛苦，便不能忍。他的心在体内烧着，一直到了把这可怕的故事说了出来，方才觉得舒服。 三、分析老水手的心理历程 “自由、平等、博爱”是资产阶级道德重要规范。“自由、平等、博爱”的 口号 是资产阶级革命时期提出来的。它既是资产阶级的政治主张，又是资产阶级道德的重要内容。这一口号的提出不仅在政治上曾经起过推动历史进步的作用，而且在人类道德发展史上也是一个巨大的进步，因为它否定了人身依附关系，肯定了人身自由;否定了等级特权，肯定了人的平等;否定了把人不当人的非人道主义的博爱思想。一句话，肯定了人的尊严、价值以及个人对幸福的追求。所以，它对个性的张扬和自我意识的发展，对人们挣脱禁欲主义、蒙昧主义、等级主义的枷锁都起到了巨大的革命作用。 西方____的万物泛神论主张神无处不在，万物都是神的表象。这种主张认为：上帝就等于万事万物;任何个别事物就是上帝;世上的事物实际上都是虚无的。 在这两种思想的支配下，作者把信天翁认为是基督____徒。老水手无端地射死了信天翁，表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物，他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物，也就除掉了对这个世界的感情。老水手违反上天的指意，违反自然规律，射死了无辜的信天翁，必然要受到惩罚。于是，灾难来了：风停了，船无法前进，阳光酷热，水手们口干舌燥。这时候，有人指责老水手——“你怎敢放肆，将神鸟射死!是它引来了南风。”此时，老水手开始意识到自己行为的错误。于是，他开始不断地感到内疚。心理学认为，在道德情感系统中，羞耻感是其中的一个元素。毕达哥拉斯要求人们对自己言行进行反省以后，就应该在内心里对卑劣的行为感到羞耻、悲哀和恐惧;对善良行为感到欣喜。沙莆慈伯利认为，道德上的善恶主要取决于感情系统中的羞耻感。他说：“凡出自不公正的情感所作的，就是不义恶行和过失;如果情感公正、健全、良好，并且情感的内容有益于社会，而且还是以有益于社会方式施行，或有所感动，这就必定在任何行动中构成我们所说的公平和正直。”不义、恶行和过失将引起人们的羞耻感。羞耻感是个人的自我道德意识的一种表现，表示一个人对自己的行为、动机和道德品质的谴责时的内心体验。良心是羞耻感的的主要作用机制，常表现出焦虑、羞愧和内疚等情绪。道德焦虑是一种复合情绪。其中，痛苦和畏惧是主要构成“因子”。但它仅以避免外在处罚为目的，是低级形式的羞耻感，可又是羞耻感发生的基础。那么，羞耻感的真正作用是什么?是内疚，只有内疚才是高度的主体意识的产物，它激活潜在的思维和力量，专注与对过失的懊悔和追悔的行为，促进个体的心理成熟。如果个体内疚匮乏，那他将对道德不屑一顾，达不到“有羞知格”的认识。同时，羞耻感要以自尊为前提，一个没有自尊的人是不会知耻的，更不会自责。自尊体现了对自我社会话的切近，没有自尊的防卫，就不可能有自责的意识和行为的发生。老水手对自己的不道德行为知耻，惭愧和悔恨。老水手真是由于良心发现才深感自己行为的错误，于是惶惶终日，不断自责自己。 事态进一步发展，在他忏悔和祈祷下挂在脖子下的鸟掉下来了，但是同行的水手都因为缺水而一个个地死去，只有老水手一个人活着。这似乎是上帝对他的又一个惩罚。他一方面觉得自己的罪行深重，导致了其他水手的死亡——痛苦;另一方面在茫茫大海中，一条船上就他孤零零的一个人——恐惧。于是他的内心又经历了一场痛苦与恐惧的考验。良心是每个人自身内部的道德评析，是自己对自己行为道德价值的认识、认知、判断、态度、感情、体验、意向、意志、动机等一切心理反应活动。老水手不断对自己惊醒良心谴责。良心的基本因素是感情，感情是对需要的体验，是心理的动力因素。它一方面产生良心的认知因素，推动自己去判断自己行为的道德价值;另一方面则产生良心意志因素，推动自己做出改过迁善的选择。在行为过后，良心对行为的后果有影响和评价作用。对于履行了道德义务并产生了好后果的影响和行为，它便于进行自我谴责，使人感到内疚、惭愧和悔恨。这种自我谴责，往往能形成一种力量，促使人们改正自己的行为。 后来，老水手虔诚地祈求海蛇破开魔法，他才获救得以回家。人非圣贤，孰能无过?人生在生活中不免发生道德过失。道德反省就是通过对道德过失的追悔，从而激励人们采用新的道德行为去补救已经酿成的道德不幸，并且通过对道德过失的觉醒为将要开始的道德行为提供罗盘。道德反省的实质在于主体对自己已作的道德选择进行批判性的分析，是在主体已经体验到自己的道德行为存在着过失的情况下，从而进行的对自己内心的深刻 反思 。通过反思，要为今后的行为提供新的路线和方案，明白来者可追，逝者可补。在今后的行动过程中，要用千倍的补偿替代原有的损失;通过反思，主体对自我发展和自我需要与社会道德的系统会领悟得更加深刻。 故事的最后，老水手回到了家。于是出现了开篇的那一幕：他极力拉住去赴婚宴的人，让他们听他讲这个离奇的故事——他想寻找听众，承认自己的错误，说出自己的故事，解除内心的痛苦——赎罪。尽管老水手已经虔诚忏悔，但还是有种负罪感难以释怀，于是他渴望被人理解，宣泄出来以排除内心的痛苦。生活也是这样，当我们遇到困难、痛苦的时候，不要封闭自己，找一个忠实的听众，把自己的苦恼说给他听。这是一种释放压力的好 方法 。 总之，柯尔律治的这首诗歌以神秘、怪诞著称，其中的心理描写可谓是典范!诗歌探讨了罪与罚、善与恶，生与死等哲学问题，宣传了一切生物皆上帝听造的教义。但诗歌的真正价值并不在故事本身或它所包含的哲理上，而在以造型艺术的精确性和音乐的流动感为读者创造了一幅幅神奇的海洋画面：时而风平浪静，沉寂安宁;时而风暴骤起，一片喧嚣。在写作此诗时，柯尔律治并不熟悉大海，但他能凭借想象，使真实的情形与幻想的景象互相交织，把平凡的细节与诗意的象征融为一体，充分显示了瑰丽奇特的想象能力。在诗艺上，长诗将英国民歌的自由与古典文人诗的谨严冶于一炉，炼就出适合表达浪漫主义情绪的活泼自然的诗体，而长诗的音韵与节奏之美，也表现了诗人能让文字进行歌唱的本领。 [参考文献]： 《英美文学选读》 天津大学出版社出版 《英国文学简史》 河南人民出版社出版 《道德心理学》 中南大学出版社出版 毕业英语论文范文大全篇2 浅谈东西方数字九的 文化 对比分析与翻译 一、前言 "数是人类思维发展到一定阶段，为适应社会生产活动的需要，在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智，19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里，它的功能是计算，秩序严谨，职司分明，是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中，它的功能是表义，许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦，1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响，数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ，但也存在着共性，有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数"，而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦，1998) 东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文， 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆，1998)，英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文，并开展过学术探 讨。如，王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页， 语文出版社，1991，1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上，英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人，尤其是中国人，自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三"，也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。 二、东西方数字"九"的文化对比分析 在我国，人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字， 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning)，在我国可 以说历时最久，涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字，在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字，它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字，继而演化出"神 圣" 之意，于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋，便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层，极言其高，天证/诞日为正月初 九，天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如，北京 城有九门，天安门城楼面阔九问，门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓，如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。 根据阴阳五行与数的关系，万物之根均为数，宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10，五行也是数，按传统的五行 理论来划分，则1、2为木：1为阳木，2为阴 木。以3、4为火：3为阳火，4为阴火。以5、6为土：5为阳土，6为 阴土。 以7、8为金：7为阳金，8为阴金。以9、10为水：9 为阳水，10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化，用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来，"九"是最大的阳数，象征着天。 传说 古 代中国人把天分 为九层，九层天是天的最高处，汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空， "九霄云外" ，"九天揽月"，"九天九地"等。另外，天坛，这个明清两代 祭天的场所，其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。 中国人以"九"为大数，刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道："凡数 指其极者，皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说："天地之数，始于一，终于 九。"因此，汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限，故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎"，避讳有“九”之 岁。例如：“ 老太太因明年八十一岁，是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征，因 为"九"与"苦"同音，因此忌讳 "九"。然而，《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ，采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计，结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占)，而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来，日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。 此外，《词源》中说："九：虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时，是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中，"九"的意思有三个：(1)数目，八加一 后所得;(2)从 冬至 起每九天是一个"九"，从一"九" 数起，二"九"、三 "九"，一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九，夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次： 九泉，三 弯九转等。因此， 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的 成语 。如："九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。 在我国，数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如，"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划，后用作"中国"的代 称。因此，有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns)，古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子，各有所好"。因此，《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种，种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多，龙蛇混杂，好坏不一，各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外，在文娱、体育等词汇中，数字"九"也比比皆是。如， 许多歌名都以"九"开头："九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中，"九柱戏"(nine pins)，兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的，如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外，中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时，人们宁愿多出 钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如，湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方，数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说， "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多，分别有： 1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members, baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。 其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有： a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation) ____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often) be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion) ____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty. in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times. 从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律：数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如， 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九"; 高尔夫球 球场有一十八个洞：跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来，数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。 总之，在东西方文化中，数字"九"含有以下主要共性： 1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字， 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。 2)在东西方文化中，数字"九"均可虚指多数。 3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。 数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于：对中国人来说，其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。 三、数字"九"的翻译问题 罗马西塞罗说过："翻译不是字当句对，而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数"，"实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论，结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性，可采用如下的翻译方法，并遵循以下的翻译原则。 可采取的翻译方法主要有： (一)保留原数字 . We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives. 我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了，它并没死，只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来，人们很容易接受，因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语， 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。 (二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字 out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现"， 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。 (三)增舍数字 比如，"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ，"九九归一，还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字，转译其 形象意义。 应遵循的原则主要有： (一)民族性原则 比如，汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力"，《汉英词典》(外研社，1996)的译 文有三个："strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”，成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。 (二)习语性原则 比如："匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子，月下嫦娥，那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》)， 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则"， 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。 (三)形象性原则 数字用于模糊意义时，一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时， 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与 其它 的词结合后所产生的形象意义。 比如："飞流直下三千尽，疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 "，因此，可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"猜你喜欢： 1. 毕业英语论文范文 2. 英美文学毕业论文优秀范文 3. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 4. 大学英语毕业论文范文 5. 英语专业论文范文 6. 本科英语专业论文范文
参考文献的引用应当实事求是、科学合理，不可以为了凑数随便引用。下面是我带来的关于 商务英语 论文的参考文献的内容，欢迎阅读参考!商务英语论文的参考文献(一) [1]张佐成。商务英语的理论与实践研究[M].北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社，2008. [2]魏晓锋，张敏珠，顾月琴。德国“双元制”职业 教育 模式的特点及启示[J].国家教育行政学院学报，2010,(01)：92-95. [3]蒋莉。能力本位教育思潮[J].职教论坛，2004,(08)：36-37. [4]刘颖，马春荣 ,王俊 .借鉴国外先进 经验 ,构建高职实践教学模式[J].辽宁高职学报，2009,(11)： 55-57. [5]申厚坤，陶丽萍。高职商务英语专业“双证融通”[J].职业技术教育，2009,(11)：30-31. [6]顾力平。高职院校实践教学体系构建研究[J].中国高教研究，2005,(11)：67-68. [7]俞燕。以就业为导向商务英语专业实践教学体系的构建--以江苏城市职业学院为例[D].苏州：苏州大学，2011. [8]侯松，曾美芬。高职商务英语专业发展及其实践教学模式研究[J].河北师范大学学报，2008,(04)：43-44. [9]王平安。职业教育实践教学概论[M].南京：南京大学出版社，2009. [10]刘春生，徐长发。职业教育学[M].北京：教育科学出版社，2002. [11]袁江。基于能力本位的教育观[J].中国职业技术教育，2005,(03)：23-25. [12]王冰蔚。我们从能力本位职业教育吸取些什么[J].职教论坛，2002,(03)：19-22. [13]高文。情境学习与情境认知[J].教育发展研究，2001,(8)：30-35. [14] John Dewey. Experience and Education [M]..: Collier Books,1963. [15]乔伊斯，韦尔。当代教学模式[M].太原：山西教育出版社，2000. 商务英语论文的参考文献(二) 1. 王德春. 《语言学通论》. 南京：江苏教育出版社, 1990. 2. 王逢鑫. 《英汉比较语义学》. 北京：外文出版社, 2001. 3. 王还(主编). 《汉英对比论文集》. 北京：北京语言学院出版社. 1993. 4. 王季思. 《中国十大古典喜剧集》. 上海：上海文艺出版社, 1982. 5. 王克非. 《翻译 文化 史论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1997. 6. 王令坤(主编). 《英汉翻译技巧》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社. 1998. 7. 王希杰. 《汉语修辞学》. 北京：北京出版社, 1983. 8. 王希杰. 《修辞学导论》. 杭州：浙江教育出版社, 2000. 9. 王佐良、丁往道. 《英语文体学引论》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1990. 10. 王佐良. 《翻译：思考与试笔》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 11. 魏志成. 《英汉语比较导论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2003. 12. 魏志成. 《英汉语比较导论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2003. 13. 翁显良. 《意态由来画不成?》 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 商务英语论文的参考文献(三) [1]徐鲁亚。“商务英语”的学科定位与实践教学[J].民族教育研究，2005,(9)：84-85. [2]李静艳。商务英语应用型人才为地方经济服务的探索与实践[J].长沙航空职业技术学院学报，2009,(5)：22-25. [3]郭洪月。我国高等职业教育实践教学环节的研究[D].天津：天津大学，2007. [5]郭水兰。实践教学的内涵与外延[J].广西社会科学，2004,(10)：186-187. [6]徐国庆。实践导向职业教育课程研究：技术学范式[M].上海：上海教育出版社，2004. [7]李国艳，田鸣。系统化实践教学体系--基于就业导向视角的研究[M].北京：经济管理出版社，2012. [8]马树超。做学合一与职业学校变革[J].教育与职业，2009,(05)：40-42. [29]刘德恩。论高职课程特色[J].职业技术教育，2001,(6)：3-6. [9]廖英，莫再树。国际商务英语语言与翻译研究[M].北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社，2007. [10]王媛。高职教育的实践教学体系研究[D].天津：河北工业大学，2008. [11]伍波。浅论高职实践教学存在的问题及对策[J].经济师，2008,(5)：146. [12] 邓英剑 ,刘忠伟。高等职业教育实践教学存在的问题及其对策[J].中国电力教育。2008,(9)：89-92. [13]吴雄彪，花有清，郑一平。高职实践教学体系的内涵与质量评价[J].金华职业技术学院学报，2004,(03)：47-50. [14]叶澜。教育学原理[M].北京：人民教育出版社，2007. [15]林添湖。对国际商务英语教学的三点思变[J].国际商务研究，2004,(1)：60-61. [16]王蔷。教学法教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2006. 猜你喜欢： 1. 英语论文的参考文献大全 2. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 3. 浅谈商务英语论文范文 4. 商务英语专业论文范文 5. 商务英语毕业论文范本
商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文
开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。下面是我帮大家整理的商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
题目名称：商务英语谈判中的礼貌策略研究
英文题目：Politeness Principle as a strategy in Business Negotiation
学生姓名：
学号：xxx
学院：xxxx
专业年级：英语专业商务方向xx级
指导教师：xxx
职称：
一、选题的依据：
由于商务活动的需要，在世界高度一体化，国际商务活动日益频繁，中国进入WTO 的国际背景下，需要人们熟练掌握对外商务活动的原则和技巧;而商务谈判是对外商务活动的重要环节，商务谈判实际上是通过语言来进行的经济活动， 其成功与否很大程度上取决于语言的应用。在谈判过程中谈判双方都希望己方利益最大化，因此双方在谈判过程中的语言表达和应用对谈判有着深远影响。得体、合适的语言表达能促进商务谈判的顺利进行。而礼貌原则作为一种语用策略是商务谈判的必要技巧，我们通过运用礼貌策略减少谈判双方的利益摩擦，缓和谈判环境，使双方在快乐的条件下获得共赢和理想的谈判结果。本选题旨在研究礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的影响及具体应用。其意义如下：
意义：1. 得体的谈吐能树立谈判者良好的文化素养和职业道德形象，是商务谈判中的润滑剂;
2.增加谈判者之间的信任度，提高谈判中的自觉性，增加谈判的成功性，从而实现经济利益;
3. 对商务谈判中礼貌原则的研究有利于对今后礼貌原则文化差异起着促进作用;
4. 对礼貌原则的研究及礼貌语言的学习、应用利于人们生活实际中的交际和商务活动，利于个人生活。
2)综合国内外有关本选题的研究动态和自己的见解
我国学者何自然认为礼貌语言实际上是一种语用策略。大量学者对语用学中的礼貌策略进行了研究。我国学者胡艳芳认为礼貌是人类文明的重要标志，是人类社会活动的一条重要准绳(2009)，普遍存在于人类的交际活动中。国内学者徐盛恒也有深入的见解他认为礼貌语言是语言交际可能涉及的各方关系的杠杆(1992)，起着调节人际关系的作用。他们的研究都说明了礼貌语言策略在人们生活交际中有着重要的作用。
国外学者对其的研究更为突出。早在20世纪50年代，美国学者戈夫曼(Erving Goffman)就提出了“面子行为理论”，建立了礼貌模式。20世纪60年代，美国语言哲学家Grice(1975)在Austin 和Searle的言语行为基础上提出了会话合作原则，该原则认为人们在所有会话中都应遵循质量，方式和相关的四准则。(1972,1973,1975,1977)在上世纪七十年代提出礼貌三规则。1978年Brown 和Levinson 提出了“面子论”。而英国语言学家利奇(Leech,1983)将语用原则分为“人际修辞”(interpersonal rhetoric)和“篇章修辞(textual rhetoric)，提出了礼貌六准则。语用学中礼貌语言策略的历史来源及国内外学者的研究为诸多学者对礼貌策略在商务谈判中作用及应用的研究有着巨大的指导意义。许多学者就Grice的合作原则及相关理论，Leech的礼貌六准则，以及Brown和Levison的“面子论”在商务谈判中的应用进行了相关研究。他们的研究结果表明礼貌原则这一语用策略不仅适用于人们生活中的交流同时在商务谈判中依然适用并发挥着重要作用。
在此基础上，本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时，着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Grice的合作原则、Leech的礼貌六准则(得体，慷慨，赞誉，谦逊，一致，同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。从而说明礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的重要性。
二、研究内容
(1)主要研究内容及观点：
本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时，着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Leech的礼貌六准则(得体，慷慨，赞誉，谦逊，一致，同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。
(2)论文内容提纲：
1 商务谈判的简单介绍
商务谈判的定义
商务谈判的基本原则(语言特征)
2 礼貌语言策略的介绍
礼貌的定义
相关的礼貌理论( Grice(1975)会话合作原则; Leech的礼貌六准则; Brown Levison的“面子论”等)
相关礼貌理论下的具体礼貌原则和策略
3一些语用礼貌策略在商务谈判中的应用(重点)
“得体准则”(把Grice的合作原则中的量的准则，质的准则，关系准则纳入为得体准则 说明：此为创新点)
慷慨准则的应用( Leech原理)
逊准则的应用( Leech原理)
Brown Levison积极和消极礼貌策略的应用
4 总结
三、研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析
本选题的主要研究方法有文献资料法和经验总结法，以网络技术、人工智能为研究手段，采用对比分析、综合分析等方法和手段，通过对国内外学者在礼貌原则领域的见解和研究成果的对比和解析，总结出礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的应用的重要性。
四、进程安排和采取的主要措施
：
资料收集，阅读整理资料，拟定论文研究大致方向
- ：
向论文老师申报论文题目;确定研究方向，拟定出论文大纲，积累资料
：
撰写开题报告及交予老师审核
：
听取指导老师建议结合实际撰写、修改论文一稿
：
听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文二稿
：
听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文三稿
：
撰写论文定稿
：
上交论文定稿
：
将论文定稿交予老师审查
—：
做好答辩准备
五、主要参考文献
[1] Brown, P. &Levinson, S., 1978, “Universals in Language Usage. Politeness Phenomena”. In . Goody(ed.), Questions and Politeness: Strateges in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1978, .
[2] Grice, ., 1975, “Logic and Conversation”. In Cole &Morgan(eds.). Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York : Academic Press. 1975, .
[3] Goffman,E., 1967, International Ritual: Essays on Face –to Face Behacior. New York: Doubleday and Company.
[4] Leech .G. Principle of Pragmatics [M]. New York : Longman Inc, 1983.
[5] 胡艳芳(Hu, Yanfang),积极礼貌策略在英语课堂教学中的应用[J]. 重庆工学学院学报(社会科学版)2009(1).
[6] 何自然(He, Zirran).语用与英语学习[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 1997.
[7] 邱天河(Qiu Tianhe), 语用策略在国际商务谈判中的运用[J]. 外语与外语教学.
[8] 徐盛恒(Xu Sheng hen)礼貌原则新拟[J]. 外语学刊，1992.
[9] 熊学亮(Xiong, Xueliang).礼貌文化参数. 简明语用学教程, : 1165-170.
[10] 杨林聪(Yang Lincong)礼貌原则在商务沟通中的应用[M].长沙.国防科技大学出版社，2002.
六、指导教师意见
指导教师签名：
xx年xx月xx日
课题名称：原则和合作原则在商务英语中的
本课题的研究现状、研究目的及意义
研究现状：随着全球经济一体化进程的加速，商务英语信函在国际贸易发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。商务英语信函引起了越来越多的国内外学者关注和研究，其领域涉及翻译、词汇学、语义学及语用学。国内的，如：吴金凤的《商务英语信函的特点及翻译》;黄雪芳的《商务英语信函的词汇特征分析》;武瑞的《商务英语信函中的'语用策略研究》。国外的，如：Josephine Baker的Correct Business Letter Writing and Business English;Beam Brilliance的New Business English;Leech,S.的Principles of Pragmatics等。
从这些论文著作整理统计来看，国内外学者对商务英语信函的翻译、词汇和语用的理论性研究分析的较多，将具体的礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究分析的较少。本论文选取礼貌原则和合作原则这两大原则并结合具体实例来具体分析研究这两大原则在商务英语信函的应用。
研究目的及意义：
目的：随着世界经济和信息技术快速发展，商务英语信函已经成为对外贸易中不可或缺的重要组成部分。商务英语信函是在商务环境下，利用信函与具有不同文化背景的客户进行国际交流的行为，它是一种行业英语，是开展对外商务活动的基础和重要工具，是最常用也最有效的通讯手段之一。为提高外贸人员对商务英语信函的礼貌原则和合作原则的认识，增强他们写作商务英语信函写作的有效性，本论文对礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用进行了具体研究。
意义：商务英语信函是建立友谊、吸引客户的手段，信函中灵活运用礼貌原则和合作原则是商务活动顺利开展的内在要求和取得商务交际成功的关键，是建立和睦合作关系的基础，因此，礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究对商务英语信函的写作具有重要的借鉴意义。
课题类型：
(1)A—工程实践型;B—理论研究型;C—科研装置研制型;D—计算机软件型;
E—综合应用型
(2)X—真实课题;Y—模拟课题;
(1)、(2)均要填，如AY、BX等。
本课题的研究内容
中文题目：礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究
摘要
1引言
论文研究的背景
论文研究的意义
2商务英语信函及语用原则简介
商务英语信函的定义
商务英语信函的特点
商务英语信函的语用原则简介
3礼貌原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用
礼貌原则简介
礼貌原则的定义
礼貌原则的特点
礼貌原则在商务英语信函中的应用
4合作原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用
合作原则简介
合作原则的定义
合作原则的特点
合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用
5 总结
6 参考文献
本课题研究的实施方案、进度安排
实施方案：
查找有关资料，收集并整理资料，结合自己兴趣和专业与指导老师探讨后确定选题。确定论文题目，根据论文的研究方向和所得资料结合任务书中的要求，写出开题报告。编写提纲根据提纲写出初稿，根据修改后的初稿写出二稿，根据再修改后的二稿写出三稿。调整论文结构，检查错别字，编排标准格式，定稿打印。
进度安排：
20XX年1月5日上交开题报告
20XX年4月9日交初稿
20XX年4至5月论文修改
20XX年5月22日论文定稿
20XX年5月29日答辩
已查阅的主要参考文献
[1] Beam Business English [M].Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,2010
[2] Frank of Positive Politeness Strategies in Business Letters [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2010
[3] Fraster, on Politeness [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2011
[4] and Politeness: strategies in social interaction [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2009
[5] Jef Pragmatics [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000
[6] Jiang : Theories and Applications [M].Beijing: Beijing University Press,2000
[7] Jones L,Alexander Business English [M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001
[8] Lesikar,Raymond Communication [J].New York: Richard
[9] Analysis of Business Letters of Negotiation [J].English for Specific Purposes,2002
[10] Scheraga, English Writing Skills [J].Illinois NTC Publishing Group,2001
[11]范俊芳.合作原则和礼貌原则在英语商务信函中的研究[D].辽宁大学，2012
[12]高欢.礼貌原则应用于商务英语信函的实证研究[D].重庆大学，2007
[13]胡志雯.语用原则在商务英语应用中的度范畴[J].湖南大学学报，2003
[14]李亮.商务英语应用中的合作原则和礼貌原则体现[J].广西大学学报，2009
[15]刘焕明.格莱斯合作原则在经贸英语合同文本中的应用[D].延边大学，2009
[16]梅庭军.合作原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].考试周刊，2012
[17]吴金凤.商务英语信函的特点及翻译[D].上海外国语大学，2006
[18]王晓英杨靖.商务英语写作教程[M].东南大学出版社，2004
[19]武瑞.商务英语信函中的语用策略探究[D].山西财经大学，2010
[20]赵军.商务英语语用特征研究[D].西华大学，2012
[21]周瑞琪.语用原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].广东外语外贸大学学报，2007
题 目：
On the Characteristics & Translating Skills of English Advertising(英语的特征和翻译)
选题依据及研究意义：
随着经济全球化的进一步加快，国际经济的进一步发展带动了广告业的腾飞，英语广告翻译日益成为翻译学研究的重要组成部分，广告翻译的发展对国际贸易的发展不言而喻。广告是商战中的有力的武器，广告英语是一种专门用途的英语，他与普通英语有着较大的差别，本文结合大量的实例，从广告英语的语法特点、句法特点和修辞特点三方面分析了广告英语的特点，并浅析了其翻译策略。英语广告翻译作为翻译学的一个新的领域，引起了众多的翻译工作者和研究人员的注意，发展仍然不够成熟和完善，这篇论文正是针对这一系列的问题提出了英语广告的特点和英语广告的翻译策略等重要意义的课题。从而为英语广告的翻译提供了有效的途径，为众多的翻译工作人员提供了重要的借鉴，同时也推动广告业及广告翻译事业的长足发展。
选题的研究现状：
对于商务沟通中的策略，曾有两语言学家提出过。
美国语言学家格莱斯于1967年提出的礼貌被称为“合作原则”。此原则中，会话双方需要共同遵守的原则包括数量、关系、质量和方式几个准则。有了“合作原则”，交易双方所说的话就不会逻辑混乱，说话者和听话者能顺畅沟通，以达到成功交际的目的。20世纪80年代，在合作原则的基础上，英国语言学家利奇又提出了著名的“礼貌原则”，其主要内容为：通过减少自身利益，使对方从中获得更大利益的方式获得对方好感，推进合作，使对方从中获得更长远的利益。
总而言之，“合作原则”和“礼貌原则”都是要求商务信函中要坚持礼貌策略，以达到维护交易各方地位均等、关系友好的目的。
拟研究的主要内容：
1.礼貌、礼貌原则和商务英语的表达原则;
2.商务英语信函的写作原则
3.礼貌原则在商务英语写作中的具体应用;
4.商务英语信函语言表达形式中礼貌的表现。
研究的创新点及重、难点：
（1）本研究的创新点：本研究立足于商务贸易间来往，提出了不容忽视的礼貌策略，符合现代商务沟通的基本准则，有利于更好的撰写商务英语信函，促进贸易。
（2）本研究存在的主要问题：参考文献的局限性以及信函中的创新概念，避免千篇一律。
研究的进程安排：
20XX-1-15——20XX-2-15 确定选题，收集资料，撰写开题报告
20XX-2-16——20XX-2-18 撰写初稿
20XX-2-19——20XX-2-20 完成二稿
20XX-2-21——20XX-3-1 定稿
主要参考文献：
[1] 曹顺发，冯波，国际商务英语谈判[M].沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，2001.
[2] 彭林霞，黄莉：商务电子邮件与传统商务信函中礼貌策略的对比分析[J].温州大学学报，2006第19卷第5期：49-56.
[3] 秦晓杰：英文商务信函中的“合作”和“礼貌”[J].西安外国语学院报，2001第9卷第4期：11-14.
[4] 曹菱，商务英语谈判[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001.
[5] Brown G&Yule,G Discourse Analysis,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Reserch Press
[6] Bilbow G for
随着全球经济一体化趋势日益加快，国际商务活动日益频繁。这些商务活动的许多领域，如技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资等，所使用的英语统称为 商务英语 。下面是我带来的关于商务英语 毕业 论文摘要的内容，欢迎阅读参考!商务英语毕业论文摘要(一) 商务英语特点浅析 [摘 要]商务英语是外贸人员同世界各地开展进出口贸易时用于洽谈交易、联系业务的一种应用语言。由于英汉两种截然不同语言的差异及其特定的社会功能和题材内容决定了商务英语自身与众不同的写作特点。本文拟从跨 文化 交际学的角度对商务英语的特点作一番探析，从而事倍功半地达到成功交际的目的。 [关键词]商务英语 跨文化交际 合作原则 礼貌原则 关联原则 商务英语毕业论文摘要(二) 商务英语翻译浅析 [摘要]商务英语翻译在国际贸易中起着越来越重要的作用。本文从商务英语的内涵、特点、翻译策略等方面，对商务英语的翻译进行了浅要的分析。 [关键词]商务英语翻译策略 商务英语毕业论文摘要(三) 浅谈英语商务 谈判技巧 [摘要] 随着经济全球化的发展。中国的国际贸易也越来越发达。要想和外国人做好每一笔生意，你必须了解世界各国的文化。国际贸易中跨国的商务谈判在所难免，所以你也必须懂得把全界各国商人的谈判风格研究从文化的角度来探讨国际商务谈判，分析国际商务谈判过程、世界各国商人的谈判风格，增强中国商人在国际贸易中的竞争力。 [关键词] 语言技巧谈判风格谈判技巧 以下是我带来的关于商务英语的论文，希望能帮到您! 浅谈商务英语教学 摘 要：随着中国在世界经济中的日益活跃，大学中的商务英语需求也随之增多，这是因为商务英语专业培养的是有着扎实的英语基础同时具备外贸专业知识的复合型人才;同时，教师如何讲好这门课也日益受到关注。所以，本文就以商务英语教学为话题进行浅谈，企在与同行有所交流并最终相互促进与提高，使学生和教师双赢。 关键词：大学;商务英语;教学 随着中国在国际经济活动中的日益活跃以及自身发展的迫切需要，商务英语专业也日益成为了大学热门专业之一。商务英语专业培养的是有着扎实的英语基础同时又具备外贸专业知识的复合型人才，因此，对于商务英语的教学既要考虑到英语知识的授予，又要注重英语能力的提高。如同一般英语一样，阅读也是商务英语语言运用中的一项重要活动，通过阅读既可以让学生掌握相关阅读技巧，从而提高阅读速度和语言能力;同时又可以培养学生接触商务知识和熟悉商务运作流程的实用能力。所以，本文就以商务英语中教学方面进行浅谈，企在与同行有所交流和相互促进与提高。 一般来说，商务英语教学应该涵盖语言学习和商务知识两方面内容，是集语言理论、商务理论及商务实践于一体的综合性教学。所以，教师的教学要结合所用教材，灵活运用 教学 方法 ，并且在教学活动中要注意活跃课堂气氛，让学生在轻松愉悦的氛围里进行知识的学习，最重要的是提高学生实际应用语言并进行交流的能力。对于该课程的教学，笔者根据多年的相关教学 经验 ， 总结 出了如下的教学建议： 第一，基本词汇是商务英语的基础，以此为基础，扩充词汇的学习，这是进行相关商务 英语阅读 的基础。可以通过将生词与已知词汇进行相关联系来实现对生词的记忆和掌握，当然，将生词放在阅读 文章 中进行学习也是一个很好的方法，或者将二者联系起来回更好。下面举例说明。 confirm一词在普通英语中作动词时的意思是“确认，证实”，如： ● His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions. (他内疚的表情证实了我的猜疑。) 而在商务英语中，confirm应该译为“保兑信用证”，即指一家银行所开的由另一家银行保证兑付的一种银行信用证。如下句： ● Payment will be made by 100% confirmed， irrevocable Letter of Credit available by sight draft。(付款方式为100% 即期，保兑，不可撤消信用证。) 那么，教师再阅读短文中就可以先将需要讲解的词汇标出，让学生说出在一般英语中的其意义;然后，在进行商务英语中所表示出的意义的讲解;最后，让学生思考并练习这些“商务意义”，注意一定要在句中，然后是整篇文章中进行理解和熟悉。 第二，具备一定商务英语词汇后就要以篇章为单位来进行训练，目的是进一步巩固所学新意(商务英语中该词汇的意义)。此阶段，最好选取一些有实用价值的英语阅读材料，在真实的商务场景中进行语言知识和商务知识的双方面习得。如：阅读文章中摘出的两句话： ● You may get a 5% discount if your order is on a regular basis. ● If a seller extends credit to a time draft， they have made a trade acceptance. The seller can request that the bank finance the transaction by buying the draft. The bank is said to discount the draft. 通过加深巩固练习，学生可以跟深刻地理解discount一词。 下一步，以对话或是篇章进行知识的延伸。如下面关于产品介绍的对话： ● A： These are our new models. B： What are their strong points? A： There's a lot to be said for them. In the first place， they are more durable than any similar ones on the market. B： Why does it take longer to wear out than the others? A： The yarn is carefully selected for quality and woven very tightly in this fabric. B： Can you leave these samples with us? A： How long do you want to keep them? B： About three days. ● A： That's all right 此时，引导学生进行整体把握，即：“为什么在这种语境会这么说?”为下一步中西方差异做铺垫。并且可以考虑在这个阶段的学习后增加一些课堂对话练习的活动，激发学生使用的欲望，增添真实的语境。 第三，在商务英语的教学中一定要注重商务礼节的介绍，并且还要特别之处中西方商务礼节或习惯方面的差异，以免在今后的实际运用中造成跨文化差异而带来的不必要的困扰。如：在中国，对于对方的赞美或是夸奖，为了表现出礼貌，通常受赞美或是夸奖的一方一定会说“哪里哪里”等拒绝性的答复;但是，西方人一般会去高兴地接受，往往是Thank you. / Thank you very much. 等，因为他们认为拒绝是极为不礼貌的。又如，在商务谈判时，中国人喜欢委婉而谦和地表达自己的观点;而西方人一般会开门见山，直奔主题。因此，在平时的教学中必须指出诸如此类的文化差异，一方面解答而来学生对于一些商务英语文章背景的不理解问题，另一方面也提高了学生的学习兴趣和求知的欲望，充满了好奇感和探究感。 总之，在课堂教学中一定要同时兼顾英语的基础知识而后专业知识的储备，以及英语技能和相关商务知识的积累这两方面的内容。但是，这些不是孤立的，而是相互关联和相互渗透的，可以说，一环扣一环，环环相关，某一个方面出现问题，就会影响 其它 方面的学习和提高。因此，我们在日常的教学中应该多角度、多方面进行指导，同时，也要求我们教师也要多学习、多更新自己的知识，这样才能满足学生的需求和自身的提高。 参考文献 [1] 蔡芸。培养复合型人才的有效方式--商务英语专业课程评价[J]。外语与外语教学，2001(4)。 [2] 陈建平。案例教学法与商务英语教学[J]。宁波大学学报( 教育 科学版)， 2004(5)。 [3] 刘江凤。论本科院校商务英语专业学生职业技能的培养[J]。考试周刊，2011(5)。 [4] 莫再树，张小勇，张云。基于语言经济学的商务英语教育研究[A].。湖南大学学报(社会科学版)，2006(4)。 [5] 叶兴国。新形势下的商务英语教学与研究[C]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。2008年10月。 猜你喜欢： 1. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 2. 商务英语毕业论文范本 3. 关于商务英语毕业论文范文 4. 商务英语专业论文范文 5. 商务英语相关毕业论文范文