这篇文章有几个非常有意思的句子和表达，我贴出来，大家一起赏析一下： 佳句篇： Sentence 1. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. 解析： Ruffle弄皱的意思 Ruffle one’s feathers惹怒（想想逆毛流撸猫） The idea that ...用的是同位语从句，不太多，常用搭配是the evidence that，the concept that 等。That后从句解释idea, concept或evidence等。 Which的指代问题。Which指代的不是上文任何一个出现的单词或词组，而是Dr. Cochran的这波操作。Sentence 2. Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. disproportionately不成比例地 主干and复合句+非谓语动词scoring+as引导的从句（插入后置定语） 每个部分都不难，集合到一起就对理解产生障碍了。Sentence 3. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这个句子不难，为什么拿出来是因为这个violently的用法。简单来讲，这一个单词乍一看是作aristocratic的副词，实则在翻译（以及理解）当中，我们必须单独翻译成一个实意的成分，而且作副词处理。 Aristocratic贵族统治 Meritocratic德治Sentence 4. That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. 主语从句，注意 5. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. 典型长句，如何解析？ Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: Or so大约 斜体作的是disease genes they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. either or后面是两个in... 第一个in后面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解释的是Sphingolipids that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解释的是sheaths。 也就是说，（非限制性）定语从句后面紧接另一个定语从句。 第二个in后面很简单，但！！！文章最后一段有解释，对于 文章结构 至关重要。Sentence 6&7. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 两句话放一起。 主干已加黑。很有意思的句子，工整、对仗，而又解释非常清楚。 下一句，persist和ubiquitous用词极其精准，整句话像外科手术般，精准简练。作者还是怕读者一下子没读懂，用简单而又高效的句子总结下。写作手法很老练高超，字字玑珠，像极了宝马M3。Sentence 8. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. 乍一看没什么稀奇，再一看，把一个comparison分别放在了主语和谓语的修饰成分中，可谓老辣。 作何解？ That promote intelligence对genes做了一个限定，指的是genes的其中一种特征，然后用when说明了适用情况。 Create谓语的主语也是genes，但这时候是没有限定的genes。Create disease做的是限定，其实对应的是promote intelligence。后面同样用一个when来说明范围。 简单来讲，genes的含义做了一个缩小和限定，又在create的时候恢复了genes的双重功能含义。 Promote intelligence和create diseases一个对应，尽管成分差别很大。 两个when的对比。 可谓神句。Sentence 9. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. Than (what) would be expected by chance. 省略了what。。。你能理解吗？ 还有这个books，这个同语境关联强烈。好的表达： 1. ruffle one’s feather 2. Tremble at the thought 3. Affirm作不及物动词（Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. ） 4. aristocratic . meritocratic 5. Exact a price类似用法 exert influence附原文及翻译： Natural genius? 天生我才？ The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past 德系犹太人的高智商或许是因为曾经遭受迫害的后果 THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection. 某些少数民族的平均智商高于其他民族这一说法，是很多不敢公开的假设之一。不过著名的科学狂人Gregory Cochran 决意要做第一个吃螃蟹的人。他很特别，总是独立工作而不属于任何机构。某些曾被诊断并非病菌引起的疾病，其实病源来自传染病。这一观点因他的推动受到了关注。此观点一经提出，就受到了许多科学家的反对。这还不算，更具争议的是，他认为同性恋也是由传染病引起的。 Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection. 然而就算是Cochran，也为自己接下来要做的事捏了一把汗。他准备同Utah大学的Jason Hardy与Henry Harpending一同，在最新一期的《生物社会科学杂志》发表一篇论文，文中不仅提出了某一少数民族比其他民族更聪明这一观点，还解释了这一结果产生的过程。文中两大主角就是德系犹太人和自然选择。 History before science 不管是否科学，先来看看历史 Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively. 德系犹太人不仅在IQ测试上表现不俗，正常人一般在100分左右，而他们大多都能得个112-115分，而且虽然人数不多，但他们在欧洲知识、文化生活中的地位却举足轻重。想想弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦、马勒，我们就会点头称是了。但同时，他们中患有如泰-萨克斯病、乳腺癌这类严重的遗传疾病的比率明显高于其他种族。这些事实，最初被人们认为是毫无联系的。前者被说成是社会原因引起的，如浓烈的价值观教育的传统；后者则被说成是基因隔离的结果，不过即使是现在，德系犹太人还是愿意同本族人结婚，在过去，就更是如此了。 Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs. 但Cochran博士对以上两点表示质疑，并认为德系犹太人的天赋异禀与痛病缠身联系密切。他认为正是异常的历史环境强加给了德系犹太人独有的进化压力，才导致了这些看似奇怪的现象。 Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim. 德系犹太人的历史源于公元1世纪。犹太人在反对罗马人的统治失败后，犹太难民四散而逃，逃亡欧洲的犹太后裔就是如今的德系犹太人。 In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point. 在中世纪，欧洲的犹太人在法律上地位很不平等，结果之一就是他们不得不从事与金钱相关的职业，如被人看不起或不准基督徒涉足的银行或征税工作，此外，他们只能与邻居中社会地位较低的非犹太人通婚（这种状况通过现代基因学分析得到了证实）。上述就是Cochran 博士论文的起点。 He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking. 他认为欧洲犹太人从事的职业都是些需要一定智商的职业，虽不能证明这些职业在中世纪时就是这样了，但在当代它们确实如此。一些研究表明，智力水平（按智力测试的标准来算）与工资水平（如那些从事银行工作的人）联系密切。 What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to adulthood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这些历史记录证明了，那些在欧洲工作地位较高的犹太家庭子女存活率要高于那些地位较低的犹太家庭。情况对于那些其他种族的也是一样的。但在中世纪，基督教社会中所谓的成功多是贵族通过战争与土地强争豪取，而非通过量才而用（如从事银行或贸易工作）和平地获得。 Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society. 把智力与成功的关联以及成功与生殖力的关系合二为一，你就具备了有利于智商提高的基因传播的条件。问题是这种智商基因确实存在吗？假如它果真存在的话，那究竟是什么呢？科克伦博士认为它们的确存在，而且正是那种引起折磨德系犹太人遗传疾病的基因。 That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reduces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer. 众所周知，越是人口稀少并且生育范围狭小的种族就越易患遗传疾病。总是于同族人通婚，就算不是近亲，也会较少遗传的多样性，同时也会使某些致病基因没有规律地在该种族内部泛滥起来。而这种无规律性意味着人们不知道何类致病基因会被大量传播。但对德系犹太人来说，Cochran 医生指出，情况却并非如此。他们当中最常见的十几种疾病基因基本上可以归结于两类：一类参与神经细胞中鞘脂类特殊脂肪）的储存。鞘脂组成一部分绝缘外层鞘，允许神经细胞发射电子信号。另一类参与DNA 的修复。前者基因会引发神经性疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病；而后者会导致癌症。 That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can. 上述看起来并非毫无规律。而且更趋于规律的表现就是，在一些病例中，特殊疾病的致病基因来自于不同的变体，而每个变体都是独立的原基因变异的结果。这就印证了变异基因是自然选择保留下来的结果，可它却不能回答自然选择为什么会成了遗传疾病的帮凶，但在一些特殊的条件下，进化能够产生这样的结果。 West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one copy from each parent). Those who have only one copy have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 如西非人以及他们的后代易患一种叫做镰状细胞性贫血的疾病，这种病在西非之外几乎都没人听说过。贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白，其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。但这种镰状细胞性贫血症只会发生在同时有两组这种致病的血红蛋白（父母都有这种血红蛋白）的人身上。而那些只有一组的人不但不会患这种贫血症，也不会患疟疾，该病被称为非洲的头号杀手。因此，我们可以这样说，抵御疟疾的特性使得镰状细胞在得以人体中存活下来，同时这种细胞导致贫血症的特性也会被人体排斥，只有在为保持这两种状态而产生的压力达到平衡时，才不会有任何一个特性占据上风。 Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might. Cochran博士认为，德系犹太人也面临着同样的情况，他们的某些基因如果以单组出现就可以提高智力，一旦以双组出现就会引起疾病。显然，该理论并不如他的镰状细胞/疟疾理论那样具有说服力，因为他尚未证明任何一种致病基因确实能够影响智力，但是某些基因的活动区域显示它们或许真能影响智力。 The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to adulthood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. 鞘脂储存类疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病，都涉及到连接神经细胞的凸起的多余生长和分叉。显然，这种生长和分叉太多的话就会引起疾病。但是，也有可能，仅有单份致病基因的人会出现比较有限的、但仍然加强了的凸起生长。这将有助于加强脑细胞之间的连接，或许因此导致智力提高。实际上，在脑苷脂沉积病的例子中，在三分之一能够活到成年的患者中，确实有证据表明完全发病的人拥有高于平均值的智商。根据一家专门治疗脑苷脂沉积病的以色列诊所的医疗记录，患者中的工程师、科学家、会计和律师的比例多于常人。 Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single copy of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price. 为什么基因修复系统失灵会提高智力，现在还不清楚原因何在。虽然，陆续有证据表明产生问题的基因之一参与了调节大脑的早期发育，但是这仍是该论题最薄弱的环节。不过，该理论也有令人信服的地方：它对于拥有单份泰萨二氏病或脑苷脂沉积病或神经鞘磷脂沉积病基因的人会比普通人更聪明做出了明确而可检验的预测。Cochran 博士和他的同事认为，这些人的智商因此会比平均水平高出5 个点。尽管有人不愿接受，假如确实如此的话，它将有力地证明，德系犹太人在不经意间经历了优生实验，而这为他们带来了智商上的优势。但是，如同发生在20 世纪的人为的优生实验一样，它同样让他们付出了可怕的代价。
今晚听Justin解读《经济学人》的各个板块，让我既梳理了自己的阅读偏好，又有了新的收获和目标。 一. 我的喜好 1. China 板块的 Chaguan 专栏 茶馆专栏的内容几乎是我拿到每期经济学人后会第一篇阅读的文章，因为话题本身就既有意思又接地气。读读“老外”如何看待中国的热点，总让我觉得新奇又好玩。 2. Business 板块的 Bartleby 专栏 我一直对职场类话题很感兴趣，所以 Bartleby 专栏一出来，我就眼睛一亮。我知道中外职场既有共性，又存在明显的差异。更重要的，读读这些文章，也许还可以避免我们无知地踏进职场的“坑”里。 3. Letters 原先我并没有注意到这个“不起眼”的板块，直到上个月读到Justin的公众号文章—— 这可能是《经济学人》最好玩儿的板块 ——我才开始关注这些读者信件。有的读者来信会让我眼睛一亮，尤其是信中的观点与我阅读某篇文章时的想法不谋而合，或是他们的想法让我陷入思考的时候，我都会觉得很有意思。 二. 部分解读 1. The world this week 一周要闻包括三部分： 我可以好好利用碎片时间来读一读这个版块。 2. Briefing 深度长文、专题（单篇篇幅最长的板块，将Leaders里的一篇充分展开） 3. Essay 随笔（不定期出的有大量论证的长文） 4. Technology Quarterly 科技季刊 （夹在杂志中，由6-8篇文章组成，对某一话题作深度探讨） 5. Business 是唯一一个有两个专栏的板块 三. 课程总结 1. 从兴趣出发来阅读，不要被别人牵着鼻子走。 2. 刚开始读《经济学人》，坚持读一个板块就好。 3. 按需阅读，每个版块对应不同的学习目标。 四. 学习表达 1. survey 总览 2. paraphrase 意译、改述 3. nomenclature 命名 4. dumb down: make sth. more accessible and comprehensible
《经济学人》中有这样一句话：Yet the idea of sector-by-sector membership is problematic. The EU has made plain its dislike of cherry-picking.其中，...has made plain its dislike of... 就是一个值得模仿的表达，它的含义是“……已经表明不喜欢……”。可以造几个句子：a) Many CEOs in top American companies made plain their dislike of Donald Trump before the presidential election, and that has put them in a dilemma as Trump makes his way to the White ) In preserving natural resources, most ecologists have made plain their dislike of disposable ) China has made plain its dislike of a trade war with America, for it will damage the interests of both countries.通过这样的形式进行思维发散，加深对所学表达的理解和记忆。在接下来的几个例子里面我也会演示如何造句：下面的句子出自经济学人关于日本和俄罗斯领导人会谈的报道：Two men in a tubAmong the possible enticements for Russia is the revival of a mothballed proposal to build a $ gas pipeline between Russia’s Sakhalin Island and Tokyo. Japan is also dangling billions in soft loans for the development of Russia’s impoverished Far East, as well as a boost to private investment. 日本与俄罗斯（苏联）在二战后出现了北方四岛争端（目前北方四岛被俄罗斯占领）。最近日本首相安倍晋三邀请普京访问日本，其中一个重要议题就是解决领土争端问题。作为交换，日本可能会提供给俄罗斯经济利益，包括天然气管道合约以及贷款等。作者在写日本给俄罗斯提供好处时用了一个词：dangle.这个词用得很形象，放在句子中给人的感觉是日本像财大气粗的土豪，手里挥舞着巨额钞票引诱俄罗斯接受。dangling 一词也与前面的 enticements 形成呼应。在实际写作中，我们可以使用 dangle 来表达“（为了吸引某人而）提供（优厚条件）”的含义，例如：a) Many parents have tried dangling all sorts of offers such as pocket money, toys and opportunities to go to amusement parks in front of their children in an attempt to get them study ) Plenty of IT startups in China are dangling a handsome pay package before prospective employees to lure the best 下面的段落节选来自文章 Changing track: Britain’s wheezing railways are set for a shake-up, 文章的背景是应该英国政府希望给予铁路公司更多自主权，能让他们帮忙维护和升级英国的铁路系统。Since privatisation, the distance travelled by passengers has doubled, but the amount of track has remained the same (see chart). That means that builders updating Victorian tracks and stations to 21st-century standards have to do so alongside crowds of passengers. Doing essential work while the network continues in full operation is like performing “open heart surgery on a marathon runner”, as one rail minister put it.英国的铁路系统在私营化之后，旅客流量大增，但旧有的铁路系统逐渐力不从心。在升级维多利亚时代铁路系统的同时还要保证旅客能正常出行，这无疑是一件很困难的事情，对此文中出现了一个很精妙的比喻：open heart surgery on a marathon runner, 在跑马拉松的人身上同时进行心脏手术——一项几乎不可能完成的任务。由此让人直观感受到升级铁路系统的难度之大。下面的段落选自文章 Rent extraction: The end of the £75 pet-licence, 文章的背景是英国政府在酝酿法案禁止房屋中介向租客收取费用。Philip Hammond pulled no rabbits from his fiscal hat when he delivered his Autumn Statement on November 23rd. But he did offer up a carrot, when he recycled an old Labour proposal to ban the fees that property-letting agents can charge tenants.菲利普·哈蒙德在11月23日的秋季预算报告中没有提出什么令人惊喜的方案，但他重提了一项旨在禁止房屋租赁中介向租客收取费用的旧工党议案，这的确是一个诱惑。文章开头的两个句子写得很有意思，短短一个句子里面用了两处习语，一处是 pulled no rabbits from his fiscal hat, 另一处是 no rabbits from his fiscal hat 来自习语 pull a rabbit out of a hat, 就像魔术师从帽子中变出小白兔一样，它的含义是“突然提出解决方法；突施妙计”。carrot 则来自短语 carrot and stick, 即我们常说的“胡萝卜加大棒（把承诺的奖赏与威胁性的惩罚结合在一起的软硬兼施的做法）”，carrot 在语境中的含义是“诱惑，奖励”。 下面的段落来自文章 Out of the doghouse, 文章介绍了目前随着共享经济而兴起的为宠物狗提供犬舍的共享服务。文中很多地方用词很有特色，例如：Now a pack of startups has sniffed a fresh opportunity. Much as Airbnb has offered travellers an alternative to staying in a hotel, two firms, Rover and DogVacay, want to give pet owners an alternative to kennels when away from home.创业公司嗅到了为外出的宠物狗提供犬舍服务的商机，这里不是写 find/get/seize/grasp a fresh opportunity, 而是使用了一个与文章主题非常贴切的词 sniff（如同宠物狗一般嗅到了机会）, 这样用词无疑更加具有感染力。在文末也可以找到另外一个例子：Despite having anticipated the trend early, such firms may never achieve the same scale as an Airbnb. But then no one ever said it was easy to be top dog.文末用 top dog 来指代这些创业公司中的佼佼者，这也与文章主题形成呼应。在写问题解决类话题时我们经常会碰到这样的表达：……导致了……问题，对于这类情形，可以参考下面两个句式：Two long-standing structural problems are largely to blame: understaffing and overcrowding.句式基本结构为：...are largely to blame...，例如在关于健康的话题里面，我们可以写：As to rising obesity rate, two factors are to blame: too much exposure to fast food and sedentary lifestyles. The proliferation of fast-food chains offers a great variety of quick meals that are high in salt and calories, and having such foods contributes to people's bulging waistline. Desk-bound work also does its bit. As office workers spend long hours sitting in front of computer screens and are constantly stressed by deadlines and work challenges, they seldom have time for physical exercise, and this could lead to the accumulation of fatty substances in blood vessels.这里还有另外一个句型：The obvious culprit for rising prices is the 15% drop in sterling since June. Britain imports nearly all of its clothes, and month-on-month inflation in clothing now exceeds 5%. 句式的基本结构是：The obvious culprit for...is... 其中 culprit 是一个很好用的词，它的本义是“过失者，责任人”，可以引申为“问题的起因”。举个例子，关于犯罪与法律的话题可以说：The obvious culprit for rising crime rate in large cities is economic recession. As economic climate deteriorates, many companies have to scale down their workforce to save costs, and it is young people who bear the brunt of unemployment. In the face of this, some youngsters may turn to crime such as burglary, kidnapping and drug trafficking, the effects of which could destabilize the economy further.
《每个人的经济学》百度网盘pdf最新全集下载:链接：
《经济学基础文献选读》（罗卫东(编选)）电子书网盘下载免费在线阅读
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书名：经济学基础文献选读
作者：罗卫东(编选)
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出版社：浙江大学出版社
出版年份：2007-11
页数：391
内容简介：
在人文社会科学领域里，无论是那些历经周折、迷途知返者，还是那些得到过高人指点、不费吹灰之力即大踏步登堂入室者，都非常清楚找到门径的重要性。这个门径就是读经典文献，读最少但确实是最重要最有用的文献。
帮助读者以最短的时间、最少的阅读量、最可靠的方式，准确地掌握学科最重要的内容，这，就是我们选编这套“人文社会科学基础文献选读”的宗旨。
本书从经济学的性质与方法，经济运行的一般机理，知识、信息和经济行为，产权与激励，收益递增与经济变迁，经济学的边界及发展趋势展望等六个关系经济学演进命脉的方面出发，选取了经济学中20余篇必读的基础文献，以为读者提供通向经济学堂奥的台阶。
作者简介：
罗卫东，哲学博士，现为浙江大学经济学院教授，博士生导师。主要研究领域为经济思想史、经济伦理学和发展经济学。在《经济研究》《中国社会科学》《学术月刊》等国内著名学术刊物上发表论文100余篇，出版《情感、秩序、美德：亚当·斯密的伦理学世界》等学术著作多部。
这期的标题是 - Together, technology and teachers can revamp schools How the science of learning can get the best out of edtech 如若教师与科技牵手，学校将因此而改变 学习该如何运用最好的教育技术 IN 1953 . Skinner visited his daughter’s maths class. The Harvard psychologist found every pupil learning the same topic in the same way at the same speed. A few days later he built his first “teaching machine”, which let children tackle questions at their own pace. By the mid-1960s similar gizmos were being flogged by door-to-door salesmen. Within a few years, though, enthusiasm for them had fizzled out. 1953年，. Skinner去参观了他女儿的数学课。这位哈佛的心理学家发现，每个学生都在以相同的方式，相同的速度学习着相同的内容。几天之后，他就打造了他的第一个“教学机器”，它可以让孩子按照自己的步调来处理问题。到了60年代中期，这种类似的小发明很是受那种上门推销的销售人员追捧。但几年之后，这种热情就渐渐地消失了 Since then education technology (edtech) has repeated the cycle of hype and flop, even as computers have reshaped almost every other part of life. One reason is the conservatism of teachers and their unions. But another is that the brain-stretching potential of edtech has remained unproven. 在那之后，即便是计算机几乎改变了我们生活里除教育之外所有的东西，教育科技也总是火一阵儿冷一阵儿。其中一个原因自然是教师以及教师公会的保守，但另一方面，教育科技对于大脑潜能开发至今也没有强力的证据。 Today, however, Skinner’s heirs are forcing the sceptics to think again (see article). Backed by billionaire techies such as Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, schools around the world are using new software to “personalise” learning. This could help hundreds of millions of children stuck in dismal classes—but only if edtech boosters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how children learn. To succeed, edtech must be at the service of teaching, not the other way around. 然而今天，Skinner的继承者们正在让那些持怀疑态度的人重新看待这个问题。 受到科技界亿万富豪比如马克扎克伯格和比尔盖茨等人的影响，全球有很多学校正在用软件来个性化学习。这可以帮助亿万处于困境的学生。只要教育科技的推动者们可以抵住那些对孩子学习不利想法的诱惑。要获得成功，教育科技必须服务于教学本身，而不是反过来。 Pencils down The conventional model of schooling emerged in Prussia in the 18th century. Alternatives have so far failed to teach as many children as efficiently. Classrooms, hierarchical year-groups, standardised curriculums and fixed timetables are still the norm for most of the world’s nearly schoolchildren. 放下铅笔 传统的教育模式始于18世纪的普鲁士，迄今为止在大批量教学效率方面被证明是最好的。教室，分年级，标准化的课程，固定的课程表仍旧是当今世界15亿学生的标准模式 Too many do not reach their potential. In poor countries only a quarter of secondary schoolchildren acquire at least a basic knowledge of maths, reading and science. Even in the mostly rich countries of the OECD about 30% of teenagers fail to reach proficiency in at least one of these subjects. 有太多的学生潜能没有被开发。在贫穷国家， 只有四分之一的中学生能学到基本的数学，阅读和科学知识。即便是在经合组织最发达的国家，也有30%的年轻人在刚才这几个项目中至少有一个是弱项 That share has remained almost unchanged over the past 15 years, during which billions have been spent on IT in schools. By 2012 there was one computer for every two pupils in several rich countries. Australia had more computers than pupils. Handled poorly, devices can distract. A Portuguese study from 2010 found that schools with slow broadband and a ban on sites such as YouTube had better results than high-tech ones. 在过去十五年里，这种情况一直没有得到改变，哪怕是学校在IT上数十亿的投资也无济于事。在2012年以前，富裕国家的学生可以做到两个人用一台电脑。澳大利亚的电脑比学生都多。但使用不当的话，这些设备反而会让人分心。一项从2010年开始的葡萄牙的研究显示，网速慢或者是禁用类似youtube这种网站的学校，比那些条件更好的学校的教学效果反而要好 What matters is how edtech is used. One way it can help is through bespoke instruction. Ever since Philip II of Macedon hired Aristotle to prepare his son Alexander for Greatness, rich parents have paid for tutors. Reformers from São Paulo to Stockholm think that edtech can put individual attention within reach of all pupils. American schools are embracing the model most readily. A third of pupils are in a school district that has pledged to introduce “personalised, digital learning”. The methods of groups like Summit Public Schools, whose software was written for nothing by Facebook engineers, are being copied by hundreds of schools. 真正重要的是教育科技如何被使用。他可以帮助定制教学。自从马其顿王国的菲利普二世雇佣了亚里士多德给他儿子当老师后，富人都开始雇佣家庭教师。圣保罗到斯德哥尔摩的维新派认为，教育科技可以有办法使每一个学生都被照顾到。美国是最快开始使用这个模式的。有三分之一的学生在学校里开始使用“个性的数字化学习”。使用这个项目有Summit公校等，这些软件由Facebook的工程师义务提供，并被分发到上百个学校。 In India, where about half of children leave primary school unable to read a simple text, the curriculum goes over many pupils’ heads. “Adaptive” software such as Mindspark can work out what a child knows and pose questions accordingly. A recent paper found that Indian children using Mindspark after school made some of the largest gains in maths and reading of any education study in poor countries. 在印度，这个一半的孩子小学毕业之后做不到阅读简单课文的国家，这种课程正在开始被广泛使用。自适应软件比如Mindspark能够识别出一个孩子知道多少，从而提出相应的问题。一篇最近的论文指出，在所有贫穷国家的教育研究中，课后使用Mindspark软件的印度学生在数学和阅读方面取得了最大的进步。 The other way edtech can aid learning is by making schools more productive. In California schools are using software to overhaul the conventional model. Instead of textbooks, pupils have “playlists”, which they use to access online lessons and take tests. The software assesses children’s progress, lightening teachers’ marking load and giving them insight on their pupils. Saved teachers’ time is allocated to other tasks, such as fostering pupils’ social skills or one-on-one tuition. A study in 2015 suggested that children in early adopters of this model score better in tests than their peers at other schools. 教育科技带来的另一个好处是可以让学校更有效率。加利福尼亚的学校正在使用软件来打破传统模式。学生们不再用课本，而是用播放列表来代替。他们可以访问在线课程并且参加测验。软件会评估孩子的进度，减轻教师批改作业的负担，让他们更全面的了解学生。教师节省下来的时间可以去做其他的工作，例如培养学生的社交技能或者对他们进行一对一辅导。2015年的一项研究显示，很早开始用这种模式学习的学生比其他学校的同龄人测试成绩要好 Pay attention at the back Such innovation is welcome. But making the best of edtech means getting several things right. First, “personalised learning” must follow the evidence on how children learn. It must not be an excuse to revive pseudoscientific ideas such as “learning styles”: the theory that each child has a particular way of taking in information. Such nonsense leads to schemes like Brain Gym, an “educational kinesiology” programme once backed by the British government, which claimed that some pupils should stretch, bend and emit an “energy yawn” while doing their sums. 小心身后 这种创新当然是好的。但是最大化教育科技的优势意味着要做对很多事情。首先，个性化的学习必须符合学生学习的实际情况。他不能变成为了复兴类似“学习风格”这种伪科学的借口。这种理论认为每个孩子都有他们独特的接受讯息的方式。这种毫无意义的说法导致类似“健脑操"之类的诞生，这个运动技能学的项目居然还得到了英国政府的支持。认为有些学生做算术的应该做做拉伸，弯曲，打个哈欠之类会有帮助 A less consequential falsehood is that technology means children do not need to learn facts or learn from a teacher—instead they can just use Google. Some educationalists go further, arguing that facts get in the way of skills such as creativity and critical thinking. The opposite is true. A memory crammed with knowledge enables these talents. William Shakespeare was drilled in Latin phrases and grammatical rules and yet he penned a few decent plays. In 2015 a vast study of 1,200 education meta-analyses found that, of the 20 most effective ways of boosting learning, nearly all relied on the craft of a teacher. 有个不太重要的瞎话是说，孩子们根本不需要从事实或是老师那儿学习，他们只需要google就可以了。一些教育学家甚至宣称，事实对于类似创造性或批判性思维这样的技能反而是起到妨碍作用的。但事情恰恰相反。记忆与知识的结合才能够激发那些天赋。莎士比亚受过拉丁语和文法的训练，才写出了那样的戏剧。2015年，一项广泛的针对1200例教育数据的分析发现，20个对推动教育最有效的方式，都离不开老师在其中的精彩发挥 The second imperative is to make sure that edtech narrows, rather than widens, inequalities in education. Here there are grounds for optimism. Some of the pioneering schools are private ones in Silicon Valley. But many more are run by charter-school groups teaching mostly poor pupils, such as Rocketship and Achievement First—or Summit, where 99% of graduating pupils go on to university and laggards make the most progress relative to their peers in normal classes. A similar pattern can be observed outside America. In studies of edtech in India by J-PAL, a research group, the biggest beneficiaries are children using software to receive remedial education. 还有一件事势在必行，那就是确保教育科技会缩小，而不是放大教育的不平等现象。对此有些人持乐观态度。硅谷一些私校在这方面走在了前面。但更多的是一些教授贫困学生的特许学校，比如Rocketship and Achievement First或是 Summit。这些学校99%的毕业生都会去读大学。取得最大进步反而是那些平常落后的学生。我们可以在美国之外的地方也发现类似的事。J-PAL在印度的一项关于教育科技的研究发现，最大的受益者其实是那些用软件来进行矫正教育的孩子们 Third, the potential for edtech will be realised only if teachers embrace it. They are right to ask for evidence that products work. But scepticism should not turn into Luddism. A good model is São Paulo, where teachers have welcomed Geekie, an adaptive-software company, into public schools. 最后，只有当老师们真正开始使用教育科技时，这项技术的潜能才会被发挥出来。他们完全有理由怀疑这东西是不是真的有用。但怀疑不应该演化成对抗。一个很好的范例就是在圣保罗州，老师们都非常欢迎一家叫做Geekie的自适应软件公司在公校推广。 In 1984 Skinner called opposition to technology the “shame” of education. Given what edtech promises today, closed-mindedness has no place in the classroom. 1984年，Skinner把那些反对科技的人称作是教育的耻辱。考虑到教育科技今天的成就，固化的思想在教室这种地方，是没有立足之地的
As fuels, oil and electricity have meaningfully different characteristics OIL shaped the 20th century. In war, the French leader Georges Clemenceau said, petroleum was “as vital as blood”. In peace the oil business dominated stock markets, bankrolled despots and propped up the economies of entire countries. But the 21st century will see oil’s influence wane. Cheap natural gas, renewable energy, electric vehicles and coordinated efforts to tackle global warming together mean that the power source of choice will be electricity. That is welcome. The electricity era will diminish the clout of the $2trn oil trade, reduce the choke points that have made oil a source of global tension, put energy production into local hands and make power more accessible to the poor. It will also make the world cleaner and safer—reassuringly dull, even. The trouble is getting from here to there. Not just oil producers, but everyone else, too, may find the transition perilous . bankroll: to supply money for ( a business, project, person, etc.) despot: a ruler who has total power and who often uses that power in cruel and unfair ways perilous: full of danger: dangerous 石油早就了20世纪，在战争年代，石油就像血液一样重要；在和平年代，它掌控着经济命脉... Oil and electricity are a study in contrasts (see our special report). Oil is a wonder fuel, packed with more energy by weight than coal and by volume than natural gas (both still the main sources of electricity). It is easy to ship, store and turn into myriad refined products, from petrol to plastics to pharmaceuticals. But it is found only in specific places favoured by geology. Its production is concentrated in a few hands, and its oligopolistic suppliers—from the Seven Sisters to OPEC and Russia—have consistently attempted to drip-feed it on to the market to keep prices and cartelisation make oil prone to crises and the governments of oil-rich states prone to corruption and abuse. 石油有很多的优点，很容易运输，储存和合成其他产品... from petrol to plastics to pharmaceuticals 记住这个表达 但石油只产在某几个国家与地区，就让这些国家形成了垄断... Different kettles of fuel Electricity is less user-friendly than oil. It is hard to store, it loses its oomph when shipped over long distances, and its transmission and distribution require hands-on regulation. But in every other way, it promises a more peaceful world. Electricity is hard to monopolise because it can be produced from numerous sources of fuel, from natural gas and nuclear to wind, solar, hydro and biomass . The more these replace coal and oil as fuel for generation, the cleaner it promises to be. Given the right weather conditions, it is abundant geographically, too. Anyone can produce electricity—fromgreener-than-thou Germans to energy-poor Kenyans. oomph: power or energy ( his argument lacks oomph; the truck doesn't have the oomph to haul the boat) 电力能源虽然不如石油方便，但是却不会被某几个国家垄断，很多方法可以产生电力能源：风力，太阳能，氢能等 True, the technologies used to produce electricity from renewable resources, and the rare earths and minerals that some, including solar panels and wind turbines, rely on, could be subject to protectionism and trade wars. China, which produces 85% of the world’s rare earths, sharply tightened export quotas in 2010 with OPEC-like zeal. America and the European Union have slapped tariffs on Chinese solar-panel imports. Yet the vital substances involved in generating and storing electricity are not burned up like oil. Once a stock of them exists it can for the most part be recycled. And, even if today’s output is concentrated, for most materials the planet has undeveloped deposits or substitutes that can thwart a would-be monopolist. Rare earths, for example, are not rare—one of them, cerium , is almost as common as zinc. Electricity also rewards renewables are intermittent , regional grids are needed to ship electricity from where it is plentiful to where it is not. This could replicate the pipeline politics that Russia engages in with its natural-gas shipments to Europe. More likely, as grids are interconnected so as to diversify supply, more interdependent countries will conclude that manipulating the market is self-defeating. After all, unlike gas, you cannot keep electricity in the ground. thwart: to prevent someone from doing something or to stop something from happening intermittent: starting, stopping, and starting again: not constant or steady An electric world is therefore getting there will be hard, for two reasons. First, as rents dry up, authoritarian oil-dependent governments could collapse. Few will miss them, but their passing could cause social unrest and strife. Oil producers had a taste of what is to come when the price plunged in 2014-16, which led to deep, and unpopular, austerity measures. Saudi Arabia and Russia have temporarily stopped the rot by curtailing production and pushing oil prices higher, as part of an“OPEC+” agreement. They need high prices to buy time to wean their economies off oil. But the higher the oil price, the greater the incentive for energy-thirsty behemoths like China and India to invest in renewable-powered electrification to give themselves cheaper and more secure supplies. Should the producers’ alliance crumble in the face of a long-term decline in demand for oil, prices could once again tumble, this time for good. wean: to start feeding ( a child or young animal) food other than its mother's milk 从石油能源时代转换到电力能源时代是一个艰难的过程，第一个难点就是石油价格下降的话，这些产油国就会产生动荡和冲突... That will lead to the second danger: the fallout for investors in oil assets. America’s frackers need only look at the country’s woebegone coalminers to catch a glimpse of their fate in a distant post-oil future. The International Energy Agency, a forecaster, reckons that, if action to limit global warming to below 2°C accelerates in coming years,$1trn of oil assets could be stranded, ie, rendered obsolete. If the transition is unexpectedly sudden, stockmarkets will be dangerously exposed. The tension is the one hand government policy should press forward with the transition as fast as it can. On the other, a rapid transition will cause upheaval. Expect the big consumers, especially India and China, to force the pace. woebegone: looking or feeling very sad 点评：矛盾是无法避免的，一方面各国政府希望尽快转变到可持续的能源（产油国除外），另一方面这个转变过程速度太快的话会造成动乱。一言以蔽之，就是钱惹的祸 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Results Lexile®Measure: 1100L - 1200L Mean Sentence Length: Mean Log Word Frequency: Word Count: 853 这篇文章的蓝思值是在1100-1200L， 是经济学人里普通难度的文章~ 使用kindle断断续续地读《经济学人》三年，发现从一开始磕磕碰碰到现在比较顺畅地读完，进步很大，推荐购买！ 点击这里可以去亚马逊官网购买~
这篇文章有几个非常有意思的句子和表达，我贴出来，大家一起赏析一下： 佳句篇： Sentence 1. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. 解析： Ruffle弄皱的意思 Ruffle one’s feathers惹怒（想想逆毛流撸猫） The idea that ...用的是同位语从句，不太多，常用搭配是the evidence that，the concept that 等。That后从句解释idea, concept或evidence等。 Which的指代问题。Which指代的不是上文任何一个出现的单词或词组，而是Dr. Cochran的这波操作。Sentence 2. Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. disproportionately不成比例地 主干and复合句+非谓语动词scoring+as引导的从句（插入后置定语） 每个部分都不难，集合到一起就对理解产生障碍了。Sentence 3. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这个句子不难，为什么拿出来是因为这个violently的用法。简单来讲，这一个单词乍一看是作aristocratic的副词，实则在翻译（以及理解）当中，我们必须单独翻译成一个实意的成分，而且作副词处理。 Aristocratic贵族统治 Meritocratic德治Sentence 4. That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. 主语从句，注意 5. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. 典型长句，如何解析？ Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: Or so大约 斜体作的是disease genes they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. either or后面是两个in... 第一个in后面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解释的是Sphingolipids that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解释的是sheaths。 也就是说，（非限制性）定语从句后面紧接另一个定语从句。 第二个in后面很简单，但！！！文章最后一段有解释，对于 文章结构 至关重要。Sentence 6&7. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 两句话放一起。 主干已加黑。很有意思的句子，工整、对仗，而又解释非常清楚。 下一句，persist和ubiquitous用词极其精准，整句话像外科手术般，精准简练。作者还是怕读者一下子没读懂，用简单而又高效的句子总结下。写作手法很老练高超，字字玑珠，像极了宝马M3。Sentence 8. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. 乍一看没什么稀奇，再一看，把一个comparison分别放在了主语和谓语的修饰成分中，可谓老辣。 作何解？ That promote intelligence对genes做了一个限定，指的是genes的其中一种特征，然后用when说明了适用情况。 Create谓语的主语也是genes，但这时候是没有限定的genes。Create disease做的是限定，其实对应的是promote intelligence。后面同样用一个when来说明范围。 简单来讲，genes的含义做了一个缩小和限定，又在create的时候恢复了genes的双重功能含义。 Promote intelligence和create diseases一个对应，尽管成分差别很大。 两个when的对比。 可谓神句。Sentence 9. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. Than (what) would be expected by chance. 省略了what。。。你能理解吗？ 还有这个books，这个同语境关联强烈。好的表达： 1. ruffle one’s feather 2. Tremble at the thought 3. Affirm作不及物动词（Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. ） 4. aristocratic . meritocratic 5. Exact a price类似用法 exert influence附原文及翻译： Natural genius? 天生我才？ The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past 德系犹太人的高智商或许是因为曾经遭受迫害的后果 THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection. 某些少数民族的平均智商高于其他民族这一说法，是很多不敢公开的假设之一。不过著名的科学狂人Gregory Cochran 决意要做第一个吃螃蟹的人。他很特别，总是独立工作而不属于任何机构。某些曾被诊断并非病菌引起的疾病，其实病源来自传染病。这一观点因他的推动受到了关注。此观点一经提出，就受到了许多科学家的反对。这还不算，更具争议的是，他认为同性恋也是由传染病引起的。 Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection. 然而就算是Cochran，也为自己接下来要做的事捏了一把汗。他准备同Utah大学的Jason Hardy与Henry Harpending一同，在最新一期的《生物社会科学杂志》发表一篇论文，文中不仅提出了某一少数民族比其他民族更聪明这一观点，还解释了这一结果产生的过程。文中两大主角就是德系犹太人和自然选择。 History before science 不管是否科学，先来看看历史 Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively. 德系犹太人不仅在IQ测试上表现不俗，正常人一般在100分左右，而他们大多都能得个112-115分，而且虽然人数不多，但他们在欧洲知识、文化生活中的地位却举足轻重。想想弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦、马勒，我们就会点头称是了。但同时，他们中患有如泰-萨克斯病、乳腺癌这类严重的遗传疾病的比率明显高于其他种族。这些事实，最初被人们认为是毫无联系的。前者被说成是社会原因引起的，如浓烈的价值观教育的传统；后者则被说成是基因隔离的结果，不过即使是现在，德系犹太人还是愿意同本族人结婚，在过去，就更是如此了。 Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs. 但Cochran博士对以上两点表示质疑，并认为德系犹太人的天赋异禀与痛病缠身联系密切。他认为正是异常的历史环境强加给了德系犹太人独有的进化压力，才导致了这些看似奇怪的现象。 Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim. 德系犹太人的历史源于公元1世纪。犹太人在反对罗马人的统治失败后，犹太难民四散而逃，逃亡欧洲的犹太后裔就是如今的德系犹太人。 In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point. 在中世纪，欧洲的犹太人在法律上地位很不平等，结果之一就是他们不得不从事与金钱相关的职业，如被人看不起或不准基督徒涉足的银行或征税工作，此外，他们只能与邻居中社会地位较低的非犹太人通婚（这种状况通过现代基因学分析得到了证实）。上述就是Cochran 博士论文的起点。 He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking. 他认为欧洲犹太人从事的职业都是些需要一定智商的职业，虽不能证明这些职业在中世纪时就是这样了，但在当代它们确实如此。一些研究表明，智力水平（按智力测试的标准来算）与工资水平（如那些从事银行工作的人）联系密切。 What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to adulthood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这些历史记录证明了，那些在欧洲工作地位较高的犹太家庭子女存活率要高于那些地位较低的犹太家庭。情况对于那些其他种族的也是一样的。但在中世纪，基督教社会中所谓的成功多是贵族通过战争与土地强争豪取，而非通过量才而用（如从事银行或贸易工作）和平地获得。 Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society. 把智力与成功的关联以及成功与生殖力的关系合二为一，你就具备了有利于智商提高的基因传播的条件。问题是这种智商基因确实存在吗？假如它果真存在的话，那究竟是什么呢？科克伦博士认为它们的确存在，而且正是那种引起折磨德系犹太人遗传疾病的基因。 That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reduces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer. 众所周知，越是人口稀少并且生育范围狭小的种族就越易患遗传疾病。总是于同族人通婚，就算不是近亲，也会较少遗传的多样性，同时也会使某些致病基因没有规律地在该种族内部泛滥起来。而这种无规律性意味着人们不知道何类致病基因会被大量传播。但对德系犹太人来说，Cochran 医生指出，情况却并非如此。他们当中最常见的十几种疾病基因基本上可以归结于两类：一类参与神经细胞中鞘脂类特殊脂肪）的储存。鞘脂组成一部分绝缘外层鞘，允许神经细胞发射电子信号。另一类参与DNA 的修复。前者基因会引发神经性疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病；而后者会导致癌症。 That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can. 上述看起来并非毫无规律。而且更趋于规律的表现就是，在一些病例中，特殊疾病的致病基因来自于不同的变体，而每个变体都是独立的原基因变异的结果。这就印证了变异基因是自然选择保留下来的结果，可它却不能回答自然选择为什么会成了遗传疾病的帮凶，但在一些特殊的条件下，进化能够产生这样的结果。 West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one copy from each parent). Those who have only one copy have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 如西非人以及他们的后代易患一种叫做镰状细胞性贫血的疾病，这种病在西非之外几乎都没人听说过。贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白，其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。但这种镰状细胞性贫血症只会发生在同时有两组这种致病的血红蛋白（父母都有这种血红蛋白）的人身上。而那些只有一组的人不但不会患这种贫血症，也不会患疟疾，该病被称为非洲的头号杀手。因此，我们可以这样说，抵御疟疾的特性使得镰状细胞在得以人体中存活下来，同时这种细胞导致贫血症的特性也会被人体排斥，只有在为保持这两种状态而产生的压力达到平衡时，才不会有任何一个特性占据上风。 Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might. Cochran博士认为，德系犹太人也面临着同样的情况，他们的某些基因如果以单组出现就可以提高智力，一旦以双组出现就会引起疾病。显然，该理论并不如他的镰状细胞/疟疾理论那样具有说服力，因为他尚未证明任何一种致病基因确实能够影响智力，但是某些基因的活动区域显示它们或许真能影响智力。 The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to adulthood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. 鞘脂储存类疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病，都涉及到连接神经细胞的凸起的多余生长和分叉。显然，这种生长和分叉太多的话就会引起疾病。但是，也有可能，仅有单份致病基因的人会出现比较有限的、但仍然加强了的凸起生长。这将有助于加强脑细胞之间的连接，或许因此导致智力提高。实际上，在脑苷脂沉积病的例子中，在三分之一能够活到成年的患者中，确实有证据表明完全发病的人拥有高于平均值的智商。根据一家专门治疗脑苷脂沉积病的以色列诊所的医疗记录，患者中的工程师、科学家、会计和律师的比例多于常人。 Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single copy of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price. 为什么基因修复系统失灵会提高智力，现在还不清楚原因何在。虽然，陆续有证据表明产生问题的基因之一参与了调节大脑的早期发育，但是这仍是该论题最薄弱的环节。不过，该理论也有令人信服的地方：它对于拥有单份泰萨二氏病或脑苷脂沉积病或神经鞘磷脂沉积病基因的人会比普通人更聪明做出了明确而可检验的预测。Cochran 博士和他的同事认为，这些人的智商因此会比平均水平高出5 个点。尽管有人不愿接受，假如确实如此的话，它将有力地证明，德系犹太人在不经意间经历了优生实验，而这为他们带来了智商上的优势。但是，如同发生在20 世纪的人为的优生实验一样，它同样让他们付出了可怕的代价。
As fuels, oil and electricity have meaningfully different characteristics OIL shaped the 20th century. In war, the French leader Georges Clemenceau said, petroleum was “as vital as blood”. In peace the oil business dominated stock markets, bankrolled despots and propped up the economies of entire countries. But the 21st century will see oil’s influence wane. Cheap natural gas, renewable energy, electric vehicles and coordinated efforts to tackle global warming together mean that the power source of choice will be electricity. That is welcome. The electricity era will diminish the clout of the $2trn oil trade, reduce the choke points that have made oil a source of global tension, put energy production into local hands and make power more accessible to the poor. It will also make the world cleaner and safer—reassuringly dull, even. The trouble is getting from here to there. Not just oil producers, but everyone else, too, may find the transition perilous . bankroll: to supply money for ( a business, project, person, etc.) despot: a ruler who has total power and who often uses that power in cruel and unfair ways perilous: full of danger: dangerous 石油早就了20世纪，在战争年代，石油就像血液一样重要；在和平年代，它掌控着经济命脉... Oil and electricity are a study in contrasts (see our special report). Oil is a wonder fuel, packed with more energy by weight than coal and by volume than natural gas (both still the main sources of electricity). It is easy to ship, store and turn into myriad refined products, from petrol to plastics to pharmaceuticals. But it is found only in specific places favoured by geology. Its production is concentrated in a few hands, and its oligopolistic suppliers—from the Seven Sisters to OPEC and Russia—have consistently attempted to drip-feed it on to the market to keep prices and cartelisation make oil prone to crises and the governments of oil-rich states prone to corruption and abuse. 石油有很多的优点，很容易运输，储存和合成其他产品... from petrol to plastics to pharmaceuticals 记住这个表达 但石油只产在某几个国家与地区，就让这些国家形成了垄断... Different kettles of fuel Electricity is less user-friendly than oil. It is hard to store, it loses its oomph when shipped over long distances, and its transmission and distribution require hands-on regulation. But in every other way, it promises a more peaceful world. Electricity is hard to monopolise because it can be produced from numerous sources of fuel, from natural gas and nuclear to wind, solar, hydro and biomass . The more these replace coal and oil as fuel for generation, the cleaner it promises to be. Given the right weather conditions, it is abundant geographically, too. Anyone can produce electricity—fromgreener-than-thou Germans to energy-poor Kenyans. oomph: power or energy ( his argument lacks oomph; the truck doesn't have the oomph to haul the boat) 电力能源虽然不如石油方便，但是却不会被某几个国家垄断，很多方法可以产生电力能源：风力，太阳能，氢能等 True, the technologies used to produce electricity from renewable resources, and the rare earths and minerals that some, including solar panels and wind turbines, rely on, could be subject to protectionism and trade wars. China, which produces 85% of the world’s rare earths, sharply tightened export quotas in 2010 with OPEC-like zeal. America and the European Union have slapped tariffs on Chinese solar-panel imports. Yet the vital substances involved in generating and storing electricity are not burned up like oil. Once a stock of them exists it can for the most part be recycled. And, even if today’s output is concentrated, for most materials the planet has undeveloped deposits or substitutes that can thwart a would-be monopolist. Rare earths, for example, are not rare—one of them, cerium , is almost as common as zinc. Electricity also rewards renewables are intermittent , regional grids are needed to ship electricity from where it is plentiful to where it is not. This could replicate the pipeline politics that Russia engages in with its natural-gas shipments to Europe. More likely, as grids are interconnected so as to diversify supply, more interdependent countries will conclude that manipulating the market is self-defeating. After all, unlike gas, you cannot keep electricity in the ground. thwart: to prevent someone from doing something or to stop something from happening intermittent: starting, stopping, and starting again: not constant or steady An electric world is therefore getting there will be hard, for two reasons. First, as rents dry up, authoritarian oil-dependent governments could collapse. Few will miss them, but their passing could cause social unrest and strife. Oil producers had a taste of what is to come when the price plunged in 2014-16, which led to deep, and unpopular, austerity measures. Saudi Arabia and Russia have temporarily stopped the rot by curtailing production and pushing oil prices higher, as part of an“OPEC+” agreement. They need high prices to buy time to wean their economies off oil. But the higher the oil price, the greater the incentive for energy-thirsty behemoths like China and India to invest in renewable-powered electrification to give themselves cheaper and more secure supplies. Should the producers’ alliance crumble in the face of a long-term decline in demand for oil, prices could once again tumble, this time for good. wean: to start feeding ( a child or young animal) food other than its mother's milk 从石油能源时代转换到电力能源时代是一个艰难的过程，第一个难点就是石油价格下降的话，这些产油国就会产生动荡和冲突... That will lead to the second danger: the fallout for investors in oil assets. America’s frackers need only look at the country’s woebegone coalminers to catch a glimpse of their fate in a distant post-oil future. The International Energy Agency, a forecaster, reckons that, if action to limit global warming to below 2°C accelerates in coming years,$1trn of oil assets could be stranded, ie, rendered obsolete. If the transition is unexpectedly sudden, stockmarkets will be dangerously exposed. The tension is the one hand government policy should press forward with the transition as fast as it can. On the other, a rapid transition will cause upheaval. Expect the big consumers, especially India and China, to force the pace. woebegone: looking or feeling very sad 点评：矛盾是无法避免的，一方面各国政府希望尽快转变到可持续的能源（产油国除外），另一方面这个转变过程速度太快的话会造成动乱。一言以蔽之，就是钱惹的祸 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Results Lexile®Measure: 1100L - 1200L Mean Sentence Length: Mean Log Word Frequency: Word Count: 853 这篇文章的蓝思值是在1100-1200L， 是经济学人里普通难度的文章~ 使用kindle断断续续地读《经济学人》三年，发现从一开始磕磕碰碰到现在比较顺畅地读完，进步很大，推荐购买！ 点击这里可以去亚马逊官网购买~
本文节选自《经济学人》期Business版块的一篇文章《China’s YouTube》，简单介绍了bilibili营收及发展情况 本文总共6段，建议大家先自主阅读原文，再学习精读笔记。 文末会总结此次学习写作可以使用的词句，读者也可自己总结。 会定期将内容进行总结，做成word分享，希望大家也能坚持学习 1 The mission statement of Bilibili, often dubbed “China’s YouTube”, stands out for its modesty. Instead of promising to change the world, the firm aspires merely to “enrich the everyday life of young generations in China”. If user figures are a guide, the Chinese young feel enriched. In the last quarter of 2020 the number of people who used the service at least once a month shot up by half from a year earlier , to 202m. Nearly nine in ten were under the age of 35. Videos on the platform, which range from sports highlights to selfhelp lectures and everything in between, attract an average of daily views . mission statement ： 宗旨说明，英文：an official statement of the aims of a company or an organization，即一家公司或组织的目标 【词汇积累】 dubbed ： dub，称作，起绰号，A is dubbed被动形式表示……被称作 【词汇积累】 stand out for sth ： 以……脱颖而出，引人注目 【词组积累】 aspire to do or sth ： 立志于做某事 【词组积累】 user figures ： 用户数据 【词汇积累】 shot up by half from a year earlier ： shot up表示激增，猛涨，by half表示增长的量，表示比一年前猛增了一半 【词组积累】 selfhelp lectures ： self-help表示自助的，可以表示自主学习课程 【地道表达】 bn daily views ： 12亿每日观看次数 【地道表达】 Bilibili，常被称作中国的YouTube，以其谦虚的公司宗旨而引人注目，他并非承诺改变世界，而只是希望“丰富中国年轻一代的日常生活”。如果以用户数据为依据，中国年轻人确实感受到了充实感。在2020年的最后一个季度，每月至少使用这项服务一次的人数比一年前猛增了一半，达到了亿，将近十分之九的人年龄在35岁以下。该平台上的视频，从体育高光时刻到自主学习，以及介于两者之间的一切，平均每天吸引12亿人次观看。 2 Launched in 2009 as a website for fans of Japanese anime, Bilibili has evolved into a diversified entertainment group. In recent months even Western musicians (such as Jessie J and Charlie Puth) and Hollywood stars (including Dwayne Johnson) have rushed to set up Bilibili accounts . Investors, too, have taken notice. Between March 2018, when the firm listed in New York, and February this year its market capitalization rose more than tenfold, to $41bn. On March 23rd it raised $ in a secondary listing in Hong Kong. Launch ： 上市。除了发射（火箭）外，还有上市的意思，launched in 2009 于2009年上市。下文中的 list in New York中的list也有上市的意思 【词汇积累】 evolved into ： 进化成为 【词组积累】 rush to set up Bilibili accounts ： rush to do争先箜篌地做某事，set up …… accounts则表示开设创建……的账号 【词组积累】 Between …… and ……： 表示在……和……之间，可以为两个时间段之间 【词组积累】 Bilibili于2009年上市，是一家面向日本动漫迷的网站，现已发展成为一家多元化的娱乐集团。近几个月来，甚至连西方音乐家（Jessie J和Charlie Puth）和好莱坞明星（包括Dwayne Johnson）都争先恐后地开设了Bilibili账户。投资者也注意到了这一点。从2018年3月该公司在纽约上市到今年2月，其市值增长了10倍多，达到410亿美元。3月23日，在香港二次上市中筹集了26亿美元。 3 Unlike YouTube, Bilibili refuses to clutter usergenerated videos with adverts. That way, the thinking goes, it can attract new users put off by such interruptions, and convince them to spend more time on the platform. The central aim, as described by executives, is to “convert” this “sticky community” into “paying users”. Bilibili does so in two main ways: by offering games where players purchase virtual items to advance to the next level , and access to original and licensed firms and series. This Netflixlike business, launched in 2018, now has paying subscribers. clutter ： ~ sth (up) (with sth/sb) 凌乱地塞满；乱堆放to fill a place with too many things, so that it is untidy。文中指的是bilibili不会在用户上传的视频中，随意添加广告：clutter user-generated videos with adverts 【词汇积累】 put off by ： 被……推迟，这里指的是bilibili运用不放广告的理念吸引那些被广告阻碍看视频的用户 【词组积累】 by offering games where players purchase virtual items to advance to the next level ： 这里的定语从句where后面句子是完整的，不缺成分，where表示玩家在游戏中发生购买行为时的场所，也可以理解为in which 与YouTube不同，Bilibili拒绝在用户自制的视频中添加广告，这样做可以吸引新用户推迟这种中断，并说服他们花更多的时间在平台上。正如高管们所描述的，核心目标是将这个“粘性社区”转化为“付费用户”。Bilibili主要通过两种方式实现这一点：提供玩家购买虚拟物品以提升到下一个级别的游戏，以及访问原始和许可的公司和系列产品。这种类似Netflix的业务于2018年推出，目前拥有1450万付费用户。 4 The share of users who pay for things like ingame accessories and subscriptions has risen from in 2018 to in 2020. Receipts from these sources helped Bilibili nearly to double its revenues in each of the past three years , to 12bn yuan ($) in 2020. It also sells adverts on parts of its platform, but they made up less than fifth of its sales. accessory ： 配件、附属品，文中指游戏中的付费物品，in-game accessories 【词汇积累】 double its revenues in each of the past three years ：： 在过去的三年中收入每年都翻了一番 【地道表达】 支付游戏内附属品和订阅费的用户比例从2018年的上升到2020年的。这些来源的收入帮助Bilibili在过去三年中每年的收入翻了一番，到2020年达到120亿元人民币（合17亿美元）。它也在部分平台上销售广告，但这些广告所占的份额还不到其销售额的四分之一。 5 All this has yet to make any money . Last year Bilibili reported an operating loss of 3bn yuan, double the shortfall in 2019. Profits may remain elusive; the company must invest to maintain a pipeline of addictive games and pays top dollar to outbid big streamers like iQiyi for the rights to popular movies and shows its nascent subscription business needs. All this has yet to make any money ： 然而这还没有赚到一分钱 Shortfall ： 亏空，缺口 【词汇积累】 pays top dollar ： 付高价 【词汇积累】 outbid sb for sth ： 出价高于某人 【词组积累】 nascent ： 新生的，萌芽的 【词汇积累】 然而所有这些都还没有赚到钱。去年，Bilibili公布了30亿元的经营亏损，是2019年亏损额的两倍。利润可能仍然难以捉摸；该公司必须通过投资维持游戏渠道，并支付高价，以超过爱奇艺等大型流媒体，获得热门电影的版权，并展示其新生的订阅业务需求。 6 Bilibili’s executives are sanguine . “As our net revenues continue to grow, we do not expect our total content costs as a percentage of total revenue to substantially increase,” they wrote in the prospectus for the firm’s Hong Kong listing. Its share price, down by a third since its February peak, suggests investors want finally to see some proof. Sanguine ： 充满信心的，乐观的 【词汇积累】 Substantially ： 除了基本上，总体来说，还有大大地，大幅地 【熟词僻义】 Prospectus ： 招股书 Bilibili的高管们很乐观。“随着我们的净收入继续增长，我们不希望我们的总内容成本占总收入的百分比大幅增加，”他们写道，在该公司的香港上市的招股书。该公司股价自2月份高点以来下跌了三分之一，这表明投资者终于希望看到一些证据。 总结 mission statement ： 宗旨说明，英文：an official statement of the aims of a company or an organization，即一家公司或组织的目标 【词汇积累】 dubbed ： dub，称作，起绰号，A is dubbed被动形式表示……被称作 【词汇积累】 user figures ： 用户数据 【词汇积累】 Launch ： 上市。除了发射（火箭）外，还有上市的意思，launched in 2009 于2009年上市。下文中的 list in New York中的list也有上市的意思 【词汇积累】 clutter ： ~ sth (up) (with sth/sb) 凌乱地塞满；乱堆放to fill a place with too many things, so that it is untidy。文中指的是bilibili不会在用户上传的视频中，随意添加广告：clutter user-generated videos with adverts 【词汇积累】 accessory ： 配件、附属品，文中指游戏中的付费物品，in-game accessories 【词汇积累】 Shortfall ： 亏空，缺口 【词汇积累】 pays top dollar ： 付高价 【词汇积累】 nascent ： 新生的，萌芽的 【词汇积累】 Sanguine ： 充满信心的，乐观的 【词汇积累】 stand out for sth ： 以……脱颖而出，引人注目 【词组积累】 aspire to do or sth ： 立志于做某事 【词组积累】 shot up by half from a year earlier ： shot up表示激增，猛涨，by half表示增长的量，表示比一年前猛增了一半 【词组积累】 evolved into ： 进化成为 【词组积累】 rush to set up Bilibili accounts ： rush to do争先箜篌地做某事，set up …… accounts 则表示开设创建……的账号 【词组积累】 Between …… and ……： 表示在……和……之间，可以为两个时间段之间 【词组积累】 outbid sb for sth ： 出价高于某人 【词组积累】 put off by ： 被……推迟，这里指的是bilibili运用不放广告的理念吸引那些被广告阻碍看视频的用户 【词组积累】 Substantially ： 除了基本上，总体来说，还有大大地，大幅地 【熟词僻义】 selfhelp lectures ： self-help表示自助的，可以表示自主学习课程 【地道表达】 bn daily views ： 12亿每日观看次数 【地道表达】 double its revenues in each of the past three years ：： 在过去的三年中收入每年都翻了一番 【地道表达】
A revolution in healthcare is coming Welcome to Doctor You Feb 1st 2018NO WONDER they are called “patients”.When people enter the health-care systems of rich countries today, they know what they will get: prodding doctors, endless tests, baffling jargon, rising costs and, above all, long waits. Some stoicism will always be needed, because health care is complex and diligence matters. But frustration is boiling week three of the biggest names in American business—Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Chase—announced a new venture to provide better, cheaper health care for their employees. A fundamental problem with today’s system is that patients lack knowledge and control. Access to data can bestow both. The internet already enables patients to seek online consultations when and where it suits them. You can take over-the-counter tests to analyse your blood, sequence your genome and check on the bacteria in your gut. Yet radical change demands a shift in emphasis, from providers to patients and from doctors to data. That shift is happening. Technologies such as the smartphone allow people to monitor their own health. The possibilities multiply when you add the crucial missing ingredients—access to your own medical records and the ability easily to share information with those you trust. That allows you to reduce inefficiencies in your own treatment and also to provide data to help train medical algorithms. You can enhance your own care and everyone else’s, too. jargon: the language used for a particular activity or by a particular group of people stoicism: the quality or behavior of a person who accepts what happens without complaining or showing emotion 现在病人走进一家医院，都能预料到会是什么样的：仓促的医生，数不清的检测，看不懂的病例，涨不停的费用和无尽的等待... 病人的问题就是他们不清楚状况和缺乏对自己病情的控制 所以亚马逊和JPMorgan还有Berkshire Hathaway 成立了一个新的公司，为他们的员工提供更好更廉价的医疗 The doctor will be you now Medical data may not seem like the type of kindling to spark a revolution. But the flow of information is likely to bear fruit in several ways. One is better diagnosis. Someone worried about their heart can now buy a watch strap containing a medical-grade monitor that will detect arrhythmias. Apps are vying to see if they can diagnose everything from skin cancer and concussion to Parkinson’s disease. Research is under way to see whether sweat can be analysed for molecular biomarkers without the need for an invasive blood test. Some think that changes in how quickly a person swipes a phone’s touchscreen might signal the onset of cognitive problems. A second benefit lies in the management of complex diseases. Diabetes apps can change the way patients cope, by monitoring blood-glucose levels and food intake, potentially reducing long-run harm such as blindness and gangrene. Akili Interactive, a startup, plans to seek regulatory approval for a video game designed to stimulate an area of the brain implicated in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (see article). 医疗数据可能不会带来一个伟大的变革，但是会有非常多的好处，这四段分别讲了四个有用的地方，看经济学人重要的是看清楚文章的逻辑！ 第一个好处是：更好地诊断 第二个好处是：管理复杂的疾病 Patients can also improve the efficiency of their care. Although health records are increasingly electronic, they are often still trapped in silos. Many contain data that machines cannot read. This can lead to delays in treatment, or worse. Many of the 250,000 deaths in America attributable to medical error each year can be traced to poorly co-ordinated care. With data at their fingertips, common standards to enable sharing and a strong incentive to get things right, patients are more likely to spot errors. On January 24th Apple laid out its plans to ask organisations to let patients use their smartphones to download their own medical records (see article). A final benefit of putting patients in charge stems from the generation and aggregation of their data. Artificial intelligence (AI) is already being trained by a unit of Alphabet, Google’s parent company, to identify cancerous tissues and retinal damage. As patients’data stream from smartphones and “wearables”, they will teach AIs to do ever more. Future AIs could, for instance, provide automated medical diagnosis from a description of your symptoms, spot behavioural traits that suggest you are depressed or identify if you are at special risk of cardiac disease. The aggregation of data will also make it easier for you to find other people with similar diseases and to see how they responded to various treatments. 第三个好处是提高医疗效率 第四个好处是病人掌控自己的数据整合等 讲完了好处接下来讲坏处... An Apple a day As with all new technologies, pitfalls accompany the promise. Hucksters will launch apps that do not work. But with regulators demanding oversight of apps that present risks to patients, users will harm only their wallets. Not everyone will want to take active control of their own health care; plenty will want the professionals to manage . Data can be pored over by those who are interested, while those who are not can opt to share data automatically with trusted providers. The benefits of new technologies often flow disproportionately to the rich. Those fears are mitigated by the incentives that employers, governments and insurers have to invest in cost-efficient preventive care for all. Alphabet has recently launched a firm called Cityblock Health, for example, which plans to trawl through patients’ data to provide better care for low-income city dwellers, many of them covered by Medicaid, an insurance programme for poorer Americans. pitfall: a danger or problem that is hidden or not obvious at first pore over: to read or study something very carefully trawl: to search through something in order to find someone or something 很多先进的技术都是益了富人，因此这需要纳税人，政府和保险公司一起想出保障到所有人的医疗制度 Google在这方面有做出了努力，成立了一各公司Cityblock Health，为低收入人群提供更好的医疗！（真心觉得googlers 是为了人类进步而发展的公司...) Other risks are harder to deal transparency may encourage the hale and hearty not to take out health insurance. They may even make it harder for the unwell to find cover. Regulations can slow that process—by requiring insurers to ignore genetic data, for example—but not stop it. Security is another worry. The more patient data are analysed in the cloud or shared with different firms, the greater the potential threat of hacking or misuse. Almost a quarter of all data breaches in America happen in health care. Health firms should face stringent penalties if they are slapdash about security, but it is naive to expect that breaches will never happen. Will the benefits of making data more widely available outweigh such risks? The signs are that they will. Plenty of countries are now opening up their medical records, but few have gone as far as Sweden. It aims to give all its citizens electronic access to their medical records by 2020; over a third of Swedes have already set up accounts. Studies show that patients with such access have a better understanding of their illnesses, and that their treatment is more successful. Trials in America and Canada have produced not just happier patients but lower costs, as clinicians fielded fewer inquiries. That should be no surprise. No one has a greater interest in your health than you do. Trust in Doctor You. hale: healthy and strong, usually used in the phrase hale and hearty 一个坏处就是让那些身体情况良好的人不会再买保险，而让那些身体不好的人很难买到保险；还有分享的数据越多，就越有可能发生数据泄露和被黑客黑的可能 stringent: very strict or severe slapdash: quick and careless 那分享这些医疗数据到底是不是利大于弊还是弊大于利？种种迹象标明是 利大于弊的！ 总结：科技改变生活，本文是这期经济学人杂志的封面文章 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Results Lexile®Measure: 1100L - 1200L Mean Sentence Length: Mean Log Word Frequency: Word Count: 1030 这篇文章的蓝思值是在1100-1200L， 适合英语专业大二的水平学习，是经济学人里比较简单的使用kindle断断续续地读《经济学人》三年，发现从一开始磕磕碰碰到现在比较顺畅地读完，进步很大，推荐购买！ 点击这里可以去亚马逊官网购买~
中国 100 篇名家经典散文一、母亲的锤布石 我出生在上世纪六十年代末，打我有记 忆起，就知道家里有一块锤布石。
这块锤布石的体形很不规则，大致可以 说成是长方体， 长约 40 厘米， 宽约 30 厘米， 高约 30 厘米。锤布石的上平面非常光滑， 平日里母亲把这块石头看得像宝贝一样，孩 子们绝对不能用它在石头上砸核桃、杏仁之 类的干果。家里要修个箱箱柜柜的，或要给 木质家具打个钉子，也是绝对不允许用锤布 石当垫脚石的，生怕破坏了锤布石平面的光 滑。
这块锤布石浑然天成，没有经过人工开 凿。母亲说，从她记事起外婆家院子里就有 这块锤布石，等她长大后嫁给了父亲，因父 亲在家中排行老二，分家时锤布石只传长房， 外婆看母亲没有锤布石，就用架子车把自己 的锤布石拉了过来送给了母亲。
母亲说，锤布石越用越光滑，年代越久越值钱。锤布石平面光滑，锤布才能省时省 力出效率，而且锤出的布也光滑没有褶皱。
这块锤布石，外婆家祖祖辈辈不知传了多少 代，传到她这里时，石头的上平面已经平整 得能够照出人影来，简直就是一块“宝石” 了。
在我小时候，家乡妇女锤布是一项技能。
记得每年春暖花开时，阳光正好，家家户户 都要把盖了一冬天的被褥拆洗一次。那时的 被褥都是用棉线纺成的粗布做的，洗完后布 料会变得松松垮垮，所以洗过后得用面糊浆 一遍。浆后的棉布又过硬，这就需要把浆过 的布挂在阴凉处阴干，再将其折叠成长方形 放在锤布石上，用木制棒槌锤打，让布料变 得绵软，这样做成的被褥盖著才舒适。
平日里，女人们也是离不开锤布石的。
农民种地，个个都是土里来泥里去，衣服脏 得特别快，而且泥土渗进了衣服的线缝里， 若只用手洗根本洗不过来，必须将脏衣服先 泡在水里，然后捞出来放在锤布石上敲打一 会儿，再用水漂洗。这样洗不仅省时省力， 而且洗出来的衣服干净平整。我至今仍记得母亲坐在锤布石前锤布 的情景，她双手举起棒槌，一上一下，均匀 用力，与锤布石撞击发出“砰砰砰砰砰砰” 的声音。那声音远远听来均匀流畅、悠扬悦 耳，像是在诉说农家妇女的苦与乐。
上世纪八十年代，农家人已不再穿粗布 衣服，被褥也都是由买来的面料做成的，锤 布石失去了用场。后来，多数人家将锤布石 当成石料做了地基，母亲舍不得她那块锤布 石，便放在她的卧室里当凳子用，冬天在上 面放一个棉垫，坐着暖暖的，夏天就坐在石 头上，凉凉的。母亲说，这块石头是外婆家 祖辈传下来的，虽然现在没有用了，但不能 在她手里糟蹋了，每每看到这块石头，她都 会想到外婆，想到过去人们勤劳节俭的品格。
二、消失的修笔匠 上世纪 70 年代，我上小学，到小学三 年级时，学生方可使用钢笔，其实那时大家 都叫水笔。水笔和钢笔当时是有区别的，水 笔除笔尖全身都是塑料制成，而钢笔的笔帽 是钢的，插在上衣口袋，锃亮锃亮，那是身 份和地位的象征。
正因为如此， 钢笔的价格，要远比水笔高。
那时学生使用的水笔，每支五六毛钱， 却是家长狠下心咬着牙才买的，所以，学生 们个个对自己的水笔珍惜得像宝贝一样，有 细心的家长还要给孩子的水笔做一个贴身 的布套，不用时，会装进布套里，生怕磕着 碰着。
尽管如此，水笔还是会经常出故障，比 如不小心掉在地上笔帽破了，笔尖歪了，水 笔刺纸或下水不畅等等。
不论水笔出了什么故障，谁也不会丢弃， 都要找修笔匠修理。学校内几乎每天都有不 同的修笔匠来。笔帽破了，修笔匠包里有的 是不同色彩不同型号的笔帽，花个几分钱就 能换一个。笔尖出了问题，修笔匠会用工具 拔下来，再安装一个新笔尖 那个年代，城市里有专业的修笔店铺， 但农家孩子很少进城，即便进城也会嫌城里 店铺修笔价钱高，都会就近让来学校的修笔 匠修。
每到寒暑假，村里几乎每天都能传来修 笔匠的吆喝声：“谁家的笔坏了，各类笔都能修。”可以说，那时学生的笔一旦出了问 题，找个修笔匠修理是很容易的事。
花不起钱修笔的学生，笔帽破裂了，就 会用胶布缠上几圈继续使用。总之，水笔再 破再旧，是绝对不会丢弃的。
上中学时，生活富裕了，学生使用的钢 笔也相对高档了，对笔的质量也挑剔起来。
钢笔吐水要均匀流畅，写出的字要清晰工整， 还要具有书法的美感。所以，只要钢笔稍不 利落，就会找修笔匠修。为保证质量，学生 们已不再找流动的修笔匠修笔，而是到城里 找专业修笔店铺去修。因为这样，流动的笔 匠数量大减。
到了上大学时，钢笔的数量也迅速猛增， 而且价格便宜，人们对新购来的钢笔稍不满 意就会更换一支，几乎没有人再去修笔了。
因为钢笔已成为普通大众人人都拥有的寻 常之物， 此时， 谁若再将钢笔插在上衣口袋， 不但代表不了身份和文化，而且还会被人笑 称土老帽。
大学毕业参加工作没几年，市场上出现 了碳素笔、中性笔等，那些一次性笔芯层出不穷，颜色多样，并以低廉的价格和便捷实 用的性能挤占着钢笔的市场份额。此时，不 论是城市还是乡村，那些走街串巷的修笔匠 已经彻底消失，剩下城里个别老牌子的修笔 店铺已是凤毛麟角。
如今，各种快捷、经济、现代化的书写 工具蜂拥登场，城里的专业修笔店铺也早已 失去踪影。修笔匠的身影，永远定格在那个 艰苦朴素的年代，成为人们心目中一道美丽 的风景，永久回味。
三、远去的掏粪工 我出生在上世纪六十年代末，自我上小 学时起，就知道了掏粪工这个工种。
在那个年代，学校里的厕所都是老式旱 厕，每天下午放学，就有农民挑着粪桶拿着 长把子的大铁勺到厕所的粪池里掏粪。
掏粪去早了，学生没有放学，学校不让 进，去晚了，会被去早的农民掏走，所以， 那时农民掏粪，还得赶着点儿准时到才能掏 到粪。
我上中学时是在城里，由于离家远，平 日只能租住学校周边市民的房子。此时，我才知道城市里有专职的掏粪工。
一天夜里凌晨三点多，一阵响动将我从 梦中惊醒，连忙爬起来和同屋租住的同学一 起去查看。等我们到了响动的地方，却发现 幽暗的路灯下，一名身穿劳动布工作服的中 年男子，正在旱厕池里掏着粪便。
我说，大叔，大半夜的，天亮了掏不成 吗？中年男子笑了笑说，这活儿只能半夜干， 我们城市清运处的每个工人，各自负责一个 片区的厕所掏粪工作，每个人都要从凌晨三 点一直干到早上六点左右结束。如果天亮了 去掏粪，挑着两大桶粪便从城市大街小巷穿 行，不雅观不说，还会遭人白眼。
高考落榜后，我打算重读一年，为了减 轻家里的负担，暑假里，便报名加入到城市 掏粪工的行列里。上任第一天，由五十余岁 的老掏粪工李头儿带着我。
凌晨三点，我们便去掏小巷里的厕所， 清淘车无法靠近厕所，李头儿就用粪勺一勺 一勺地掏出粪便装进粪桶，然后挑着粪桶倒 进粪车里。
虽然是凌晨三点，但在这大夏天，那股恶臭味熏得我睁不开眼睛，一低头，看着粪 池里爬来爬去的那层白蛆，我恶心得要吐出 来。李头儿说，等到了冬天，就没有这么臭 了，但凌晨三点起床，凛冽的寒风会让你更 痛苦，你就忍着点吧，习惯了就好了。
从凌晨三点多一直掏到六点多，十多个 小区的旱厕总算掏完了。拉着粪车往肥料厂 赶，出了小区进入街面，每遇行人都会说： “小伙子，跑快点，这么恶臭的东西熏死人 了。
”有时， 前面的行人也会回过头对我说： “小伙子，快停下，等我们走远了你再走， 臭死人了。” 每每遭遇路人的白眼和训斥，我的心里 委屈极了，同时，也产生了一种强烈的自卑 感。干了几天后，李头儿看我一天比一天沉 默，便说，年轻人，我都干了二十多年的掏 粪工了，不觉得有啥丢人的，相反还觉得很 自豪。在任何情况下，我们都要看得起自己 的职业， 我们可是舍得一人脏， 换来万家净。
如果城市没了我们这个行业，各家各户都会 臭气熏天。
我虽然仅干了一个暑假的掏粪工，但至今对掏粪工记忆犹新。如今，三十多年过去 了，随着科技的发展城市的进步，不论大小 城市，早已经再难看到旱厕，掏粪工也成了 过去时，但那代掏粪工对社会所做的贡献， 将成为人们永久的记忆。
100 篇名家经典散文 800【篇一：100 篇名家经典散文 800】在梦里，她得到了安定和欣慰，得到了力量和热情，得到了关于生 的可贵。
当她一觉醒来，她突然明白拯救自己的只有自己。于是，她便用牙 齿把自己吐的丝一根根咬断。咬破自己织下的茧。
果然，新的光芒向她投来，像云隙间的阳光刺激着她的眼睛。新的 空气，像清新的酒，使她陶醉。
她简直要跳起来了！她简直要飞起来了！ 一伸腰，果然飞起来了，原来就在她沉睡的时刻，背上长出了两片 多粉的翅膀。
从此，她便记住了这一切，她把这些告诉了子孙们：你们织的茧， 得你们自己去咬破！ 蚕，就是这样一代代传下来。
船 ●张 烨 阳光下，一只油漆斑驳的小渔船，倾斜地搁浅在波涛之外，在黄茸 茸的沙滩上航着它海蓝色的梦。曾经与日月齐飞时光共流。
曾经与海涛轰鸣鸥鸟歌唱。
鸟的路在天空，船的路在海上，它遥望着永远难以企及的目标。它 那折断的风帆，锈迹泛绿的缆绳，在晨风里微微悸动??陈旧的船身 因刻满了拼搏的痛苦与欢乐，渗透了爱与恨的回忆而显示出一种令 人心颤的陈旧之美。这种美能唤起我们加倍珍惜鲜活生命的簇新之 美，使我们感悟到世上并没有成功的顶点，攀登的过程，奋斗的过 程，就是人生的辉煌。
壮 烈 ●龙 人 人生留迹于天地之间，理应有点惊人之举。卓尔不群的泰山睥睨群 丘，汪洋恣肆的长江啸傲百川，倚剑于长城上的秦皇汉武，在史册 的某一页上雄视千秋。生命的长短无关紧要，紧要的是生命的品位。
司马迁敢忍大辱而坚持活着，屈原不随俗而毅然沉江。生命之光与 日月争辉，长与短因之失去意义。伟大，才使生命流芳百世。
相对于正义，相对于真理，相对于伟大，我们的生命被自己惯养得 不堪一击。风雪之日，有几扇门打开了？灵芝之光闪烁的悬崖上有 几人在攀登？灯红酒绿的旋转灯下人头攒动，接踵摩肩；行凶作恶 的屠刀面前，有几人对峙？推开每一扇家门，淡蓝色的家具中蜷伏着一个个生命；激发过多少男儿万丈豪情的雄性之酒，被沦为歌舞 升平中猜拳行令的助兴。过分地溺爱生命，已使生命萎靡乏力；一 点点皮肉之苦，肌肤之痛，会使凌云壮志轰然倒塌；一点点蝇头小 利，会让人间正气随风飘去。战天斗地的剪影在蒙尘的书册间渐渐 发黄，乘风破浪的英姿已成孤帆远影；“风萧萧兮易水寒”，这一份 悲壮存于何处？难酬蹈海亦英雄”，这一份豪情又归向何方？周旋于 床上，徘徊于厨房，兴起兴落于歌台舞榭，谁在驰骋沙漠，谁在搏 击中流，谁在飞越秦岭粤关？谁在高举大旗，谁在呐喊信仰，谁在 替天行道？ 没有一个人因为贪恋温床而长生，只有壮怀激烈、敢于搏击的人生 才永放光芒。
在呼啸的海上，有一个声音在向床上的生命高声呼唤：人生，需要 壮烈，壮烈才是真正的人生！【篇二：100 篇名家经典散文 800】散文，是一种与诗歌、小说和戏剧同等重要的文学体裁，其翻译亦 是当代文学翻译领域不可或缺的一个组成部分。本文是优秀散文 800 字名家，希望对大家有帮助! 优秀散文 800 字名家：距离产生美 当你隔着一层纱，又或者是隔着 一面干净的玻璃看世界时，你是否会觉得那是另一种美，比原来的 世界更美!坐着车透过玻璃看外面的青山绿水时，是淡淡的绿，不加 修饰的、朦胧的美。阳光明媚时看到的山是耀眼的、华丽的绿，远 不如雨中山景那么清淡，浪漫。这时你不免会有同感：距离产生美! 时常听说某某夫妻闹离婚的事。可是到底是什么原因呢?他们开始的 海誓山盟，相约天荒地老，海枯石烂又哪去了，被遗忘了? 山无棱， 夏雨雪，乃敢与君决 般的誓言是否也被遗弃了?据说很多人都是因为 性格不和终日吵闹而离婚的，他们婚前对彼此不了解，有距离，于 是有种朦胧美，想要接近对方吧。可是一但结婚，近距离接触后， 如果两人的性格不和就可能产生矛盾，家庭不和，甚至离婚。这种 美建立在有距离之上，一但越过界限或许就会失去原来的美。
同学之间的关系也如此。两个同学在班上处得很好，可是当他们成 为同桌时，对彼此的性格，缺点是了如指掌，他们会少了以前的那 种敬慕感。两个同学的性格不同，近距离接触时，不统一，不免会 发生小矛盾，如果两人都不主动道歉，事情将会很严重，两人可能 从此赌气不理对方。这样的人，当他们近距 离接触时产生的有可能不是美，而是矛盾。但也有些是例外的。没有任何事物是完美的，有好的一面也就有不好的一面。世界很美， 也有很多丑陋之处，。当人们深入这个世界时，你是否看到了污浊， 看到了丑陋?这时我们看世界时不要看得过深，不然可能会给你带来 伤害。我们学生还是纯真的孩子，至少我是这么觉得。虽然不可避 免我们会踏入社会，但这也是我们的必经阶段。可是我们的纯真不 能丢弃，即使看到了深处，看到了不美，也不能够人云亦云，随波 逐流，我们需要改造不美之处，让不美变美。让我们眼中的美多些， 世界更和谐。
美需要我们去寻找，去创造!距离 人们眼中的美! 距离产生美，你是否也觉得如此? 优秀散文 800 字名家：春色满园 冬去春来，春姑娘乘着清风，带着 温暖翩翩而来。她用手中的魔法棒，使小草穿上了绿衣，使花儿戴 上美丽的头饰，使大地脱去了白色的棉袄。那些冬眠的一听说春姑 娘来了，都睁开惺忪的眼睛，欢迎春姑娘。当然，春姑娘也带来了 她的几个小精灵 春草儿，春花儿，春风，春雨。她们每个都无不唱 着春之歌。
离离原上草，一岁一枯荣。野火烧不尽，春风吹又生。
这首白居易的《赋得古原草送别》想必是人人皆知。春草儿在春姑 娘来的的时候，也从泥土里钻出来，在太阳的照射下，一大片的春 草儿绿油油的，踩上去软绵绵的，像一块块绿茵茵的地毯，而且充 满着一股春草儿特有的清香。
春色满园关不尽，一枝红杏出墙来。
春天最美的，莫过于那一朵朵绚丽绽放的春花儿了，春花儿也就是 百花仙子，桃花儿、杏花儿，迎春花儿漫山遍野。桃花儿是个胆怯 羞涩的小姑娘，谁也不肯第一个绽开笑脸，粉红粉红的花团，像是 天边的晚霞;雪白雪白的花团，像河边未融化的雪花。迎春花就像是 春姑娘的伴童，凡是春姑娘走到的地方，都要迎春花的身影。瞧!那 一簇簇的迎春花，迎着暖融融的春阳，绽开了金灿灿的花朵。
忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开。
春风儿是个温顺的小姑娘，她很文静，每天都到处耍，春风儿还特 别喜欢各种香气，各种动听的声音。你闻，啊!桃花，杏花，迎春花 的阵阵清香扑鼻而来，还有那动听的百灵鸟在歌唱，唱着迎接春姑 娘的乐曲。春风儿吹绿了大地，吹蓝了天空。
随风潜入夜，润物细无声。每当提起这首《春夜喜雨》，总会想起那绵绵细雨。春雨像银针一 般闪烁，像丝线一般细密，像珍珠一般晶莹。蒙蒙春雨，不一会儿 便像纱，似雾般的笼罩着大地，有一般沉着，有一般湿润。春雨滋 润着大地，使小草更绿，花儿更艳，春天更欢乐。
呼呼 哗哗 ，春风和春雨把春天打扮得亮丽;春草儿和春花儿使春天更 生机勃勃，春姑娘和她的四个小精灵，迎领我们向秋天的收获走去， 向美好的未来走去!
缤纷成就和谐，试看暮春三月，鹅柳淡烟的嫩黄，映阶碧草的翠绿，出墙红杏的艳红， 卷云时舒的碧空，它们的颜色各不相同，但这又有何妨？万紫千红总是春，本来万物都欣然 生长的春日就不是由一种色彩来主宰的。不同的是表象，和谐的是本质，缤纷成就的是多彩 的丰富，是真正意义的和谐。
轻叩红楼之门，寻那桩百年来曼远悠长的梦，你说《红楼梦》里众相纷芸，钟灵秀丽的 女儿如此之多，谁是读者的最爱？从来是众口难调，然而亦从来是雅俗共赏，轻抚着略微卷 起的书页，我们仿佛听到，那我来迟了，不曾迎接远客的张扬，那花落人亡两不知的忧伤， 那这个妹妹，好像哪里见过的惊喜，那爱哥哥，爱哥哥的叫唤，汇成了一曲和谐的乐章，不 绝于耳，味之不尽&& 徘徊在生与死间，踌躇于明与暗间，有人选择生，也有人选择死，有人选择明，也有人 选择暗&&真正源于人类内心深处的一缕精神血脉，却选择永恒。
站在历史的海岸漫溯那一道道历史沟渠： 楚大夫沉吟泽畔， 九死不悔;魏武帝扬鞭东指壮 心不已;陶渊明悠然南山， 饮酒采菊&&他们选择了永恒--纵然谄媚污蔑蒙蔽视听， 也不随其流 扬其波是执着的选择，纵然马革裹尸魂归关西，也要扬声边塞尽扫狼烟，这是豪壮的选择 ; 纵然一身清苦终日难饱，也愿怡然自乐、躬耕陇亩，这是高雅的选择&&在一番番选择中，帝 王将相成其盖世伟业，贤士迁客成其千古文章。
信念地力量在于即使身处逆境， 亦能帮助你鼓起前进地船帆;信念地魅力在于即使遇到险 运， 亦能召唤你鼓起生活地勇气;信念地伟大在于即使遇到不幸， 亦能促使你保持崇高地心灵。
耐力，是-种不显山露水地执着;是-种不惧风不畏雨地坚忍;是-种不图名不图利地忠诚。
大厦巍然屹立，是因为有坚强地支柱，理想和信念就是人生大厦地支柱;船舱破浪前行， 是因为有指示方向地罗盘， 理想和信仰就是人生航船地罗盘;列车奔驰千里， 是因为有引导它 地铁轨，理想和信念就是人生列车上地铁轨。
我们变得自大，我们变得骄纵。大宋宫廷，白衣秀士，文臣儒士们忙着作诗写赋，用程 朱理学教化子民时，北方的铁骑席卷了中华;康乾盛世，书生们忙着去作八股，去作经注考证 时，大洋的另一端，开始了科技革命，改写了历史&&我们有四大发明，我们有地动仪，我们 有早他国一千多年的圆周率。
可是， 我们的土地上蕴育的是以农为本、 固步自守的黄色文明， 我们有郑和去炫耀国威， 可是我们没有发现新大陆的哥伦布;我们有李白杜甫， 却没有哥白尼 牛顿;我们知道天朝上国， 却看不到外面的文明&&我们陶醉于自己， 我们不断地用 《天工开物》 、 《农政全书》去总结辉煌，却忘了重视审视自己的文化&&我们落后了。
历史在悄然逝去，心中的热情并没有冷却，但我们多了一分理智，在仔细地审视&& 竹篱茅舍边，我见到了颜斤蜀，那个齐宣王说他宁愿安步以当车，晚食以当肉的人。我 问他为什么要选择隐逸， 他眯起眼睛一笑， 说： 归真返璞， 则终身不辱。
怎么还是那两句话， 我嘟嚷着想离开，身后却又响起了那个静如止水的声音：'不辱’的是心灵，心灵 是不能有一点尘滓和愧怍的。
爱琴海的烽烟弥漫在苍凉空寂的天幕上，我找到了阿喀琉斯，我想知道他为什么宁愿让 帕里斯卑鄙阴险的箭射进他的脚后而至死也不肯从暗处给人致命一击。帕里斯要的是海伦和 我的生命，而我要的是一颗高贵纯洁的心灵，我无愧无悔。他刚毅冷酷的脸或许正是因为这 样才注定了要被铸成青铜塑像，英雄的名义千年不朽。
抓不住的岁月的鸟翼，被火光映在手掌;每一次转折，都形成一道深深的掌纹，比羽毛还 要清晰。我多希望，在我们走到长路尽头的时候，那每一道掌纹还能让我们感受到不息的生 命力;我多希望，在每一个转折的路口，都留下我们顽强的身影和从容不迫的笑容。
记得席慕容的一句话：每一条走过来的路都有不得不这样跋涉的理由，每一条要走下去 的路都有不得不这样选择的方向。而在这走过与走下去的转折路口，待我以最充溢的信心和 活力， 去感受灵魂舞蹈如花之绰约;待我用最坚实的心灵和意念， 去创造人生烂漫如霞之辉煌。
××同志：你的稿子我读过了。你希望我提些具体的修改的意见，我的确也想这样做，可是太难啊！我考虑了一下，我纵然仔细的、一条一条的提出意见来，也不见得对这篇文章和对于你有什么好处，因为文章本身和你的创作问题都不是这样就可以解决的。我还是想从根本上来谈，而且我希望你也帮助我从这方面来谈。我懂得现在有一些青年，都不愿自己用脑子，不喜欢听可以启发人去思想的话，而只责怪别人提意见不具体。你越讲得多，鸡毛蒜皮都讲完了，他倒很满意。你说这一点你可以想想啦，他就不高兴，他不愿去想。我想你或者不会这样。那么让我们谈谈吧。 我有一个熟朋友，他也写了一本稿子拿给我看，我知道他有很丰富的生活经历，比你的生活经历只有更复杂。他的书主要是写他生活过来的事，拿他生活中一连串的斗争故事作材料来写的。我读着他的原稿，我极力希望能走进那有趣的生活中去。他曾经同我谈过不少他的历史的。可是我总走不进去，我总觉得我不是在读小说，而是在听一个陈旧的、听厌了的报告，我对这些熟悉的故事、人物、斗争，不是感到亲切，不是引起我无限情感的回忆、痛苦、沉闷、愤怒、紧张、愉快和充满希望，而是觉得浮浅，老一套……我心里想，我亲爱的朋友啊！你真把生活、人物，把你自己的崇高的感情都糟蹋了！如果单从书面上来看，是看不出他和生活的关系，好像他写的是听来的材料，是同他没有多少关系的生活。你的书也使我有同样的感觉。你书中的材料的确是多的，也有很多紧张的场面。我相信这不是你听来的东西。可是我总觉得看不出你在你所写的部队中生活了那样久，也看不出你是曾在那里参加过实际工作的，如果你不说，我还以为是一个年青的知识分子到部队中跑了一转，搜集了许多材料编出来的。这是为什么呢？为什么那些感动了你的生活，在你的笔下不特不能感动人，反而令人看不出生活呢？ 我不知道你的生活经历，和政治的、文化的、文学的修养同我的熟朋友有多少差别，但我假定你们是差不多，我把他的情况研究一下也许可以做为你的参考，我觉得这对我的朋友也会有些好处。我曾经鼓励我这个朋友多读书，我想，生活他是有了的，他应该学习表现生活的方法，读文学作品。他读了，读得也不算少，在他的可能范围内尽力读了中国现代的创作和古典文学，苏联的名著以及现代的东欧的作品。他读得很有兴趣。有一次我们谈起来了，我想从读文艺书中来看他的进步，可是谈着谈着，我不想谈了，甚至不想和他争论，因为我们谈得不投机，没有一点投机的地方。凡我认为好的作品，特别在文学上值得学习的作品，他都不喜欢。他喜欢的作品都是我不喜欢的，只有主题、题材有可取的作品。他喜欢的人物都是作家极力想写得好而没有写好的人物，当然是正面人物。我正想告诉他某一作品里的缺点，而他等不到我说出来却开始赞扬那缺点，有时我正在介绍一本书的好处，他不等我说完却把那书否定了。我起先还想耐烦的同他辩论，想说服他，后来看看这是无效的，我就停止了。我觉得很苦闷，我也反省过，也许是我的观点错了，我的欣赏能力出了毛病，不，我记起来了，我的朋友是反对欣赏两个字的。但我相信我不会完全错了的，我有些意见也实在是很多人的意见，甚至有些有学问的评论家也讲过的。那么是我的朋友的观点有毛病？也不像，他实在是一个非常单纯、很正直的共产党员。那么问题在那里呢？后来我又同他谈。我劝他在读书的时候，不要做批评家，不要很快的对书下结论，慢点分析，特别不要分析它那点该学习啦、这于人民于自己有多少好处啦，而是首先让自己感动，陪着书中人一同欢喜，一同哭泣，感觉得有趣味的地方，就多多的去回想，须要加以想像的地方，就多多的去想像。读一本书也像打一次仗一样，把全付精力都放在那上面，不是轻松的享受，也不是严肃到冷静，冷眼旁观的完全用理智去读。我赞成他用点感情去读，先去感受书中的世界，陶醉了才回头来加以分析。可是我的熟朋友却这样回答我：“谁告诉你我不是用感情来读的，我常常感动得哭泣呢，我想着我们党的伟大，想着人民的痛苦，我就哭了；可是我一想到我们的前途，我们应该富有乐观主义精神。我就又快乐了。”是呀！我的熟朋友的确是很有阶级感情的，这实在没有错。我好像找不到问题所在了。后来我忽然想了起来，又问他：“你除了为整个人民，整个无产者哭泣而外还为了书中的什么人和那一件事而哭泣过么？”他想了半天想不起来，最后才说：“一切共产党员的思想品质都感动我。” 这一段谈话给我一个印象，就是他为一种思想而感动得多些，为具体的人和生活中的一些平常的事就感动得少些。他读书注意一些明白易懂，吻合他的见解的问题。容易为一些含政治性的热烈词句所感动，而注意形象的东西、或者 看来是生活细节而却表现了政治性的东西就不太注意了。 这一种读书方法在他对待“生活”也有同样的表现，我们曾在同一个乡下住过，他对每个人常常先来一套分析，说这个人是诚实的，说那个人思想不正确。他同他们在一起的时候，当然是工作关系，他评论他们，可是很少为一个人的痛苦而痛苦，为落后的人多花些时间，他好像把工作解决了就算了，他的赞叹，也只是一种评奖人的身份，他好像比这群人都高一些，以他的知识水平，理论水平，工作经验当然比一般乡下人高。我同他说，应该把自己放在他们中间，要很自然的觉得同他们是平等的，才能感受他们的一切，才能同他们一样的笑和哭。他又回答我说，他同他们笑过和哭过，他曾经遇见一个老太太，很伤心的向他诉苦，他听着，联想起中国人民的痛苦便同她一道哭了。我反问他，你就不能为这个老大娘而哭么？你就不会感到她好像就是你最亲爱的人，或者像你的母亲遭罪了那样的难过么？你就总是那样“政治化”，那样爱着一切抽象的概念，而永远清醒，不卷进个人感情的漩涡么？你总是那样理智的支配着你的感情，觉得应该怎样才怎样，不让他脱一次缰么？……他没有答应什么，而转入沉思了。 我想问题就出在这里了。生活是极复杂也是极平常的，作家就要在极平常的生活中去发现大道理，他同各种各样的生活细节结了不解之缘，他把这千丝万缕的平常人不去注意的生活细节缝缀起来，完成了一件天衣无缝的杰作。他不是先有一个科学论断再反过来取一些生活填入他的论文中的，他应该对生活有无比的敏感，他不屑写人人都能说得出来的，归纳好了的生活的条文。文学作品的效果当然是政治的，文学的价值当然要看它的政治性的深广，作家当然必须具有政治的敏感，但他却要从生活、从最形象的事物来发现真理。把政治写成条文，把写作同生活都看成一般的事物性的工作，连个人都成了这种教条的典型了的时候，我想不只是在创作上要失败，即使在别方面也不易成功，特别是不适合搞创作的。 说了这些，不知道符合你的情况不？要不，请你原谅我，要有部分的对，那我就请你想一想，这是不是一个根本的问题。生活对于你是理论，你可以作理论家，生活对于你不是诗，缺乏诗，你就决不能作诗人。但前途怎么样呢？我想很简单，放下架子，那些装得正确的，以领导自居的架子，抹去一些虚伪的面貌，真正把群众当老师，向他们学习，就会发现他们真真的好处，爱他们，你对生活没有隔阂，生活对你就真实了。这是一个基本的问题。我想你的缺点也许并不严重，只是因为对文学是外行，在开始接近文学的时候，就首先接受了一套可怕的公式。这样问题就比较容易解决些。我以为你还是多读点书，读一点文艺评论文章，有名的人写的；多接触一些社会，重要的是虚心，不要以为自己有了生活就可以在文艺创作的道路上通行无阻，我们有许多人常常是失败在一种自骄自满的情绪中。写到这里就算了，稿子奉还。如果有什么意见，请尽管来信！敬礼！ 丁玲 五月
《读者》摘抄好段1.雨丝从云层中直线摇下，开始是缓慢的，柔和的，不大一会儿，节奏随之加快，势力越来越猛，变成斜射的雨箭，再以后，母箭中又分生出许多子箭，雨星儿演化成腾腾水雾，漫天一片泛白，竟难以分出丝缕来了。这时，我总觉得空中似有许多只巧手，在迅疾利落地赶织一架硕大无比的水的幔帐2.初冬的早晨，我来到楼台上，清晰凉爽的空气渗入肺腑，觉得一身轻松。远处的山在云雾中显得比平时更好看。近处的树木缠绕着淡淡的雾气，象挂着一丝丝乳白色的轻纱，树上残留的红叶象只只蝴蝶在飞舞，真是美极了。许多树都落了叶，只有松树柏树不怕冷，还是那么绿。3.“忍”是道，一条充满了智慧的艰辛的道，也是我们赖以成功的道。“小不忍则乱大谋”，西楚霸王项羽就是个典型的例子。大兵压境，乌江河畔下，本可忍气吞声，逃出险境，可他一句“无颜见江东父老”便断绝了生的希望，与成功擦肩而过。若他忍下颜面，其实能否“卷土重来”也未可而知。4.池塘里，告别了苞蕾的荷花，绽放着清丽的笑靥，在轻风拂送下，舞动着叠翠的裙裾，婷婷的妩媚着矜持的身姿，凝雾噙露着似若一婉约的女子在轻轻呤诵"掉拂荷珠碎却圆"的诗句，隽秀的枝杆无不在向你展示着夏的风情，不由得让你在赞叹那绝佳的韵致间。于蓦然回首中，已是"接天莲叶无穷碧，映日荷花别样红了"。5.我忽然觉得自已仿佛就是一朵玫瑰花，穿着鲜红的衣裳，站在阳光里。一阵微风吹来，我就翩翩起舞，鲜红的衣裳随风飘动。一会儿我又觉得自已变成了一颗小露珠，在花瓣上爬呀，滚呀，钻进它的枝干滋润着它。一阵微风吹过散发出淡淡的幽香，我仿佛又变成了一只小蝴蝶在花瓣上和蜜蜂一起尽情地跳舞嬉戏.....6.带着你给的真诚，我继续前行，前行。我知道，除了索取，我更该给予。为你，我奉献我的美好，我的所能，我的一切可以让你快乐和幸福的东西。诚信是一面火红的旗帜，旗帜不倒，真情永驻。让我们在生命的海滩边，拾取诚信的五彩贝壳，让我们在你我的交流中，留些诚信做友谊的基座。商海浮沉，留些诚信，回报你的将是一片春光。7.既然这鱼他看见过一回，他就能想象它在水里游的样子，它那翅膀般的胸鳍大张着，直竖的大尾巴划破黝黑的海水。不知道它在那样深的海里能看见多少东西，老人想。它的眼睛真大，马的眼睛要小得多，但在黑暗里看得见东西。从前我在黑暗里能看得很清楚。可不是在乌漆麻黑的地方。不过简直能象猫一样看东西。8.备久慕高名，两次晋谒，不遇空回，惆怅何似！窃念备汉朝苗裔，滥叨名爵，伏睹朝廷陵替，纲纪崩摧，群雄乱国，恶党欺君，备心胆俱裂。虽有匡济之诚，实乏经纶之策。仰望先生仁慈忠义，慨然展吕望之大才，施子房之鸿略，天下幸甚！社稷幸甚！先此布达，再容斋戒薰沐，特拜尊颜，面倾鄙悃。统希鉴原。9.曾经我问过一个人：如果我失眠了，那么全世界会跟着失眠么。至少我会。她天真的回答到。倘若真是这样，那么她怎么会知道我什么时候会失眠，什么时候又会醒来。可以选择的话，我宁愿一直无眠。要么，一直睡去。醒了又睡，睡了又醒，实在太累。10.亲情是一把结实的伞，为你遮风挡雨；亲情是一件厚厚的棉衣，为你抵御严寒；亲情是一张柔软的床，你累了，让你忘记疲惫；亲情是一条干爽的毛巾，你哭了，为你拂去心中的泪水；亲情是一杯甜甜的冰红茶，你笑了，让你从嘴里甜到心里。11.透过绵柔的雨丝织就的如烟的春纱，我望着那些打着伞匆匆避雨的行人，不由得想到：为什么要躲藏呢?让我们的身心一起来感受这春雨带来的清凉吧。于是，我收起伞，走进雨中，细小的雨滴打在身上，一点也不觉得冷，只有一种亲切清新的感觉……12.是只小白鹭。雪绒似的纺棰体身子，比芦花还轻盈，洁美，长长的铁赤的双足，红蜡般直插浅水，高高的雪颈举着长长的坚直而锐润的紫喙，在淡淡清塘的背景上，一幅老僧入定像。蓦然，有了一声嚓的破水声，极轻，极快，便见叼得一尾很细的麦穗小鱼，夸张地仰了脖，啖而入腹。13.叶老师个子不高，脸上总是带着非常有亲和力的微笑，一双炯炯有神的眼睛已经长出了些鱼尾纹，但是我知道，这些都是老师起早贪黑批改作业最好的证明。每当课堂上有同学的发言很精彩的时候，叶老师那张嘴就会不由自主的笑起来。端正的着装精致的五官，年上中年的叶老师仍洋溢着朝气蓬勃的活力。14.我有一个好妈妈。她整天忙里忙外，每件家务都要她来做。清早，妈妈早早的起床，给我准备早餐；还要去开店，中午妈妈从店里赶来，给我做午饭洗碗；晚上，妈妈还要给我洗澡做晚饭……一年天，你为我，为这个家,付出了多少汗水和心血啊！天冷了，妈妈亲手给我做棉衣，真是“慈母手中线，游子身上衣”15.母爱不在于惊天动地的壮举，只深深地浸透在每一份思念，每一份叮咛，甚至是每一道目光中。母亲是儿女远行时的句句叮咛;母爱是雨天里的花纸伞;母爱是慈母的手中线;母爱是游子的身上衣;母爱是对儿女成功的期盼;母爱是过早变白的双鬓。16.春来也，飘柳万绦绿如海。春天，草长莺飞，丝绦拂堤，处处洋溢着和暖的气息，奏响着和谐的旋律，演绎着动人的画面！春来了，三月的物既无声又有声地昭示着，在鸣啭的黄鹂声中，在含苞的迎春花中，在缠绵的春雨丝中，在飘扬的柳丝条中，到处在召唤着春天的来临！徜徉在三月的暖风中，小园徐步，怡然自得，春自已经到来17.春天必然会是这样的，满塘叶黯花残的枯梗抵死若守一截老根，北地里千宅万户的屋梁受尽风欺雪扰犹自温柔地抱着一团小小的空虚的燕巢。然后，忽然有一天，桃花把所有的山村水廓都攻陷了，柳树把皇室的御沟和民间的江头都控制住了。春天有如旌旗鲜明的王师，因长期虔诚的企盼祝祷而美丽起来。18.突然一阵微风吹来，几朵花簌簌的落下来，近看花枝摇动起来，像在对我们招手，远看，又像在朝我们点头。这时一只凤蝶被迷人的景象吸引住了，围着桂花树绕了几圈，又像桂花树下的草地飞去，我低头一看，只见绿油油的草地上，星星点点地点缀着金黄色的花，颜色搭配的十分和谐，像满天的繁星。19.夏日的晴空是灿烂的，天是那样的蓝，日光是那样的强烈，天上地下处于一片耀眼的光明之中。一年中，数夏天的太阳最勤劳，一大早就起身了，清晨五六点钟就已晨光熹微，晚上六七点钟，眼看月亮就要把它排挤掉了，可勤劳的太阳还逗留着，迟迟不“下班”。20.桂花树起着养育桂花的作用。远远望去，真像绿叶的宝塔翠叶的世界，绿色的原野。走近桂花树，看树干上的那些树皮，就像老人的脸一样。桂花枝起到让桂花生长的作用。枝条宽的有厘米，细的只有小拇指那么宽，有的比铅笔还小呢。这些枝条有的直冲云霄，有的斜指前方，还有的垂直下落，真像一位仙子，在翩翩起舞。21.当暴风雨来袭时，林海枝舞叶涌，俯仰起伏，万千树干就是万千根摇曳的琴弦，弹奏出惊心动魄的交响乐；云雾涌来，一切淹没在白茫茫的浪涛之下，变成一片摇摆晃动的海底森林；但当热带雨倾泻过后，太阳重又照耀，亿万叶片上的水珠，闪烁出亿万晶莹的星星，眩人眼目。22.天气总是很晴朗，蔚蓝的天空中一丝云也没有，我常常抬头仰望，觉得老舍笔下草原的天空就是这样的-----天是那么高那么蓝。看着看着，自己的心也觉得开阔起来。偶尔有只小鸟从天空飞过，会让你的的心也会为之一颤，觉得人如果同鸟儿一样快活自由，那有多好。23.这个青年看上去不到二十岁，两弯弯的眉毛下有一双机灵的眼睛，一看就知道是个能干的人。在一只挺标致的鼻子下面，却是一张大嘴，生着两片厚厚的嘴唇。老人位常说：“厚嘴唇的人笨嘴拙舌。”可是他却能话会道，是个健谈的人。24.在百花凋谢之时，难有梅花生机勃勃。迎着漫天飞舞的雪花，傲然挺立在凛冽的寒风中。每次到乡下拜年，走过那纵横交错的乡间小路，总有阵阵清香扑鼻而来，沁人心脾，使人心旷神怡，我一路随着香味去寻找芳香的“源头”，终于在一户人家前找到那可爱无比的花儿，走近一瞧，啊，原来梅花呀，真是“墙角一枝梅，凌寒独自开”啊！25.懦弱说：挫折是成长路上的一片荆棘地，会把人扎的遍体鳞伤。沮丧说：挫折是被击倒后的眩晕，让人丢弃了信心，迷失了前进的方向。站在童年的尾巴上，望着前面未知的路，我害怕了。勇敢说：挫折是荆棘，拿出胆量劈开它，面前会出现更广阔的大道。胜利说：挫折是海中的礁石，不遇见他，永远激不起成功的浪花。26.我喜欢养金鱼，那是很修身养性的，我早早的起床，用馒头喂金鱼，它们在抢食，有时大金鱼会吓唬小金鱼，从而得到食物，小金鱼可遭殃了，不过大金鱼也会让给小金鱼的！那一刻，我很开心，我们的合作取得成功，记忆依然犹新！27.人往往都会有一个梦想，当一个梦想实现，又会有一个新的梦想，当梦想破灭，也会有一个新梦想诞生。梦想总是不断的住进你的内心，在你的内心激励着你前进，鼓励你不能放弃。梦想与现实生活是相差很多的，小时候憧憬梦幻的生活，长大后发现梦想其实很难实现28.因为友谊，我们不再伤心难过；因为友谊，我们不再失落迷茫。因为友谊，我们的慢慢走向成熟的殿堂；因为友谊，我们渐渐迈向成功的境界。因为友谊，我们的生活变得更加绚丽多彩；因为友谊，我们的人生变得更加精彩纷呈。29.俗话说：“狭路相逢勇者胜”，可见，勇气这样的话人们是极为敬重的。人生分两类，一类为无勇气的人，他们遇事退缩，不敢面对困难，逃避它，更别说挑战了，连看都不敢看一眼，一类为有勇气的人，和没有勇气的人相比，他们有着坚强的意志，遇到失败和挫折从不气馁，反而越战越勇，胜利早晚是属于他们的。30.夏天的雨，娇柔妩媚清新脱俗，像一个初恋中的少女，欲说还羞，丝丝点点儿沁人心扉，让我们狂燥炙热的心在她的轻吟低颂中渐渐恢复往日的平静。她狂野热情风姿卓越，像极一个雷厉风行的女性，铿锵有力，点点摄人心魄，伴随着那冷艳的狂舞和震天的呼唤声，引颈高歌着不让须眉的豪情。 31、风是调皮的，一会把那朵悠闲的云赶得满天跑，还不断变化她的面具，一会儿卷起地上的落叶，让她们打着旋舞蹈。32、水是野的，索溪像是一个从深山中蹦跳而出的野孩子，一会儿缠绕着山奔跑，一会儿撅着屁股，赌着气又自个儿闹去了。33、大海是如此的变换末测，平静却又很凶猛，温柔的但又很激烈，像光滑的穿衣镜，像肆虐的猛兽，像母亲的抚慰，像父亲的鞭打。