Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
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不同的文化传统，使得人们价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西方文化差异论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
中西方文化差异对日常交际的影响
【摘要】文化是一种社会现象，同时又是一种历史现象,是人们长期创造形成的产物。中西方文化存在许多差异：整体性和个体性的差异;价值观与道德标准的差异;社会礼仪的差异;社会习俗的差异等。本文分析了文化差异对日常交际的影响。了解这些差异有助于更好地实现跨文化交际，避免出现文化休克。
【关键词】中西方文化;差异;交际;教学
1中西方文化的差异
不同的文化传统，使中西方在思维方式，价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。在中国封建社会历史的过程中，儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的统治地位，对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典，接人待物，举止言谈以谦虚为荣，以虚心为本，反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此，中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征，这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。
西方国家价值观的形成至少可以追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义，宣扬个人主义至上，竭力发展自己表现自我。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事，有才能的强者得到重用，缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此，西方文化体现出个体文化特征，这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。
文化的不同带来价值观念的不同。如old一词，中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念，如老祖宗，老爷爷，老先生,老张，老王等等。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时，年龄越大，资格越老，也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来，长者不仅是智慧的化身，也是威望的象征。然而，西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来，“old”是“不中用”的代名词，是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老，更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中，他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士，更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄，也要别人猜测其年龄，而此时，他们的真正目的是期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小，是多么年轻。又如，中西方两种文化在某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如：ambition一词，本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义，表示“野心勃勃”，而英美人则取其褒义，表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词，中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”，而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进，有开拓精神”。
2跨文化交际的重要性
由于各种各样的原因，导致了中西方有如此多的文化差异，而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。社会的发展将各个不同的国家纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。例如，一个企业如果想让自己的产品畅销国际市场，不仅需要优质的产品质量，而且需要深入了解不同国家的文化，使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如，在中国，“龙(dragon)”是我们的精神图腾，是吉祥和权力的象征，中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪，然而在西方人眼中，对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感，甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解，将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场，试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲?能否给企业创造高效益。所以，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为面临的问题。在英语教学中在重视语言能力的教学的同时，特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力，将语言的文化差异在英语教学中作为一个重要问题对待。
3日常交际中应注意的问题
中西方的文化差异在日常交际中体现在很多方面，在英语学习中应充分地了解这些差异。
3.1日常问候
中国人日常打招呼习惯于问：“你吃饭了吗?”，如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们会产生误解，认为你是想请他们吃。，英语国家人打招呼通常以天气，健康状况，交通，体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。又如，中国人见到熟人习惯问：“去哪里?”，如果对西方人也这样问候，他们可能会很不高兴地回答：“不关你的事。”西方人问候时常说:”Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”,”How are you doing?”，熟人间也可以说：“Hello”或“Hi”.
3.2日常称呼
汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”;对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“UncleTom”，对方听了会觉得非常奇怪。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓。又如中国学生经常把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业;而中国人有尊师的传统，“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊重，西方人听起来却感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.,Miss,Mrs.Ms等。
3.3感谢
一般来说，我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。
3.4请客
在请客吃饭时，主人会问是否要再吃点或喝点什么时，我们通常习惯于先客气一番，回答：“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。如果与西方人交往时也这样说，对方就不会坚持再劝你，很可能你都吃不饱。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声“Yes,please.”若不想要，只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人交往中的含蓄和西方人直率的不同。
3.5隐私
中国人初次见面经常问及年龄，婚姻，收入，表示关心，而英语国家却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私，因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心时，经常问“你在干什么?”，在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问，监视别人的话语而使人很不高兴。
3.6节日及接受礼物
中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日外，双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有春节﹑元宵节和端午节等，英语国家有情人节﹑复活节﹑愚人节﹑感恩节﹑圣诞节等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不
相同。在节日里，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人往往要推辞一番，表现得无可奈何地接受，接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。
4结语
在英语教学中，文化知识的教学方法是多种多样的，教师应该采用不同的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性，培养文化意识，例如：加强中西方文化差异的比较，将中西文化在称呼，招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异渗透到教学中。总之，中西方的文化存在着很多差异，在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学，而必须加强语言的文化导入，重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样，才能在日常生活中不仅能说出正确的英语句子，而且知道面对西方人的时候应该说什么，避免出现交际中的尴尬。
【参考文献】
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论从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异
[论文摘要]从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异，旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时，要采用一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。
[论文关键词]餐桌礼仪
易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群体意识”，的思想内核则是“个体意识”。所以西方人即使请客吃饭，也是各点各的菜、各喝各的酒，以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志，必须服从群体的共同意志。其目的既然意在人情，意在血缘，则其方式礼仪，自然也就以和为贵了，因此中国人爱聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中，面对陌生文化，因思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式不同，交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单的比较，以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。
一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异
筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为：东西方出现进食工具筷子和刀叉的不同，和有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木，南方多竹，祖先就地取材，竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究，刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧的生活习惯有关，他们马上生活随身带刀，往往将肉烧熟，割下来就吃。大约15世纪前后，为了改进进餐的姿势，欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子，不仅带来了进食习惯的差异，还影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为，刀叉必然带来分食制，而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃，由此衍生出西方人讲究独立，子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元，从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法)，更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然，绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中，这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛，被认为是不吉利的)。在使用刀叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时，应将刀叉放在盘上才合乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好，尤其带汤汁的餐品，要一小块的逐一切食等等。
二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异
中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上，两边为偏座。请客时，年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人请客用长桌，男女主人分坐两端，然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位，即男女穿插安排，以女主人的座位为准，主宾坐在女主人的右上方，主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上方，讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士，都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国，左为尊，右为次;上为尊，下为次;中为尊，偏为次。而在西方，右为尊，左为次。
笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪：最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上，不可跷足。不可在进餐时中途退席(如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼)。用餐时，坐姿端正，背挺直，脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺胸着吃，在把面前的食物送进口中时，要以食物就口，而非弯下腰以口去就食物。
三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异
中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异，中国餐桌上动，西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐，排场之大，气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不绝，相互让菜，劝酒，尽情的享受山珍海味，美味佳肴。这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳，餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声，如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后再吃，不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客人交谈，但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识，可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话，即使有人同你讲话，也要等咽下食物后再回答。
四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异
中国人请客吃饭时，摆在桌上的菜花样繁多，至少有七、八道菜，如果是盛宴，主菜会更多，越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好菜招待大家”、“菜做得不好，多吃一点” “多多包涵”、 “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴一般四至五道菜，份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里，最好是吃完所有的菜，这样女主人会很高兴，认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席，主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理，很容易得出：中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观，在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人不议论令人作呕之事，会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代toilet，如：“Where can I wash my hand?”、“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”、“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外，在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗?”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗?”容易使人莫名其妙，甚至会出现误会。如在英国，你若问人吃饭没有，其含义是你有意请对方吃饭;这对于未婚男女，则表明你有意约会对方。
五、结语
世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、、价值观作为标准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化;同时，又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化，而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。
参考文献：
[1]易中天，《餐桌上的文化》，《文汇报.笔会》.
[2]林大津，《跨文化交际研究》，福建人民出版社，1996.10：92-127.
[3]李天民，《现代国际礼仪知识》，世界知识出版社出版，2003.12：109.
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
(一)红色在中国文化中更多地象征吉祥、兴旺等积极意义,而在英语文化中则更多地侧重于暴力、血腥等负面意义(二)红色在中国具有浓厚的政 治色彩,而在西方其政 治意义则相对比较淡薄(三)特定文化背景的不同导致红色引申意义的不同由于东西方文化发展历程的不同,导致在某些特定背景中形成的具有特定内涵的情况。
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
1、什么是红色旅游
关于红色旅游的内涵， 有侠义和广义之分。侠义上的红色旅游， 主要指和我国革命事业相关的旅游， 而广义的红色旅游则是和全世界革命事业相关的旅游活动。
2、国内红色旅游综述
2.1 红色旅游资源开发研究
这方面的研究所占比例较大。一方面是因为需求量大。越来越的旅行者愿意进行红色旅游， 因此这方面的需求就很大。另一方面， 我国红色旅游资源的开发相对滞后一些。基于这两方面的原因， 红色旅游资源开发方面的研究占的比例就很大。
2.2 红色旅游翻译问题研究
这方面的研究所占比例也较大， 特别是随着“一带一路”倡议的推进和中国文化“走出去”战略的发展， 研究红色旅游资源翻译的人员越来越多。这方面的研究集中在以下几个方面：红色旅游资源翻译现状调查、红色旅游资源翻译错误分析、红色旅游资源翻译策略及方法研究等等。
2.3 红色旅游开发与扶贫结合问题研究
这方面的研究很有价值。这是当前的两个热点问题， 也是很有价值的两个问题。一些红色老区存在着经济发展缓慢的问题， 如果能够将红色旅游开发与扶贫结合起来， 就是一项非常有价值的事业。
3、国外红色旅游研究综述
红色旅游这一概念是我国独创的， 那么， 国外是否存在红色旅游呢?研究者的观点不尽相同。如果红色旅游专指和我国革命历史相关的旅游， 那国外自然不存在红色旅游。如果红色旅游指弘扬爱国主义、培育民族精神相关的旅游， 那国外也存在广义上的红色旅游。
4、目前研究现状的不足
虽然我国红色旅游研究轰轰烈烈地开展起来了， 但是仔细研究可以发现也还存在一些不足。
(1) 宽度不足。
红色旅游涉及方方面面的东西， 因此， 红色旅游的研究宽度应当非常大。但是， 目前的情况是很多方面尚未涉及到， 例如红色旅游的旅游者需求调查、市场规范性、红色旅游文本的撰写等等。
(2) 深度不足。
红色旅游应当加强深度研究， 例如翻译问题， 应当进行深度调研、系统研究翻译策略及方法等。
(3) 联动不足。
我们仔细进行了研究， 发现红色旅游的研究基本上是一个专业的人士合作的多， 不同专业联合研究的少。只有不同专业的人员联动才能形成合力， 取得丰富的成果。
(4) 形式单一。
就成果形式而言， 目前集中在论文上。其他方面， 如专着、研究报告等有所不足。
以上就是环球青藤小编关于国内国外红色旅游研究综述的相关分享，希望对大家有所帮助，想要了解更多相关内容，也欢迎大家及时在本平台查看!
在写之前、或者说是查找相关文献之前，你需要明确这样几个问题：
(1)研究所属的领域或者其他领域，这个问题已经知道多少;
(2)已完成的研究有哪些;
(3)以往的建议与对策是否成功;
(4)有没有建议新的研究方向和议题。
因此文献综述部分，是有一个内在逻辑的。你需要遵循以下步骤：
1、了解前人已经提出的问题
通过对研究课题的相关文献进行阅读，了解前人在研究课题方面提出了哪些问题。一般地，对于任何研究主题，都或多或少有前人涉及过，都会提出若干观点，为论文写作或者研究提供启发。
2、明确前人解决了哪些问题
了解前人解决了什么?解决到什么程度?这是文献综述所要解决的第二大议题。
3、那些问题是如何解决的
在进行文献研究时，也可以注意前人解决问题的思路。通过研究前人解决问题的方法能够对研究者产生借鉴启发作用。作为硕士研究者，可以尝试在相同的背景下模仿其研究方法，常用来解决问题的方法有案例研究、规范研究、实证研究、演绎推理等。
4、还有哪些问题没有解决(这个部分就可以表现出你这篇文章的研究意义)
通过文献综述的研究，找出前人还没有解决的问题，这是文献研究时需要得出的一个重要问题，找到某一研究主题前人尚未研究的方面和内容，作为论文研究的依据。同时结合前人的研究思路，构思怎样进行研究。
5、探讨怎么解决这些问题(这个部分就需要简要说明你接下来的研究工作)
当然，在写国内外研究现状的时候你不需要长篇大论，或者把关注的学科写成一篇非常全面的历史纪录。这时候你需要做的工作就是将前人的研究进行排除筛选。
以上内容就是青藤小编关于国内外研究现状怎么写的相关分享，希望对小伙伴们有所帮助，想要了解更多毕业论文相关内容，欢迎大家及时在本平台进行查看哦!
首先确定的研究方向，也就是毕业题目。 其次要写好“国内外发展现状、研究动态”要查阅大量的文献，可以在中国知网等网站上检索与研究方向相关的文献，一般学校网路上都能检索，同时可去图书馆查询有没有相关的书籍，如果英语好的话可以去上外国专业的资料库搜寻，例如美国Wiley InterScience等，如果大学上过文献检索课程，可以轻松检索到需要的文章； 最后阅读文献摘要，简述该研究物件国内外的发展过程、最新的成果、正在研究的方向等。
汗。。。这位老兄，跟论文有关的问题，100分都不嫌多。 这种吃力不讨好的事情，我觉得不会有人做的。。。
freckle(站内联络TA)瞎弄弄就行了linajun(站内联络TA)开题报告中国内外进展部分也就是交代你课题的研究背景，当然是介绍你所做课题相关的东西啦，你研究的哪一类材料，用的什么方法，这些方面现在国内外的研究现状是什么样的，还存在哪些问题，综述了这些之后才能体现出你所研究的课题的重要性、必要性和可行性，还有创新性！建议看一看你的师兄师姐们的学位论文的第一章文献综述（绪论）部分！
《林业公司资讯化建设研究》的开题报告 开题报告： :wsdxs.lunwenzhidao/kaitibaogao
500字左右，主要写你看过的文献上的资料
毕业论文指之 “国内外研究现状”的撰写 一、 写国内外研究现状的意义 通过写国内外研究现状，考察学生对自己课题目前研究范围和深度的理解与把握，间接考察学生是否阅读了一定的参考文献。这不仅是毕业论文 撰写不可缺少的组成部分，而而且是为了让学生了解相关领域理论研究前沿，从而开拓思路，在他人成果的基础上展开更加深入的研究，避免不必要的重复劳动或避免研究重复。 二、 国内外研究现状写法 在撰写之前，要先把从网路上和图书馆收集和阅读过的与所写毕业论文选题有关的专著和论文中的主要观点归类整理，找出课题的研究开始、发展和现在研究的主要方向，并从中选择最具有代表性的作者。 1. 在写毕业论文时，简写课题的研究开始、发展和现在研究的主要方向， 最重要的是对一些现行的研究主要观点进行概要阐述，并指明具有代表 性的作者和其发表观点的年份。 2. 再者简单撰写国内外研究现状评述研究的不足之处，可分技术不足和研究不足。即还有哪方面没有涉及，是否有研究空白；或者研究不深入； 还有哪些理论或技术问题没有解决；或者在研究方法上还有什么缺陷等等。 3. 最后简略介绍发展趋势。 三、 写国内外研究现状应注意的问题 1.注意写的是把研究现状，而不是写课题物本身现状，重要体现研究。例如，写演算法的视觉化研究现状，应该写有哪些专著或论文、哪位作者、有什么观点等；而不是大量演算法的视觉化研究何时产生、有哪些交易品种、如何演变，此只需一笔带过，也是对研究的一种把握。 2.要写最新研究成果和历史意义重大的研究成功，主要写最新成果。 3．不要写得太少或写的太多。如果写的少，说明你查阅的材料少；如果太多则说明你没有归纳，只是机械的罗列。一般2-3 页A4 纸即可。 4.如果没有与毕业论文选题直接相关的文献，就选择一些与毕业论文选题比较靠近的内容来写。多从网路上找资料，学习和练习。
werwer 根据我搜集的一些网站来看，建议看看这个，要做毕业论文以及毕业设计的，推荐一个网站 :lw54. ，里面的毕业设计什么的全是优秀的，因为精挑细选的，网上很少有，都是相当不错的毕业论文和毕业设计，对毕业论文的写作有很大的参考价值，希望对你有所帮助。 别的相关范文很多的，推荐一些比较好的范文写作网站，希望对你有帮助，这些精选的范文网站，里面有大量的范文，也有各种文章写作方法，注意事项，应该有适合你的，自己动手找一下，可不要照搬啊，参考一下，用自己的语言写出来那才是自己的。 如果你不是校园网的话，请在下面的网站找： 毕业论文网： :wsdxs. 分类很细 栏目很多 毕业论文： :lw54. 毕业设计： :wsdxs.sf/lw/2009/0928/146347. 开题报告： :wsdxs.lunwenzhidao/kaitibaogao 实习论文： :wsdxs.shixi 写作指导： :wsdxs.lunwenzhidao 希望采纳
:doc88./tag/国内外快递业发展现状这是网址，有很多文章，自己筛选整理成一片文章就行了，这个应该就是自己写的了。不会有人跟你一样
论中国传统文化的当代价值论文摘要：中华文化源远流长，代代相传。“和为贵”的“和合”思想正是其中最具生命力的重要组成部分，它是几千年中国社会发展的思想动力，也是今天中国提出构建“和谐世界”理念的思想源泉。“仁”的思想是当代重要的价值观。是重要的道德标准。 近年来，国内外对中国传统文化的研究和传播，从最初的学习普及转为对“中国道路”的思：索。我们要深入探究这一现象背后的根源，探讨中国传统文化与中国特色社会主义道路之间的关系，使中国特色社会主义道路与中国传统文化的基本精神血脉相连，也使我们的优秀传统文化更富有生机和活力。 关键词：中国传统文化当代价值 和合 仁文化是人类精神活动和实际活动的方式及其物质与精神成果的总和。由于人们生活实践的复杂多样，文化也相应地具有不同的内容、形式和层次。作为世界四大文明古国之一，早在数千年以前，中国就以独具特色的黄河文化而闻名。其后，经过炎黄子孙长期的创造和积淀，中华文化愈丰富多姿、博大精深，其成就、其影响，举世罕见。 中国国土辽阔、地大物博，自周秦以来除个别分裂割据时期外，在大部分时间内保持着统一的多民族的国家这一政治机构。因而，在中华传统文化这一体系之中，既有源自黄河流域的华夏文明作为主体，也有多样的少数民族文化作为补充，相得益彰。在许多方面，中华民族的祖先曾非常勇敢地、毫不犹豫地吸收外来文化因素，并加以改造，不断丰富中华文化的内涵。独特的地理造就了独特的中华文化，也就对中国的发展和人文历史产生了不同的影响。一方水土养一方人，不仅养育人的肉体，更滋养人的精神和灵魂。中国的传统文化是地理因素，人文因素的综合结果。中国传统文化讲求修身、齐家、治国、平天下，特别注重道德修养。其中心环节是修身，齐家、治国、平天下是修身的必然结果。修身是立身之道，也是立国之道，主张通过自身的修养和学习，成为高尚的人，有理想的人，其最高目标和终极价值是实现人与群体，个体与社会的统一及协调发展。孔子的儒家学说，确定以“仁”为核心，以“义”为价值准绳，以“礼”为行为规范的道德模式，把个人的道德修养和价值实现定位在对他人、对群体、对社会的关爱和奉献上。这一传统的积极意义在于造就了无数个像范仲淹那样“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”的志士仁人，对中华民族的历史产生了极为深远的影响。这些优秀道德规范在建设和谐文化过程中，仍具有重要的借鉴意义。中国的传统用文化包括好多的方面，以下介绍几个方面。首先介绍的是仁的思想，仁的思想是有古代的大教育加大思想家孔子提出的。使其思想的核心，他的思想虽然在当时没有受到多大的重视，但在今天看来，对我们的社会生活和各个方面都长生了不可估量的影响。“仁者，爱人”，儒家思想首先强调家庭内部的和睦有序，强调家庭内部的父子兄弟的有序关系，这有其封建的等级思想，但也有尊老爱幼的含义，有利于维护家庭的稳定，而家庭是社会的基本细胞，家庭的稳定有利于社会的稳定。儒家思想还把家庭内部的感情交流推广到整个社会的人际交往，强调人与人之间的互相尊重与爱护。“己所不欲，勿施与人，”在社会交往中，儒家思想强调换位思考，从别人的立场为对方考虑，这是人际交往的理想境界，是我们形成良好社会道德风尚的要求“克己复礼为仁” 孔子的“仁”与“礼”是紧密联系的。“礼”是指统治制度，包括各种社会制度和社会规范。“克己复礼”就是要求人抑制私心欲念，遵守社会制度秩序，要求人们“非礼勿视，非礼勿听,非礼勿言非礼勿动“。历史的发展，社会的进步，有些特性是发生了巨大的改变，也会出现一些以前社会所没有的特性。但是，无论社会是怎么发展，有些东西在人的内心是永恒的，历史的思想我们可以按照当今的时代背景重新加以解释，它也能发挥时代的光芒。在当代中国孔子的仁学思想从自觉地实现个人价值体系和主流社会意识，已经转变唯一是和文化心理习惯的形式。仁学的思想能够在解决现代人的信仰失衡，建立理想人格世界方面发挥不可代替的作用，并成为世界多元文化和文明的一个重要的组成部分。在客观上促进了现代企业管理向人性化方向的人本管理的发展。可以这样说，孔子所构想的大同社会的政治理想，在今天民主与宪政的社会里已经在一定程度上成为现实，在现阶段中国社会政治发展阶段中对孔子仁的思想采取取其精华去其糟粕的态度，可以加速中国现代化的进程，促进人文精神的发展。其次介绍的是中国传统文化中的“和”思想。中国古代思想提倡“天人合一”，即人要与自然界和谐相处，在尊重与保护自然中谋生存，求发展。 “和合”思想是中国古代先哲们对自然界、人类社会各种现象的本质的概括。它承认事物的差异性，如阴阳、天人等，但同时又把具有差异性的事物有机地结合为一体，如阴阳和合、天人合一等；它并不否认矛盾和冲突的存在，但主张防止过度的矛盾和冲突破坏不同事物相互依存、共同存在的环境基础。 秦汉以后，“和合”思想被普遍应用，渗透于各个时代各家各派的思想之中，逐渐成为中国思想文化中被普遍接受和认同的人文精神。 “和合”思想对中国历代封建王朝的外交哲学和对外交往方式也产生了重要影响。在现代“和合”思想仍具有重要的影响。和合”思想强调不同文化之间的相互交往、吸收、融合，对推进人类文明的发展起了至关重要的作用。在全球化加速发展的今天，在不同民族和地域的文化特点与差异依然存在的情况下，减少摩擦、增加共识，发扬“和为贵”、“和而不同”的思想显得更为重要。为此，继承和发扬优秀传统文化的共存、共生、共赢的“和合”思想，坚持走和平发展的道路，是发扬中国传统文化的根本。 中国在融入世界的过程中，领悟了传统文化“和为贵”、“和而不同”的启示，中国所倡导的“和谐世界”理念，必将推动全球多元文化的共同发展，成为引领国际关系发展的新潮流。中华文明自上古诞生之日起，就如一条川流不息的河流，绵延至今。共同的心理特征，文化特质是在广阔而漫长的历史舞台上形成的，并且已经在中华民族深深扎根，不可替代，不可更改。任何外来文化只是对我们的民族精神的丰富和补充。我们挖掘、整理传统文化，继承有价值的东西，就是要充分认识，全面考察传统文化，就是要高度重视传统文化的不可替代的作用，充分认识传统文化对创建社会主义文化的历史基础性作用，这对我们找到历史坐标，找准历史方位，具有重要的现实意义。切实发挥优秀传统文化在提高道德修养、培养道德规范方面的重要作用。弘扬优秀传统文化中蕴含的中华民族精神，形成以爱国主义为核心的民族精神。民族精神是一个民族在长期的共同生产生活和共同的社会实践基础上形成和发展的，为民族大多数成员所认同和接受的思想品格、价值取向和道德规范，是一个民族的支柱和灵魂，它对于塑造民族的品格和风貌，对于民族凝聚力、向心力的增强，作用之大不可估量。而传统文化正是民族精神的重要载体，所以我们进行民族精神教育时，离不开传统文化教育。建设社会主义精神文明首先是要弘扬爱国主义，这是民族魂。诸如“天下为公”、“世界大同”的理想精神，各族一家、协和万邦的宽容精神，忧国忧民、献身祖国的爱国精神等等。在市场经济的负效应冲击精神文明建设的今天，这些民族精神的精华，必须通过认真的梳理、挖掘，形成社会主义核心价值体系，激发人们的民族自尊心、自信心和建设社会主义现代化国家的热情，“使全社会的文化创造活力充分释放、文化创新成果不断涌现，使当代中华文化更加多姿多彩、更具吸引力和感染力。
我先表明态度，我不太赞同替你写这篇文章。但是可以做大框架的指导。不是因为我清高，只是你还是需要联系的。不要怕写不好，谁都走过这一阶段。慢慢来，才会有收获。建议文章分三部分，即平常所讲的三段论（正-反-合）。第一部分简介外来文化对中国传统文化的影响都表现在哪些方面。第二部分可着重分析这些影响的利与弊。第三部分则应该谈谈我们应当如何看待这些利与弊，归纳现实可行的应对措施。其中，第三部分是全文切题之处，需要认真思考后予以总结。第一二部分则需要你下点功夫，做些知识梳理，已奠定全文升华的知识基础。即使是应付差事，也要认真面对，别让别人把你看扁了。做人，跟自己留几分底气，挺直了腰，不要气馁灰心啊！祝你成功！
要防止外来文化渗透中国人的思想里,使我们忘记自己的文化,又称作文化危机，还要写要善于吸收外国优秀文化、取之精华，弃其糟粕。呵呵…我马上要上高中了。
在哪找论文中国外研究状况
1、看中文相关专著和文章都引用了哪些资料，再到外网找这些学者的研究现状。
2、如没有中文专著或者数量有限，就根据你研究的题目，在国外相关学科的杂志上搜索关键词，会找到介绍该题目或相关问题的研究综述，这种外文杂志大学图书馆里有。
3、你应该知道你这个题目外国有哪个人研究吧，只要知道一个，就在外网上搜索他的专著和文章，特别是文章，一定会引用其它研究者的情况，以此类推，就会了解更详细的研究现状。
4、最直接的方式：问自己导师有哪位外国学者研究该题目。
中国知网、elsevier和Springer等专业外文期刊网站查找。
1、如果需要中文的国外研究现状，直接去中国知网找中文综述类文章和硕博论文的第一章综述部分，就可以查到。
2、如果需要英文的国外研究现状，可以去elsevier和Springer等专业外文期刊网站查取外文文献获取。
3、在百度上搜索中国知网，选择并打开，打开之后，选择所要研究的方向以及关键字，进行搜索。例如：以“教育”为关键字进行搜索，选择一篇论文，通常情况下，硕博论文中研究现状比较全面。
4、打开论文标题链接，选择阅读模式为“在线阅读”，有权限的可以直接进行下载，找到第一章中的“研究现状”，之后就可以进行简单的引用了。
国外研究现状不是靠查找就可以直接找到的，是需要找到自己研究领域的相关论文，然后通过分析这些国外研究该领域的论文，然后逐一分析，才能够分析出国外的研究现状。
你好，我刚写完硕士论文，是这样，你可以找一些和你选题相关的书籍看一下，到图书馆或是书店，然后认真阅读，最关键是他后面的参考文献，你一定要留心注意，他可以用到的，你也许也会用到。祝你成功，希望对你有帮助！
中国知网、elsevier和Springer等专业外文期刊网站查找。
1、如果需要中文的国外研究现状，直接去中国知网找中文综述类文章和硕博论文的第一章综述部分，就可以查到。
2、如果需要英文的国外研究现状，可以去elsevier和Springer等专业外文期刊网站查取外文文献获取。
国外研究现状查找办法如下：
1、在百度上搜索中国知网，选择并打开。
2、打开之后，选择所要研究的方向以及关键字，进行搜索。例如：以“教育”为关键字进行搜索。
3、 选择一篇论文，通常情况下，硕博论文中研究现状比较全面。
4、打开论文标题链接，选择阅读模式为“在线阅读”，有权限的可以直接进行下载。
5、找到第一章中的“研究现状”，之后就可以进行简单的引用了。