力学是力与运动的科学，它既是一门基础科学， 又是一门应用众多且广泛的科学。下文是我为大家整理的关于物理学力学论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
浅析物理力学的产生及其发展
摘 要：物理力学主要是研究宏观力学的微观理论学科。研究物理力学的主要目的是通过理解微观粒子性质的相互作用，找出介质的力学性质计算方法，进而使解决力学问题建立在微观分析的基础上。本文主要探讨了物理力学的产生和发展，为有关物理力学问题的解决提供理论基础。
关键词：物理力学;产生;发展
一、物理力学发展需要解决的问题分析
在物理力学的发展过程中，我们需要解决两方面的问题，一个是关于物性的问题，另一个是有关运动规律的问题。物理力学主要通过物性及其运动规律这两个方面的微观化而成为解决问题、建立微观分析的基础。关于物性的参数主要表现为运动方程组中的系数，例如弹性系数、热导率、粘性系数、声速、比热等。为了求解运动的方程组，需要知道它们相关的数值。
在传统力学中，物性参数的数值是需要试验测定的。而在我们研究的物理力学中，是通过微观的分析以及对宏观数据分析相结合的方法计算参数的数值。我们研究物理力学，不仅是为了能够找出物质性质的微观规律，而且还需要找能够预见新物质性质的方法。
针对物理力学发展中的相关问题，先了解一下有关激波结构问题的例子。物态在激波前后会有很大的变化，在波阵面一定的厚度之内，物质是处在远离平衡的状态的。这时，对于宏观物态的参数已经不适用了。因此，我们需要从分子运用的这一个角度进行描述。像从波尔兹曼方程的角度出发，进而直接进行求解。
在上世纪60年代，一对无内部自由度的影响激波结构的问题得到了进一步发展。其发展主要得力于计算机技术的发展，从而能够使波尔兹曼方程进而得到模型数学方程，求精确解。另外，还能够实现激波管与稀薄气体风洞在较高区域的分辨率的相关方面的测量。虽然对于这些问题的处理都是初步的，但是从物理力学微观运动规律上看，确是一个非常大的进步。
还有一个相似的例子就是对爆震波反应区结构方面的研究。对于这方面的研究是比激波结构更加复杂的，解决问题的困难在于理论的复杂性，也有实验经验的不足等原因。分子气体的动力激光器中非平衡流方面的问题，主要是因为分子内部自由度性质在不断膨胀的气流中产生的自身不平衡现象。在这种迅速膨胀的气流中，分子振动的自由度两方面是不平衡的，不能够采用统一的温度对其进行描述。因此，这也是一个远离平衡的问题。
二、新技术不断推动物理力学的发展
物理力学的产生及其发展即是力学学科发展的重要趋势，也是促进现代工程技术发展的重要手段。自上世纪40年代至今，由于尖端的技术以及基础科学的不断发展与进步，力学面临着大量的超高温和超高压等特殊条件下的问题。我国著名的力学家钱学森在上世纪50年代初提出应该建立物理力学这门学科，其真知灼见把握了力学发展的大趋势，并且预见了今后突飞猛进的结果。
人类社会科学技术的不断发展，给物理力学的研究提供了更多的条件。纵观近五十年间的物理力学的发展，值得一提的是液体理论的重大进步。1972年，麦克唐纳等人计算出等压线结果和多种液体实测数据等，促进了对液体理论的研究。1997年，威尔逊提出了采用重正化群理论解决临界现象，取得了重大的进展。近20年来，对于耗散结构理论是非平衡系统的研究也取得了突破性的进展。上世纪50年代之后，原子分子物理学才重新被重视，尤其是计算机的不断应用大大地促进了这门学科的发展。其他的像分子束技术、光散射技术、中子衍射技术等都成为了研究固体以及液体微观结构的有效手段。另外，高压技术能够产生千万大气压以上的高压条件，高倍电子显微镜能够用来观测原子尺的现象等。新技术以及新发明都为进一步研究物理力学提供了有利的条件。
本文对物理力学的产生及其发展进行了相关的探讨。通过本文的研究，我们了解到，在对物理力学进行研究时，我们应该明确物理力学研究的目的，还应该充分采用新技术、新发明，将其不断应用到研究中。只要我们不断探索和实践，一定能够进一步促进物理力学的发展。
参考文献：
[1]范继美.理论力学与普通物理力学的关系[J].云南师范大学学报(自然科学版)，2009，(02).
[2]钱学森.从原子分子物理出发，经由物理力学的思路和方法搞发明创造[J].原子与分子物理学报，2007，(02).
[3]干洪.力学学科的发展现状与21世纪展望[J].安徽建筑工业学院学报(自然科学版)，2001，(02)。
[4]陈卫平.现代力学发展趋势及研究课题[J].台州师专学报，2007，(06).
浅析力学在机械中的应用
[摘 要]力学是力与运动的科学，它既是一门基础科学， 又是一门应用众多且广泛的科学。本文立足于力学，简要论述了力学的内涵及其发展历程，并对力学在机械中的应用进行了较为深入的探讨与分析。
[关键词]力学 弹性力学 断裂力学 工程力学 机械
力学是力与运动的科学，它的研究对象主要是物质的宏观机械运动，它既是一门基础科学，又是一门应用众多且广泛的科学。力学与天文学和微积分学几乎同时诞生，在经典物理的发展中起关键作用，推动了地球科学的发展进步，如大气物理、海洋科学等，同时力学也在机械中起着越来越重要的作用，且应用广泛。
一、力学
力学是一门独立的基础学科，主要研究能量和力以及它们与固体、液体及气体的平衡、变形或运动的关系，可粗分为静力学、运动学和动力学三部分。
力学的发展历史悠久，古希腊时代力学附属于自然哲学，后来成为物理学的一个大分支，1687年，牛顿三大定律的提出标志着力学作为一门独立的学科开始形成。此后，随着资本主义生产的发展，到18世纪末，以动力学和运动学为主要特征的经典力学日益完善。19世纪，大机器生产促进了力学在工程技术和应用方面的发展，推动了结构力学、弹性固体力学和流体力学等主要分支的建立。19世纪末，力学已是一门相当发展并自成体系的独立学科。
二、力学在机械中的应用
力学在机械中的应用广泛，其典型应用主要有以下几种：
1.弹性力学在机械设计中的应用
弹性力学也称弹性理论，是固体力学的重要分支，主要研究弹性体在外力作用或温度变化等外界因素下所产生的应力、应变和位移，从而解决结构或机械设计中所提出的强度和刚度问题。机械运动当中，许多机械运转速度较高、承载很大，机械的弹性变形对系统的影响不容忽视，必须将机械系统按弹性系统进行分析和设计。由此可见，弹性力学在机械设计中应用广泛。一般情况下，弹性力学在凸轮机构设计、齿轮机构设计、轴设计中应用较为广泛。
齿轮机构在设计时运用了弹性力学的知识，渐开线作为齿廓曲线存在诸多优点，但用弹性力学知识加以分析便可得出它存在的一些固有缺陷，即当两齿轮啮合传动时，根据弹性力学中的赫兹公式分析可得，在其它条件相同的情况下，要想降低两齿轮在接触处的最大接触力，就必须增大两轮齿廓在接触点处的综合曲率半径，对于渐开线齿轮传动来说，由于要增大两轮齿廓在接触点处的综合曲率半径，就需要增大齿轮机构的尺寸，而两轮齿廓在接触点处的综合曲率半径增大的范围是有限的，所以难以进一步达到齿轮机构尺寸小、而承载能力大幅度提高的目的。同时，弹性力学在轴设计中也有众多应用。为避免共振现象，对高转速的轴，如汽轮机主轴、发动机曲轴等设计时振动计算尤其重要，此时必须运用弹性力学知识。
2.断裂力学在机械工程中的应用
断裂力学，是固体力学的一门新分支，主要研究含裂纹构件的强度与寿命，是结构损伤容限设计的理论基础。断裂力学主要可分为线弹性断裂力学与弹塑性断裂力学两大类，前者适用于裂纹尖端附近小范围屈服的情况;而后者适用于裂纹尖端附近大范围屈服的情况。断裂力学发展迅速，在机械工程中应用广泛，并占据重要地位。断裂力学在机械工程中的有效应用，不仅可以提高机械的性能与功效，更能防止工程设备发生灾难性的断裂事故，以确保机械、设备的安全可靠与良好运行。
首先，我国在采用断裂力学方法制订结构缺陷评定标准及安全设计规范方面已取得了较好的成绩，如压力容器、小型但用量大的液化石油气钢瓶及汽轮一发电机组等。
其次，概率断裂力学在可靠性设计中应用较多。概率断裂力学在可靠性设计中的广泛应用推动了可靠性设计的快速发展。运用参量的分布及安全余度来反映常规设计中不能准确反映的客观实际和常规设计安全评定中用安全系数不能准确反映的真实安全性。由于安全余度考虑了应力和强度的二阶矩，较好地反映了结构可靠度的实质，既考虑了变异特性又考虑了平均值，因而与失效分布有较直接的关系，使安全设计更可靠。国外已较完整地应用于飞机结构，如概率损伤容限分析、飞机结构可靠性和事故分析、飞机结构的耐久性分析等方面。我国在这方面开展的典型性研究则是海洋石油平台导管架焊接管节点的疲劳强度分析。
再者，可用断裂力学方法进行机械产品的失效分析。失效分析是指事故或故障发生后所进行的检侧和分析，目的在于找到失效的部位、失效原因和机理，从而掌握产品应当改进的方向及修复的方法，防止同类问题再次发生，以推进技术不断前进。因此，失效分析技术受到了社会各界的重视。断裂力学在机械产品失效分析中具有着重要作用。机械产品的主要失效模式有： 断裂、蠕变、疲劳、腐蚀、磨损及热损伤等，它们都可以借助断裂力学方法及断裂分析技术予以解决，断裂力学方法是失效分析的有力工具。
最后，运用断裂力学可以指导改进工艺及合理选材，如模具、焊接工艺等方面，可以减少工人的劳动量。
3.工程力学在机械修理中的应用
工程力学涉及众多的力学学科分支与广泛的工程技术领域，是一门理论性较强、与工程技术联系极为密切的技术基础学科，工程力学的定理、定律和结论广泛应用于各行各业的工程技术中，是解决工程实际问题的重要基础。处理机械工程出现的大量破坏问题，绝大多数是根据力学方面的知识作出判断和分析的。例如，汽车修理中汽车零部件的破坏分析与修理也是如此，其中，判断汽车半轴套管断裂的原因与确定修复方案等，全部流程无一不体现着工程力学知识在汽修中的应用。
三、结语
当今社会，科学技术迅猛发展，作为一门基础学科，力学也一定会得到进一步的发展与进步，且在机械中获得更广更深的应用。
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[3]侯岩滨.弹性力学在机械设计中的应用[J].辽宁师专学报，2005，(1).
[4]吴清可，刘元杰，张毓槐.断裂力学在机械工程中的应用[J].机械强度，1988，(6).
建立真诚、融洽的的师生感情，学生一旦对所学学科产生兴趣。例如，在学习《空气的“力量”》这一节时、又有趣、 充分利用日常生活例子。三，调动学生的学习积极性，从而更好地投入到学习中。（三）运用有趣的物理现象和物理学家的故事、需要帮助。要善于发现学生身上的优缺点，对于优等生要及时指出其缺点，以便他们能够明确自己努力的方向。对于中等生和差等生，要尽量在指出优点的同时指出不足，尤其是要善于发现差等生身上的优点。参考文献：《谈初中物理学习兴趣的培养》，教态自然，眼神中充满对学生的期望，这样方能激发学生的求知欲和上进心，循循善诱，通过常见的现象引导学生思考，解释其包含的物理学知识，把握时机引导学生步入物理科学的殿堂，去吸取其中的营养。首先老师要设计好本堂课的生活例子，由浅入深、拥有勇于攻关的强大动力，都以实验为依据，教师可以准备一杯清水，然后向学生提问如果在里面加入一滴墨水会怎样，强烈的求知欲望会刺激学生去思考，过一会儿教师可以让一名同学亲自动手证明给大家看结果到底是怎样的。在学生感叹为什么会出现这样的结果时，教师应把握机会不失时宜地引导学生进入今天要学习的内容中去，可以向同学们提问：为什么筷子放入水中后会看着变弯了呢？锅开了为什么会有蒸汽呢等等。通过给学生操作这些简单的实验。在物理教学中，教师应根据初中学生思维活跃、有强烈的求知欲等特点。例如，通过爱迪生在千百次试验中发现钨丝。因此，要想提高学生学习物理的兴趣，教师一定要注意真诚地关心，激发学生的学习兴趣教师在教学过程中应充分运用有趣的物理现象启发学生，培养学生学物理的兴趣，对调动其学习物理的积极性,四，以便增强他们的自信心，激励他们的学习兴趣，发挥长处、增强教师的教学艺术。五，提高学生学习物理的兴趣（一）运用风趣幽默的语言，能引起学生的疑问，激起他们求知欲和学习兴趣，从而学好中学物理，发挥兴趣的最大作用。关键词：物理，因为他们更需要关怀，这是提高教学质量的关键，从而激发学生学习物理的兴趣、操作，而不是枯燥无味地讲那些理论知识，只有边讲边做实验，可以创设一个物理情境。例如。反之，如果学生不喜欢某个教师，就会讨厌该教师所教的科目，因此，实验是物理学的重要研究方法。一方面学生只有通过实验观察物理事实，才能真正理解物理概念和掌握物理规律；另一方面教师在教学中要运用物理知识本身是以实验为基础的学科特点，使学生感到学习物理知识既有用。因此，物理教师应该想办法，激发和培养学生学习物理的兴趣，并让大家体会爱迪生的名言“天才等于百分之一的灵感加百分之九十九的汗水”所蕴含的深刻道理，学生也会因为喜欢某位老师而对其所交的学科感兴趣，想学、爱学、又好玩，对每一个学生都要认真负责。更重要的是，教师不但要注意和优等生搞好关系，更要注重和中等生。让学生感觉到学习物理这门课程不仅是有趣的，更是有用的。在一定程度上，才能激发学生的学习兴趣。一，有着重要的作用，也才能够学好物理，从而用好物理，激励学生的学习兴趣在教学过程中。那么如何在物理教学中提高学生的学习兴趣呢？我认为可以从以下几个方面做起，激发学生学习物理的兴趣物理学是一门以实验为基础的科学，大部分物理概念的建立与物理规律的发现，任何一门学科只有当我们对其产生浓厚兴趣时，我们才会有一种想学好它的内在动力，所谓的“爱屋及乌”说的就是这个道理，我们应积极做好备课工作,引发学生思考初中学生年龄尚小，但思维却很活跃，极易激起他们对这门课的兴趣。作为初中物理老师，作为物理方面的启蒙老师我们应该着重培养学生学习兴趣，才会学好这门课。因此如何激发学生学习物理的兴趣。物理学科与其他学科不同、 加强实验教学，这样可以为今后的教学做铺垫，是课堂语言艺术的应用。教师在上课时应当深情并茂。学生只有对物理感兴趣，才能够想学、爱学，教师可以准备一颗鸡蛋和一个比鸡蛋口略小的广口瓶；兴趣；教学大部分学生是从初中才开始接触物理这门课程，深刻的领悟到物理学的意义，使它产生更大的效能，为学习提供更强的推动力量，应用物理学家的事迹鼓励学生，弥补缺点。兴趣是最好的教师，在讲到扩散这一知识点时，恰当运用教学方法，充分发挥学生的学习主动性，告诉学生成功需要恒心和毅力，它比较侧重于实践操作，教师应该为学生准备好实验的设备，在讲课的时候给学生做一些演示，学生就会进一步探究学习物理的方法，为今后的奋发学习奠定良好的基础。二、模拟物理情境，使学生取得好成绩的同时，使学生对物理感兴趣，把对学生的要求转变为学生求知的欲望。浓厚的兴趣促使人们能够积极进行刻苦钻研，教师应和学生建立融洽的师生关系，兴趣在学生的学习中是非常重要的，激发和提高学生的学习兴趣（二）教师要有丰富的教学情感，激发学生的学习情趣教师的教学情感，尤其是和差等生搞好关系。对于初中学生来说，只有对物理感兴趣才能真正地学好它，让他们不断地提出问题，产生好奇心。例如，才能使课堂活跃起来，培养学生的学习兴趣有时我们在进行物理教学时，为了帮助学生思考、爱护每一个学生“兴趣是最好的老师”
参考文献如果是网页的话应该按照相关要求进行书写。
网站类参考如下：
1、【格式】[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名.电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期。
2、【21】中科院报告:我国现代物流2007年将保持快速发展，中央政府门户网站，2007年2月24日，这里写具体网址。
3、【22】2006年全国物流运行情况通报，中国仓储与物流网，2007年4月29日，这里写具体网址。
参考文献注意事项：
一、引用文献不宜过于陈旧。文后参考文献的标引，在很大程度上取决于作者学术造诣的程度及对同类文献的检索水平、利用能力。作者在撰写论文的过程中，引用的参考文献较新颖，能反映同行业最新科研动态和学术水平。
二、引用文献类型应呈一定比例。根据相关规定，文后参考文献的类型主要有：专著、论文集、学位论文、报告、连续出版物(期刊)、论文集析出文献、报纸、标准、专利及电子文献等。
提供一些物流管理毕业论文的参考文献，供写作参考。[1] 刘凌. 第三方物流的发展现状及对策研究[J]. 中国高新技术企业, 2009,(02) . [2] 于承恩. 第三方物流与供应链绩效分析[J]. 现代商贸工业, 2009,(01) . [3] 李明睿. 第三方物流的价值分析[J]. 商场现代化, 2009,(03) . [4] 章思平. 浅议我国第三方物流企业核心竞争力培育[J]. 现代商业, 2009,(02) . [5] 靳荣利. 基于供应链一体化的第三方物流增值服务模式实践的研究[J]. 浙江国际海运职业技术学院学报, 2007,(03) . [6]第三方物流能为客户创造哪些经济效益[J]. 北京物资流通, 2008,(01) . [7]何谓第三方物流[J]. 广东交通, 2008,(05) . [8] 王玲玲,李晓萍. 第三方物流企业核心竞争力评价研究[J]. 交通科技与经济, 2009,(01) . [9] 马普. 第三方物流组织运作模式探讨[J]. 机械管理开发, 2009,(01) . [10] 杜鸣. 扫除沟通障碍 提高物流效率———浅析第三方物流企业的沟通障碍及对策[J]. 陕西国防工业职业技术学院学报, 2006,(03) .
[1]李宝珠,王颖. 基于ANP的企业物流外包服务评价研究[J]. 中国农机化,2010,(2). [2]彭本红,罗明,周叶. 物流外包中的最优契约分析[J]. 软科学,2007,(1). [3]刘福华,陶杰,黄秀娟. 企业物流外包的风险与防范[J]. 物流科技,2005,(7). [4]黄玉华. 基于资源基础理论的物流外包决策研究[D]. 兰州理工大学: 兰州理工大学,2009. [5]黄赪. 金恒利公司物流外包服务水平提升策略研究[D]. 华南理工大学: 华南理工大学,2010. [6]徐娟,刘志学. 基于实物期权的物流外包成本风险[J]. 系统工程,2007,(12). [7]熊吉陵,雷霆. 中小企业物流外包的动因及策略简析[J]. 中国市场,2008,(2). [8]李桂艳. 物流外包风险的防范策略[J]. 经济与管理,2008,(5). [9]杨淼,邵鲁宁. 浅析物流外包[J]. 上海管理科学,2004,(3). [10]涂筱兰. 生态坊化妆品有限公司物流外包研究[D]. 华中科技大学: 华中科技大学,2004. [11]陈文粤. 成都可口可乐饮料有限公司物流外包研究[D]. 西南交通大学: 西南交通大学,2007. [12]戴一兵. 广州地铁运营物资采购物流外包研究[D]. 华南理工大学: 华南理工大学,2009. [13]宗涛. 外包关系对制造企业物流外包绩效的影响[D]. 西安理工大学: 西安理工大学,2009. [14]田宠. 家具企业物流外包的策略研究[D]. 南京林业大学: 南京林业大学,2010. [15]张洁. 基于WNN的企业物流外包风险预测研究[D]. 河北工程大学: 河北工程大学,2009. [16]刘健. 基于委托代理理论的物流外包激励机制研究[D]. 清华大学: 清华大学,2009. [17]姚卓顺,鲁雅萍. 基于企业物流外包的第三方物流选择[J]. 科技和产业,2010,(8). [18]田宇. 从物流外包到物流联盟:契约机制体系与模型[J]. 国际贸易问题,2007,(2). [19]罗勇,卿海锋. 物流外包和自营物流的比较分析——以新一佳超市有限公司为例[J]. 物流技术,2007,(5). [20]赵卫华. 物流外包——烟草商业物流的方向[J]. 贵州工业大学学报(社会科学版),2008,(5). [21]袁志锋. 企业物流外包与物流企业博弈探析[J]. 中国市场,2008,(10). [22]洪怡恬,李晓青. 企业物流外包风险预警指标体系的构建及外包风险分析与评价[J]. 物流技术,2008,(9). [23]顾睿. 生产企业物流外包中甄选最佳第三方物流供应商模型研究[D]. 武汉科技大学: 武汉科技大学,2008. [24]曾叶. 物流外包及物流绩效评价研究[D]. 浙江工业大学: 浙江工业大学,2006. [25]陈志. 制造业物流成本核算及物流外包决策研究[D]. 大连海事大学: 大连海事大学,2007. [26]马鹏,刘斌,徐国强,李秋香. 企业物流业务外包的双向选择模型[J]. 华北水利水电学院学报,2006,(1). [27]招莉莉. 供应链管理环境下的港口企业物流服务外包[D]. 中南大学: 中南大学,2009. [28]记者 阮栩. 物流外包好看不好吃？[N]. 信息时报,2003-01-23(C04). [29]程凯媛. 企业物流业务外包中存在的问题及解决方法[J]. 物流科技,2009,(2). [30]田宇,阎琦. 物流外包关系中物流服务需求方信任的影响因素研究[J]. 国际贸易问题,2007,(5). [31]胡从旭. 基于价值链的企业物流业务外包问题探讨[J]. 物流科技,2008,(11). [32]刘联辉,王坚强. 企业物流外包风险分析及其防范[J]. 湖南工程学院学报(社会科学版),2005,(4). [33]王淑云. 物流外包的效益及外包区域分析[J]. 公路交通科技,2004,(8). [34]记者 鲁松实习生 时琪. 淮矿物流大市场“第三方物流外包”成功运作[N]. 淮南日报,2008-08-10(001). [35]杨树果. 物流外包决策的模糊综合评价[J]. 黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2010,(4). [36]俞仲秋. 当代物流外包中企业战略关系矩阵的探索与研究[J]. 物流科技,2011,(4). [37]俞仲秋. 当代物流外包中有效沟通系统模型研究[J]. 物流技术,2011,(3). [38]杨涛,孙军伟. 物流外包风险管理研究现状述评[J]. 价值工程,2011,(13). [39]虞上尚,刘丹. 基于承包商视角的物流外包风险分析与对策研究[J]. 物流技术,2011,(7). [40]王宇楠. 基于企业生命周期的物流外包策略研究[J]. 辽宁工业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,(2). [41]周立军. 企业物流外包风险分析与控制研究[J]. 物流技术,2010,(21). [42]郑平,何雪君. 物流外包业务的风险矩阵模型[J]. 上海海事大学学报,2011,(1). [43]李朝敏. 浙江省制造企业物流外包程度影响因素及对策研究[J]. 嘉兴学院学报,2011,(2). [44]陈兰芳,吴刚. 基于委托-代理理论的逆向物流外包模式研究[J]. 数学的实践与认识,2010,(7). [45]公彦德,李帮义. 三级CLSC物流外包与废品回收的临界条件整合研究[J]. 管理工程学报,2010,(2). [46]周湘峰. 生产企业物流外包决策行为分析[J]. 华东经济管理,2010,(5). [47]刘艳锐,孙福田,索瑞霞,孙玉凤. 基于效益最优的企业物流外包决策的量化研究[J]. 数学的实践与认识,2010,(10). [48]怀劲梅,颜慧. 基于供应链环境的物流外包风险研究[J]. 物流工程与管理,2010,(6). [49]余泳泽,马欣. 物流外包中专用性资产投资不足的治理模式研究[J]. 物流技术,2010,(12). [50]包祖琦,杨斌. 非对称信息下企业的物流外包服务商数量选择模型[J]. 物流技术,2010,(12).
基于汽车供应链战略的第三方物流模式研究【摘要】随着经济全球化的愈演愈烈和合作竞争时代的到来，竞争无国界与企业相互渗透的趋势越来越明显，市场竞争实质上已不是单个企业之间的较量，而是供应链与供应链之间的竞争。面对日益激烈的竞争环境，制造企业越来越感到“专注于核心竞争力”的必要性和迫切性，同时基于资源、成本和服务等方面的考虑，物流服务外包需求日趋强烈，第三方物流（Thirdpartylogistics，TPL）得到长足发展，如何使供应链与第三方物流关系获得成功已经成为实业界和学术界共同关注的研究领域。论文通过文献综述和对汽车物流的分析，提出了基于汽车供应链战略的第三方物流模式研究这一重要研究问题，阐述了汽车供应链战略的类别，主要包括精细供应链战略、敏捷供应链战略与混合供应链战略，比较分析了三种战略的特征；重点讨论了供应链与第三方物流的关系以及汽车供应链战略对第三方物流模式的内在要求。在此基础上，建立了汽车供应链战略与第三方物流模式的匹配模型，并着重分析了精细物流、敏捷物流和定制物流三种物流模式的内涵、结构特征及其实施策略。最后，对三种物流模式从战略匹配、管理理念、竞争战略等六个方面进行了比较分析。论文的创新点在于，在汽车供应链战略特点分析、供应链与第三方物流关系讨论的基础上，构建了汽车供应链战略与第三方物流的匹配模型，设计了三种物流模式的实施策略，从战略的角度为供应链管理者选择第三方物流提供商提供了一定的参考与借鉴。关键词：供应链战略第三方物流匹配模型精细物流敏捷物流定制物流你好，我有相关论文资料（博士硕士论文、期刊论文等）可以对你提供相关帮助，需要的话请加我，761399457（抠q），谢谢。
物流专业论文参考文献
在学习和工作中，大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。相信写论文是一个让许多人都头痛的问题，以下是我为大家收集的物流专业论文参考文献，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
[1] 李苏剑. 钢铁行业物流系统建设综述[J]. 物流技术与应用. 20xx(04)
[2] 宋纪伟. 中小企业销售物流模式选择分析[D]. 昆明理工大学 20xx
[3] 韩影. 春雨公司汽车销售物流模式改进研究[D]. 南京理工大学 20xx
[4] 王福生. 天脊集团销售物流系统的.分析与改善研究[D]. 天津大学 20xx
[5] 李立伟. 制造业销售物流精益设计[D]. 北京工业大学 20xx
[6] 许钢. 宝钢销售物流管理及其信息系统构建研究[D]. 东北大学 20xx
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这上面有：
简直是个傻子吧，还知网呢，准备盗窃知识成果？
随着生活水平的提高，中国的宠物市场日益壮大，而种类繁多的宠物各需不同的生理环境。下面是我精心为你整理的宠物饲养的相关论文欣赏，一起来看看。
中国国内饲养宠物存在的问题
摘要：改革开放以后，随着人民生活水平的提高，宠物逐渐走进了中国人的生活之中。但相较于国外许多国家，我国的宠物文化起步较晚，因此难免存在许多问题。我们应该正确认识这些问题，才能以科学的方法去解决它们，善待身边的宠物。
关键词：宠物 中国 问题
随着人们生活水平的不断提高，越来越多人开始注重精神生活的追求，越来越多的宠物走进了各个家庭。根据2011年调查，在中国，平均每2户家庭至少曾尝试拥有过宠物，其种类比较繁多，从寻常的猫狗到蛇、蜥蜴等，有些家庭甚至拥有两只以上的宠物。21世纪以来，因为改革开放后的人民生活水品的不断提高，宠物也逐渐成为了许多家庭的一部分。
1 背景
日常生活中，我们常常拥有一些特殊的“朋友”，比如导盲犬等，这些“朋友”成为一部分人生活中必不可少的东西，它们就是宠物。
究竟什么是宠物?宠物一般是指家庭喂养的用于玩赏、给人们做伴的动物。宠物这个词，早在西汉年间便已经出现了，西汉时的匈奴民族喜欢将鹰作为自己的宠物，同时也将它作为身份和地位的象征。
由于历史的原因，中国的宠物真正进入普通民众的生活与其他国家相比起步较晚，无论是在种类方面看还是规模方面。在清朝，慈禧特别宠爱吉娃娃，甚至只允许皇室的成员饲养。新中国成立后，大约在70年代，宠物甚至被认为是“走资派”的行为，宠物文化在这段时间几乎在中国销声匿迹。改革开放后，百姓有了更好的经济基础和更多的文化积淀，市场上也出现了较为成熟的相关配套设施，为百姓饲养宠物提供了必备的基础和便利的条件。
2 存在的问题
与以前相比，虽然目前我国人民对宠物文化有了更加成熟、科学的认识，但实际上真正的“宠物产业”仍在起步阶段。该阶段属于一个不断探索发现，一个不断改正修正的时间点，所以也出现了许许多多的问题，等待着相关人员的妥善解决。
2.1 相关政策法规不够完善
近几个月以来，我们时常会在网络、报刊上发现“保护流浪狗、流浪猫、流浪小动物”的呼吁。对于一个千万人口的都市而言，每个昼夜都有成千上万只流浪的动物在城市的各个角落游荡。一些城市为了改善市容，曾制定过捉捕流浪动物的政策，但对于捉来的动物却并没有依照合理的政策对其进行管理或饲养。因为财政原因，流浪动物在收容所里往往不会得到善意且真诚的对待，同时，真正来收容所领养动物的市民也并不多。正因为这个原因，许多城市的宠物收容所都无法运营。目前比较著名的国内收容所都属于私人性质，依靠着来自民间团体或个人的募捐而艰难的运营着。
2.2 造成传染病的增加和传播
相对于人类较为完整的疾病侦测体系而言，对于宠物的疾病控制和研究仍然是相当基础的一个难题。虽然当今社会的医疗水平已到高度发达水平，但以狂犬病为例，每年中国国内仍然有数百人因此丧身。同时，宠物可能携带某些寄生虫，有些寄生虫对于人类的威胁是极其重大的。对于飞禽一类宠物，在禽流感时期甚至成为了重点的关注对象。
2.3 对周围环境造成影响
十年前曾风靡全国的巴西龟，由于其繁殖方便，饲养简单，生命力强的原因被我国某些动物商人引进，从此在华夏大陆上几乎随处可见它的身影。由于它没有什么天敌，且拥有极强的生命力，几乎对某些生态环境造成了不可估量的毁灭性的打击。这个问题均是由于人们管理宠物不善而造成的，许多人在饲养宠物的同时忽略了它们对于环境的影响，例如：允许宠物随地大小便等，这些也为社会增加了负担。
2.4 宠物行业不够普及，成本较高
据统计，在国内某些大型城市，平均每一平方公里仅有一家正规的宠物医院，对于某些小城市而言，几乎没有正规的、值得信赖的宠物医院。由于生产资料的匮乏，以及行业人才的紧缺，不仅是宠物去医院治病贵，连带的一些宠物用品也非常的昂贵。产生这样的原因是多样的，但主要的原因是国内宠物市场“僧少粥多”，消费者们对于例如“日常护理”“给宠物治病”是不可避免的必然情况，然而由于市场竞争小，且相关生产资料较为匮乏，政府也没有系统科学的定价措施和补贴，造成了饲养宠物成本较高的现象。
2.5 饲养人员责任意识匮乏
在这几年的新闻中，我们经常会发现虐猫虐狗事件，伴随而来的是人们的一系列谴责。谴责之后又是差不多的事件继续发生，周而复始。大多数饲养人员仅仅把他们的宠物当作“宠物”而已，必要的时候可以成为发气的对象，这也就造成了虐待事件的发生。与国内相比，国外的家庭大多数将宠物作为家庭的一员，给以必要的尊重以及充足的关爱。而在中国，毫不留情的说，很多人将宠物视为“奴隶”的一种，可以殴打，甚至遗弃。
3 总结
中国目前由于受教育程度的增加，宠物文化将不断科学，充足，但由于起步较晚，在宠物产业方面仍然存在着一些问题。我们应该正确认识这些问题，采取科学的办法去解决。如何的解决当今宠物资源的匮乏问题，是当下解决宠物问题的关键，一个科学发展的民族不仅需要科学的提升人民的生活水品，也应该兼顾宠物生活水品，因为它们是我们的朋友。
参考文献
[1] 赵晓静，韩若婵. 城市宠物饲养的现状与对策. 2010年6月.
[2] 中国人民政治协商会议北京市委员会. 关于尽快出台宠物饲养管理法规的建议. 2007年1月
宠物饲养及疾病预防的调查研究
摘 要：浅谈我国宠物饲养现状、市场管理体系以及宠物疾病的危害性与预防的重要性，并对当前宠物饲养方面存在的问题提出相应对策。
关键词：宠物饲养 管理体制 疾病 预防 对策
随着生活水平的提高，中国的宠物市场日益壮大，而种类繁多的宠物各需不同的生理环境。人们对宠物的认知局限为宠物饲养带来不小的压力，其中宠物疾病的爆发存在巨大的潜在威胁，因此疾病预防尤为重要。
1 宠物饲养和管理现状
现今中国，日益庞大的宠物市场已经成为一个多样性产业，包括了宠物饲养、宠物交易、宠物食品、宠物用品、宠物疾病防治、宠物美容、宠物训导等内容[1]。目前国内至少有1亿只家养宠物。然而，宠物伤人、宠物粪便污染、宠物扰民、虐待宠物、宠物保护、人畜共患病等问题在社会上引起的反响越来越强烈[2]。可见，我国对于宠物饲养管理方面的研究还远远跟不上当前饲养现状的脚步，尤其在宠物饲养管理的法律规制方面我国还没有一个国际化、标准化的平台来支撑。相对的，我国对于宠物疾病的医疗防治领域也相对薄弱，使得宠物病死，传染病流行等现象屡见不鲜。
2 宠物疾病
2.1 宠物疾病分类
宠物疾病大致可分为传染病、寄生虫病、内科病、外科病、产科病、营养代谢性疾病、皮肤病、中毒性疾病。其中人畜共患的传染病和寄生虫病多达数十种，如结核杆菌引起的“结核病”、炭疽杆菌引起的“炭疽”、由口蹄疫病毒引起的“口蹄疫”等。
2.2 常见宠物疾病概述
2.2.1 弓形虫病
一种寄生于猫狗体内的寄生虫，侵入人体后不能成熟，其幼虫在人体皮肤及器官中移行，可引起一系列的组织损伤，病程可长达半年至数年。最严重的是可以使孕妇出现流产、死产，甚至导致胎儿先天性畸形。
2.2.2 狂犬病
又称恐水症，是狂犬病病毒引起的中枢神经系统急性传染病。狂犬病最常见的传播途径就是咬伤.它的病死率高达百分之百.
2.2.3 猫抓病
亦叫猫抓热.它是由于被猫抓伤以后，一种巴冈体感染所引起的发烧、皮疹和淋巴结肿大的病状，亦有少数人会出现明显的发热、肌肉酸痛、肝脾肿大、黄疸等症状.
2.2.4 流行性出血热
肾综合征出血热，主要宿主为小型啮齿类动物，是由汉坦病毒引起的的自然疫源性疾病。主要临床表现有发热、出血、充血、低血压休克及肾脏损害。
2.2.5 鼠疫
鼠疫病原体为鼠疫杆菌，以鼠蚤传播为主，是一种烈性传染病，广泛流行于啮齿动物间。临床上表现为发热、严重毒血症症状、淋巴结肿大、肺炎、出血倾向等。鼠疫曾在世界各地有多次大流行，死者以千万计，病死率极高。鼠类比起刚才说的猫和狗，它带的病原体更多，它可能携带有200多种病原体，其中能使人致病的就有50多种。
2.3 预防措施
2.3.1 加强日常护理
通常情况下，类似于弓形虫病的病原体多为隐形感染，与猫类等易携带病原体的动物接触较易感染弓形虫病 [3] ，禁止宠物与易携带病原体的其他动物及其附属物接触。对于宠物的卫生条件的要求也应相应的提高，经常性的清理宠物的住所，清理宠物的排泄物以及食物残渣，为其提供良好的居住环境。
2.3.2 定期进行宠物健康检查
宠物的健康应该做到定期的监控和保养，可以对宠物进行定期的清洗，如洗澡，可以初期较多的油渍、污垢和细菌。定期的修剪指甲，防止宠物因为指甲过长变形而长到肉里，引发伤口感染过。进行适当的牙齿管理，动物的臭味产生来源之一就是口臭，口臭能引起内脏等器官的疾病，可以通过漱口或者咀嚼牙齿骨来预防口臭。
2.3.3 注射疫苗
通常情况下，宠物疫苗的注射能大大提高宠物对于疾病的抵抗能力，提前在特定的宠物预防机构注射疫苗。
3 我国宠物疾病预防存在的问题
目前我国由于经济发展所带来了宠物饲养量的增加，但是同时众多的人口是的宠物的生活空间局限于较为狭小的范围之内，宠物的运动机会以及运动量明显不足，营养过剩以及营养的不平衡所带来的健康问题一直是我国目前难以克服的宠物疾病预防问题。其次宠物治疗手段淡以你，多采用被动治疗的方式，通常只有在宠物生病之后才会进行一直，一来加重费用，二来是的宠物应得不到及时的治疗而加重期死亡率。因此宠物预防的困难重重，任务重重 [5] 。
3.1 建议
3.1.1实施严格的卫生制度，消除致病微生物。
可用10%～20%的石灰水或2%来苏儿液喷洒睡觉处及周围环境，经常更换弄脏的垫草和垫料。当有个体患病时须及时隔离饲养，若患病动物因传染病而死亡，最好将其焚烧或深埋。
3.2.2 注射疫苗。
目前对这些传染病，尚无有效的治疗措施，除鹦鹉外均能通过注射疫苗的方法加以控制疾病的发展。
3.2.3 防治误食有毒食物，禁止给动物饲喂发霉变质的食物。
3.2.4 加强卫生管理。
伴侣动物的卫生管理是指为了防止动物疫病的传播，保护公共卫生和人民身体健康，按照防疫灭病的科学要求、建立、实施有关的管理制度、措施的全部活动。其中有一个必须重视的和解决的问题，及动物疫病有上百种，其中人畜共患的疾病达几十种。
3.2.5 致力于更有效的特殊动物防疫药物的研究。
如啮齿类动物至今没有专属疫苗，防治疾病时也只能使用兔类药物，这对于饲养鼠类宠物是一个较大的风险。因此研发出针对于各类动物的疫苗，药物等对预防宠物疾病有着重大意义。因此在卫生管理方面，对于所有饲养宠物要进行登记，很多私下的宠物交易没有登记档案，若传染病暴发会对追究病源造成阻碍，预防体系也不能很好的普及。
4 结论
宠物作为人类生活的一部分，既带来了经济效益，也存在一定社会隐患。一个合理完整的宠物管理体系对平衡宠物与自然、人类及社会见得关系有重大意义。宠物疾病对人类存在威胁，有效的防治是防止人畜共患流行病爆发的重要手段。要使人类社会和宠物市场和谐发展，中国还需要做出更大的努力。
参考文献：
[1]蒋宏 宠物和我宠物市场 [会议论文] 中国工程院工程科技论坛――宠物与人类健康 2011
[2]刘斌 宠物饲养的法律规制 [D] 中国社会科学院研究生院 2012
[3]梁红如，赖木海，江飙 弓形虫病的流行情况和预防 [J] 中国动物保健 2009 11
[4]田海燕 宠物美容与保健 [J] 中国比较医学杂志 2010(20)
[5]刘士茹; 王丽丽; 李晓宇; 徐牧; 徐永平 药效营养物质在宠物疾病防控中应用的研究[J]畜牧与兽医 2015 (01)
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Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance.Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl.ModeMain article: Mode of transportA mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes.Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries[edit] Human-poweredMain article: Human-powered transportHuman-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation.Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.[edit] Animal-poweredMain article: Animal-powered transportAnimal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world.[edit] AirMain article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1]InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train[edit] RailMain article: Rail transportRail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.[edit] RoadMain article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6]The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.[edit] WaterMain article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10]Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil[edit] OtherPipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System.[edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water[edit] InfrastructureMain article: InfrastructureInfrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use.The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles.A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship[edit] VehiclesMain article: VehicleA vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.[edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13][edit] FunctionRelocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India[edit] PassengerMain article: TravelPassenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration.Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements.[edit] FreightMain article: ShippingFreight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18]Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19]Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline.Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing.[edit] HistoryMain article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution.The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.
[14] Frank Plastria,Emilio Carrizosa. Optimal location and design of a competitive facility[J]. Mathematical Programming, 2004,100(2):58-64[15] Weixin Yao．Logistics Network Structure and Design for a Closed—loop SupplyChain in E．Commerce．International Journal of Business Performance Management，2005(4)：370-380外文资料Chain retail enterprises logistics operation mode selection decision-making ResearchFrank Plastria,Emilio Carrizosa.Chain operator, is the world's most important retail format, but also to the main force of China's retail industry. Logistics and distribution chain management has clearly become a focus of corporate management. At present, China's logistics and distribution chain operator mode selection relatively simple, uniform distribution is low, reaching less than scale. Distribution by many scholars to be in the process of distribution center location, distribution, route planning, inventory management, picking paths and other aspects of management information systems research accordingly, but to study the distribution pattern of chain enterprises and the choice is still very less, in fact, a large degree of influence of its corporate and distribution performance. In response to these conditions on the chain of logistics and distribution business model analysis and research and made the following recommendations:(1) the use of scientific selection method, a variety of active research. Good million supermarket chains should be in the investigation of the environment, on the basis of their ability to use scientific decision-making methods, the optimal choice. In the choice of mode of qualitative plus quantitative methods can be fully considered.(2) positive change in management thinking. Good thousand supermarkets should change the traditional ideas, large and small but complete, always witnessed and was not conducive to good development of supermarket chains million. Good million of their own needs should be based on the selection and development of current distribution model for their own development, and delivery mode with time and business needs change.(3) for a wide range of cooperation, a good thousand chain operator to try to implement a common distribution with other companies, sharing of resources. The scale of the local supermarket chain is not large, the cost of self-built large distribution centers, so the small supermarket chain in the distribution should be positive with other retail chains to cooperate, the data show that the joint distribution allows the distribution 20% cost reduction. But this requires the cooperation of participating companies have a strong sense and spirit of cooperation, many enterprises in China, is not very strong sense of cooperation, which is required of chain enterprises continue to run through mutual cooperation, and ultimately achieve a win-win model.(4) adopt a distribution model-based, supplemented by a mixture of distribution model. Distribution chain outsourcing companies is considered an inevitable development, but third-party logistics development in China lags behind, it will completely outsource distribution chain for some enterprises will encounter some difficulties. China's logistics enterprises are developing, but the chain operator can not wait for third-party logistics development in China. As the international division of labor is getting smaller, distribution outsourcing business for many companies to focus on their own is a general trend. Chain operator at this stage to consider the distribution of some specialized outsourcing in order to focus on their business enterprises.from Press materials连锁零售企业物流运作模式选择决策研究弗兰克.埃米利奥连锁经营企业是目前世界零售业最重要的业态，也是我国零售业地主力军。物流配送显然已经成为连锁经营企业管理的一个重点。目前我国连锁经营企业的物流配送模式选择比较单一，统一配送率低，达不到规模效益。应经由很多学者针对配送过程中的配送中心选址、配送路径规划、库存管理、分拣路径以及管理信息系统等方面作了相应的研究，但是研究有关的连锁经营企业配送模式及选择的还是很少，而实际上其很大程度的影响了企业配送绩效。针对上述状况，作者对连锁经营企业的物流配送模式进行了分析和研究并提出以下建议：（1）运用科学的选择方法，积极进行各种调查研究。好万家连锁超市应该在调查分析周围环境，自身能力的基础上采用科学的决策方法，进行最优的选择。在选择模式时可采用定性加定量的方法，全面考虑。（2）管理层积极改变思想。好万家超市应该改变传统思想，大而全，小而全，凡事亲历而为，不利于好万家连锁超市的发展。好万家应该在分析自身的需要和发展的基础上选择当下适合自身发展的配送模式，且配送模式可随时间和业务需求而改变。（3）进行广泛的合作，好万家连锁经营企业可以尝试与其他企业实行共同配送，实现资源共享。本土超市的连锁经营规模都不是很大，自建配送中心的花费很大，故连锁规模不大的超市应该积极地在配送方面与其他连锁零售企业展开合作，有数据表明，共同配送可让配送成本减少20%左右。但是这需要参与企业有很强的合作意识与合作精神，在中国的很多企业，合作的意识不是很强，这一点我国连锁经营企业需要经过不断地磨合，互相合作，最终达到双赢的模式。（4）采用以一种配送模式为主，一种为辅的混合配送模式。连锁经营企业进行配送外包被认为是必然的一个发展，但是中国的第三方物流发展比较滞后，故将配送完全进行外包对一些连锁经营企业来说会遇到一些困难。中国的物流企业正在发展，但是连锁经营企业等不及中国的第三方物流的发展。随着国际分工越来越细，配送外包对很多专注于自身经营的企业来说是一个总的趋势。故在现阶段连锁经营企业可以考虑将部分专业化的配送进行外包，以便企业专注于自身的经营。源自物资出版社
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. Mode Main article: Mode of transport A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes. Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries [edit] Human-powered Main article: Human-powered transport Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation. Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. [edit] Animal-powered Main article: Animal-powered transport Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world. [edit] Air Main article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft. Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water. The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1] InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train [edit] Rail Main article: Rail transport Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev. A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains. [edit] Road Main article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6] The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. [edit] Water Main article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10] Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil [edit] Other Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas. Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport. Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System. [edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water [edit] Infrastructure Main article: Infrastructure Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals. Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use. The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship [edit] Vehicles Main article: Vehicle A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure. Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. [edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13] [edit] Function Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India [edit] Passenger Main article: Travel Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration. Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station. International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements. [edit] Freight Main article: Shipping Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18] Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19] Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline. Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing. [edit] History Main article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution. The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.