论文的文献出处

发布时间：2023-12-10 20:34:32

论文的文献出处

刊载论文的期刊名称及年卷期、起止页码。

期刊论文的文献标注：

[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名，年，卷（期）：起止页码

例如：

[1]何龄修.读南明史[J].中国史研究，1998,(3):167-173.

[2]OU J P，SOONG T T，et al.Recent advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J].Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-361.

扩展资料：

参考文献的规范及其作用：

为了反映文章的科学依据、作者尊重他人研究成果的严肃态度以及向读者提供有关信息的出处，正文之后一般应列出参考文献表。

引文应以原始文献和第一手资料为原则。所有引用别人的观点或文字，无论曾否发表，无论是纸质或电子版，都必须注明出处或加以注释。凡转引文献资料，应如实说明。对已有学术成果的介绍、评论、引用和注释，应力求客观、公允、准确。伪注、伪造、篡改文献和数据等，均属学术不端行为。

文献类型：

参考文献类型：专著[M]，论文集[C]，报纸文章[N]，期刊文章[J]，学位论文[D]，报告[R]，标准[S]，专利[P]，论文集中的析出文献[A]

电子文献类型：数据库[DB]，计算机[CP]，电子公告[EB]

电子文献的载体类型：互联网[OL]，光盘[CD]，磁带[MT]，磁盘[DK]

参考资料来源：百度百科-论文

参考资料来源：百度百科-参考文献

关于跳槽论文文献出处的找法：1.找到论文名，去百度学术中百度，会显示出处，特别是期刊文献。2.知网中查找，知网中也会显示出处，特别是期刊文献。3.找到文献，下载打开，中文文献：第一页就显示了出处。

问题一：文献检索里的来源和出处有什么区别吗？有区别的：来源指一个信息你是从哪里得来的，可以是从信息的源头，也可以是链接，也可以是听说，不一定通过了详实的检验；而出处则有严格界定，是一个有效的成型信息唯一的产生地，则成为出处。问题二：期刊论文的文献出处包括哪些（1）期刊文章（文献类型标识：J） [序号] 主要责任者。题名[J]。刊名，...（3）论文集（文献类型标识：C）中析出的文献（文献类型标识：A） [序号]... 问题三：期刊论文记录中的“文献出处”字段是指 10分 c 问题四：列出期刊出处是什么意思？是编号还是。。。列出期刊出处指的是参考文献。常用期刊的参考文献的书写格式功下： [序号] 主要作者．文献题名[J]．刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码．例如:[1] 袁庆龙，候文义．Ni-P 合金镀层组织形貌及显微硬度研究[J]．太原理工大学学报，2001，32(1)：51-53．如果不明白，可以继续追问如果有一点点帮助，请及时采纳。问题五：文献综述的文献出处是什么意思就是你的引文出处，标明出自哪本书、哪篇文章等问题六：什么叫文献来源？不是的。文献来源就是该文献的出处，包括发在哪个期刊、作者、年代、卷、期、页码。如果是书的话，包括著者、书名、出版社、出版年、页码（所用观点的页码）等等。问题七：参考文献必须在文章中表明引用出处,是什么意思？ 5分参考文献在正文中的标注法 1) 按正文中引用的文献出现的先后顺序用 *** 字连续编码，并将序号置于方括号中； 2) 同一处引用多篇文献时，将各篇文献的序号在方括号中全部列出，各序号间用“，”； 3) 如遇连续序号，可标注起讫号“-” 。示例：张三［1］指出……李四［2-3］认为……形成了多种数学模型［7，9，11-13］…… 4）同一文献在论著中被引用多次，只编1个号，引文页码放在“[ ]”外, 文献表中不再重复著录页码。示例：张××[4]15-17……；张××[4]55……；张××[4]101-105……. 问题八：期刊论文的文献出处包括什么和起止页码期刊论文的文献出处包括（期刊名称）、（年卷期）和起止页码问题九：论文中参考文献中“来源”是什么意思？参考文献中的“来源”是指文献出处。如果是期刊论文，其来源包括期刊名称、出版年份和卷期号、页码；如果是图书，共来源包括书名和出版时间。例如： [1]张文显. 构建社会主义和谐社会的法律机制[J]. 中国法学,2006,01: 7-20. [2]崔永学. 社会主义和谐社会的道德基础研究[D]. 东北师范大学, 2012. 问题十：文献斯在是什么意思，有出处么？出自灵宝无量度人上品妙经又题《云篆度人妙经》。撰人不详，似出於南北朝或隋唐。用符篆字书写《度人经》全文，颇为罕见。底本出处：《正统道藏》洞真部神符类。

制冷的论文文献出处

制冷 RefrigerationRefrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, and rejecting it elsewhere for the primary purpose of lowering the temperature of the enclosed space or substance and then maintaining that lower temperature. The term cooling refers generally to any natural or artificial process by which heat is dissipated. The process of artificially producing extreme cold temperatures is referred to as cryogenics.Cold is the absence of heat, hence in order to decrease a temperature, one "removes heat", rather than "adding cold." In order to satisfy the Second Law of Thermodynamics, some form of work must be performed to accomplish this. This work is traditionally done by mechanical work but can also be done by magnetism, laser or other means. However, all refrigeration uses the three basic methods of heat transfer: convection, conduction, or radiation.Historical applicationsIce harvestingThe use of ice to refrigerate and thus preserve food goes back to prehistoric times.Through the ages, the seasonal harvesting of snow and ice was a regular practice of most of the ancient cultures: Chinese, Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, Persians. Ice and snow were stored in caves or dugouts lined with straw or other insulating materials. The Persians stored ice in pits called yahairas. Rationing of the ice allowed the preservation of foods over the cold periods. This practice worked well down through the centuries, with icehouses remaining in use into the twentieth century.In the 16th century, the discovery of chemical refrigeration was one of the first steps toward artificial means of refrigeration. Sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate, when added to water, lowered the water temperature and created a sort of refrigeration bath for cooling substances. In Italy, such a solution was used to chill wine.During the first half of the 19th century, ice harvesting became big business in America. New Englander Frederic Tudor, who became known as the "Ice King", worked on developing better insulation products for the long distance shipment of ice, especially to the tropics.First refrigeration systemsThe first known method of artificial refrigeration was demonstrated by William Cullen at the University of Glasgow in Scotland in 1748. Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of diethyl ether, which then boiled , absorbing heat from the surrounding air. The experiment even created a small amount of ice, but had no practical application at that time.In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed but never built a refrigeration system based on the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle rather than chemical solutions or volatile liquids such as ethyl ether.In 1820, the British scientist Michael Faraday liquefied ammonia and other gases by using high pressures and low temperatures.An American living in Great Britain, Jacob Perkins, obtained the first patent for a vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1834. Perkins built a prototype system and it actually worked, although it did not succeed commercially.In 1842, an American physician, John Gorrie, designed the first system for refrigerating water to produce ice. He also conceived the idea of using his refrigeration system to cool the air for comfort in homes and hospitals (i.e., air-conditioning). His system compressed air, then partially cooled the hot compressed air with water before allowing it to expand while doing part of the work required to drive the air compressor. That isentropic expansion cooled the air to a temperature low enough to freeze water and produce ice, or to flow "through a pipe for effecting refrigeration otherwise" as stated in his patent granted by the U.S. Patent Office in 1851. Gorrie built a working prototype, but his system was a commercial failure.Alexander Twining began experimenting with vapor-compression refrigeration in 1848 and obtained patents in 1850 and 1853. He is credited with having initiated commercial refrigeration in the United States by 1856.Meanwhile, James Harrison who was born in Scotland and subsequently emigrated to Australia, begun operation of a mechanical ice-making machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in Geelong. His first commercial ice-making machine followed in 1854 and his patent for an ether liquid-vapour compression refrigeration system was granted in 1855. Harrison introduced commercial vapor-compression refrigeration to breweries and meat packing houses and by 1861, a dozen of his systems were in operation.Australian, Argentinean and American concerns experimented with refrigerated shipping in the mid 1870s, the first commercial success coming when William Soltau Davidson fitted a compression refrigeration unit to the New Zealand vessel Dunedin in 1882, leading to a meat and dairy boom in Australasia and South America.The first gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia") was developed by Ferdinand Carré of France in 1859 and patented in 1860. Due to the toxicity of ammonia, such systems were not developed for use in homes, but were used to manufacture ice for sale. In the United States, the consumer public at that time still used the ice box with ice brought in from commercial suppliers, many of whom were still harvesting ice and storing it in an icehouse.Thaddeus Lowe, an American balloonist from the Civil War, had experimented over the years with the properties of gases. One of his mainstay enterprises was the high-volume production of hydrogen gas. He also held several patents on ice making machines. His "Compression Ice Machine" would revolutionize the cold storage industry. In 1869 he and other investors purchased an old steamship onto which they loaded one of Lowe’s refrigeration units and began shipping fresh fruit from New York to the Gulf Coast area, and fresh meat from Galveston, Texas back to New York. Because of Lowe’s lack of knowledge about shipping, the business was a costly failure, and it was difficult for the public to get used to the idea of being able to consume meat that had been so long out of the packing house.Domestic mechanical refrigerators became available in the United States around 1911.Widespread commercial useBy the 1870s breweries had become the largest users of commercial refrigeration units, though some still relied on harvested ice. Though the ice-harvesting industry had grown immensely by the turn of the 20th century, pollution and sewage had begun to creep into natural ice making it a problem in the metropolitan suburbs. Eventually breweries began to complain of tainted ice. This raised demand for more modern and consumer-ready refrigeration and ice-making machines. In 1895 German engineer Carl von Linde set up a large-scale process for the production of liquid air and eventually liquid oxygen for use in safe household refrigerators.Refrigerated railroad cars were introduced in the US in the 1840s for the short-run transportation of dairy products. In 1867 J.B. Sutherland of Detroit, Michigan patented the refrigerator car designed with ice tanks at either end of the car and ventilator flaps near the floor which would create a gravity draft of cold air through the car.By 1900 the meat packing houses of Chicago had adopted ammonia-cycle commercial refrigeration. By 1914 almost every location used artificial refrigeration. The big meat packers, Armour, Swift, and Wilson, had purchased the most expensive units which they installed on train cars and in branch houses and storage facilities in the more remote distribution areas.It was not until the middle of the 20th century that refrigeration units were designed for installation on tractor-trailer rigs (trucks or lorries). Refrigerated vehicles are used to transport perishable goods, such as frozen foods, fruit and vegetables, and temperature-sensitive chemicals. Most modern refrigerators keep the temperature between -40 and +20 °C and have a maximum payload of around 24 000 kg. gross weight (in Europe).Home and consumer useWith the invention of synthetic refrigerations based mostly on a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) chemical, safer refrigerators were possible for home and consumer use. Freon is a trademark of the Dupont Corporation and refers to these CFC, and later hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), refrigerants.Developed in the late 1920's, these refrigerants were considered at the time to be less harmful than the commonly used refrigerants of the time, including methyl formate, ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide. The intent was to provide refrigeration equipment for home use without endangering the lives of the occupants. These CFC refrigerants answered that need.The Montreal ProtocolAs of 1989, CFC-based refrigerant was banned via the Montreal Protocol due to the negative effects it has on the ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol was ratified by most CFC producing and consuming nations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in September 1987. Greenpeace objected to the ratification because the Montreal Protocol instead ratified the use of HFC refrigeration, which are not ozone depleting but are still powerful global warming gases. Searching for an alternative for home use refrigeration, dkk Scharfenstein (Germany) developed a propane-based CFC as well as an HFC-free refrigerator in 1992 with assistance from Greenpeace.[citation needed]The tenets of the Montreal Protocol were put into effect in the United States via the Clean Air Act legislation in August 1988. The Clean Air Act was further amended in 1990. This was a direct result of a scientific report released in June 1974 by Rowland-Molina, detailing how chlorine in CFC and HCFC refrigerants adversely affected the ozone layer. This report prompted the FDA and EPA to ban CFCs as a propellant in 1978 (50% of CFC use at that time was for aerosol can propellant).In January 1992, the EPA required that refrigerant be recovered from all automotive air conditioning systems during system service. In July 1992, the EPA made illegal the venting of CFC and HCFC refrigerants. In June 1993, the EPA required that major leaks in refrigeration systems be fixed within 30 days. A major leak was defined as a leak rate that would equal 35% of the total refrigerant charge of the system (for industrial and commercial refrigerant systems), or 15% of the total refrigerant charge of the system (for all other large refrigerant systems), if that leak were to proceed for an entire year. In July 1993, the EPA instituted the Safe Disposal Requirements, requiring that all refrigerant systems be evacuated prior to retirement or disposal (no matter the size of the system), and putting the onus on the last person in the disposal chain to ensure that the refrigerant was properly captured. In August 1993, the EPA implemented reclamation requirements for refrigerant. If a refrigerant is to change ownership, it must be processed and tested to comply with the American Refrigeration Institute (ARI) standard 700-1993 (now ARI standard 700-1995) requirements for refrigerant purity. In November 1993, the EPA required that all refrigerant recovery equipment meet the standards of ARI 740-1993. In November 1995, the EPA also restricted the venting of HFC refrigerants. These contain no chlorine that can damage the ozone layer (and thus have an ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) of zero), but still have a high global warming potential. In December 1995, CFC refrigerant importation and production in the US was banned. It is currently planned to ban all HCFC refrigerant importation and production in the year 2030, although that will likely be accelerated.Current applications of refrigerationProbably the most widely-used current applications of refrigeration are for the air-conditioning of private homes and public buildings, and the refrigeration of foodstuffs in homes, restaurants and large storage warehouses. The use of refrigerators in our kitchens for the storage of fruits and vegetables has allowed us to add fresh salads to our diets year round, and to store fish and meats safely for long periods.In commerce and manufacturing, there are many uses for refrigeration. Refrigeration is used to liquify gases like oxygen, nitrogen, propane and methane for example. In compressed air purification, it is used to condense water vapor from compressed air to reduce its moisture content. In oil refineries, chemical plants, and petrochemical plants, refrigeration is used to maintain certain processes at their required low temperatures (for example, in the alkylation of butenes and butane to produce a high octane gasoline component). Metal workers use refrigeration to temper steel and cutlery. In transporting temperature-sensitive foodstuffs and other materials by trucks, trains, airplanes and sea-going vessels, refrigeration is a necessity.Dairy products are constantly in need of refrigeration, and it was only discovered in the past few decades that eggs needed to be refrigerated during shipment rather than waiting to be refrigerated after arrival at the grocery store. Meats, poultry and fish all must be kept in climate-controlled environments before being sold. Refrigeration also helps keep fruits and vegetables edible longer.One of the most influential uses of refrigeration was in the development of the sushi/sashimi industry in Japan. Prior to the discovery of refrigeration, many sushi connoisseurs suffered great morbidity and mortality from diseases such as hepatitis A[citation needed], and Diphyllobothriosis, from a common oceanic tapeworm - Diphyllobothrium latum Oiler99 (talk) 19:09, 26 May 2008 (UTC) . However the dangers of unrefrigerated sashimi was not brought to light for decades due to the lack of research and healthcare distribution across rural Japan. Around mid-century, the Zojirushi corporation based in Kyoto made breakthroughs in refrigerator designs making refrigerators cheaper and more accessible for restaurant proprietors and the general public.Methods of refrigerationMethods of refrigeration can be classified as non-cyclic, cyclic and thermoelectric.Non-cyclic refrigerationIn these methods, refrigeration can be accomplished by melting ice or by subliming dry ice. These methods are used for small-scale refrigeration such as in laboratories and workshops, or in portable coolers.Ice owes its effectiveness as a cooling agent to its constant melting point of 0 °C (32 °F). In order to melt, ice must absorb 333.55 kJ/kg (approx. 144 Btu/lb) of heat. Foodstuffs maintained at this temperature or slightly above have an increased storage life. Solid carbon dioxide, known as dry ice, is used also as a refrigerant. Having no liquid phase at normal atmospheric pressure, it sublimes directly from the solid to vapor phase at a temperature of -78.5 °C (-109.3 °F). Dry ice is effective for maintaining products at low temperatures during the period of sublimation.Cyclic refrigerationMain article: Heat pump and refrigeration cycleThis consists of a refrigeration cycle, where heat is removed from a low-temperature space or source and rejected to a high-temperature sink with the help of external work, and its inverse, the thermodynamic power cycle. In the power cycle, heat is supplied from a high-temperature source to the engine, part of the heat being used to produce work and the rest being rejected to a low-temperature sink. This satisfies the second law of thermodynamics.A refrigeration cycle describes the changes that take place in the refrigerant as it alternately absorbs and rejects heat as it circulates through a refrigerator. It is also applied to HVACR work, when describing the "process" of refrigerant flow through an HVACR unit, whether it is a packaged or split system.Heat naturally flows from hot to cold. Work is applied to cool a living space or storage volume by pumping heat from a lower temperature heat source into a higher temperature heat sink. Insulation is used to reduce the work and energy required to achieve and maintain a lower temperature in the cooled space. The operating principle of the refrigeration cycle was described mathematically by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as a heat engine.The most common types of refrigeration systems use the reverse-Rankine vapor-compression refrigeration cycle although absorption heat pumps are used in a minority of applications.Cyclic refrigeration can be classified as:Vapor cycle, and Gas cycle Vapor cycle refrigeration can further be classified as:Vapor compression refrigeration Vapor absorption refrigeration

[1]ASHRAEhandbook1991:Heating,ventilating,andair-conditioningapplications，AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandAirConditioningEngineers,c1991。[2]中国统计年鉴(1998)，中国统计出版社。[3]何雪冰，刘宪英，中央空调节能有关问题的研讨，99西南地区暖通制冷学术年会论文集。[4]彦启森主编，空气调节用制冷技术，中国建筑工业出版社，1981年7月第一版。[5]钱以明，高层建筑空调与节能，同济大学出版社，1990年2月第一版。[6]周谟仁主编，流体力学泵与风机，中国建筑工业出版社，1985年12月第二版。[7]陆耀庆主编，实用供热空调设计手册，中国建筑工业出版社，1993年6月第一版

论文文献出处的格式

参考文献标准格式如下：

一、期刊类[J]

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[J]。刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码。

【举例1】安心，熊芯，李月娥。70年来我国高等教育的发展历程与特点[J]。当代教育与文化，2020，12(06)：75-80。

【举例2】[2]许竞。我国学历教育分化的证书制度溯源[J]。南京师大学报(社会科学版)，2020(06)：22-29。

二、专著类[M]

【格式】[序号]作者。书名[M]。出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码。

【举例1】葛家澍，林志军。现代西方财务会计理论[M]。厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42。

三、报纸类[N]

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[N]。报纸名，出版日期（版次）。

【举例1】[1]葛剑雄，陈鹏。地名、历史和文化[N]。光明日报，2015-09-24(011)。

四、论文集[C]

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[C]。出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。

【举例】伍蠡甫。西方文论选[C]。上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17。

五、学位论文[D]

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[D]。出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码。

【举例】郝桂莲。反思的文学：苏珊·桑塔格小说艺术研究[D]。四川大学，2014。

六、研究报告[R]

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[R]。出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。

【举例】冯西桥。核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R]。北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院，1997：9-10。

七、其他[N]

【格式】[序号]颁布单位。条例名称。发布日期。

期刊论文参考文献格式如下：

参考文献格式：我国对参考文献的格式有严格的规定和标准，并在2005年就制定了国家标准，即《文后参考文献著录规则——中华人民共和国国家标准（GB/T 7714-2005）》。

根据参考文献的类型分类如下：

M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著）

C——论文集

N——报纸文章

J——期刊文章

D——学位论文

R——研究报告

S——标准

P——专利

A——专著、论文集中的析出文献

Z——其他未说明的文献类型

电子文献类型以双字母作为标识：

DB——数据库

CP——计算机程序

EB——电子公告

非纸张型载体电子文献，在参考文献标识中同时标明其载体类型：

DB/OL——联机网上的数据库

DB/MT——磁带数据库

M/CD——光盘图书

CP/DK——磁盘软件

J/OL——网上期刊

EB/OL——网上电子公告

参考文献著录格式：

1 、期刊作者．题名[J]．刊名，出版年，卷(期)∶起止页码

2、专著作者．书名[M]．版本(第一版不著录)．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码

3、论文集作者．题名[C]．编者．论文集名，出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码

4 、学位论文作者．题名[D]．保存地点．保存单位．年份

5 、专利文献题名[P]．国别．专利文献种类．专利号．出版日期

6、标准编号．标准名称[S]

7、报纸作者．题名[N]．报纸名．出版日期(版次)

8 、报告作者．题名[R]．保存地点．年份

9 、电子文献作者．题名[电子文献及载体类型标识]．文献出处，日期

文献类型及其标识

1、根据规定，各类常用文献标识如下：

①期刊[J]②专著[M]③论文集[C]④学位论文[D]⑤专利[P]⑥标准[S]⑦报纸[N]⑧技术报告[R]

2、电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，具体如下：

①磁带[MT]②磁盘[DK]③光盘[CD]④联机网络[OL]

3、电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为：

[文献类型标识/载体类型标识]。例如：①联机网上数据库[DB/OL]②磁带数据库[DB/MT]③光盘图书[M/CD]④磁盘软件[CP/DK]⑤网上期刊[J/OL]⑥网上电子公告[EB/OL]

期刊论文：

[1]周庆荣，张泽廷，朱美文，等．固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度[J].化工学报，1995(3)：317—323

[2]Dobbs J M, Wong J M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehaviorusing polor coselvent[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56

[3]刘仲能，金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究[J].精细化工，2002(2)：103-105

[4] Mesquita A C, Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al . Vinylacetate polymerization by ionizing radiation[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002, 63:465

论文引用参考文献的格式要求

论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。以下是我收集整理了论文引用参考文献的格式要求，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

论文引用参考文献的格式要求

一、参考文献的类型

参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：

M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章

J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告

对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。

对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：

①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的`首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.；

②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。

二、参考文献的格式及举例

1.期刊类

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.

【举例】

[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.

[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.

[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.

2.专著类

【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.

【举例】[4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.

[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.

3.报纸类

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.

【举例】

[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).

[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).

4.论文集

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.

【举例】

[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.

[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.

[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.

5.学位论文

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.

【举例】

[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.

6.研究报告

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.

【举例】

[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.

7.条例

【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期

【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—05

8.译著

【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.

三、注释

注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。

四、参考文献

参考文献与文中注（王小龙，2005）对应。标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来，而不是1-6等等，并列写出来。

论文文献查出处

如果要引用的话，可以通过知网查找

论文写完了，文献不知道是哪里的事不能的，你在写论文的时候，可以直接将参考文献直接备注到来，不要等写完之后再进行备注

如何为自己的论文寻找到合适的研参考文献是一个艰巨的任务。互联网拥有数十亿的网页而且每天都在增加，同时拥有中文文献资源库的数据提供商也在提供相应的几千万的文献资源，但是这些信息即使再庞大，如果没有好的检索技巧，也是无法利用的，对你的论文写作没有任何的帮助，我们需要掌握一些相关的技巧！首先，必须要圈定你的准确需求开始之前，重要的是要搞清楚你研究的方向是否有相关的研究文献，仔细阅读选题的说明，列出最具代表性的研究案例或者研究者以及相关的书籍名称或文献名称，然后确定这些研究是否在你的能力范围之内，切记做一些研究面广，但是实际深入研究又没有确定研究角度的课题。同时要确认可以获取这些文献的来源：包括互联网、电子书、电子期刊数据库，文献数据库等。其次，搜索方法，通过在互联网上做一个初步的搜索，你会得到有关研究课题的所有相关信息，包括过往研究以及前沿最新的研究课题，如果要查找对应的期刊文章的全文，可以进入你所在大学的电子图书馆查阅相关的数据库，通过数据库的索引可以查到相关的文献。当然这里和互联网搜索有些不同，可以通过搜索数据库作者的名字，或者期刊的刊号以及出版日期等信息来准确的查询所需要的文章。当然这些是写作之前需要准备的工作，如果在写作过程中，你引用了很多的文献，但是你无法确认使用参考文献的准确来源，或者在写作过程中忘记对参考文献的出处进行备份的话，你也可以使用相关的论文检测工具来帮助你，比如Gocheck论文检测专家，它可以智能的进行文本比对，包括各种中文文献资源和互联网资源都可以为你准确的标示出某一对应语句的来源，方便你做好文献的引用标注，使得论文的引用标注更加准确。

一、论文写完了文献不知道是哪的可以在网上找，只要想找，肯找，就能找到。其实也不用那么麻烦，本科、硕士答辩，投稿论文的文献都可以随便编，你看没看过、参考过没参考过、引用过没引用过都。去学校图书馆里找书籍，另外可以去学校的电子图书馆或者是电子信息室下载一些论文。因为那上面都有一些备注、书名号等等，都可以查的到。还可以自己交钱去学术论。可以在网上找，只要想找，肯找，就能找到。其实也不用那么麻烦，本科、硕士答辩，投稿论文的文献都可以随便编，你看没看过、参考过没参考过、引用过没引用过都没关系。博士答辩论文要小心些。查文献时最好是从中文开始，然后是外文文献。主要有以下几种方法：1. 根据文章出处，去一些较大图书馆查找原文。2. 如果学校或单位有CNKI，维普，万方的话，就比。怎么在我的论文中找出文献出自哪里的，哪里到哪里是用了哪个文献，我之前。二、毕业论文参考文献大全①.文献综述一般写在开题报告里，主要对该论文研究领域的研究现状(包括主要学术观点、前人研究成果和研究水平、争论焦点、存在的问题及可能的原因等)、新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理文献综述和评论。②.小弟正在写论文哪位哥姐们会检索的，帮帮忙！③.你是不是要找学位论文文献？中国知网（）、万方数据（）都收录了学位论文文献。④.毕业论文检测时会要测相似度的，别按一篇文章复制，多找几篇内容匹配文章拼凑一下就行，在百度搜。⑤.尾注：论文中，你借鉴过来的观点、名词。数据等（就是抄来的），就需要用尾注，标明是从哪里抄过来的。尾注，你可以自己标个号，随便找个论文都有的（1、2、3啥。尾注一般位于文档的末尾，列出引文的出处等。注释：对一些专门、专业词汇的解释。三、怎么根据论文题目找相关文献可以在网上找，只要想找，肯找，就能找到。其实也不用那么麻烦，本科、硕士答辩，投稿论文的文献都可以随便编，你看没看过、参考过没参考过、引用过没引用过都。论文写作，先不说内容，首先格式要正确，一篇完整的论文，题目，摘要（中英文），目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，参考文献。规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题。你可以取学校图书馆的数据库（维普、万维……）里找，输入作者名或者文章标题cnkiieee（英文文献。即将要写毕业论文了，但不知道如何查找参考文献，怎样引用。。。从哪里找。四、如何找到m类参考文献①.你可以取学校图书馆的数据库（维普、万维……）里找，输入作者名或者文章标题②.建议你参考文献最好在图书馆里找，找几本相关的就行。参考文献一般不可以从网上摘来的。网上的资料你可以写进论文正文。如果是在网上看的文章里面的引文是有出处。③.建议你参考文献最好在图书馆里找，找几本相关的就行。参考文献一般不可以从网上摘来的。网上的资料你可以写进论文正文。如果是在网上看的文章里面的引文是有出处。④.查找文献时，可以从中文文献开始，常用的主要有中国知网、维普、万方等，有的文献大多数数据库都有，有些可能只在某些数据库有，找不到文献的时候，换下数据库也。⑤.只要想找，肯找，就能找到。本科、硕士答辩，投稿论文的文献都可以随便编，你看没看过、参考过没参考过、引用过没引用过都没关系。博士答辩论文要小心些，凡是你。五、免费参考文献网站①.即将要写毕业论文了，但不知道如何查找参考文献，怎样引用。。。从哪里找。②.企业回FreeCheck是一个免费的论文查重网站，专为各类论文提供初检支持在线查看报告、在线修改、机器人修改、片段修改等功能，网站里面还有各类定稿查重授权品牌，便于初检完成之后进行定稿检测。③.去学校图书馆里找书籍，另外可以去学校的电子图书馆或者是电子信息室下载一些论文。因为那上面都有一些备注、书名号等等，都可以查的到。还可以自己交钱去学术论。