论文摘要体现了论文的关键核心内容,是论文翻译的重要内容。在翻译科技论文时,我们可以适当地使用被动语态,使整个文章更加客观。被动语态的表达方式可以扩大句子的信息量,突出相关的概念。同时,要注意论文涉及的关键词翻译要准确、经得起推敲。
有道、google均可,但是翻译完之后自己最好读一遍,有些是直译,所以语句不太通顺
写论文摘要时以一般现在时为主。
介绍背景知识时,要用一般现在时,例如:
Speech recognition is the task of converting speech into text.
叙述研究现状时,也可以用一般现在时,例如:
This essay is to analyse how the era influences corporate cultures, and to give suggestions on the building of corporate cultures.
叙述研究结果时,大多数用一般过去时,例如:
Our text achieved the possibility above.
In this paper, ordinary differential equations courses, to explore how to realize "high-early binding", and mathematics in secondary schools in the basis of ordinary differential equations, as well as ordinary differential equations of the guiding role of mathematics in secondary schools to do some discussion, for systems of ordinary differential equations of high under the mathematical point of view to provide some secondary material.Key words, Ordinary Differential Equations; School Mathematics; combination of high early
论文摘要是对论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,要求扼要地说明研究工作的目的、研究方法和最终结论等,重点是结论,是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文,根据内容的不同,摘要可分为以下三大类:报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要。
中文名
论文摘要
外文名
abstract
字 数
一般为正文字数10%左右
语 言
一般中文与英文并存
主要组成
目的 方法 结果 结论
我在学姐的推荐下找到了翻译狗,他最大的优点就是PDF可以直接进行翻译,而且翻译出来的排版和原来的英文排版一致,无需排版方便校对,缺点就是大量翻译要收费,而且语法会有一些问题,后期需要修改,也可以直接找北京译顶科技翻译,人工肯定是比机翻好。
论文英语摘要的翻译如下:
English Abstract of Thesis。
英语的重要性如下:
1、扩宽学生的视野和思考能力。学习英语要从小开始,学生在学习英语的过程中,能够了解外国的语言文化,在和他人交流的过程中,自己也会了解如何应用英语才更加顺畅,学习英语是一件有必要的事情。
2、提高学生的语言技能,为自己增添了一项语言能力。对于不怎么喜欢交流的学生来讲,学习英语可以让自己处于独立的空间,一些事情的处理都会围绕自己能力去展开,这样不仅仅提高自己的语言技能,才为自己添加了一项语言能力。
3、提高学生的社交能力,方便学生寻找工作。现在进入社会的学生,想要寻找较为适合的工作,就要具备各种能力,英语就是一种,不过,学生要明白,在学校学习的英语需要经过长时间交流,才能成为生活中应用的英语。
无论从个人发展还是国情需要,都要求我们现在要学好英语,有良好的英语文化才可以让你在以后的发展中如虎添翼。英语的应用无处不在,我们已经身处一个改革开放的新时代,掌握好英语才能让你在改革浪潮中披荆斩棘勇往直前,努力学习英语吧!
学术堂整理了论文摘要翻译时需要注意的五大原则,供大家参考:一、要确保论文摘要翻译是完整的进行论文摘要翻译的过程当中必须要保证其完整性,特别是非常重要的信息.因为论文摘要是让读者快速了解论文内容的关键一环,所以论文摘要的王铮亮、准确性是不能打折扣的.要让论文所表述的方法、过程、结果有一个非常清楚的、完整的表达.二、不能有语法方面的错误在翻译过程当中语法错误算是比较多见的,针对论文摘要的翻译,一定要尽可能避免出现语法方面的错误.还需要注意一点的是,在翻译的时候必须要遵从目标语言的习惯,时态应用要准确.时态一般包括了一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时.如果是表述作者工作的通常是用过去时态,而表述工作结果的就要用现在时态.三、选择词语要谨慎论文的用词都是非常慎重的,精准简洁的词汇可以达到准确的、清楚的效果.因此翻译人员在进行论文摘要翻译的时候也必须要遵守这一原则.选词的时候务必要谨慎小心,不能出现歧义,争取做到准确、专业.四、要注重逻辑性论文摘要对于论文的整篇内容来说是一种概括性的表述,所以其逻辑性通常都是非常强的,每个句子都结构紧凑,修饰成分相对比较多.所以在进行翻译的时候,一定要先明确句子的主干,搞清楚每一个句子之间的逻辑关系和顺序,然后用简洁明了、生动的词汇来进行表述.五、格式和语言要规范学术论文是针对一个科学领域当中的学术问题进行的研究,并且将研究成果表述出来的文章.所以,一定要使用规范的格式和语言,避免用非专业的语言或者是符号、缩略语、生僻词等.在进行论文摘要翻译的时候,也需要做到这一点.
论文摘要体现了论文的关键核心内容,是论文翻译的重要内容。在翻译科技论文时,我们可以适当地使用被动语态,使整个文章更加客观。被动语态的表达方式可以扩大句子的信息量,突出相关的概念。同时,要注意论文涉及的关键词翻译要准确、经得起推敲。
In the knowledge economy era, knowledge becomes the most important factor of production; technology, patents, creative and other software products has become an important product form. Knowledge become the dominant consumer consumption; knowledge as factors of production and distribution. Possession of the degree of knowledge as the main basis for the allocation, with the knowledge, creative workers become the main employment; high-tech industry will become the pillar industry of the era of knowledge economy; innovation is the soul of the knowledge economy. Knowledge-based economy era is bound to have an enormous impact on international trade.The structure of international trade, the impact of commodity: In the knowledge economy era, the invisible trade will be the main content of international trade. Knowledge-based economy era, will make the world trade liberalization was accelerated. Integration of domestic and foreign markets, no longer be divided into domestic and foreign trade, market competition has become a global competition. The rapid development of regional blocs is a manifestation of the trend of trade liberalization.Key words knowledge-based economy; international trade; impact; countermeasures
用GOOGLE翻译,,然后自己在修改
Title:On the crime of polluting the environment Abstract: with the development of China's economy and the improvement of productivity, environmental pollution is becoming increasingly serious, the judicial practice of the crime of major environmental pollution accident before the difficult to play a role in the "criminal law amendment (eight)" after the introduction of the crime of major environmental pollution accident has made great changes, but there is still insufficient. How to make the crime of the new pollution environment better play a role in the judicial practice is one of the key issues of environmental governance at present.The first chapter is an overview of the crime of polluting the environment, mainly about the concept and characteristics of this crime; the second chapter is the key elements of the crime of polluting the environment of the paper, mainly from the object of the crime, the objective aspect and subjective aspect, the objective aspect of crime, crime analysis results and the type of crime, the subjective aspect of the imputation principle of the key discussion; the third chapter is the identification of environmental pollution crime, mainly discusses the definition of the crime of crime and non crime, illegal disposal, the difference between causation and other crimes, and then discusses the legal punishment of the crime; the fourth chapter is about the suggestions, mainly is to refine the charges and increase the types of penalties.Key words: criminal law; criminal law amendment eight; environmental pollution
The book sticks to the West江惠东Dam Project Environmental Impact Assessment Report (Graduation Project version. Because of conditions, as a reference book compiled from large amounts of data, data used in monitoring non-author). Report on the use of the general pattern of the EIA report, based on general, regional overview of engineering analysis environment, the status quo of environmental quality monitoring and evaluation, environmental impact prediction and evaluation of pollutant control measures, site selection analysis of a reasonable, clean production and the total control analysis, public participation, environmental impact of economic profit and loss analysis, environmental management and monitoring and analysis, conclusions and recommendations prepared by the order of the preparation 。Listed by the EIA is based on the use of, in principle, the evaluation factors, work such as grading and evaluation criteria, introduced hydraulic engineering related to natural, social and ecological overview of the project carried out a detailed analysis. The state of the environment through the project's monitoring and evaluation, found that apart from the part of river basin water environment over some indicators, the work environment in the vicinity of the targets to achieve the basic requirements of relevant standards; through the forecast engineering environment, although some factors do not meet standards However, some measures taken to meet the basic requirements - this book lists some of the pollutants prevention and control measures.According to do the work of the spirit of the EIA, the book also had total control of cleaner production and analysis, public participation in the work of the projects carried out environmental impact analysis of economic profit and loss. Finally, the EIA and gives a summary of recommendations and concluded: "This project meets the overall river basin planning, site selection and reasonable efficiency is obvious that environmental damage is limited. So from the point of view of environmental protection, water conservancy江惠东West branch Project construction is feasible. "是否可以解决您的问题?
会计毕业论文摘要范文
论文摘要是论文的重要组成部分,下面是我为大家收集的关于会计毕业论文摘要范文,希望能够帮到大家!
摘要
随着经济的不断发展和全球化进程的加快,风险及其不确定性己经成为市场经济体制中不可消除的存在。保险,作为现代风险管理的重要手段之一,在经济社会运行中正发挥着日益重要的作用。“保险负债是保险公司基于保险合同,对未来偿付金额和时间不确定性的一种估计,其主要表现形式为保险公司计提的各种责任准备金。”保险合同准备金的计量是保险会计研究领域的核心问题,也是保险合同会计处理的关键所在。我国财政部先后颁布了《企业会计准则第25号一一原保险合同》、《企业会计准则第26号一一再保险合同》、《保险公司会计制度》和《保险合同相关会计处理规定》等多项规章制度来规范保险负债的会计计量,基本实现了在重大方面与国际会计准则的趋同,提高了我国保险行业会计信息的质量,但从近几年的实施情况来看还存在许多需要改进的地方。因此,笔者以保险业上市公司的准则执行情况为数据支撑,深入探讨了保险负债的会计计量问题。
本文主要采用规范研宄的方法,定性分析与定量分析相结合,在研究过程中综合运用了保险学、经济学、金融学和会计学的相关理论与方法,目的是对现行保险负债的会计准则及其执行情况进行分析评价,结合国际会计准则理事会(简称IASB)在保险负债会计计量问题上的最新研究进展,探讨了当前保险合同负债计量方面存在的主要问题和未来改革方向,为我国保险会计准则的持续趋同做出微薄的贡献。
本文主要内容分为五大部分,具体安排如下:
第一部分,绪论。主要介绍论文的选题背景以及选题意义,对已有的相关文献进行总结与回顾,提出本文的研宄思路以及研究方法,并指出本文的创新与不足。
第二部分,保险负债计量问题的研宄基础。主要介绍与本文研宄内容相关的理论,包括保险合同及其分类,保险负债的特殊性,保险负债的确认依据及计量目标,以及国内外保险会计准则的变迁,为后面的分析奠定基础。
第三部分,选取我国上市保险公司,对现行保险合同会计准则执行情况进行分析。通过总体数据统计及具体案例说明我国上市公司执行现行保险合同会计准则的情况,并提出现行会计准则关于保险负债计量本身及执行中存在的问题,以证明我国实行准则完善的'必要性。
第四部分,跟踪国际会计准则改革动态,并对新动态可能产生的理论及实务影响进行预期。从保险负债的计量模式入手,分析评价国内外现行的保险负债计量模式,指出准则改革的积极意义、带来的新问题以及对我国会计实务的预期影响,进而提出完善我国保险计量的建议。
第五部分,结束语。
通过以上研宄,笔者认为,准则在保险负债计量模式的选择、充足性测试以及保险风险的披露方面的执行存在问题,有必要加强相关准则的制定,时刻保持与国际会计准则的趋同,并加大相关部门的监督指导力度,提高会计从业人员的素质以及保险精算师的独立性,以保证会计准则的有效实施。笔者期望本文的研宄在理论上完善保险合同会计准则的构建,在实务上为提高保险负债计量的会计信息质量做出贡献。
关键词:保险负债,保险合同准备金,会计信息披露,会计计量
摘 要
随着全球经济一体化的不断发展,企业经营也面临着越来越大的不确定性。为了降低不确定性对企业经营带来的负面影响,企业必须以风险为导向,有效地设计并运行内部控制予以应对。而内部会计控制在企业内部控制中具有核心作用,有效的内部会计控制有利于企业杜绝内部的舞弊和错误,保证资产的安全和完整,同时提高企业经营的效率和效果,实现企业的最终战略目标。而内部会计控制是一个动态的过程,是一个需要不断自我修正不断完善的过程,因此,研究如何对内部会计控制进行优化,对于提升企业管理水平具有重要的现实意义。
本文以 HF 有限公司为研究对象,对 HF 有限公司内部会计控制体系的优化问题进行了深入探究。文章首先从整体介绍了研究的背景、来源以及研究意义,并对国内外关于内部会计控制的研究状况进行了总结。然后梳理了内部会计控制的发展和理论基础,即公司治理与内部会计控制、契约理论与内部会计控制、控制论与内部会计控制之间的关系,并对后续的研究提供多视角的启示。接着介绍了内部会计控制体系建立的原则和目的以及基于五要素和基于风险管理八要素的内部会计控制体系,为后续全面分析 HF 有限公司内部会计控制体系存在的问题及优化措施奠定了理论基础。在对 HF 有限公司的概况和财务情况进行初步了解的基础上,文章重点运用模糊评价的方法对 HF 有限公司内部会计控制的五个要素进行综合评价;然后根据综合评价的结果,分析并得出 HF 有限公司的控制存在的主要问题:第一,内部控制环境中管理层不重视企业文化整合,企业组织结构存在缺陷以及控制观念不先进;第二,HF 有限公司缺少一套健全的风险评估机制;第三,在相关控制活动中,缺乏有效合理的授权审批制度并且这些相关的程序不健全;第四,在信息与沟通中,没有科学的管理和有效的交流;第五,在监督过程中,绩效考核制度不健全,权责不清晰,管理当局忽略了内部监督的作用。根据模糊评价的结果和分析,最后提出了优化 HF 有限公司的内部会计控制体系的针对性措施,主要有:优化内部会计控制环境,注意完善法人治理结构,同时强化内部会计控制机制的建设;进行科学和监督的风险管理;建立良好的控制活动;建立广泛的信息与交流;加强内部审计。最后对全文进行总结,提出本文存在的不足和进一步的研究方向,对 HF 公司内部会计控制的建设具有重要意义。
关键词:内部会计控制;风险防范;公司治理
Meter is an important component of economic management in strengthening economic management and financial management, safeguard the socialist market economic order is playing an important role. The accounting officer is the main body of accounting, the accounting staff of professional ethics directly affect the quality of accounting, the state and business interests, therefore, the accounting staff of professional ethics must be strengthened. The current accounting work, many of the problems, so this paper the meaning of the accounting professional ethics, characteristics, and describes the role to re-recognize the importance of professional ethics of accountants and should possess the basic qualities, as well as how to enhance their professional and moral qualities of Accountants building, layer upon layer to start discussion of the professional ethics of accountants.
At present, our country mainly adopts institution accounting period. Although this system on institutions can cash receipts and effective control, but with China's socialist market economy system, the improvement of public finance system of government functions, the changing environment and the social environment accountant such as changes of revenue and expenditure, the disadvantages and deficiency becoming increasingly apparent that the accounting information authenticity and effectiveness of, can better guard against and defuse financial risks, Unable to fully and accurately record and reflect the financial institutions, To accurately reflect the true and institutions provide public products and public service cost and efficiency, etc. Thus, the revenue and expenditure has not meet our institutions and social development and the need of economic development, must be based on the accounting system for business unit of reform and development. In view of this, the author collected institution accounting related data and analysis, the conclusion: institution accounting into the accrual accounting will become the development and reform of a trend. This article will introduce accounting institution accrual of feasibility analysis, Suggestions and measures, and the main economic business accounting information disclosure and discusses related issues.Keywords: institution accounting, The accrual, Revenue and expenditure
Accounting is an important part of economic management, strengthen economic management and financial management, maintain order in the socialist market economy plays an important role. Accounting personnel is the main body of accounting work, the occupation morals of accountant directly affect the quality of accounting work, the national interests and, therefore, the occupation morals of accountant must be strengthened. Current accounting work, so many problems of the accounting professional ethics, this article from the definition, characteristics, function and come to realize the importance of accounting personnel vocational ethics and the basic qualities, and how to strengthen professional moral quality of accounting personnel oneself of construction, unfolding, discusses the occupation morals of accountant.主要表达内容意思,如果不信,你拿去找人翻译好了~!
这个不用全部翻译的,只要选择自己需要的内容翻译。 翻译的外文文献可以是一篇,也可以是两篇,但英文字符要求不少于2万。选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。 翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料,应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关,并在中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处,外文原文后应附中文译文。 扩展资料 外文翻译需要注意的问题 1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等?。 2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。 3、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。 4、Key?words翻译成“关键词”?。 5、introduction?翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。 6、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距1.25,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。 7、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。? 8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。? 9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格
看您发表在什么期刊了,有些期刊要求中英文关键词摘要,有很多是不需要的。
论文摘要翻译的原则有:译员在翻译过程中一定要保证论文摘要的完整性,尤其看重主要信息翻译。因为论文摘要是能够快速了解整篇论文的关键,所以对论文摘要的完整性,准确性翻译要相当重视,能够让论文想要表述的主要方法、过程,及主要的结果、独到之处,有一个较为完整的了解。