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日语论文答辩万能模板

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日语论文答辩万能模板

已发邮箱!!!客气!

先生方こんにちは●●年○○班の○○です。わたくしの论文のテーマは・・・・・・です。本论文は○○先生にご指导をいただいた上で作成したもので、私の指导先生に深く御礼申し上げます。苦労を辞さずに私の论文答弁にご参加していただいた先生方にも感谢いたします。そして、この四年间、先生たちにご教授いただいたことに付きましても心から敬意を表します。それでは、本论文の目的及び主要内容に付きまして、先生たちに逐一ご说明いたしました上で、先生たちにご指摘・ご指导をいただきたく存じます。次に、本论文の构造及び主要内容に付きまして、ご绍介したいと存じます。最後に、実験中における欠点及び本论文に付きまして、お话をしたく存じます。硝子を焼く试験の実施及び本论文の作成によって、自らの知识及び経験の不足を益々认识してまいりました。できる限り、材料を収集したうえで、学んだ知识を生かしながら、硝子を焼く试験及び论文の作成に努めましたが、测定データの不十分のため、多くのことについて理解はまだ不十分です。よって、本论文におきましても、不足な点が多々あることと更なる修正が必要であることを承知しておりますので、是非とも先生方にご指摘・ご指导をいただきたく存じます。これからも勉强を通じて更なる知识を身につけたいと思います。どうもありがとうございました。如果需要word版,请留下联系方式.

能发我一份吗?急啊。

论文答辩自述万能模板

论文答辩自述万能模板。在学生毕业之际是需要写论文的,为此学校设有论文答辩这个环节,论文答辩的自述主要是考验学生,很多人不知道怎么写论文答辩的自述。接下来就由我带大家了解论文答辩自述万能模板的相关内容。

尊敬的各位老师:

上午好!

我是xx班的xxx,我的论文题目是《……》。这篇论文是在我的指导老师xxx老师的悉心指点下完成的,在这段时间里,x老师对我的论文进行了详细的修改和指正,并给予我许多宝贵的意见和建议。在这里,我对她表示我最真挚的感谢和敬意!下面我将这篇论文的写作研究意义、结构及主要内容、存在的不足向各位老师作简要的陈述,恳请各位老师批评指导。

首先,我想谈谈为什么选这个题目及这篇文章的研究意义。

我当时之所以选择《……》这个题目是因为随着经济全球化和信息技术的发展,企业赖以生存和发展的环境发生了巨大的变化,在中国很多企业都因为不能适应这种变化而走向衰退。如何使企业既能保持目前的发展,又能在未来依然取得良好的发展势头等持续发展问题,引起各界越来越多的重视。因此,我们无论从社会财富创造、国民经济发展、国家财政收入、充裕就业机会、提升市场竞争力等哪一个方面去进行考察,都需要对其不断地进行研究,以不断提升企业持续、稳定发展的能力,从而促进我国经济更快的发展。

其次,我想谈谈这篇文章的结构和主要内容。

我的论文主要分为以下四个部分:

第一部分,主要概述了企业的盈利能力的涵义,之后又从企业的生命周期角度阐述了企业一旦失去持续盈利的能力,根本就无法维持生命,突出了持续盈利能力对企业发展的重要性,持续发展已成为企业生存最基本的保障。我们应在企业消亡和终结前,尽可能地延长企业的寿命,使其在有限的生命周期内实现其最大的价值。这既是对企业的盈利能力概念的补充和完善,也为下文进行深入论述打下了基础。

第二部分,着重分析了哪些因素影响了企业保持持续盈利的能力,主要有以下四个方面:

一、恶心竞争;

二、战略规划缺失;

三、缺乏现代企业制度和科学管理体系;

四、企业家浮躁的心态。

第三部分,主要从外因和内因两个方面分析了我国企业保持持续盈利能力的现状,并对企业中存在的问题做了原因分析,指出外因只是对企业的发展存在一定程度的影响,并不是制约企业发展的决定因素。而真正制约企业发展的瓶颈还是在于企业内部,并且具有普遍性。

第四部分,主要是针对前文所提到的影响企业保持持续盈利能力的因素和现存企业中存在的几个主要问题,提出了相应的解决对策:

1、不断创新,回避恶性竞争;

2、加强企业的战略规划,制定可持续发展战略;

3、建立完善的核心制度和科学管理体系;

4、企业家要具有企业家精神和良好的心态;

5、塑造优秀企业文化;

6、高瞻远瞩,树立远大发展意识。同时,也将论文的结构作了最后的收尾和完善,使论文整体结构完整,论述合理。

最后,我想谈谈这篇文章存在的不足。

在这篇论文的写作过程中,我尽可能多的收集资料,虽然从中学到了许多有用的东西,也积累了不少经验,但由于自己学识浅薄,认识能力不足,在理解上有诸多偏颇和浅薄的地方;也由于理论功底的薄弱,存有不少逻辑不畅和辞不达意的问题;加之时间紧迫和自己的粗心,与老师的期望相差甚远,许多问题还有待于进一步思考和探索,借此答辩机会,万分恳切的.希望各位老师能够提出宝贵的意见,多指出这篇论文的错误和不足之处,我将虚心接受,从而进一步深入学习研究,使该论文得到完善和提高。

以上是我的论文答辩自述,敬请各位评委老师提出宝贵的意见。

谢谢!

尊敬的各位评委老师:

大家好!我是来自……的学生XX,文题目是《……》。我当时之所以选择研究……是因为……,主要表现在:……在着手准备论文写作的时候,我针对……这个命题,大量阅读相关方面的各种资料。对……的概况有了大致了解,缕清思路的基础上确定研究方向,然后与老师商讨,确定论文大致思路和研究方向。然后,为了完成论文,本人收集了大量的文献资料,其中主要来自网上的论文期刊、图书馆的书目、学习教材的理论资料。在……导师的耐心指导和帮助下,经过阅读主要参考资料,拟定提纲,写开题报告初稿,毕业论文初稿,修改等一系列程序,于XXXX年X月X日正式定稿。

具体来说,我的论文分为以下四个部分:

第一部分,主要概述了……,

第二部分,是在对……进行了详细论述的基础上,运用……法对……的深入挖掘。

第三部分,运用……法对……的深入挖掘。

第四部分,……

经过本次论文写作,我学到了许多有用的东西,也积累了不少经验。在这期间,我的论文指导老师……教授对我的论文进行了详细的修改和指正,并给予我许多宝贵的建议和意见。在这里,我对他表示我最真挚的感谢和敬意!

以上就是我的答辩自述,希望各评委老师认真阅读论文并给予评价和指正。谢谢!

日语论文摘要万能模板

一般是这样:はじめに(引出论题,比如说为什么想到写这个,研究意义之类的)本文(正文,下面列出主要要论述的,一般分点论述)一、二、三、おわりに(总结一下)参考文献PS:如果是大的论文,如学位论文,正文之前应该还需要写“先行研究”(文献综述)

语言是一种文化现象,不同民族的文化反映在不同民族的语言之中,离开语言所依赖的文化背景,就很难真正学好一门外语。下文是我为大家整理的关于日本文化日语论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!

论从日语构造和日语运用看日本文化

摘要:“人的思考习惯”是指说同一种语言的人们共同拥有的一种认知习惯的总和,它是人们每天无意识的习惯性的思考和行为模式的基本,这些集合起来就成了文化。总之,用某种语法构造说出来话的意思是以说话人的认知习惯为前提在文脉中产生的。在这里面,又是和作为文脉的文化联系在一起的。要弄清楚作为文化基本要素的人们的思考习惯,一个很重要的线索就是语言。

关键词:言语文化学;言语意识;言语表现;日本文化

牧野成一说过,言语文化学既不是用文化来解释言语,也不是用言语来解释文化。假定可以显示某种言语现象和文化现象有某种必然的联系,那就要通过明确地提出具体是在什么时候来证明言语与文化的有机性,有缘性。总之,所谓言语文化学,是一门以已经作为社会习惯确定下来的言语的,文化的各个特征为研究对象,通过和两者有关系的普遍的媒介物,达到科学的记述的目的。本文即从日语的言语文化分析的视点,弄清楚日语和日本文化是如何联系在一起的。

一、日语构造里的文化

(一)词汇与日本文化

作为单词的总和的词汇,可以说在相当程度上反映了使用者所处的自然环境,社会文化,以及生活在里面的人们的思考方式。

1.词汇中反映的日本的传统文化和外来文化的交错

日语词汇里,反映了日本固有的要素和外来要素混合的文化。例如:和语•汉语•洋语混在一起。比如我们仅限于衣食住方面的话,衣方面,有「着物」「ゆかた」「帯」「寝巻」和「シャツ」「パンツ」「パジャマ」等,食方面,有「米」「汁」「豆腐」「すき焼き」「酒」和「スープ」チーズ」キャンディー」等,住方面,有「玄関」「ふすま」「縁侧」和「ドア」「ベランダ」等。所有的都包含三种语种,这三种语种的竞争,正反映了日本传统文化和外来文化交错的姿态。正是这种二重构造才是日本文化的特征。

2.特殊的一群――拟情词(拟声词•拟态词)

金田一春彦教授认为,在很多言语的词汇体系中都是空白部分的拟情词的存在是日语词汇独特的一个特点。都说日语里拟声词和拟态词多,虽然不能说这是日语独有的特色,但是这种单词的多用是感觉的,非分析性的事物认识的一个例证。例如:イライラ•ムシャクシャ•ヤキモキ…等等,对外国人来说很难理解吧。ホットする•ハレパレとした気分•スッキリした•(胸の中が)モヤモヤしている•ウンザリだ•ガッカリだ……等等,总是把感情状态分得特别细,有时描写很激烈的动作的状态的语句非常丰富,被经常和频繁地使用。ショゲル•フサギコム•ムクレル•ムカツク•ジレル•イラダツ•侘ビル……等等,对于把这种不断地感情的摇摆的心情分得如此之细的日本人来说,如果让他们生活在没有拟情词的“意思世界”里的话,他们一定会感觉到非常痛苦。

(二)语法里的文化

1.语序

日语是所谓的SOV(主语+宾语+动词)的语序。即:不仅是句子的信息,句子基本的意思构造不到句末是不能理解的。例如:

彼女は日本语教师になりました。

彼女は日本语教师になりませんでした。

彼女は日本语教师になりたかったんです。

彼女は日本语教师になりましたか。

句子是记叙句,否定句,还是疑问句不到句末是不知道的。可以说一直到句末都有悬念。如果把句子的信息当作是内部的话,像日语这种语序的语言,到达内部的过程就不显得唐突,比较缓和。从听者来看,不能从句首就能把握整个句子,而是从外部慢慢地到达内部。

2.自动词和他动词的使用选择

(1)不使用“他动词句”而选择使用“自动词句”

お茶が入りましたよ。(自动词句)

お茶を入れましたよ。(他动词句)

这是说话人给对方倒完茶之后的场景。这个时候,不用他动词句「お茶を入れましたよ」,而是多用自动词句「お茶が入っていますよ。」通过用说“茶已经倒好了”这个显示结果的句子,来抹掉主语“我”,这是一种不涉及到是“我把茶倒好了”的说法。如果使用他动词的话,就成了包含有“我为了你把茶泡好了”这种自己的行为给对方带来恩惠的说法,会让对方不愉快。

(2)取代使用“自动词句”而选择使用“他动词句”

部屋を散らかしていて、すみません。(他动词句)

部屋が散らかっていて、すみません。(自动词句)

前者和后者都经常被使用。前者的他动词句子是说明把房间弄的很乱的是自己,有一种给对方带来不愉快而道歉的表达方式。后者的自动词句子只是说明“房间很乱”这个状态,至于是谁的责任则比较暧昧的说法。这种情况下,比起用自动词句,用他动词句对道歉的心情更强烈些,会给对方更好的印象。

使用自动词句还是使用他动词句有以下的倾向:

自己(动作主人)直接或间接的会给对方带来负面的影响的情况,如果使用自动词句,容易招来“回避责任”的误解,所以为了确实的给带来麻烦的对方传达道歉的心情,比起用自动词句,有更多的会选择使用他动词句的倾向;

自己(动作主人)特意采取给对方带来正面效果的行为的情况下,如果使用他动词句,可能会给对方一种“强加于人的好意”“自我主张”等的印象,所以更倾向于使用自动词句,而不是他动词句。

二、日语运用中的文化——言语

意识和言语行为(一)定型化的寒暄语――人际关系的润滑剂

所谓寒暄是指人和人见面的时候或分开的时候互相交换的礼貌的行为或语言。通过说这些话语向对方显示敬意或亲近的心情,使人际关系和社会生活顺畅。

说到寒暄语,包括:①人跟人见面的时候,“おはようございます”“お元気ですか”等;②表示欢迎的时候,“いらっしゃいませ”等;③分开的时候,「さようなら」「おやすみなさい」等;④回家的时候,“ただいま”“お帰りなさい” ;⑤出门的时候,“いってきます」”“いってらっしゃい”等;⑥吃饭的时候,“いただきます”“ごちそうさま”等。

日语中说这种固定的寒暄语是非常普通的习惯。 “毎度ご来店くださいまして有难うございます”“毎度ご乗车有难うございます” 像这种固定的寒暄语在日本社会中也是非常广泛地使用。而在很多其他语言中这种固定的句子是一个空白的部分。但是,对日本人来说,根据用不用寒暄语,用什么样的寒暄语,可以显示对人关系的很大的不同。有可能出现只是因为没有用寒暄语而导致人际关系的不和谐,而相反,也有只是一句寒暄语而成为点亮了对方心里的暖灯的情况。总之,寒暄语作为人际关系的润滑油被使用,如果没有寒暄语,就会成为一个很难居住的世界。

(二)支配敬语行为的心理

谁都知道,日语的敬语非常发达。尊敬人的心情在哪个国家都能见到,但是把它发展到整个语法和词汇里形成了完整的体系不能不说是日语的一个特色。在日语里,除了身份,地位等社会地位以外,职业以及相关的业务里自己从属的社会、年龄、性别等的差别等等这些要素规定了当事人的用语。不仅如此,这种不同,在谈话双方之间产生了落差的时候,必须选择可以均衡这种关系的话语。

一般使用的敬语的规则是,根据对方或话题中出现的事物跟自己的关系(上下•亲疏•利益关系),使用相适应的词句。当然也会考虑“待遇表现”或“品格语”。支配日本人言语行为的条件有很多,最主要还是由“敬意” 的表达方式和微妙的对人意识里的“心里距离”的拿捏这两种来决定的。总之,就是是否把对方和对象纳入“自己人”的范围,根据这种和自己心里距离的远近来决定采用何种用词。

三、结语

日语和日本人的意识互相影响,成为一体,形成了日本列岛上独自的一个精神空间。可以被称作“民族的精神空间”。这也同时可以称作“民族的言语空间”。“日本人像”也好,“日语像”也好都可以从中得到反映。本文以日语的言语文化分析为视点,从日语构造和日语运用这两个方面分析了“日语像”和“日本人像”。可以说通过一些词汇,语法和几个言语表达方面,一定程度上弄清楚了日语和日本人的认知习惯及日本文化是如何联系在一起的。当然,日语和日本文化的联系仅就在以上两个方面也都远远不止这些。例如,还包括日语中反映日本这个民族擅长和不太擅长的方面,日语中可以反映喜欢用自动词发想的日本人,授受动词的多用,被动语态的妙用,沉默的日本人,人称代名词的省略,暧昧表现,婉转的拒绝等等。这些都当作今后的课题来讨论。

参考文献

[1]佐竹秀雄, 西尾玲见.『敬语の教科书』[M]. ベル, 2005.

[2]田洼行则. 『视点と言语行动』[M]. くろしお出版, 1997.

[3]彭飞. 『日本语の配虑表现に関する研究』[M]. 和泉书院, 2004.

[4]彭飞. 『外国人を悩ませる日本人の言语惯习に関する研究』[M]. 和泉书院, 1990.

[5]牧野成一. 『ウチとソトの言语文化学』[M]. アルク, 1996.

[6]水谷信子. 『心を伝える日本语讲座』[M]. 研究社, 1999.

[7]森田良行. 『日本语の视点』[M]. 创拓社, 1995.

[8]森山卓郎. 『コミュニケーションの日本语』[M]. 岩波书店, 2004.

[9]芳贺绥. 『日本人らしさ构造』[M]. 大修馆书店, 2004.

[10]渡辺実. 『日本语概说』[M]. 岩波书店, 1996.

浅析日本文化对日语成语的影响

摘 要: 成语是民族语言发展的产物,承载了丰富的文化信息,是语言词汇的精华。它就像一面镜子,清晰地反映出一个民族的文化特色。民族文化会在语言中留下深深的烙印,促使成语的形成。本文从自然环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰三个方面论述日本文化对日语成语的产生、发展及形成所具有的重要意义。

关键词: 日本文化 日语成语 意义

“语言是文化的载体,是文化的积淀,更是文化的映像”[1]。语言中存在丰富的文化内涵。任何一种语言的产生、变化和发展都与其民族和国家的自然地理环境、社会文化和风土人情息息相关。正如日本语言学家森田良行先生所说:“言叶はそれを生み出した社会的文化であり、文化的视点を离れて言叶を考えることは生きた本当の言叶を眺めることにはならないであろう。”[2](语言是社会文化的产物,离开文化视点考虑语言就无法看到真正的语言)成语作为语言文化中文化性最强的一个部分,更是民族文化精华的体现。它就像一面镜子,清晰地反映出了一个民族的文化特色。

民族文化势必在语言中留下深深的烙印,促使成语的形成。学习和掌握成语既能提高语言表达能力又能增强文化能力,文化能力的增强必将有助于语言能力的提高。日本文化纷繁复杂,并且吸收多国文化的精华,拥有大量的成语。本文从自然环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰三方面简述日本文化对日语成语的形成、发展的影响,引起人们对成语和文化之间关系的重视,进而更好地学习和理解日语成语,并在语言实践中准确地表达成语的意义,避免由于不了解日语成语的文化背景而产生令人啼笑皆非的错误。日本权威词典《国语大辞典》这样解释成语:“古人が作って、昔から屡々用いられて来た语句、合成语、熟语など二语以上が缠まってきた言叶。”(从古至今一直沿用的词句、复合语、熟语等由两字以上构成的语言)可见日语成语包括汉语中的二字四字词组、谚语、惯用语句、格言、歇后语等。

一、自然环境

“自然环境作为人类的生存空间,必将与该民族的文化特征有密不可分的关系”[3]。日本人自古以来生活在四面环海的岛国,盛产各种鲜鱼,从而形成了独特的“鱼文化”。从最普通廉价的「鰯」到最稀少昂贵的「鲷」都大量出现在成语中。「鰯の头も信心から」(精诚所至);「鲷の尾より鰯の头」(宁为鸡头,不为凤尾);「鲭を読む」(故弄玄虚);「鳗登り」(扶摇直上);「鲍の具の片思い」(一厢情愿);「虾で鲷を钓る」(抛砖引玉);「山芋が鳗となる」(鸡窝里飞不出金凤凰);「鲈庖丁」(尔虞我诈);「鼈が时を作る」(异想天开)等。正是因为“鱼”是日本民族饮食的主角,所以在日语成语中鱼的种类被详细地划分,各类鱼的形象特点也被刻画得淋漓尽致。因为日本的海产资源丰富,一年四季都能吃到新鲜的海产品,所以日本民族对食品调料便不像大陆民族那样急切和讲究。在日本很长时间只把「塩」和「味噌」作为调料品。「塩」是从海水中提取的,因此各家各户味道都一样。但是用大豆做的「味噌」每个人做的味道都不相同。如果自己做的「味噌」比别人的都香,就是非常自豪和骄傲的。于是便有了日语成语「出前味噌」和「味噌が上がる」(自吹自擂);「味噌を擂る」(阿谀奉承)。但是如果配方比例出了问题,「味噌」就会做失败,所以「味噌を付ける」就是“丢人现眼”的意思。此外,「味噌もくそも一绪にする」(好坏不分);「味噌が腐る」(指嗓音太坏)等。

日本列岛山多地少,自然环境特别恶劣,以种植水稻谋生。引水灌溉是种植水稻的重要必备条件,因此各家各户经常发生水源纠纷,成语「水挂け论」(争论不休)。日本民族以大米为主食,相关成语有:「他人の饭は白い」(家花不如野花香);「花より団子」(舍华求实);「朝饭前」(一蹴而就);「冷や饭を食う」(坐冷板凳);「饼は饼屋」(无论做什么事情还得依靠行家);「同じ釜の饭を食う」(亲密无间)等。

日本频繁受到台风、地震、海啸等多种自然灾害的袭击,古代日本民族对一切自然现象都十分恐惧、敬畏,他们认为人世间的一切都是有灵魂的,都是神的化身。日本民族信奉「神」「霊」「鬼」,认为「鬼」是「神」从天上、海上、山上派遣来到地上后的变形,它力大无穷、冷酷无情,非常可怕。由此产生「鬼に金棒」(如虎添翼);「鬼の空念仏」(虚情假意);「鬼の井沼に洗濯」(山中无老虎猴子称霸王);「心の鬼にする」(横下一条心);「鬼を酢にして食う」(天不怕地不怕)等。在威力无比的神和大自然面前,人要生存下来就必须祈求神灵的庇佑。日本全国各地遍布大大小小的「神社」,里面供奉着不同的「神様」,每年都要举行各式隆重的祭祀活动,日语称之为「祭り」。「最初の祭り」指非常隆重、热闹;而「後の祭り」指错过了时机,毫无意义。

自古以来,日本民族就在日本列岛上生存繁衍,岛国文化是日语成语的生命源泉。

二、风俗习惯

“风俗习惯是一个民族在特定的历史发展过程和地理环境中逐渐形成的,是文化形态的象征,涉及社会生活的各个领域”[4]。作为文化载体的语言必然会反映该民族的风俗习惯,并形成具有本民族特色的成语。

日本民族自古以来信仰「言霊」,认为语言具有不可思议的灵验力。这种灵验力既能带来吉祥,又会招致灾祸。心里期盼的吉祥如果随便说出来,「言霊」就会失效。日本民族对自己的语言慎之又慎,主张「言叶多きは悪し」(言多必失);「沈黙は最大雄弁なり」(沉默是最佳的雄辩);「口は祸の门」(祸从口出);「言わぬが花」(不说为妙)。由动词「言う」构成的成语绝大部分带有贬义:「言い落とす」(信口开河);「言いふらす」(散布谣言);「言いまくる」(口若悬河)等充分反映日本民族对发言的消极认识。

「花道」「茶道」在日本民族的生活中占据非常重要的地位,是闻名世界境界极高的艺术。成语「草花三年」指学习插花是从最一般的插草花开始练习的,但是要插得好至少要勤练三年,以此成语强调苦练基本功的重要性。「茶道」的礼仪作法非常难,但是早晨吃的普通的「お茶の子」是谁都会做的最简单的事,由此便有了成语「お茶の子さいさい」(轻而易举)。茶艺不精,随随便便泡茶有了成语「お茶を浊す」,指含糊其辞、马马虎虎。以茶为题材的成语还有「茶にする」(爱理不理);「灭茶苦茶」(乱七八糟);「番茶も出花」(旧貌换新颜)等。日本民族丰富多彩的生活是日语成语生存的肥沃土壤。 人类与动植物共同生活在地球上,朝夕相处。

某些动植物的特性在表达人的思想感情上有意想不到的效果,日语中就有很多以动植物设喻的成语。樱花是日本的国花,自古以来深受日本民族的喜爱。樱花花期极短,但它齐开齐落、绚丽缤纷、轰轰烈烈的“集团主义美”,在凋谢前依然保有高尚风范,这些都是日本民族毕生所追求的崇高品质。在日语中有许多以樱花为主题的赞美的成语:「桜は花に现れる」(才华横溢);「桜は七日」(在短暂的一生中也要干出宏伟的事业);「三日见ぬ间の桜」(世事无常)等。日本两大重要的节日五月五日的端午节一定要插「菖蒲」,九月九日的重阳节一定要装饰「菊」。但是节日第二天六日的「菖蒲」和十日的「菊」就没有任何用处。成语「六日の菖蒲」「十日の菊」就表示错失了良机,没有任何价值,意同汉语的“雨后送伞”。

「河童」是日本神话故事中虚构的动物形象,擅长游泳,也可以生活在陆地上,深得日本人的喜爱。「陆に上がった河童」(虎落平川);「河童に水泳に教える」(班门弄斧);「河童の川流れ」(淹死会水的人)。「鹈」是专门吃鱼的,它吃鱼时是一口将鱼整条吞下。借用这种现象成语「鹈呑みにする」比喻不求甚解,或是上当。「亀」是日本民族非常喜爱的动物,人们认为「亀の甲より年の功」(姜是老的辣),希望「亀は万年」(像龟一样长寿)。日本民族认为自己的体内都栖息着「虫」,这些「虫」长得什么样、藏在体内什么地方谁都不知道,平常这些「虫」潜伏在体内某个地方一动不动,让人没有任何感觉,但是一有时机它们就会行动起来令人难以对付。这些「虫」操纵指挥着每一个日本人的思想和行为,于是产生了很多以「虫」设喻的成语。「虫の居所が悪い」(心中不快);「腹の虫が纳まらぬ」(怒气难消);「虫すが走る」(令人作呕);「虫の知らせ」(事前预感);「泣き虫」(爱哭的人);「弱虫」(胆小鬼)。而「虫がいい」指体内的虫子在洋洋得意地任意摆布着人的行为,不管别人的感受,意同汉语的“自私自利”。此外,日语中还有很多以日常生活中常见的动物如猫、狗、牛、马等设喻的成语,在此就不一一列举。总之,动植物是日语成语取之不尽的丰富资源。对于这些带有特殊民族文化烙印的成语,一定要在了解民族文化内涵的基础上学习和运用,才能避免误解、误译、误传。

三、宗教信仰

宗教信仰作为一种社会意识形态,会给人的思维产生具有渗透性、持久性的动力。思想文化渗透同时伴随着语言渗透,不同的宗教信仰形成不同的文化特色,再现不同的文化传统。

日本民族的宗教信仰较为复杂,经历多个时期。中国的“道教”最早传入日本,日语成语「六神主なし」(六神无主),「六神」就是指道教中的“心、肺、肝、肾、脾、脏”六脏之神。随着中国汉字传入日本,中国古代提倡的“修己治人”的儒学也传入日本。儒教所推崇的“仁义礼智信”成为日本民族为人处世的原则,并对日本文化产生深远的影响,产生很多蕴含儒教思想的成语如:「孔子の倒れ」(人无完人);「犬に论语」(对牛弹琴);「男は松女は藤」(男尊女卑)等。公元六世纪佛教传入日本后,很大程度上改变了日本人的人生观,成了日本民族的精神支柱。在佛教中把善恶世界分为“欲界”、“色界”、“无色界”三界,最高的无色界称“有顶天”,能登上这一最高境界当然是欣喜若狂,于是有了日语成语「有顶天になる」(得意忘形、忘乎所以)。僧人们每天赤脚行乞,晚上回到寺院一定要洗净脚才给信徒们讲经说法,所以「足を洗う」表示洗手不干。和佛教有关的成语还有「仏顶面」(板着面孔、绷着脸);「仏の颜も三度」(事不过三);「お释迦に経を闻かせる」(班门弄斧);「有为转変は世の习い世」(世事无常)等。这些带有浓郁宗教色彩的日语成语已深入日本人的生活。宗教信仰给日语成语提供充足的养分。

综上所述,日语成语丰富多彩,充满智慧和创造力,是蕴含日本文化最丰富的语言单位,更是日本文化的精华和核心的体现,在文章和交流中使用率极高。我们必须重视对日语成语的学习和掌握,只有这样才能加深对日本文化的理解,并不断提高日语水平。

参考文献:

[1]苏金智.语言·社会·文化[M].北京:北京语言出版社,1994.

[2]孙满绪.日语和日本文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2007.

[3]顾嘉祖.跨文化交际[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社,2002.

[4]王秀文.日本语言文化与交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2007.

[5]尚学図书辞书编集部.故事·俗信ことわざ大辞典[M].日本:小学馆,1982.

[6]古学谦,刘鸿鳞.汉日成语谚语对译[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1981.

论文摘要万能模板

论文摘要万能模板,写论文是每个毕业学子的必要任务,论文写得好不好直接影响后续的学业,最近很多朋友都在写论文,下面我就来分享论文摘要万能模板,供大家参考,希望能对大家有所帮助!

1、首先介绍本文研究的背景和发展现状,指出本文尚待解决的问题和造成的`影响。一般在前言中可以挑出研究背景、目的或假设。

范例:随着(社会)的发展,(主题)在(主题领域)中扮演着越来越重要的角色。而过去,人们对(主题)的理解仅限于(背景现状)。从而导致了一系列问题(罗列3-5条本文待解决的问题),这些问题造成了(详述什么影响)。

2、之后,叙述研究采用的技术方法和路线

范例:基于此,本文拟采用(实验法、调查法、实证研究法、定量分析法)进行研究

3、再简述某某问题的技术解决策略,并带来怎样的结果

范例:并为解决上述问题,提出了(3-5条,与前述的问题对应)解决方案。

4、对上述内容总结,将结果上升到对社会、科学研究等领域,突出其作用价值。在结论章节中可以挑出有用的句子。注意避免夸大结论

范例:期望能够促进(主题)的发展,推动(主题领域)继续更好地发展。

5、最后,将以上内容重新整理,组成200-300字的一个段落。确保文意顺畅,删除文章里没有提及的信息和不必要的方法细节。

1、基于、、、理 论,本文分析了……; 当前,……(背景),本文从……角度/方向/领域进行关于……的研究; 针对……问题/现象,从……方面,利用……方法进行研究。

2、本文采用……研究方法/研究模型,综合比对……理 论; 根据……研究方法/理 论模型,充分考量/考虑/分析……,对……问题进行了深入探索。

3、研究表明/显示/证实,……; 数据证明,……;……的发现,对……问题的解决和突破具有重要意义/影响。

4、建议……;实践证明,……; 为……,已证明……。

5、本论文以《……》为切入点,重点研究……。本文分为四个部分,第一部分简单分析了……现状;第二部分阐述了……模式;第三部分……模式现存问题;第四部分打造……的思考。

论文答辩自述万能模板英语

论文陈述可以很好地组织和发展论点,并为读者提供关于论点的“指南”。

论文陈述包含以下内容:

1、陈述你对这个主题的主要观点

陈述观点时一定要表达一个主要思想,并陈述你的立场或看法。关于主题,需思考:

2、给出几个支持主要观点的理由

理由要写清楚,一定要用符合逻辑的事实和证据来支持这个理由。

3、给出一个与主要观点相反的观点

一个好的论文陈述要承认论点存在另一面。所以,同学可以在论文陈述中给出一个反论点。

论文陈述写作示例:

1、首先,从一个问题开始。例如:互联网对教育有正面或负面的影响吗?

2、其次,表明你对这个问题的立场。例如:互联网对教育的正面影响大于负面影响。

3、最后,发展你的答案。例如:互联网使用的负面影响被其对教育的诸多好处所抵消:互联网有助于学生和老师更容易地获取信息、接触不同的观点,以及这是一个灵活的学习环境。

毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版(通用6篇)

转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束,我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式,那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢?下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.

I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.

So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) : I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.

The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.

In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.

Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.

the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.

i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !

today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.

the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.

not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.

good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.

i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.the way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.so when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.

The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.

With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.

Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.

Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.

Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.

Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.

Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.

Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

论文答辩自述英文

在个人成长的多个环节中,大家都经常接触到论文吧,通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的`能力。那么问题来了,到底应如何写一篇优秀的论文呢?以下是我帮大家整理的论文答辩自述英文,欢迎大家分享。

Good morning, professors and everyone. I come from JMU College. I am XXX and my supervisor is prof XXX. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper.

The title of my paper is An Analysis of Ahab’s Personality Tragedy in Moby Dick. I choose this title as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this work as this is one of the texts in our American literature course . Last but not least , Moby-Dick is widely recognized as the summit not only of Melville’s art but of American nineteenth-centry fiction.

The purpose of this essay is to study Captain Ahab,the role in Moby-Dick, whose leg was bitten by the white whale in his process of the whaling. After losing his leg, he determined to revenge Moby Dick and tried to kill it. In order to revenge, Ahab ultimately dooms the crew of the Pequod (save for Ishmael) to death by his obsession with Moby Dick. By taking the comprehensive analysis perspective of Moby-Dick, this thesis will point out that the main characteristics of Ahab.

This paper consists of three parts. Part one presents an introduction to the Social Background and the life of the Author Herman Melvillehe ,Part two presents The Main Characteristics of Ahab. there are three aspects have been divided to analyze his characters: his monomania , his selfishness, and his individualism. Part three presents The Consequences of Ahabs Personality Tragedy.

OK, thats all. Thank you !

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :

I am Zhao Jing. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Zhong Ming, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

The title of my paper is The Masculine Spirit of The Old Man and the Sea

The whole thesis consists of 3 parts. The first part will give brief introductions on the background which contains the social and cultural aspects and the introduction to the author of the masterpiece. In The second part is going to have a brief

introduction of the old man and the sea and analyze the masculine spirits in the old man and the sea such as the faith optimistic and the wisdom of the hero. In the third part, it is the natural conclusion and the deep consideration.

I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this novel as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times. Last but not the least, I’m deeply appreciated to the masculine spirit and hope I can get and practice it in my future. For the above facts, I select the subject of The Masculine Spirit of The Old Man and the Sea as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this novel we can know more about the author Hemingway and his honorable masculine spirit. “A man can be destroyed but not be defeated.” Such kind of spirit can

help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

That’s all.Thank you!

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, its show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.

The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomens writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation”. The year 2014 represents the 22” anniversary of Angela Carters death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carters works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.

With the emergence of western womens movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though womens social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carters most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.

Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.

Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.

Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carters life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.

Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carters life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to womens freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.

Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carters demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.

Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

英语论文答辩问题万能模板

英语语言文学的论文答辩主要分为两部分:自我陈述和回答答辩老师问题,下面对这两部分进行详细讲解。一、自述(用英语完成):1、先问好,再开始自述,自述时间为5-10分钟,要简明扼要,必须将自述内容提纲制作成Powerpoint文件。2、主要陈述内容(即Powerpoint文件主要内容):(1)自己选择这个题目的原因;(2)设计和实施的简单过程(如,商务方向:采用什么方法来搜集信息、资料等);(3)自己论文的主要内容(不要念论文,最好用4、5句话简单介绍论文内容,如,商务方向:做了哪些调查,得出什么结论,计划如何实施项目);(4)仍然存在的问题(如,商务:在实施项目中可能会遇到的风险以及如何解决);3、最好准备相关文字并熟记(答辩时要脱稿陈述,但是可以看PPT文件)。4、语言最好简单清楚,不要直接用论文中内容,应该用解释性的句式,如:When I was designing the lessons, I found that .英语文学论文答辩自我陈述范例:Good morning all the appraiser committee members. I come from *** , majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am *** and my supervisor is prof.***.With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.the thesis aims at an elucidation of Lessing's chronological shift in her philosophy from rationalism to irrationalism. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially Lessing's works. Secondly, Comparing to the studies abroad, which extends most than 50 years, the Lessing study in China is relatively new. Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of From Rationalism to Irrationalism-on Doris Lessing's Construction of Dreams in Psychological Fictions as the title of my paper.I hope by studying this short story we can know more about the different arrangements for the dreams and hallucinations in Lessing's works at different period, the thesis aims at an elucidation of Lessing's chronological shift in her philosophy from rationalism to irrationalism.Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .The thesis consists of five sections: the introduction, three chapters of argumentation,and the conclusion.The introduction includes a brief introduction to the writer and the writer's works concerned, the literary review of academic research at home and abroad, the main theory applied in this thesis, and an explanation to the thesis's content, structure and significance.The three chapters of argument consists of 1) an analysis of the coincidental consistency of Lessing's dream construction with Freudian theory; 2) a comparison between the hallucinations in “To Room Nineteen” and the dream images in The Golden Notebook,and an analysis to the distinction between Lessing's and Freud!s understandings on the mechanism of displacement and condensation, on id and superego, and on trauma; and 3) essing's transcendence over psychoanalytic concerns. The last section is brief conclusion of the whole thesis. It restates Lessing's metamorphosis from rationalism to irrationalism.Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!二、回答老师问题(老师用英语提问,学生用英语回答):1、大约有6-8个问题,时间将持续10-15分钟。2、首先要听清楚问题,如果没有听清,可以要求老师重复问题(可以说pardon之类的话)。 3、回答时首先要态度好,要切题,而且不要保持沉默,不会时可以表示抱歉。 4、常见问题: (1)关于选题:如Why did you choose this topic for your paper 或Why were you interested in this project(2)关于具体部分:商务方向:SWOT,COSTING,FLOWCHART,RISK,STAKEHOLDER,如Do you think this point a piece of weakness of the shop 或Do you think this a necessary activity for the project(3)关于背景知识及理论知识:如What does SWOT stand for (商务)(4)关于论文存在的问题:如In the last sentence on page there are some grammatical errors.(5)关于项目或论文将来的发展:如:商务方向:If possible, will you carry out the project, and if so, do you think it will make profit5、带一份定稿(要与老师们持有的论文页码一致)。6、最后要向老师们表示感谢。

中文摘要性别歧视在不同的社会制度和国家中都不同程度地存在。而作为一种普遍的社会现象,自然会在语言中得到折射。本文介绍了英语中的性别歧视语的种种表现形式,分析了这种现象产生的社会原因和文化根源,并总结了在英语语言运用过程中消除性别歧视的方法,男女一视同仁,但语言是文化的载体,并在人们不断使用的过程中逐渐得到丰富和发展。作为一个地区,一个民族约定俗成的一种表达方式,语言必然会反映出一定的社会价值观念和民族思维方式。性别歧视是以性别为基础而产生的一种社会歧视现象,«朗曼英语词典»对“性别歧视”的解释是:“以性别为基础的歧视,尤其是男性对女性的偏见。《美国传统字典》的定义是“一种性别成员对另一性别成员,尤其是男性对女性的歧视”。虽然它可以表现为男性对女性的歧视,也可以表现为女性对男性的歧视。但是“性别歧视”通常是对女性的歧视,是人们对女性的偏见和男女社会地位不平等的反映。“女性长期以来被看作是theweakersex/thesecondsex,是男性的陪衬和附属品。即使在标榜人权,平等的西方发达国家中也是如此。而现代女权运动轰轰烈烈的发展形势正是对这一不平等现象的反抗和反映。”【1】(P80)从而在语言中,出现了多种多样的性别歧视语,英语也不例外。一、性别歧视语言现象人际称谓亲昵称谓在西方,男性上司称呼他们的女性下属时可以用一些表示亲密关系的昵称,如sugar,darling,sweetie,girlie;反过来,女性下属却不能用这些昵称来称呼她们的上司,而且女性上司也不能如此来称呼她们的男性职员,可是,生疏男子或非亲密关系的男子却可用昵称来称呼女子,这说明在英美社会女性比男性社会地位低,受到的尊重比男性少。【2】(P74)姓名称谓在西方,女子婚前一般用父姓,婚后改用丈夫的姓,例如:在西方婚礼上,新郎新娘步入教堂时,牧师公布:“Inowpronounceyoumanandwife。”“婚后的男子依旧是man,而婚后的女子则由Miss变成了wife这种现象不乏女权主义者和职业妇女。”【2】(P74)当时的美国总统BillClinton的夫人HilaryRodhamon也在为自己的,即支持已婚女性不仅应当标注夫姓,而且只应当标注夫姓,而不应继续标注父姓。尽管HilaryRodhamon本人是一位女权运动者,但她还是把自己的名字根据丈夫和自己的政治需要,先从HilaryRodhamon改为HilaryRodhamonClinton,最后改为HilaryClinton。但是,不管怎么改,都不能超出如下选择:要么跟父亲姓,要么跟丈夫姓。这种以丈夫的姓冠之于前的称呼,表明妇女出嫁后就成了丈夫的私有财产,是属于丈夫的,因此无法得到与丈夫平等的权利。未婚女性用Miss冠以父姓,已婚的用Mrs。或Lady冠以丈夫的姓氏。指代称谓1)提到男女双方时,双方不是处于平等地位,而是男先女后。Kingandqueen,brotherandsister,fatherandmother,boysandgirls,husbandandwife,AdamandEve,manandwoman,Mr。LucasandhiswifeLouise。2)。一些形式上没有男性标志的词意,人们习惯上把它们当作是男性词看待。英语及其它讲英语国家的人习惯认为professor,doctor,lawyer,surgeon,barrister,magistrate等为男性,当我们听到有人说:Mycousinisaprofessor时,多数人会断定professor为男性。若要说明这些词是女性的,一般可在前面加上woman,lady,female等 修饰语。如:womanprofessor,ladydoctor,femaleworker等,这些所谓的中性词的用法从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断,相反地teacher,nurse,secretary,model等人们一般认为是女性,如为男性时前面要加上male或是man,如:malenurse,manteacher。这些习惯除了历史现实情况有关,也可以说是一种社会偏见。词语发展首先,表面上对应的词,含义却往往褒男贬女在英语中往往通过对女性名词的恶化来达到性别歧视的目的。几乎所有的女性名词都带有贬义,如queen,lady,mistress,madam等,其贬义为“雌猫”、“情妇”、以及“鸨母”等,而与之对应的king,lord,master,father等词,如将他们的起首字母大写即可升格为“上帝”、“基督”、“主”、“神”等意义。其次,英语中常用一些动物的名称来指称某些女性。比如:bat(贱妇,丑妇,妓女);dog(丑妇,贱妇,没有成就的女人,妓女);chicken(见面熟的年轻女人);cat(恶妇,包藏祸心的女人,可卑的女人);cow(子女多的女人,肥胖而不整洁的女人,经常怀孕的女人,妓女);mutton(放荡的女人,做少女妆扮的老妇女,妓女)。并且,英语中还有一些带有轻视色彩,专指中老年妇女的词汇。比如:trot(老太婆);hen(爱管闲事或嘴碎的中年妇女);warhorse(粗声大气,肥胖固执的女人);crone(干瘪皱皮的老太婆);hag(爱做坏事的老丑妇);witch(老丑妇);biddy(长舌妇);harridan(面容枯槁,脾气急躁的老妇)。谚语运用理性类宋朝黄六鸿《福惠全书,弄名部》载:“妇人水性杨花,焉得不为所动”,诋毁女子“用情不专”,“缺乏理性”,在英语中就有相类似的谚语。Longhairandshortwit。(头发长,见识短) Whenanassclimbsaladder,wemayfindwisdominwomen。(若要女子有才智,除非毛驴攀上树)言及女子“感情游移”“二三其德”的有:Awoman’smindandwinterwindchangealot。>Women,windandfortuneareeverchanging。>婚嫁类Afairfaceishalfaportion。Whenthecandlesareout,allwomenarefair。Daughtersanddeadfisharenokeepingwares。>Marryyoursonwhenyouwill,yourdaughterwhenyoucan。>Therearemanygoodwomen,it’strue;buttheyareintheirgraves。>Hethathasawhitehorseandafairwifeneverwantstrouble。>性情类一代文豪莎士比亚曾云:“弱者,你的名字是女人”弱女子的典型形象特征是“泪水涟涟”。Womanismadetoweep。(女子生来好哭)Nothingdriessofastasawoman’stears。>Womanismadeofglass。>Glassandlassesarebrittlewares。>职业中的性别歧视许多表示职业的名词,如engineer,pilot,scientist,writer,doctor,pilot,scientist,engineer,pilot等对男女都适用,本来是中性词汇,本身没有性的区别。“由于历史上男性长期占据社会主导地位,人们习惯把它们与男性联系起来。”【3】(P210)如要非凡指女性从事相同职业时,往往在前面加上female,womanlady,从而使女性职业名词在外在的形式上呈现出“有标志性”,如womandoctor,femalepilot,womanscientist,womanlawyer等。而行业名称冠以男性标记反而不符合语言习惯,但男保姆、男护士除外。只有一些地位较底的职业,如nurse,secretary等,传统上让人联想到女性,而与男性无缘。这种习惯除了与历史和现实有关,也可以说是一种性别歧视。二、英语语言中性别歧视现象产生的原因、历史原因在西方文化传统中,男性一直被认为富于创造力。在《圣经》里,创造世界的耶和华为男性,而耶和华创造的亚当亦是男性,亚当的妻子夏娃只不过是亚当一条肋骨的衍化物,这一传统观念就把创造力固定在男人身上,后人便有了“男性的特质是创造力的天赋”的说法。并且在圣经《创世纪》关于上帝造人的神话成了语言起源学说的联想依据。“在他们看来,既然上帝造了亚当这天下第一个男人,语言中的“性”范畴就应将阳性置于首位。假如把两者的顺序颠倒过来,就不符合语言习惯。”【4】(P132)英语语法并没有规定“先男后女”的语序,但人们在长期的言语习惯中,大都以男为先,女为后,女性只能是跟随在男性后面的第二性别。男先女后的语序是如此常见,以至于反过来如说womanandman,sheorhe等则会令人感到不习惯。、社会原因性别歧视的根源可以追溯到史前时代男女所扮演的性别角色。由于男性的肌肉比女性肌肉发达,又不生育,于是他们担当起打猎、耕作的角色,妇女体弱、要生育,所以负责照顾孩子、料理家庭、采集食物等。那时,男女角色虽然不同,但还没有一方价值高于另一方的观念。“随着社会生产力的不断发展,男子逐渐从事更多的农业生产活动,占据了主导地位,妇女的地位随供给食物能力的降低而下降。”【5】(P113)到了中世纪时期,妇女由于能生养孩子,能为土地所有者生养合法继续人,她们成了地主丈夫的宝贵财产。为了使妇女处于这样的地位,统治者便借助法律令女性屈服和受制于丈夫,于是,各种约束妇女的各种社会规范和习俗开始形成。在漫长的父系社会里,妇女地位低下,依附男性,受制于男性,这种观念逐渐根深蒂固,被人们视为理所当然。直到二十世纪,妇女的地位有了很大的改善,但是社会化偏见是在社会化的过程中,通过社会群体,父母,亲友,伙伴的言传身教和大众传媒获得的。人们对女性的歧视和偏见也是从父母,亲友或群体的交往中直接获得的,或通过大众传媒获得的。在英语中,受传统观念的影响,对女性的语言歧视已经成为了一种恶性循环。比如,人们一看到或听到“virgin”和“prostitute”这两个词,首先想到的就是“处女”和“妓女”的意思,而很少想到它们还分别可用于指“处男”和“男娼”。、生理原因记的有人写道:在医院的育婴室里,每个刚出生的婴儿的小床上都有说明性别的标记,上面清楚写着:“Iamaboy”或“Itisagirl”。这里男孩的称呼是I,而女孩却用it。在婴儿还不知道什么是语言时,而在他们的身上已深深打上了文化和语言的印记。在英语中用男性物主代词his指代包括女性在内的任何人的现象也不胜枚举。例如Haseveryonecompletedhisassignment?还有Everyoneshoulddohisbestontheexam。这里的his已经包括了女性在内。虽然女性享有就业、选举、教育等等同男性一样的权利,然而女性仍然处于社会的边缘,被认为是“弱者”(theweakersex)和“他者”(theother);男性始终占据主导地位。”【6】(P210)根据1980年的联合国统计,男性拥有世界资源的99%,而女性拥有的资源不到1%。“因此说,对女性的歧视与偏见有长期的社会历史根源。”【6】(P219)三、消除英语语言中性别歧视的方法随着社会的发展和妇女社会地位的不断提高,尤其是随着美国女权运动的高涨,消除语言中的性别歧视的呼声越来越高。这其中核心问题有两个:如何直接剔除语言中的性别歧视词;如何消除第三人称代词泛指而引起的性别歧视问题。我们从英语性别歧视词的转换方式和如何选用恰当的人称代词来消除性别歧视问题的对策这几个方面来进行介绍和讨论。、性别歧视词转换成无性别歧视词的方法1尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词,即无性别歧视词,女性不能只作为女性说话,男性也不能只作为男性说话。要走出性歧视的误区,出路在于语言的中性化.

英语论文答辩万能句型模板

导语:议论文是 英语写作 中的一种体裁,下面是我收集整理的英语议论文万能写作模板,希望对你有帮助!

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言 比如说:就我而言 As far as I concerned 2 It can be said with certainty that... +从句 可以肯定地说......

3.As the proverb says, 正如 谚语 所说的, 可以用来引用名言名句

4 .It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到,...

5 .Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

6 .Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

7 .Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

8 Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问,无可否认

9 .Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

10 .whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

3 But the problem is not so simple. Therefore,+句子 ( 然而问题并非如此简单,所以……) 4 .But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是… it’s a pity that….遗憾的是。。。

5 In spite of the fact that...尽管事实...... In spite of 尽管

6 .Further, we hold opinion that... 此外,我们坚持认为,...

7 .However , the difficulty lies in..+名词或者动名词 .然而,困难在于…

8.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样,我们要注意...

9 As it has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的… (可以用来对前面所说的话进行补充说明)

10.In this respect, 从这个角度上

11.However, 然而…

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此,我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 = In a word=In conclusion

It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion,因此,在我看来,

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是,....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来,如果……也许更好

四.举例句型

1. Here is one more example这里有不止一个的例子

2.Take … for example.就拿……为例子

五.常用于引言段的句型

1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…

To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for thee reasons below. 坦率地说,我不能同意他们的意见,理由如下。

2. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的,因为… 1

3. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意….这一观点的说法…

4. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展,越来越多…

5 It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为…

6. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言,我完全同意前者/后者的观点。

六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法

1. A is completely different from B. (A和B完全不同)

2 The difference between A and B is lies in +名词或者动名词 ( A和B不同的地方是。。。) .

七 演绎法常用的句型

1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……,但一般,他们可以归结为三个主要的。

2. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题,但下面的可能是最有效的。 ( 可以用在保护环境等话题的作文)

4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说,这些优势可以列举如下。

5. The reasons are as follows. 。。。的理由如下 (可以用来列举理由原因)

八 因果推理法常用句型

1.Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书,我们已经学到了很多。

2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 由于阅读这本书,我们已经学到了很多。

3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书,我们已经学到了很多。

4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书,我们已经学到了很多。

开头常用万能句子

1.Depending on personal experience, personal type and emotion concern, we find that some people hold the idea of..., while others prefer...

基于个人经历、个性类型和情感关注的不同,我们发现有人持……的观点,而另外一些人则更喜欢……

例句:Depending on personal experience, personal type and emotion concern, we find that some people hold the idea of living in the small town, while others prefer the big city.

基于个人经历、个性类型和情感关注的不同,我们发现有人喜欢生活在小城镇,而另外一些人则更喜欢大城市。

2.When asked about..., the vast/ overwhelming majority of/ most/ many/ quite a few people say/ think/ believe/ answer that... But...

当被问及……时,多数(大多数、许多)人认为(回答)……但是……

例句:When asked about choosing living place, the vast people think that living in the big city is perfect. But I think living in the small town is the better choice.

当被问及在选择居住地方时,多数人认为居住在城市是很棒的`。但是我觉得住在小城镇更好。

3.When it comes to ..., some think/ hold/ believe...

当提及……时,有人认为……

例句:When it comes to sports, some believe basketball is the most popular one.

当提到运动时,有人认为篮球是最受欢迎的。

4.It has become apparent to us that...

对我们来说,……已经变得很明显了

例句:It has become apparent to us that living in a small town is more comfortable.

对我们来说,住在小城镇更加舒服。

5.Nowadays, it is commonly/ widely/ generally believed/ thought/ held that..., but I wonder/ doubt that...

如今,人们普遍认为……,但是我怀疑……

例句:Nowadays, it is generally believed that living in a big city is convenient, but I doubt that living in a small country is more comfortable.

如今,人们普遍认为住在大城市更便利,但是我觉得住在小城镇更加舒服。

6.With the rapid growth of..., ...have/has become increasingly important in our daily life.

随着……的快速增长,……日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。

例如:With the rapid growth of hi-tech skills, cellphone has become increasingly important in our daily life.

随着高科技的快速增长,手机在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。

7.Recently the issue/ problem of...has been brought into focus/ brought to public attention/ in the limelight/ posed among the public.

近来,……的问题已经成为人们关注的焦点。

例句:Recently the issue of studying abroad has been brought into focus.

近来,出过留学的问题已经成为人们关注的焦点。

8.One of the hottest topics many people talk about now is...

人们热烈讨论的话题之一就是……

例句:One of the hottest topics many people talk about now is going abroad for study.

人们热烈讨论的话题之一就是出国留学。

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