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Isaac NewtonFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search Editing of this article by unregistered or newly registered users is currently Such users may discuss changes, request unprotection, log in, or create an Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton at 46 in Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portraitBorn 4 January 1643 [OS: 25 December 1642][1]Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, Lincolnshire, EnglandDied 31 March 1727 [OS: 20 March 1727][1]Kensington, London, EnglandOccupation Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopherSir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of [2] His treatise Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system, he was the first to show that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural The unifying and predictive power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution, the advancement of heliocentrism, and the broader acceptance of the notion that rational investigation can reveal the inner workings of In mechanics, Newton also markedly enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and angular In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope and discovered that the spectrum of colors observed when white light passes through a prism is inherent in the white light and not added by the prism (as Roger Bacon had claimed in the thirteenth century) Newton notably argued that light is composed of He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and proposed a theory of the origin of In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of He also demonstrated the generalized binomial theorem, developed the so-called "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function, and contributed to the study of power French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange often said that Newton was the greatest genius who ever lived, and once added that he was also "the most fortunate, for we cannot find more than once a system of the world to "[3] English poet Alexander Pope was moved by Newton's accomplishments to write the famous epitaph:“ Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;God said "Let Newton be" and all was ”Contents[hide] * 1 Biography o 1 Early years o 2 Middle years + 1 Mathematics + 2 Optics + 3 Mechanics and Gravitation o 3 Later life * 2 Religious views o 1 Newton's effect on religious thought * 3 Newton and the counterfeiters * 4 Enlightenment philosophers * 5 Newton's laws of motion * 6 Newton's apple * 7 Writings by Newton * 8 See also * 9 Footnotes and references * 10 Resources o 1 References o 2 Further reading * 11 External linksBiographyThe life ofIsaac NewtonEarly lifeMiddle yearsLater lifeWriting PrincipiaReligious viewsOccult studiesEarly years Main article: Isaac Newton's early life and achievementsNewton was born at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of L He was born to a family of farmers who owned animals and land, thus making them fairly The location he was born at was about seven miles from Grantham, where he later attended By his own later accounts, Newton was born prematurely and no one expected him to live; his mother Hannah Ayscough said that his body at that time could have fit inside a quart His father, also named Isaac Newton, had been a yeoman farmer and had died three months before Newton's birth, at the time of the English Civil W When Newton was three, his mother remarried and went to live with her new husband, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery AAccording to ET Bell and H Eves: Newton began his schooling in the village schools and was later sent to The King's School, Grantham, where he became the top boy in the At Kings, he lodged with the local apothecary, William Clarke and eventually became engaged to the apothecary's stepdaughter, Anne Storey, before he went off to Cambridge University at the age of As Newton became engrossed in his studies, the romance cooled and Miss Storey married someone It is said he kept a warm memory of this love, but Newton had no other recorded "sweet-hearts" and never [4]However, Bell and Eves' sources for this claim, William Stukeley and M Vincent (the former Miss Storey - actually named Katherine, not Anne), merely say that Newton entertained "a passion" for Storey while he lodged at the Clarke From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King's School, Grantham (where his signature can still be seen upon a library window sill) He was removed from school, and by October 1659, he was to be found at Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, where his mother attempted to make a farmer of He was, by later reports of his contemporaries, thoroughly unhappy with the It appears to be Henry Stokes, master at the King's School, who persuaded his mother to send him back to school so that he might complete his This he did at the age of eighteen, achieving an admirable final In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, C At that time, the college's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, but Newton preferred to read the more advanced ideas of modern philosophers such as Descartes and astronomers such as Galileo, Copernicus and K In 1665, he discovered the generalized binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that would later become Soon after Newton had obtained his degree in 1665, the University closed down as a precaution against the Great P For the next 18 months Newton worked at home on calculus, optics and the law of Middle years Main article: Isaac Newton's middle yearsIsaac Newton (Bolton, Sarah K Famous Men of S NY: Thomas Y Crowell & C, 1889)Isaac Newton (Bolton, Sarah K Famous Men of S NY: Thomas Y Crowell & C, 1889)MathematicsNewton and Gottfried Leibniz developed calculus independently, using their own unique Although Newton had worked out his method years before Leibniz, he published almost nothing about it until 1693, and did not give a full account until Meanwhile, Leibniz began publishing a full account of his methods in Moreover, Leibniz's notation and "differential Method" were universally adopted on the Continent, and after 1820 or so, in the British E Newton claimed that he had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he feared being mocked for Starting in 1699, other members of the Royal Society accused Leibniz of plagiarism, and the dispute broke out in full force in Thus began the bitter calculus priority dispute with Leibniz, which marred the lives of both Newton and Leibniz until the latter's death in This dispute created a divide between British and Continental mathematicians that may have retarded the progress of British mathematics by at least a Newton is generally credited with the generalized binomial theorem, valid for any He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method, classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two variables), made substantial contributions to the theory of finite differences, and was the first to use fractional indices and to employ coordinate geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine He approximated partial sums of the harmonic series by logarithms (a precursor to Euler's summation formula), and was the first to use power series with confidence and to revert power He also discovered a new formula for He was elected Lucasian professor of mathematics in In that day, any fellow of Cambridge or Oxford had to be an ordained Anglican However, the terms of the Lucasian professorship required that the holder not be active in the church (presumably so as to have more time for science) Newton argued that this should exempt him from the ordination requirement, and Charles II, whose permission was needed, accepted this Thus a conflict between Newton's religious views and Anglican orthodoxy was OpticsFrom 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on During this period he investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that a prism could decompose white light into a spectrum of colours, and that a lens and a second prism could recompose the multicoloured spectrum into white A replica of Newton's 6-inch reflecting telescope of 1672 for the Royal SA replica of Newton's 6-inch reflecting telescope of 1672 for the Royal SHe also showed that the coloured light does not change its properties, by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various Newton noted that regardless of whether it was reflected or scattered or transmitted, it stayed the same Thus the colours we observe are the result of how objects interact with the incident already-coloured light, not the result of objects generating the For more details, see Newton's theory of From this work he concluded that any refracting telescope would suffer from the dispersion of light into colours, and invented a reflecting telescope (today known as a Newtonian telescope) to bypass that By grinding his own mirrors, using Newton's rings to judge the quality of the optics for his telescopes, he was able to produce a superior instrument to the refracting telescope, due primarily to the wider diameter of the In 1671 the Royal Society asked for a demonstration of his reflecting Their interest encouraged him to publish his notes On Colour, which he later expanded into his O When Robert Hooke criticised some of Newton's ideas, Newton was so offended that he withdrew from public The two men remained enemies until Hooke's Newton argued that light is composed of particles, but he had to associate them with waves to explain the diffraction of light (Opticks B II, P XII-L) Later physicists instead favoured a purely wavelike explanation of light to account for Today's quantum mechanics restores the idea of "wave-particle duality", although photons bear very little resemblance to Newton's corpuscles (, corpuscles refracted by accelerating toward the denser medium)In his Hypothesis of Light of 1675, Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between The contact with the theosophist Henry More, revived his interest in He replaced the ether with occult forces based on Hermetic ideas of attraction and repulsion between John Maynard Keynes, who acquired many of Newton's writings on alchemy, stated that "Newton was not the first of the age of reason: he was the last of the "[5] Newton's interest in alchemy cannot be isolated from his contributions to [6] (This was at a time when there was no clear distinction between alchemy and ) Had he not relied on the occult idea of action at a distance, across a vacuum, he might not have developed his theory of (See also Isaac Newton's occult )In 1704 Newton wrote Opticks, in which he expounded his corpuscular theory of He considered light to be made up of extremely subtle corpuscles, that ordinary matter was made of grosser corpuscles and speculated that through a kind of alchemical transmutation "Are not gross Bodies and Light convertible into one another,and may not Bodies receive much of their Activity from the Particles of Light which enter their Composition?"[7] Newton also constructed a primitive form of a frictional electrostatic generator, using a glass globe (Optics, 8th Query)Mechanics and GravitationNewton's own copy of his Principia, with hand written corrections for the second Newton's own copy of his Principia, with hand written corrections for the second Further information: The writing of Principia MathematicaIn 1679, Newton returned to his work on mechanics, , gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets, with reference to Kepler's laws of motion, and consulting with Hooke and Flamsteed on the He published his results in De Motu Corporum (1684) This contained the beginnings of the laws of motion that would inform the PThe Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (now known as the Principia) was published on July 5, 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Edmond H In this work Newton stated the three universal laws of motion that were not to be improved upon for more than two hundred He used the Latin word gravitas (weight) for the force that would become known as gravity, and defined the law of universal In the same work he presented the first analytical determination, based on Boyle's law, of the speed of sound in With the Principia, Newton became internationally He acquired a circle of admirers, including the Swiss-born mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, with whom he formed an intense relationship that lasted until The end of this friendship led Newton to a nervous Later life For more details on this topic, see Isaac Newton's later Isaac Newton in 1712Isaac Newton in 1712In the 1690s Newton wrote a number of religious tracts dealing with the literal interpretation of the B Henry More's belief in the universe and rejection of Cartesian dualism may have influenced Newton's religious A manuscript he sent to John Locke in which he disputed the existence of the Trinity was never Later works — The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (1728) and Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of S John (1733) — were published after his He also devoted a great deal of time to alchemy (see above)Newton was also a member of the Parliament of England from 1689 to 1690 and in 1701, but his only recorded comments were to complain about a cold draft in the chamber and request that the window be Newton moved to London to take up the post of warden of the Royal Mint in 1696, a position that he had obtained through the patronage of Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, then Chancellor of the E He took charge of England's great recoining, somewhat treading on the toes of Master Lucas (and finagling Edmond Halley into the job of deputy comptroller of the temporary Chester branch) Newton became perhaps the best-known Master of the Mint upon Lucas' death in 1699, a position Newton held until his These appointments were intended as sinecures, but Newton took them seriously, retiring from his Cambridge duties in 1701, and exercising his power to reform the currency and punish clippers and As Master of the Mint in 1717 Newton unofficially moved the Pound Sterling from the silver standard to the gold standard by creating a relationship between gold coins and the silver penny in the "Law of Queen Anne"; these were all great reforms at the time, adding considerably to the wealth and stability of E It was his work at the Mint, rather than his earlier contributions to science, that earned him a knighthood from Queen Anne in Newton's grave in Westminster AbbeyNewton's grave in Westminster AbbeyNewton was made President of the Royal Society in 1703 and an associate of the French Académie des S In his position at the Royal Society, Newton made an enemy of John Flamsteed, the Astronomer Royal, by prematurely publishing Flamsteed's star catalogue, which Newton had used in his Newton died in London on March 20th, 1727, and was buried in Westminster A His half-niece, Catherine Barton Conduitt,[8] served as his hostess in social affairs at his house on Jermyn Street in London; he was her "very loving Uncle",[9] according to his letter to her when she was recovering from Although Newton, who had no children, had divested much of his estate onto relatives in his last years he actually died His considerable liquid estate was divided equally between his eight half-nieces and half-nephews (three Pilkingtons, three Smiths and two Bartons (including Catherine Barton Conduitt)[10] Woolsthorpe Manor passed to his heir-in-law, a John Newton ("God knows a poor representative of so great a man"), who, after six years of "cock[fight]ing, horse racing, drinking and folly" was forced to mortgage and then sell the manor before dying in a drunken [11]After his death, Newton's body was discovered to have had massive amounts of mercury in it, probably resulting from his alchemical Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late [12]Religious views Main article: Isaac Newton's religious views See also: Isaac Newton's occult studiesAlthough the laws of motion and universal gravitation became Newton's best-known discoveries, he warned against using them to view the universe as a mere machine, as if akin to a great He said, "Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who set the planets in God governs all things and knows all that is or can be "[13]His scientific fame notwithstanding, Newton's study of the Bible and of the early Church Fathers were among his greatest He devoted more time to the study of the Scriptures, the Fathers, and to Alchemy than to science, and said, "I have a fundamental belief in the Bible as the Word of God, written by those who were I study the Bible "[14] Newton himself wrote works on textual criticism, most notably An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of S Newton also placed the crucifixion of Jesus Christ at 3 April, AD 33, which is now the accepted traditional He also attempted, unsuccessfully, to find hidden messages within the Bible (See Bible code) Despite his focus on theology and alchemy, Newton tested and investigated these ideas with the scientific method, observing, hypothesising, and testing his To Newton, his scientific and religious experiments were one and the same, observing and understanding how the world Newton may have rejected the church's doctrine of the T In a minority view, TC Pfizenmaier argues that he more likely held the Eastern Orthodox view of the Trinity rather than the Western one held by Roman Catholics, Anglicans, and most P[15] In his own day, he was also accused of being a Rosicrucian (as were many in the Royal Society and in the court of Charles II)[16]In his own lifetime, Newton wrote more on religion than he did on natural He believed in a rationally immanent world, but he rejected the hylozoism implicit in Leibniz and Baruch S Thus, the ordered and dynamically informed universe could be understood, and must be understood, by an active reason, but this universe, to be perfect and ordained, had to be Newton's effect on religious thought"Newton," by William Blake; here, Newton is depicted as a 'divine geome

牛顿，伟大的英国物理学家，1642年12月25日生于林肯郡伍尔索普村的一个农民家庭．12岁他在格兰撒姆的公立学校读书时，就表现了对实验和机械发明的兴趣，自己动手制作了水钟、风磨和日晷等．1661年，牛顿就读于剑桥大学的三一学院，成了一名优秀学生．1669年，年仅27岁，就担任了剑桥的数学教授．1672年当选为英国皇家学会会员． 1685～1687年，在天文学家哈雷的鼓励和赞助下，牛顿发表了著名的《自然哲学的数学原理》，完成了具有历史意义的发现——运动定律和万有引力定律，对近代自然科学的发展，作出了重大贡献．1703年，当选为英国皇家学会会长．1727年3月27日，逝世于伦敦郊外的一个小村落里． 牛顿不仅对于力学，在其他方面也有很大贡献．在数学方面，他发现了二项式定理，创立了微积分学；在光学方面，进行了太阳光的色散实验，证明了白光是由单色光复合而成的，研究了颜色的理论，还发明了反射望远镜． 回答者：匿名 1-23 20:50-st-uk/Biographies/Nhtml 回答者：IQ太低 - 见习魔法师 二级 1-23 20:50Isaac Newton was one of the leading figures of the scientific revolution is the seventeenth He devoted his life to the study of the natural world, discovering the laws of gravity and motion, analyzing light, and developing the mathematics of He was born prematurely on December 25, 1642, in Woolsthorpe, England, to a poor farming Newton was taken out of school to work on the family farm at the age of 16 after his stepfather's 够了吗？不够就在这个网页找 -pdf 参考资料：-pdf English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming Luckily for humanity, Newton was not a good farmer, and was sent to Cambridge to study to become a At Cambridge, Newton studied mathematics, being especially strongly influenced by Euclid, although he was also influenced by Baconian and Cartesian Newton was forced to leave Cambridge when it was closed because of the plague, and it was during this period that he made some of his most significant With the reticence he was to show later in life, Newton did not, however, publish his Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering through In response to a letter from Hooke, he suggested that a particle, if released, would spiral in to the center of the E Hooke wrote back, claiming that the path would not be a spiral, but an Newton, who hated being bested, then proceeded to work out the mathematics of Again, he did not publish his Newton then began devoting his efforts to theological speculation and put the calculations on elliptical motion aside, telling Halley he had lost them (Westfall 1993, 403) Halley, who had become interested in orbits, finally convinced Newton to expand and publish his Newton devoted the period from August 1684 to spring 1686 to this task, and the result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all times, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687), often shortened to Principia Mathematica or simply "the P" In Book I of Principia, Newton opened with definitions and the three laws of motion now known as Newton's laws (laws of inertia, action and reaction, and acceleration proportional to force) Book II presented Newton's new scientific philosophy which came to replace C Finally, Book III consisted of applications of his dynamics, including an explanation for tides and a theory of lunar To test his hypothesis of universal gravitation, Newton wrote Flamsteed to ask if Saturn had been observed to slow down upon passing J The surprised Flamsteed replied that an effect had indeed been observed, and it was closely predicted by the calculations Newton had Newton's equations were further confirmed by observing the shape of the Earth to be oblate spheroidal, as Newton claimed it should be, rather than prolate spheroidal, as claimed by the C Newton's equations also described the motion of Moon by successive approximations, and correctly predicted the return of Halley's C Newton also correctly formulated and solved the first ever problem in the calculus of variations which involved finding the surface of revolution which would give minimum resistance to flow (assuming a specific drag law) Newton invented a scientific method which was truly universal in its Newton presented his methodology as a set of four rules for scientific These rules were stated in the Principia and proposed that (1) we are to admit no more causes of natural things such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances, (2) the same natural effects must be assigned to the same causes, (3) qualities of bodies are to be esteemed as universal, and (4) propositions deduced from observation of phenomena should be viewed as accurate until other phenomena contradict These four concise and universal rules for investigation were truly By their application, Newton formulated the universal laws of nature with which he was able to unravel virtually all the unsolved problems of his Newton went much further than outlining his rules for reasoning, however, actually describing how they might be applied to the solution of a given The analytic method he invented far exceeded the more philosophical and less scientifically rigorous approaches of Aristotle and A Newton refined Galileo's experimental method, creating the compositional method of experimentation still practiced In fact, the following description of the experimental method from Newton's Optics could easily be mistaken for a modern statement of current methods of investigation, if not for Newton's use of the words "natural philosophy" in place of the modern term "the physical " Newton wrote, "As in mathematics, so in natural philosophy the investigation of difficult things by the method of analysis ought ever to precede the method of This analysis consists of making experiments and observations, and in drawing general conclusions from them by by this way of analysis we may proceed from compounds to ingredients, and from motions to the forces producing them; and in general from effects to their causes, and from particular causes to more general ones till the argument end in the most This is the method of analysis: and the synthesis consists in assuming the causes discovered and established as principles, and by them explaining the phenomena preceding from them, and proving the " Newton formulated the classical theories of mechanics and optics and invented calculus years before L However, he did not publish his work on calculus until afterward Leibniz had published This led to a bitter priority dispute between English and continental mathematicians which persisted for decades, to the detriment of all Newton discovered that the binomial theorem was valid for fractional powers, but left it for Wallis to publish (which he did, with appropriate credit to Newton) Newton formulated a theory of sound, but derived a speed which did not agree with his The reason for the discrepancy was that the concept of adiabatic propagation did not yet exist, so Newton's answer was too low by a factor of , where is the ratio of heat capacities of Newton therefore fudged his theory until agreement was achieved (Engineering and Science, 15-16) In Optics (1704), whose publication Newton delayed until Hooke's death, Newton observed that white light could be separated by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, each characterized by a unique refractivity, and proposed the corpuscular theory of Newton's views on optics were born out of the original prism experiments he performed at C In his "experimentum crucis" (crucial experiment), he found that the image produced by a prism was oval-shaped and not circular, as current theories of light would He observed a half-red, half-blue string through a prism, and found the ends to be He also observed Newton's rings, which are actually a manifestation of the wave nature of light which Newton did not believe Newton believed that light must move faster in a medium when it is refracted towards the normal, in opposition to the result predicted by Huygens's wave Newton also formulated a system of chemistry in Query 31 at the end of O In this corpuscular theory, "elements" consisted of different arrangements of atoms, and atoms consisted of small, hard, billiard ball-like He explained chemical reactions in terms of the chemical affinities of the participating Newton devoted a majority of his free time later in life (after 1678) to fruitless alchemical Newton was extremely sensitive to criticism, and even ceased publishing until the death of his arch-rival H It was only through the prodding of Halley that Newton was persuaded at all to publish the Principia M In the latter portion of his life, he devoted much of his time to alchemical researches and trying to date events in the B After Newton's death, his burial place was During the exhumation, it was discovered that Newton had massive amounts of mercury in his body, probably resulting from his alchemical This would certainly explain Newton's eccentricity in late Newton was appointed Warden of the British Mint in Newton was knighted by Queen A However, the act was "an honor bestowed not for his contributions to science, nor for his service at the Mint, but for the greater glory of party politics in the election of 1705" (Westfall 1993, 625) Newton singlehandedly contributed more to the development of science than any other individual in He surpassed all the gains brought about by the great scientific minds of antiquity, producing a scheme of the universe which was more consistent, elegant, and intuitive than any proposed Newton stated explicit principles of scientific methods which applied universally to all branches of This was in sharp contradistinction to the earlier methodologies of Aristotle and Aquinas, which had outlined separate methods for different Although his methodology was strictly logical, Newton still believed deeply in the necessity of a G His theological views are characterized by his belief that the beauty and regularity of the natural world could only "proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful B" He felt that "the Supreme God exists necessarily, and by the same necessity he exists always and " Newton believed that God periodically intervened to keep the universe going on He therefore denied the importance of Leibniz's vis viva as nothing more than an interesting quantity which remained constant in elastic collisions and therefore had no physical importance or Although earlier philosophers such as Galileo and John Philoponus had used experimental procedures, Newton was the first to explicitly define and systematize their His methodology produced a neat balance between theoretical and experimental inquiry and between the mathematical and mechanical Newton mathematized all of the physical sciences, reducing their study to a rigorous, universal, and rational procedure which marked the ushering in of the Age of R Thus, the basic principles of investigation set down by Newton have persisted virtually without alteration until modern In the years since Newton's death, they have borne fruit far exceeding anything even Newton could have They form the foundation on which the technological civilization of today The principles expounded by Newton were even applied to the social sciences, influencing the economic theories of Adam Smith and the decision to make the United States legislature These latter applications, however, pale in contrast to Newton's scientific It is therefore no exaggeration to identify Newton as the single most important contributor to the development of modern The Latin inscription on Newton's tomb, despite its bombastic language, is thus fully justified in proclaiming, "Mortals! rejoice at so great an ornament to the human race!" Alexander Pope's couplet is also apropos: "Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night; God said, Let Newton be! and all was " 参考资料： 回答者：匿名 1-23 20:50Isaac Newton (1642-1727) English physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher, considered one of the most important scientists of all Newton formulated laws of universal gravitation and motion—laws that explain how objects move on Earth as well as through the heavens (see Mechanics) He established the modern study of optics—or the behavior of light—and built the first reflecting His mathematical insights led him to invent the area of mathematics called calculus (which German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz also developed independently) Newton’s revolutionary contributions explained the workings of a large part of the physical world in mathematical terms, and they suggested that science may provide explanations for other phenomena as 回答者：熊猫公主1213 - 高级魔法师 六级 1-23 20:50Sir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of [2] His treatise Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system, he was the first to show that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural The unifying and predictive power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution, the advancement of heliocentrism, and the broader acceptance of the notion that rational investigation can reveal the inner workings of In mechanics, Newton also markedly enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and angular In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope and discovered that the spectrum of colors observed when white light passes through a prism is inherent in the white light and not added by the prism (as Roger Bacon had claimed in the thirteenth century) Newton notably argued that light is composed of He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and proposed a theory of the origin of In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of He also demonstrated the generalized binomial theorem, developed the so-called "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function, and contributed to the study of power French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange often said that Newton was the greatest genius who ever lived, and once added that he was also "the most fortunate, for we cannot find more than once a system of the world to "[3] English poet Alexander Pope was moved by Newton's accomplishments to write the famous epitaph:

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