中西方音乐差异英语毕业论文

是电影和音乐还是电影音乐？

电影折射中西文化差异摘要：随着全球化的进程，当今世界各种文化逐渐融合，但彼此间还是存在着一定的差异性，中西文化作为人类整体文化具有其一致性，但在其发展路径上确实存有诸多差别。本文将透过电影这一文化载体讨论中西文化间的一些差异。由此学习西方发达国家文化的优秀之处，并且保留传统文化的精髓，处理好本土文化与外来文化的关系。 关键词：电影 文化差异 电影是一个很好的文化载体，是反映了文化方方面面的一种媒介。电影很像一个容器，它可把人生中的各种滋味都纳入其中，作为现代人去表现对对过去日子的总结，对现在生活的理解，对未来发展的向往。 1．自由和民主——《勇敢的心》VS《英雄》在课上看的由梅尔.吉布森主演的《勇敢的心》，这部摄于1995年的好莱坞电影，将公元十三世纪的苏格兰人民大起义这一重大历史事件搬上银幕，以宏伟壮阔的气势为影片赢得了史诗巨片的称号。在影片中我们看到苏格兰的山脉、森林和村庄，凄婉的风笛和苏格兰人民在贫困痛苦中发出的反抗的凄厉的呼号，真切地感受到了历史。片中主角华莱士是一个不折不扣的英雄，他的心向着独立和自由，在斗争中献出了自己的生命，虽败犹荣，不禁让人想到我国古代荆轲刺秦的故事，所谓的艺术大师张艺谋根据这一题材拍摄的电影《英雄》，虽然在票房上获得了不小的成绩，但是他所表现的英雄到最后还是屈服于统治阶级。影片的主旨是秦始皇统一中国是顺应生产力发展的，是正确的。在这样一个前提下，所有英雄们的反秦活动都是愚昧的，无名在最后意识到了错误，甘心死于秦兵的乱箭下。与之不同，在《勇敢的心》中，统治者始终是小丑的身份出现，他们用各种见得人或者见不得人方式维持自己的政权和夸大自己的势力范围。人民永远都是他们的羊圈里的羊。所以电影中把权力阶级搞得比较猥琐是顺应人类发展的潮流的，杀死狗官都会让人觉得解恨，节日般庆祝。如同巴赫金所说的，“与官方节日相对立，狂欢节仿佛是庆祝暂时摆脱占统治地位的真理和现有的制度，庆祝暂时取消一切等级关系，特权，规范和禁令。这是真正的时间节日，不断生成，更新和更替的节日。它同一切永恒化，一切完成和终结相敌对。它是面向永远无限的未来的。”在《勇敢的心》中，残暴的英格兰国王杀了华莱士的父亲、哥哥、爱人。华莱士不是战争狂人，没有战争癖，他是被一步步逼成英雄的有。而在《英雄》中，无名、残剑、飘雪等人精心计划的刺秦变得毫无意义，刺秦之前那么多人做的那么多的事都变成了愚昧的人做的愚昧的事。我们的唯物主义历史课本说，人民群众是历史车轮的推动者，而不是由仅仅几个大人物决定的。的确，在《勇敢的心》中有很多士兵征战的场面，还有华莱士独自出征被捕的镜头。但是，在《英雄》中，历史被几个大人物操纵着，其他小人物小百姓连扔块石子的机会都没有。什么是英雄？英雄不仅是指为了某种事业能够英勇死去的人。英雄还要有人格魅力，有魄力。华莱士算是个英雄，死之前还高呼自由，让人激愤万千。而《英雄》中无名也死了，但死之前他承认了错误，承认了自己不懂历史发展规律，但懂了之后又太迟了，按照法律秦始皇要杀他，一个所谓的英雄就这么窝囊的死去。 2．爱情观——《喜宴》透视婚姻与爱情同性之爱也是爱情的一种，但它包含了更多的矛盾与冲突。近年来蜚声国际影坛的华人导演李安，在第78届奥斯卡上凭借这一题材的《断臂山》获得了最佳导演奖。在1993年他就导演了相同题材的一部电影——《喜宴》。在《喜宴》中，李安就借助这个题材向我们展示了东西方文化中的一些明显差异。电影一开始就介绍了旅美华人伟同在美国的纽约曼哈顿区生活，他和他的同性爱人西门过着自由快乐的生活。他们两人在早上亲密吻别，对于邻居的注视他们视而不见。但可以看到注视他们的人惊恐和鄙视的眼神。这就向我们展示了在美国文化背景下同志的生活环境，即便没有太高的地位，但也没有人来制止你的行为。但是反观中国的同志们，绝没有人敢毫无顾及地在光天化日之下“亲密”。这样的文化差异就给予后面影片的矛盾和碰撞展开了铺垫。在电影里，作为伟同的父母，一对传统的中国老夫妇。表现出了东方的婚姻观：男大当婚，女大当嫁。于是伟同的父母不远万里来到了美国，要为他们儿子的终身大事“操心”了。为了应付伟同父母的这次行动，伟同决定和威威假结婚。故事发展到这里，文化的差异又开始了：在美国人的眼里，结婚是浪漫的事情，可是在中国人的眼里结婚是“面子”的事情。在中国领了结婚证还没有完全算是结婚，要摆了喜酒才是大功告成。本来以为按西方方式结婚就算完事的伟同，却因为父母需要“面子”只得按中国人的传统在美国举行一场婚宴。伟同和威威婚后，威威怀孕了。西门知道后，和伟同发生了争执和冲突。在西门看来，作为自己爱人的伟同是不能也不应该和异性发生关系的，这是不道德的，是不可容忍的。而伟同却觉得只要他的心属于爱人就好。这就使电影到达了高潮，表现出东西方人爱情观的巨大差异。这不仅在《喜宴》里有所表达，在《魂断蓝桥》、《红与黑》、《简爱》等许多影视作品和文学作品里都有关于西方国家的爱情观的描述。也许这就是在不同文化熏陶下建立起来的思想，是无法轻易改变。影片的结局是，伟同的父亲知道了事情的真相，而西门、伟同和威威决定共同生活。镜头在他们三人目送伟同父母离开结束，两个老人离去的背影成为他们三人心中的痛。电影留给我们无尽的思考空间。当我们在“己所不欲，勿施于人 ”、“父母在不远行”、“不孝有三，无后为大”、“勿管他人瓦上霜，只扫自家门前雪”许多这样充满了“仁义”与“自私”的矛盾的道德教育里生活了一代又一代，一个世纪又一个世纪之后，我们该如何看待我们的文化？如何看待在这样的文化背景下生活着的我们？如何看待我们热情歌颂的爱？ 3．道德观念——婚外恋之《一声叹息》&《廊桥遗梦》道德一词在我国古代的解释是：“道” ，即道路，引伸为原则、规范、规律、道理的意义。老子说：“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。”“德”，就是实行某种原则，心中有所得。按庄子的理解，“物得以生为之德”，强调天地万物的自然本性。在古代中国，这种建立在内心规则、信念基础之上的道德理解，体现了对道德的形而上思考。但是由于“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”，道家的思考失却了主导社会的机会。在儒家，虽然其道德思考具有某种程度的形上性，但其道德从根本上来说是从家庭人伦出发的，再加上其道德实践中注重人伦之“礼”，因此，儒家的道德从本质上说是注重现实社会的伦理道德。与此不同，在西方从古希腊到中世纪，再到文艺复兴和启蒙运动，以希腊文化和基督教文化为标志的西方文化，要么对人进行类的抽象，以理性作为建立道德大厦的基础；要么对个体作“超越的突破”，将上帝作为个体永世追求的道德目标。因此与古代中国以儒家道德为主体的伦理性道德不同，西方的道德是建构在对人性的抽象和超越的基础之上的，它是抽象的，是形而上的。这种缺乏以家庭为背景的人伦之理的道德，形成了与中国伦理性道德的明显分野，也构成了西方道德的实质和核心，是西方社会发展至今的原始动力，也是解释现今西方社会政治、经济、文化发展主流和种种社会矛盾的最本源性的、最权威的典章。传统的伦理精神会不自觉渗透，在中国，由于受传统伦理道德影响，《一声叹息》中表达的是应该保持传统的婚姻家庭，即使爱情并不是婚姻的基础，婚姻当中还是应该由亲情和责任占主导地位。虽然该片没有对当事人作任何评判，只是尽可能客观地讲述，但是以另外一种方式苦口婆心劝戒观众，表现婚外恋的累与苦，结局处更像是在警告：婚外恋这东西只要一沾上，就是没完没了。而西方人崇尚自我，以弗洛依德的精神分析为发端，西方的艺术作品并不回避人的欲望和本能。《廊桥遗梦》描写的也是婚外恋，男女主角四天的恋情被描绘得甜蜜美满、充满激情，两人长久的相思以及心灵上的痛苦构成了艺术上凄凉的美、古典式的悲剧美，使得《廊桥遗梦》带有古典浪漫主义的味道。《廊桥遗梦》受到了许多人的青睐，在一定条件允许的情况下，已婚男女短暂的共同生活也变得可以理解，也就是说，已婚男女爱异性的自由的，是可理解的，是有权力的。虽然两部影片都以主人公回归家庭作为结局，但是观众还是可以看出在中西方道德观念的影响作用下两者对婚外恋的态度是有差异的。 电影就像一个世界文化的大熔炉，仅仅通过对这几部电影的粗浅探讨虽然还远不能深刻地反映中西方文化的差异。但是电影的直观性及其文化效应使得它具有多方面的不可替代的社会文化价值。中西音乐文化比较音乐如同语言一样，具有很强的民族性，随着民族、地域的差异，存在着巨大的差异，就像不同语言之间语法、词汇的诸多差异。中西方音乐是存在着巨大的差异的，这与中西方的文化差异是分不开的。音乐是人类社会发展到一定程度的产物，是人类文明的重要组成部分。在人类文化地域性差异形成的时候，音乐的差异性也就随之产生。 前人定义音乐的形式是音乐活动在其无数次重复后所逐渐形成的技巧、结构、程序和模式，是音乐艺术高度发展的一个标志。而文化，则决定着生命是以何种方式，遵循着何种轨迹进行运作并做出物化表现的。因而要想使音乐充分展示出其固有的活力，只有借助文化这一艺术原创力的冲击才有可能。 越是高度发展的音乐，我们就越是有必要将其与最初创造它的文化、生命相接通，本文就仅从中西音乐的调式、织体和节奏等方面的细节特征，来探视一下它们与中西文化差异的深层联系。 一、中西音乐调式的差异 专业术语：“西方音乐体系调式构成的基础是四音音列。包含两个全音音程和一个半音音程，有3种不同样式的四音音列。由这3种不同的四音音列可组成12个调式，这些调式被称为“中古调式”或“教会调式”。后来，欧洲经历了文艺复兴时期，在专业音乐创作和民间音乐中爱奥尼亚调式、利底亚调式和混合利底亚调式逐渐合为一组，演变为自然大调，伊奥利亚调式、弗利及亚调式和多利亚调式也逐渐合为一组，演变为自然小调。并由于自然大、小调相互渗透，又逐渐形成了和声大、小调，旋律大、小调。” “而中国音乐的调式构成的本质和特征是五声性，其构成的核心是三音小组。这三音小组共分两类，第一类由大二度和小三度构成，第二类则由两个大二度构成。第一类三音小组在这个音乐体系中具有典型意义，因为这是它所特有的。此类三音小组又分为两种，第一种的结构是小三度在上方，大二度在下方，第二种恰好相反。由这两种三音小组进行不同方式的组合，可构成宫、商、角、徵、羽五种五声调式。” 这两种调式比较而言，五声体系和七声体系确实存在着一定的差别：前者比较单纯、质朴、简洁，后者比较复杂、丰富、精致；前者适合于表现明朗、刚劲、粗犷的风格，后者适合于表现细腻、婉曲、华丽的色彩。但这个差别仅仅具有风格上的意义，而不具有判别高下、优劣的能力。复杂的、精致的不一定就好，就先进；简单的、质朴的不一定就差，就落后。然而，中国古代并非没有七声音列，自先秦起，中国即有许多乐器（如古琴、古筝等）能够演奏七声音列。甚至连十二音音列也已经早在先秦即已出现，比西方的十二音体系要早1800多年。就是说，在中国音乐活动中很早就已出现七声音列和十二音音列，但中国音乐并没有选择它们，而是选择了五声体系。 而中国文化从一开始就表现出一种相反的倾向：疏旷、单纯、简洁和明快。中国人不喜欢拐弯抹角，不喜欢繁琐论证，无论在学术上还是在艺术上，他们都尽可能的直截了当，追求顿悟见性，洞察本质，总是力求用最少的文字来表达最多的内容，以最少的笔墨来制造最动人的韵味。返朴归真，确实是中国人生活的最高旨趣，也是中国人艺术的最高旨趣。 西方人之所以追求细致、缜密，中国人则追求简朴、单纯，是因为这两种倾向各有其不同的文化本体，因而形成不同的功能张力。简单地说，西方文化是以知识为本体，中国文化是以生命为本体；西方艺术的功能张力是娱人，中国艺术的功能张力是娱已。比如学术研究，西方是重在体系的完备、逻辑的严密、证明的充分，因为他们的成果是有待于外部实践的检验，有待于对方（读者）的被说服，并且只有在其成果被验证、读者被说服中才算实现了自身的价值。而中国学术所重的则是对事物的直觉把握和洞察的深度，所以它往往只是写出思考的结果、问题的结论，而很少去作逻辑的推理或事实的论证这些中间过程。中国哲学始终以语录体形式著述就是最典型的例证。究其原因，正是因为，在中国学者看来，他只要把自己所体认到的东西写出来就够了，他不需要说服读者。中国学者对读者当然也有自己的期望，但这期望不是被说服，而是能引发他们作同样的体验和感悟。而且，尽管有期望，却并不执着，也不勉强，因为他们的学术研究、学术著述本身就是自得、自足的。重视证明，追求说服力，所以西方人的思维趋于细致、缜密；而着眼个人的领悟，内心的会意，则自然趋向于简朴、单纯。中国音乐之所以没有选择七声音列和十二音音列，而独独选中了五声系列，应该正是出于这样的文化底蕴和美学追求。 二、中西音乐织体的差异 专业术语：“所谓织体，是指多声部乐曲的旋律得以组织搭配的方法或规律。织体二字是纺织体型的缩写。纺织体是纵横（经纬）结合的结构，借用这个名词是说明音乐的写作既有纵向的结合，又有横向的结合，还有纵横综合关系的结合。一般地说，强调横向的结合是复调音乐的写法，强调纵向的结合则是主调音乐的写法；前者是以横向伸展为主的线性思维，后者是以纵向配合为主的网状立体思维。” 西方音乐体系在处理多声部关系时，倾向于纵向的立体思维，即特别注重主调旋律与其它声部的和声关系。与之不同，中国音乐体系在织体思维方面则表现为横线性，即注重各声部旋律自身的横向性线型展开。中国音乐中绝大部分均为单声部，其织体与旋律是重合的，其织体就是旋律仅仅作单声部的横向展开。 所以，在西方音乐中，主调音乐体系占有绝对的优势，构成西方音乐体系的主干。在其音乐体系中，音乐的织体思维主要是以纵向和声为主的网状立体性的织体思维。中国则是单纯的横线性织体思维。中国音乐的织体之所以会向横向的线型思维发展，而没有向纵向的和声思维发展，原因可能是多方面的。 中西音乐织体不同的更为深刻的原因，似乎还是在文化精神之中，在各自的文化传统与美学传统之中。大致说来，西方文化是空间型的，而中国文化是时间型的。唯其是空间的，所以是固定的，有边界的，因而可以分解，也可以组合；西方的科学型文化就是在此基础上建立起来的。因其是时间的，所以是整体的，流动的，无边界的，因而是不可分解、也不可组合的；中国的审美型文化则建筑在这一根基之上。西方文化着眼于空间性，故而其艺术必然以实体的块面为基本的造型手段，必然追求艺术的雕塑感、立体感、体积感。西方绘画的重视透视，重视明暗，重视色块就是最好的证明。与之相应，西方音乐也就尤其重视纵横交叉、网状铺叠的立体状织体思维，着力追求绵密厚实、紧凑和谐的富有块面感的音响效果。 中国文化则着眼于时间性，故而其艺术自然以游动的线条为基本的造型手段，必然追求艺术的节律感、深邃感和虚灵感。中国音乐也格外重视单线延伸、蜿蜒游动的横线型织体思维，努力追求单纯婉曲、深邃渺远的富有韵律感的音响效果。同样是时间的、动态的艺术，但总体上，西洋音乐是将乐曲的音响（织体）块面化、立体化，体现了西方文化将时间过程空间化的倾向。因其块面（织体）化、立体化，故西方音乐多有“汹涌”之势，而少“游行”之迹。中国音乐则充分体现了中国文化的时间性特征，使空间的形态时间化。中国音乐的最高旨趣不在音响的浑厚、结实，而是旋律在线型游动时所作的起伏、强弱、虚实、迟速等方面的变化所生的节律感。所以，中国音乐很少作大规模的合奏，故不要求各样乐器之间的紧密配合；即使偶有合奏，也总是小范围的，且合奏时也尽量挪出空来让有特色的乐器独奏或轮奏。 三、中西音乐节奏的差异 专业术语：“节奏是各音在进行时的长短关系和强弱关系，是旋律在进行时的自身律动。由于不同高低的音同时也是不同长短和不同强弱的音，音乐的节奏有两种类型，一是均分律动，二是非均分律动。均分律动的时位感是均匀规则的，就是“有板有眼”的，它可以打出拍子来。非均分律动的时位感则是不规则、不均匀的，用常用术语说就是“无板无眼”，它不能打出拍子来，现代音乐上往往称之为“散板”。在前一类均分律动中，则又可以分为两种，一种是强弱拍有规则地、可称之为“功能性均分律动”；一种是虽也有强弱拍的循环往复，但不受小节线的限制，可称为“非功能性均分律动”。 在西方音乐中的节奏几乎全部是“功能性均分律动”型的。在这个节奏体系中，几乎完全不用散板，强弱拍的交替极有规则而且均匀，强弱的幅度变化也十分明显，而且形成了固定的模式：所以，西方音乐的节奏感特别强，因为它是强弱拍的极有规则的重复更替。 中国音乐也运用“功能性均分律动”，也有均匀、规则的强弱拍安排，但中国音乐常常又加入其它的变化性节奏，使乐曲的节奏更自由，更富变化。中国音乐中的节奏是随着音乐表现的需要由创作者自主决定的，在创作之前没有一个固定的模式一定要往上套。 实际上，中西音乐节奏的弹性与刚性之差异，还和哲学上的重自然与重人为有着直接的联系。刚性节奏是折线型的，其轨迹挺直而且有棱角；弹性节奏则是曲线型的，其轨迹柔和而且袁婉。前者是重视人为，以人力改造自然的结果，后者则是尊重自然，人力顺其自然的结果；前者与追求知识，注重区别相一致，后者则同追求生命，注重联系相一致。西方文化就是一个刚性模式，它倾向于将时间的过程空间化，人为地分出界线，定出规则，划出等量的段落；中国文化则为一弹性模式，倾向于将空间的状态时间化，强调整体，注意联络，追求变化，尤其注重不规则的、“神龙见首不见尾”式的美学原则。 如今，随着中西方经济、文化的不断交流，中西方音乐也会彼此取长补短，以更好地服务人们的生产生活、为人们提供一个更加美妙的视听文化。

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。