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1\Designing your own panorama, could be each exciting and challenging. If you are contemplating such a mission, listed here are some practical ideas and suggestions. Planning the ProjectPlanning your landscape design is the first and most vital step. Take the time to assemble the data you will want to make your decisions on the weather you wish to include in your landscape design. Will you want a deck, patio, foot paths, walkways, a pond? What sort of plants, timber, flowers, and ground cover will you want to use? You need to research books, articles, and landscape design magazines that will help you make these decisions. It will pay off in the end by saving you cash, time, and frustration, enabeling you find yourself with a beautifully completed mission to be proud of.The DesignThe landscape design is your subsequent step. You will need to make a structure of the realm to be landscaped, as close to scale as possible, and with accurate measurements. Many landscape design planning guides that provides you with step-by-step instructions can be found on the internet without spending a dime, and books or eBooks are abundant. As soon as your panorama design structure is done you’ll be able to started to position your components on the layout pad. This should be your first or preliminary plan and as you progess, modifications will be transfered to your secondary or updated plans. Altering your thoughts usually is simply fine. After all this is just on paper at this point and you haven’t spent any money or performed any labor yet. Experimenting with a few plans is critical before you come up the final landscape design. A properly planned landscape won’t ever look the same in numerous seasons. Plan your panorama design to change with the seasons. You must try to design your landscape as maintenance free as possible. Panorama Design Software programIf it is onerous for you to visualize your finished panorama design by simply taking a look at your format, there is some excellent landscape design software available. A lot of the landscape design software was originally developed for skilled landscapers, however since has been modified for the beginner who needs to do-it-themselves. There are a lot of do-it-yourslef panorama design software program applications out there today. Panorama design software permits you to see a digital picture of the landscape design and allows you to transfer gadgets round and see the changes you make come to life. Some software means that you can import a photograph of your property or constructing and designs the panorama across the photo. Most landscape design software packages offer advise on using and putting the numerous completely different components obtainable right now in your landscape design. A properly designed panorama will all the time change with time, abd a number of the landscape design software program obtainable will mean you can view your panorama because it matures. You may see what it’s going to seem like 5 or 10 years from now when the bushes have grown and the plants matured.GardensMany people prefer to incorparate a garden of their landscape design. Gardens may be tucked away in the nook of an space, or be the point of interest of the entire panorama design. Gardens can even be stragecly positioned among the plants, flowers and trees so they mix in with your entire landscape design. If you like to backyard, dont overlook all of the garden design possiblities when planning your landscape design.If you want extra info with regard to landscape architect los angeles, pay a visit to Demitri Sanromartin’s internet site without delay2\We are all ready to invest large amounts of money on landscaping in order to give a face lift to our homes. But we didn’t prune enough or at all when our lawn needed it, making our prized lawns and gardens looking worse than ever. This is the best time to start getting ready and preparing your lawn for beautiful success. For your garden to have a longer life span, take the following tips into consideration.Plenty of individuals would love to have a garden that has a lot of stunning hydrangeas or azaleas growing beautifully. This particular goal takes a good deal of time and effort, nevertheless, so if you’re amongst those individuals who would like to achieve it, you’ll need to work very hard beginning right away.Fundamental Garden LandscapingStarting small is without doubt the method to use, particularly if you happen to be a beginner in this particular craft. One of the things you should focus on to start with will be the choice of plants you want to cultivate, i.e. flowers, trees, or maybe even vegetables. It is clearly sensible to decide on plants that do not need an excessive amount of maintenance but when you are confident enough in relation to your gardening skills, roses, orchids, and bonsai trees offer great options.Getting the soil ready is very important to ensure that you will be able to grow beautiful things in your garden. Using organic fertilizers often is the preferred strategy to use since they will not present any kind of threat to the environment or to human health. Becoming acquainted with different kinds of organic fertilizers such as horse manure or steer manure can enable you to do a good job in preparing the garden soil for great growing conditions.Structures and DecorNaturally, a vibrant and nicely decorated lawn is really what you’ll want which involves various garden landscaping options including water fountains, fencing, and lighting. The strategy is to integrate as much of your own personality into your design so as to make it a little haven that is not just lovely to view but also is a quintessential reflection of you.Outdoor furniture is a very common garden landscaping feature which also happens to be very useful. When you have the area to hold a complete set, you might as well go for it, especially when you want to have a proper place for your guests during the day if the sun is out but it is not too hot.Patio and Garden Lighting FixturesAdequate illumination can be a large part of designing your garden. The patio is where it all begins so you might wish to buy a good set of sconces or wall lights which illuminate the area and highlight its naturally beauty. Garden lighting is encouraged not just for functional purposes but also for displaying the best features of the space even at night.UpkeepTo be able to continue to keep the garden in excellent shape, it is crucial to understand its needs like routine and controlled watering, tilling, mowing, and weed removal. Watering needs to be season and weather appropriate because gardens that are way too dry or too wet will never flourish so make sure that you adjust appropriately.Mark Vaccaro researches and writes extensively on the best practices in online marketing. Some articles that I recommend reading can be found on the topics of path to financial responsibility and learning spanish

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人化自然与自然拟人化、既然是造园,便离不开自然,但中西方对自然的态度却很不相同。西方美学著作中虽也提到自然美,但这只是美的一种素材或源泉,自然美本身是有缺陷的,非经过人工的改造,便达不到完美的境地,也就是说自然美本身并不具备独立的审美意义。黑格尔在他的著作中曾专门论述过自然美的缺陷,因为任何自然界的事物都是自在的,没有自觉的心灵灌注生命和主题的观念性的统一于一些差异并立的部分,因而便见不到理想美的特征。“美是理念的感性显现”,所以自然美必然存在缺陷,不可能升华为艺术美。而园林是人工创造的,他理应按照人的意志加以改造,才能达到完美的境地。 中国人对自然美的发现和探求所循的是另一种途径。中国人主要是寻求自然界中能与人的审美心情相契合并能引起共鸣的某些方面。中国人的自然审美观的确立大约可追溯到魏晋南北朝时代,特定的历史条件迫使士大夫阶层淡漠政治而邀游山林并寄情山水见,于是便借“情”作为中介而体现湖光山色中蕴涵的极其丰富的自然美。中国园林虽从形式和风格上看属于自然山水园,但决非简单的再现或模仿自然,而是在深切领悟自然美的基础上加以萃取、抽象、概括、典型化。这种创造却不违背蔼然的天性,恰恰相反,是顺应自然并更加深刻的表现自然。在中国人看来审美不是按人的理念去改变自然,而是强调主客体之间的情感契合点,即“畅神”。它可以起到沟通审美主体和审美客体之间的作用。从更高的层次上看,还可以通过:“移情”的作用把客体对象人格化。庄子提出“乘物以游心”就是认为物我之间可以相互交融,以致达到物我两忘的境界。因此西方造园的美学思想人化自然而中国则是自然拟人化。 形式美与意境美,由于对自然美的态度不同,反映在造园艺术上的追求便有所侧重了。西方造园虽不乏诗意,但刻意追求的却是形式美;中国造园虽也重视形式,但倾心追求的却是意境美。西方人认为自然美有缺陷,为了克服这种缺陷而达到完美的境地,必须凭借某种理念去提升自然美,从而达到艺术美的高度。也就是一种形式美。早在古希腊,哲学家毕达哥拉斯就从数的角度来探求和谐,并提出了黄金率。罗马时期的维特鲁威在他的论述中也提到了比例、均衡等问题,提出:“比例是美的外貌,是组合细部时适度的关系”。文艺复兴时的达芬奇、米开朗琪罗等人还通过人体来论证形式美的法则。而黑格尔则以“抽象形式的外在美”为命题,对整齐一律、平衡对称、符合规律、和谐等形式美法则作抽象、概括。于是形式美的法则就有了相当的普遍性。它不仅支配着建筑、绘画、雕刻等视觉艺术,甚至对音乐、诗歌等听觉艺术也有很大的影响。因此与建筑有密切关系的园林更是奉之为金科玉律。西方园林那种轴线对称、均衡的布局,精美的几何图案构图,强烈的韵律节奏感都明显的体现出对形式美的刻意追求。 中国造园则注重“景”和“情”,景自然也属于物质形态的范畴。但其衡量的标准则要看能否借它来触发人的情思,从而具有诗情画意般的环境氛围即“意境”。这显然不同于西方造园追求的形式美,这种差异主要是因为中国造园的文化背景。古代中国没有专门的造园家,自魏晋南北朝以来,由于文人、画家的介入使中国造园深受绘画、诗词和文学的影响。而诗和画都十分注重于意境的追求,致使中国造园从一开始就带有浓厚的感情色彩。清人王国维说:“境非独景物也,喜怒哀乐亦人心中之一境界,故能写真景物、真感情者谓之有境界,否则谓之无境界”。意境是要靠“悟”才能获取,而“悟”是一种心智活动,“景无情不发,情无景不生”。因此造园的经营要旨就是追求意境。一个好的园林,无论是中国或西方的,都必然会令人赏心悦目,但由于侧重不同,西方园林给我们的感觉是悦目,而中国园林则意在赏心。 中国造园走的是自然山水远的路子,所追求的是诗画一样的境界。如果说它也十分注重于造景的话,那么它的素材、原形、源泉、灵感等就只能到大自然中去发掘。越是符合自然天性的东西便越包含丰富的意蕴。因此中国的造园带有很大的随机性和偶然性。不但布局千变万化,整体和局部之间却没有严格的从属关系,结构松散,以致没有什么规律性。正所谓“造园无成法”。甚至许多景观却有意识的藏而不露,“曲径通幽处,禅房草木生”,“山穷水尽疑无路,柳暗花明又一村”,“峰会路转,有亭翼然”,这都是极富诗意的境界。 总上所述仅仅只是中西方园林艺术特点的一小部分,还有更多、更精髓的东西等待我们去挖掘,人类千百年来创造的文化内涵博大精深,浩瀚宇宙。而未来世界是属于我们的,未来世界的美也要靠我们去创造,肩上的担子并不轻。我们更应以积极的心态去迎接这一光荣的使命,任重而道远

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理想家园——中西古典园林艺术比较研究〔 作者: 周武忠 来自:硕博文库 ]【资料形态】硕博文库【文献属性】南京艺术学院,美术学专业,2001年度博士学位论文【文章标题】理想家园——中西古典园林艺术比较研究【英文标题】Gardens: the Ideal Home of Mankind——A Comparative Study on Chinese and Western Classic Garden Arts【文章作者】周武忠【指导教师】奚传绩【英文关键词】Chinese and Western classical garden arts; comparative study; garden styles; principal elements of gardening; ideas of garden design; essence of garden making.;【中文摘要】本文用历史比较和平行比较为主的综合比较研究法,对中国古典园林和西方古典园林进行了比较研究,侧重于风格的分析和植物、假山与石景的比较,也涉及理水和 建筑等其他造园要素。研究表明,中西园林艺术由于地理环境、审美理想和文化背景的不同导致造园思想不同,两者在风格和形态上表现了明显的差异性:从总体上看,中国园林由于受儒、道、释的影响而崇尚自然,并在禅宗和宋明理学的影响下发展成自然写意主义山水园的风格。以意大利、法国、英国为代表的西方古典园林有着共同的起源,其原型是古典世界的几何规则式园林。之后由于欧洲社会、经济和文化发展历史进程的不平衡,而在西方世界内部先后出现了16、17世纪以“第三自然”为特征的意大利文艺复兴和巴洛克园林、17世纪法国古典主义园林的“伟大风格”和18世纪英国的写实主义自然风景园。前两者均深受西方哲学中理性主义的影响,但意大利园林的人文主义色彩和法国园林的专制主义表现在造园风格上形成了差异;第三者则是英国资本主义革命、农业生产方式、经验主义哲学和浪漫主义思潮综合作用的结晶。中西古典园林...【英文摘要】Focus on the analysis of the garden styles, plantscape and stonescape, as well as waterscape and garden architecture, the author have drawn a parallel between the classical garden arts in China and that in the West mainly by historical and parallel comparative methods. It is indicated that, although they have the similar historical origins, the classic gardens in China and those in the West are very different in the ideas, styles and landscapes of the gardens due to the differences in natural ...1 绪论 12-301.1 本研究的目的与范围 12-171.1.1 本研究的目的 12-131.1.2 本研究的范围 13-171.1.2.1 关于“中西” 13-141.1.2.2 关于“古典” 14-151.1.2.3 对比时期确定的依据 15-161.1.2.4 对“园林”的界定 16-171.2 前人的研究成果和存在问题 17-221.2.1 前人的研究成果 17-211.2.2 存在问题 21-221.3 研究设想和研究方法 22-261.3.1 研究设想 22-241.3.2 研究方法 24-261.4 预期结果和意义 26-301.4.1 有助于把握中西园林艺术的真面貌 261.4.2 有助于扩大园林学研究的领域 26-271.4.3 寻求中西园林的共同的发展规律 271.4.4 为创造新的造园艺术风格提供历史借鉴 27-30第一部分 造园风格研究 30-1102 中国古典园林 30-572.1 研究概况 30-342.2 发展轨迹 34-422.3 中国风格的形成 42-482.3.1 崇尚自然 42-442.3.2 写意手法 44-482.4 园林意境的创造 48-572.4.1 诗画与园林意境的创造 50-522.4.2 独特的时空意识 52-532.4.3 园林意境的表现手法 53-573 西方古典园林 57-1103.1 研究概况 57-593.2 发展轨迹 59-883.2.1 西方园林的起源 593.2.2 古希腊园林 59-613.2.3 古罗马园林 61-633.2.4 中世纪园林 63-653.2.5 意大利园林 65-743.2.5.1 人文主义者园林 65-693.2.5.2 风格主义与造园 69-713.2.5.3 巴洛克园林 71-743.2.6 法国园林 74-813.2.6.1 法国文艺复兴花园 74-783.2.6.2 古典法国式 78-813.2.7 英国园林 81-883.3 西方园林风格的形成 88-1103.3.1 意大利花园的特征:“第三自然” 88-933.3.2 法国古典主义园林的“伟大风格” 93-993.3.3 英国自然风景园 99-110第二部分 造园要素比较 110-1924 植物景观 110-1464.1 植物种类 110-1194.1.1 中国 110-1144.1.2 西方 114-1194.2 象征意义 119-1244.3 引种交流 124-1274.3.1 中国花卉传西方 124-1264.3.2 中国古典园林中的西方植物 126-1274.4 配置艺术 127-1464.4.1 中国园林植物配置 127-1334.4.1.1 模拟大自然植物景观 127-1284.4.1.2 重视“意”与“匠”的结合 1284.4.1.3 重视植物同园林其他要素的关系 128-1304.4.1.4 中国士人的植物配置 130-1314.4.1.5 中国民间的植树风俗 131-1324.4.1.6 中国园林植物配置的程式 132-1334.4.1.7 重视古树名木 1334.4.2 西方园林植物配置 133-1464.4.2.1 树木修剪术 135-1364.4.2.2 丛林 136-1374.4.2.3 花结园 1374.4.2.4 绿廊 137-1384.4.2.5 花坛、花圃与花境 138-1404.4.2.6 草本园 140-1414.4.2.7 植物园 141-1424.4.2.8 植物迷宫 142-1465 假山与石景、水法和建筑 146-1805.1 假山与石景 146-1655.1.1 中国园林中的假山 146-1555.1.1.1 “台” 147-1485.1.1.2 海中神山与远景式假山 1485.1.1.3 土、石结合之山 1485.1.1.4 近景式写实假山 148-1495.1.1.5 白居易与山石审美 149-1505.1.1.6 宋徽宗与寿山艮岳 150-1515.1.1.7 叠石、匠师与写意式假山 151-1555.1.2 西方园林中的石景 155-1655.1.2.1 罗马和中世纪花园中的石作 157-1585.1.2.2 园林中的雕塑 158-1605.1.2.3 让风景直言:洞穴 160-1625.1.2.4 让风景直言:假山和岩石园 162-1655.2 理水 165-1705.2.1 中国园林中的水景 165-1675.2.2 西方园林中的水景 167-1705.3 园林建筑 170-1805.3.1 中国古典园林中的建筑 170-1755.3.2 西方园林中的建筑 175-1806 讨论与结论 180-1926.1 中西园林艺术的相似性和同一性 180-1856.1.1 中西园林艺术的相似性和同一性 180-1836.1.1.1 中西园林艺术起源的相似性 180-1816.1.1.2 中西园林艺术发展过程的相似性 181-1826.1.1.3 中西园林艺术的物质同一性 182-1836.1.1.4 中西园林艺术的社会同一性 1836.1.2 原因分析:中西园林艺术的人类同一性 183-1856.2 中西园林艺术的差异性 185-1876.3 中西园林艺术的精髓 187-192致谢 192-193参考文献 193-196附表 196-2071 意大利建于16~18世纪的别墅一览表 196-1982 英国自然风景园的发展 198-1993 欧洲园林中具有中国艺术风格的景观 199-2004 植物的象征意义 200-2035 西方献给天神的植物 2036 西方献给圣人的植物 203-2047 部分树种自中国直接传往英国诸岛的日期 204-2058 应用于美国南部地区园林中的中国原产植物 205-2079 现存的有迷宫的欧洲园林 207来源:

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