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首页 > 期刊论文 > 中西方服饰的文化差异毕业论文

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Abstract: Dress culture is a cultural phenomenon unique to human beings. As it has different aesthetic ideas, different dressing concepts and different dress etiquette in China and west, it forms Chinese and western dress culture of the different connotation and characteristics. This thesis is divided into four major sections. The first part describes the different features of Chinese and western dress and why people wear clothing. The second part describes cultural differences between Chinese and western clothing. The third part gives an analysis of Chinese and western dress culture. The last part describes Chinese and western dress aesthetic culture and dress concept. Based on the analysis, the thesis finally draws a conclusion. Chinese and western dress culture each has rich connotation and distinct characteristics, which are precious cultural legacy which is left by human ancestors and are the world culture heritage. At the same time, we treasure our own civilization of five thousand years instead of belittling ourselves. It is significant to promote and develop our unique costume culture. We are confident and make contributions to realizing the rejuvenation of our Chinese nation and enriching the clothing culture of the whole world. Key words: Chinese and western clothing; culture;differences;aesthetic culture and clothing concepts 摘要摘要摘要摘要::::服饰文化是人类特有的文化现象。由于中西方各民族的审美观念、着装理念和服饰礼仪的不同,从而形成了不同内涵、不同特色的中西方服饰文化。本文共分为四部分。第一部分主要介绍了中西服饰的不同特征以及为什么人要穿衣服,第二部分写中西方服饰的差异,第三部分写导致中西方服饰文化差异的原因,第四部分则写中西方服饰审美文化和着装理念。通过以上简单的论述,最后得出结论,中西方服饰文化各具有丰富的内涵和鲜明的特色,她们都是人类祖先留下来的宝贵文化遗产 ,是世界文化的瑰宝。与此同时,我们应该珍惜自己五千年的文明而不是贬低自己的文明。促进和发展我们独特的民族服饰文化具有重要的意义。为了实现我们中华民族的文化复兴和丰富整个世界的文化,让我们自信起来吧! 关键词关键词关键词关键词::::中西服饰;文化;差异性;审美文化与着装理念Introduction Costume culture, carried by costume, is a respect of our physical and spiritual life and a mixture of our psychological activities like consciousness, emotion, idea and ideal. The rapid development of advanced technology makes multiculturalism stand out and also makes conflicts between China and the West increase. In that case, it becomes more and more important to recognize the similarities and differences of costume culture between China and the West. Nowadays, the whole world is, to some extent, dominated by the western costume culture, which has wound its way into the daily life of the whole world, together with technology, life style and values from the West. Quite popular in China, it’s nominally called “internationalization” or “globalization”. In recent years, the costume industry of China has developed swiftly. The “international” costume, featured by the western costume culture, has become a pretty important part of our daily life. However, as our economy takes off, international status rises and living standard improves, a wave of national costume culture resurgence is rising. Moreover, people from the West pay more and more attention to the giant dragon in the East——China. Western costume designers constantly introduce Chinese costume cultural elements to their latest designs. Those phenomena arouse a series of thoughts: what distinguishes Chinese costume culture from the western one? Are there any similarities between them? What kind of costume culture will we Chinese hold as the mainstream in the future, the so-called “international” western one, the Chinese one or the fusion of the two? To obtain the answers to these questions, we are supposed to study and contrast carefully the characteristics and developing processes of them, and then draw some regularity. To contrast the costume culture between China and the West, it is necessary for us to master a good knowledge of the Chinese and western costume cultural characteristics.Chapter 1 Chinese and western dress 1.1 The different features of Chinese and western dress China is known as “Xia” as it’s a land of propriety, and it’s also known as “Hua” with the beauty of its costume. (①《左传》p83) Our national costume is Hanfu. It originated in the Yanhuang era, formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and officially took form in Han Dynasty. That’s the reason why it’s called “Hanfu”. Since then, in spite of historical evolutions of all ages, their basic characteristics have never changed. Hanfu, on the whole, can be divided into four developing stages: Zhou Han Hanfu, Wei Jin Hanfu, Sui Tang Hanfu and Song Ming Hanfu. Zhou Han Hanfu was featured by dignity and simplicity, while Wei Jin Hanfu by chic and elegance, Sui Tang Hanfu by dignified, graceful, elegant and poised style. Hanfu in Song and Ming Dynasties epitomizes the characteristics of the past-simple, dignified, elegant, etc. In Qing Dynasty, Hanfu was forbidden by the government and disappeared from the land of China. The main features of Chinese clothing are focusing on the right collar’s overlap, the band deducted hidden, big sleeves, no buttons and using string binding, giving the impression of free and easy flowing. These characteristics are obviously different from those of other ethnic costumes. Hanfu is divided into uniform and common clothing. With strict standards, uniform is dressed on formal occasions while the common clothing, without long sleeves, is very convenient to people’s daily life. However, the western clothing is different form the Chinese clothing. The West belongs to Marine civilization, it emphasizes the subjective and objective separation and that we should rationally treat clothing, advocate releasing personality, stress dress effect and be good at showing beautiful the posture of the body. Besides, we use various clipping, color collocation means to perfect bodily curve and give a person with visual comfort in the modeling. A suit, also known as a business suit, comprises a collection of matching clothing consisting of: a coat﹙commonly known as a jacket﹚,a waistcoat﹙optional﹚﹙USA vest﹚for men, a pair of trousers﹙USA pants﹚, or for women, a shirt or trousers. A suit is generally accompanied by torment, a shirt and tie or for women, a blouse. 1.2 Why people wear clothingChinese people are concerned more about its social function of helping to rule a country well than that of keeping warm or decorating. It has a lot to do with ruling a country to regulate the dressing way of the common people. Nevertheless, the westerners pay more attention to its wealth value and function. Therefore, people put on clothing for functional and social reasons. 1.2.1 The functional reason The first use of clothing is to resist the cold and cover the body. Functions of clothing include providing the human body protection against extremes of climate (extreme heat, icy winters, and drenching storms) and protection against insects, noxious, chemicals, and contact with abrasive substances. In sum, clothing protects human beings against anything that might injure the naked, unprotected human body. 1.2.2 The social reason Clothing also delivers social messages to other humans. Social messages sent by clothing, accessories, and decorations can involve social status, occupation, ethnic and religious belief, marital status, cultural degree and sexual availability, etc. For example, only Roman citizens can wear “Toga” in Rome while dragon robe can only be dressed by the emperor in China.

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zhangchanli

由于我国与西方的生活习惯以及民族习俗的不同,中西方 文化 存在许多差异。下面是我为大家整理的中西方文化差异论文,供大家参考。

摘要: 从历史文化的角度来说,中西方文化无论从萌芽、发展到现在的格局无疑是各具特色的。一个偏重群体关系和整体作用,提倡大家庭理论;一个偏重个体能力和英雄主义,提倡自由万岁。在两个文化理念截然相反的作用下,我们必须融合两者意识上的差异,在文化层次本身找到共性,以利于整个人类文化的发展。

关键词: 差异;价值观;文化

0 引言

历史发展至今,中西方文化就像两条时而胶着、时而分离的不规则线,同样源远流长,同样博大精深。自成体系、相互交融。但,无论任何时候,两者从未有过平行的时候,因此,研究世界文化不可能单一的研究中西方某个文化,而应全面、系统的对中西方文化加以研究。

1 关于中西方文化

1.1 文化的定义 著名人类学学者泰勒(Edward Burnett Tylor)这样给文化定义:“文化或者文明就是由作为社会成员的人所获得的、包括知识、信念、艺术、道德法则、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯的复杂整体。”这个定义已经比较权威。在此,我们将文化定义为人和环境互动而产生的精神 、物质成果的总和。这个总和中可以包括生活方式、价值观、知识、技术成果,以及一切经过人的改造和理解而别具人文特色的物质对象。

1.2 中国文化定义 中国文化一般指中国 传统文化 ,它是中华民族在长期历史发展中形成的,是中国各民族集体智慧的结晶。汉族是中华民族的主干民族,对中国文化的形成和发展起了重要的作用,其他少数民族也对中国文化做出过不可抹杀的贡献。

1.3 西方文化定义 西方文化和东方文化一样,源远流长,气象万千。一般是指发源于古希腊、罗马时期,浸染了中世纪的____传统,兴盛于文艺复兴、宗教改革,经启蒙运动而最终确立,并且近几百年来大盛于西欧北美的文化系统。

2 中西方文化的特点

中西方文化均源远流长、气象万千,两种文明都经历了几千年历史的发展演化才成型。迄今,无数学者为更好的研究两种文明,划分了各种各样的时期或时代,以将历史分割成各个有机统一的整体加以研究。在此,笔者参考各权威观点,结合自己的观点,在权威学说的基础上以阶段性为前提,简单描述一下中西方文化各自的特点,以便更好的对论题加以研究。

2.1 中国文化的特点 中国文化在西周时期创造出了中华文明的母形。这一时期建立了“余一人“的专制王权思想,敬德与重民思想开始萌芽,西周时期我国宗法社会与宗法文化开始成型,并且对后世中国文化脉络和思潮的演化产生了深远影响。战国时期,平民观点开始兴起,以孔子、孟子、墨子、老子、韩非子等为杰出代表。我国出现百家争鸣的文化发展状况。以仁为核心的儒家思想成为中国文化的中心。同时法家、道家思想并立。至此在几千年的发展过程中,中国形成了以“谦、恭、信、敏、慧”为核心的文化思想观、以“学而优则仕”的文化价值观。总的来说,中国文化就是细节服务于整体、突出整体效果的文化模式。

2.2 西方文化的特点 西方文化经过中世纪____文化的长期统治,阿拉伯文化的融入,随着资本主义经济萌芽的出现,出现了影响深远的文艺复兴和宗教改革。经过17世纪的科学革命,18世纪的启蒙运动,现代西方文化到19世纪臻于成熟,并向全世界扩张。西方文化在20世纪面临着来自内外多方面的挑战。现代主义、后现代主义只反映了现代西方文化的一个方面,表现出其躁动不安的情绪,远远不能概括其全貌。在几千年的发展过程中,西方文化形成了以“争”为核心的文化思想观、以自然科学和科研为核心的文化发展观。总的来说,西方文化就是突出细节、突出个体效果的文化模式。

3 中西方文化差异

3.1 西方文化文化的发展态势不同 中国文化中整体上来看,属于一种静态文化、一种家国文化。由于中国所处地理环境较为优越,给予了人一个可以长期居住生产的环境,所以,这种长期居住在同一个地方的条件便使家族发展的很快,安居乐业、居安而不思流动,就容易促使静态的文化模式发展。家族繁衍、代代相传,家族纽带越来越复杂,尊老和祭祖现象就必然在这样的发展模式下产生,家族观念,宗法制度也就逐渐形成并根深蒂固了。所以说,中国为什么叫家国,因为,家就是国、国就是家,家和国仅仅是规模上的差别,于此,这种静态文化和家国文化直接促成了中国仁、孝、礼、信为核心的贵和尚中的中庸思想。

而西方文化则属于一种动态文化、一种斗争文化。西方文化三大起源(古希腊文明、罗马文明和____文明)均源自地中海沿岸,西方的地理环境、气候促成了流动性较强的文化。并直接促使西方人的家庭观念相对薄弱,个人主义、自由主义等价值观念得以发展传承,由此产生的竞争意识、斗争文化更是西方文化发展的原动力。

3.2 中西方文化中的伦理观念不同 中国文化主张家庭伦理本位,而西方文化主张个人本位。上点已经提到,中国以家国主义文化为核心思想文化,以家族为本位,家庭便有长幼之序,夫妻之分,家庭成员各安其分,各尽义务,即“尽伦”!孟子认为:圣人是“人伦之民”,伦的核心是“绝对服从”,幼服长,妻服夫。使家变得如此重要的原因之一就是“孝”,“百善孝为先”,“孝道”是中国的国本,国粹,中国自古就有孝的文化,有以孝治天下之说.家与孝原本有伟大的理性意义,但由于过分强调,终成了一种过分的家族意识,而忽略了个人自由的发展,“存天理,灭人欲”,以个人向群体负责为人生宗旨。

而西方的地理环境及种种社会关系导致个人主义的兴起,导致家庭、家族纽带功能相对松弛。“上帝面前人人平等”的____义充分说明了西方文化中追求人格独立的特点,骑士精神、英雄主义的盛行源自于此。个人权利任何人不得侵犯,信奉个人本位、自我中心,这种个人本位思想使即使亲人间的界限也划分得非常明确,AA制、强调子女独立生活,喜欢谈论一己之所得。伯克哈特在《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》一书中,认为只有个人得到充分的发展才能有社会的充分发展。存在主义把这个基本观念推向了极端,鼓吹“人是绝对自由的”,“他人就是我的地狱”。 3.3 中西方文化对人与自然的基本观点不同 杜维民教授认为:“中国文化关注的对象是人”。人与人的关系是中国文化关心的核心与基础问题,战国时期,我国就形成了以“仁”为核心的儒家思想,所以政治伦理学相当发达。而西方文化较多关注的是自然,人与自然的关系是古希腊注重的中心问题,由此衍生出理智和科技。

中国的哲学是一种人生哲学。儒家强调人在社会要有所作为,道家追求长生,佛家强调人的觉悟。同时建立了君臣、父子等一套人与人之间的伦理关系,学而优则仕成为中国社会主流思想。而科学研究可发现自然规律的探究行为并未得到重视。在处理人与自然的关系上,中国文化讲究“天人合一”、“顺天应物”。把自然人格化,追求人与自然和谐发展。

从古希腊泰勒斯的自然哲学开始,探索自然奥秘,开发和利用自然资源为人类服务就成为了欧洲思想的主流。西方科学起源与对自然的探索和研究,很早就出现了毕达哥拉斯、阿基米得这样名垂千古的科学家.在人与自然的关系上,西方文化认为人与自然处于对立的斗争状态,因而产生了与中国文化不同的对自然的态度,即人可以征服,控制自然。西方人也讲人与人之间的关系,但首先关注的不是伦理而是竞争,因而出现了“优胜劣汰”的规律。

4 中西方文化的文化价值观和文化结构不同

中国文化强调“诗言志”、“文以载道”和“天人合一”的文化价值观和整体综合。中国文化讲究有利于社会、有利于教化民众,中国广大文人苦读孔孟、圣人之学,学而优则仕,为的是齐家治国平天下。“托物言志”、“诗以言志”成了中国大部分文学作品的特色。同时也是“中国式特色”。现代西方文化倡导“为艺术而艺术”和多元的文化观。从康德提出“美只是形式”开始,纯粹的美感不应渗进任何愿望、任何需要、任何意志活动的说法在西方现代美学中成为占支配地位的思潮。克罗齐主张直觉即艺术,主张衡量艺术只有一个标准,即艺术标准。西方文化中的多元文化观包括两个方面,其一是文化形成的多元性;二是文化构成的多元性。

在文化结构方面,中国以整体综合见长,强调整体的作用;而西方以细节分析见长,突出个体的作用。例如,在时间、地址的书写顺序上,中国习惯按年、月、日,国家、省、市等由整体到部分开始书写,而西方恰恰相反。在姓氏排列上,中国姓氏先是宗族、辈分然后才是名,突出的是氏族整体;而西方姓氏先是自己名字、然后才是父名、族姓,突出的是个人。

在中西方文化的重要表现形式上,西方文化主张个人荣誉、自我中心、创新精神和个性自由,而中国文化是群体文化,主张谦虚谨慎、关心他人、助人为乐、无私奉献、中庸之道和团结协作。

值得注意的是,以上所说并不是说中国文化相对与西方文化来说是不变的文化,是封闭的文化。中国文化是强调“和平、稳定”;但这不意味着就是不变与封闭。中国哲学强调“天人和一”;而要达到这种境界,必须具有“海纳百川”胸怀和“户枢不蠹”的发展性眼光看待天地;因此,在中国古代的知识分子中一直强调“兼容”与“动”的观念。久而久之,就形成了中国文化所特有的包容性与变化观点——“仁者乐水,智者乐山”便是这种观点的具体体现。

参考文献:

[1]马文·哈里斯.文化人自然—普通人类学导引[M].浙江人民出版社1992年版.

[2]谢遐龄.中国政治思想史[M].高等 教育 出版社,2003.

[3]辜正坤.中西方文化比较.博览群书,2001.2

[4]冯承柏,王中田,俞久洪.西方文化精义[M].华中理工大学出版社,1998

一个国家无论是在政治上,还是在经济贸易中,了解对方国家的礼仪习惯,将有利于各国之间的交往。一个人了解对方的礼仪民间习惯,是对对方的尊重,能够给对方留下一个好印象,以便交往的顺利进行。

随着东西方文化的不断发展,东西方的礼仪正在相互融合,西方人逐渐地接受了东方文化中重情感等合理因素,东方人也逐渐地接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式。但在现实生活中,由于东西方文化的差异而对礼仪产生的影响还很多,为此 出国 留学 网我就以下几方面具体探讨东西方文化差异对礼仪所产生的影响:

一、社会交往方式的差异对礼仪的影响

东西方文化都非常重视 人际交往 ,但在交往的观念、交往的方式上都有着明显的差别。如中国人热情好客,在人际交往中饱含热情,问寒问暖,似乎没有什么可保留的,对于了解有关年龄、职业、收入、婚姻状况、子女等问题,觉得都理所当然。而在西方国家中,特别重视对方的隐私权。个人稳私主要包括:个人状况(年龄、工作、收入、婚姻、子女等)、政治观念(支持或反对何种党派)、宗教信仰(信仰什么宗教)、个人行为动向(去何种地方,与谁交往、通信)等。凡是涉及到个人隐私的都不能直接过问。西方人一般不愿意干涉别人的私生活和个人隐私,也不愿意被别人干涉。比如,很多中国人会直接询问别人所买物品的价格。因为在中国人看来,物品的贵贱只是表示该物品的质量。

而在西方人眼里,如果你直接询问别人所购物品的价格,就可能是探问对方的经济条件,因此,这也是西方人的隐私,属于不宜直接询问的问题。如果你想了解该物品的价格,只能委婉地夸耀、赞赏该物品,而这样的情况下西方人一般也只告诉你该物品的贵或贱,一般不会告诉你准确价格。中国人见面打招呼时喜欢问一句“去哪儿啊?”,这是招呼的一种形式。而在美国,你如果问朋友上哪儿去,则可能会使对方尴尬,因为这也属于对方的隐私,是你不该过问的。另外,人际交往的空间距离可以分为亲密距离、个人距离、社交距离、公共距离四种。中国人的空间距离相对较近。我们在大街上经常可以看到两个中国少女挽臂亲昵而行,而在西方则很少见到。西方人觉得中国人过于亲近,而中国人又会觉得西方人过于冷淡、傲慢,过分疏远,是不友好的表现。如果中国人发现交际对方的衣服上有根线头,他会很自然地帮助对方摘掉;而在西方人眼里,这是不礼貌之举。中国人看到朋友穿了件非常漂亮的衣服,会上前摸一摸,询问价钱或质地;而西方人则不会这样做,他们更多的是羡慕,并直接赞美。概而言之,这都是东西方文化观念差异所致。东方人非常重义、重情,西方人则崇尚个人独立。

二、个人人生观的差异对礼仪的影响

(一)个人荣誉感与谦虚谨慎 西方人崇拜个人奋斗,尤其为个人取得的成就而自豪,从来不掩饰自己的自信心、荣誉感以及在获得成就后的狂喜。而相反,中国文化却不主张炫耀个人荣誉,则提倡谦虚谨慎。一般来说,中国人大多反对或蔑视王婆卖瓜式的自吹自擂,然而中国式的自我谦虚或自我否定却常常使西方人感到不满。例如,“your English is very good,”“No,no,my English is very poor”;“you've done a nice job,”“No,I don't think so.It's the result of joint efforts.”,这在中国人看来当然是一种谦虚的说法,而在西方人看来,不仅否定了自己,还否定了赞扬者的鉴赏力。可见,这种中国式的谦虚在西方资本主义的竞争市场是行不通的。

(二)自我中心与无私奉献 西方人自我中心意识和独立意识很强,主要表现在:1.自己为自己负责。在弱肉强食的社会,每个人生存方式及生存质量都取决于自己的能力,因此,每个人都必须自我奋斗,把个人利益放在第一位;2.不习惯关心他人,帮助他人,不过问他人的事情。正由于以上两点,主动帮助别人或接受别人帮助在西方往往就成为令人难堪的事。因为接受帮助只能证明自己无能,而主动帮助别人会被认为是干涉别人私事。 中国人的行为准则是“我对他人,对社会是否有用”,个人的价值是在奉献中体现出来的。中国文化推崇一种高尚的情操———无私奉献。在中国,主动关心别人,给人以无微不至的体贴是一种美德,因此,中国人不论别人的大事小事,家事私事都愿主动关心,而这在西方则会被视为“多管闲事”。

(三)创新精神与中庸之道 西方文化鼓励人民开拓创新,做一番前人未做过的、杰出超凡的事业。而传统的中国文化则要求人们不偏不倚,走中庸之道,中国人善于预见未来的危险性,更愿意维护现状,保持和谐。当然,近年来我国也大力提倡创新改革,但务实求稳之心态仍处处体现。冒险精神仍是不能与西方人相比的。 (四)个性自由与团结协作 西方人十分珍视个人自由,喜欢随心所欲,独往独行,不愿受限制。中国文化则更多地强调集体主义,主张个人利益服从集体利益,主张同甘共苦,团结合作,步调一致。

三、法制观念的不同对礼仪的影响

东方文化以儒家思想为代表,而儒家思想重义轻利。为了兄弟朋友的情义,可以网开一面,甚至不惜一切代价,其结果往往是行为过头,丧失了更多的应得利益。比如中国人重人情,人情味浓厚。有句老话:“血浓于水”“亲不亲,故乡人,美不美,家乡水。”这些话所包含的意思是人情影响判断,人情重于道义。“水”,即使不美,但只要是家乡水,那也就美了,这就是情重于理的表现。甚至有时会情重于法,这主要是因为中国历来有情影响法的制度空间,也就是说,我们中国人先讲合情,再讲合理,然后讲合法。

若合法而不合情合理,这法就难以执行,若合情合理,有法也可以不依。 而西方人则是倒过来的。西人重法,不重人情。法在理前,理在情前。我们时常看到西方父子之间、夫妻之间、朋友之间上法庭打官司。有些事明明不合情不合理,但合法,吃亏者也只有自认倒霉,旁观者也只能容忍。但若有的事不合法,即使合情合理,西人也会争论不休,直到闹上法庭。 在情理法的中国,人情味浓厚,什么事都可以想想办法,托托人情,走走关系。这是一种自然 保险 系统,人们容易在艰苦的环境下渡过难关。因此在中国,人事关系极为重要,生活之中充满天伦之乐。但也容易产生不公正;在法理情的西方国家,人情似纸,相互之间可说是“鸡犬之声相闻,老死不相往来”。有什么矛盾,先讲理,后上法庭,简单明了。西方人虽淡薄人情,却十分讲公正、平等,即使是一介草民,只要是真正合理合法,就是同总理打官司,他也照样可以打赢。在西方国家生活,有点像广寒宫里,富裕、 清明 、漂亮,却有一般寒冷之感。尤其是老人,孤孤单单,踽踽独行,在我们中国人看来甚是可怜。

四、社会习俗的不同对礼仪的影响

在东方文化中,男士往往倍受尊重,这主要受封建礼制男尊女卑观念的影响。在现代社会,东方文化也主张男女平等,但在许多时候,男士的地位仍然较女士有优越性,女士仍有受歧视的现象。在欧美等西方国家,尊重妇女是其传统风俗,女士优先是西方国家交际中的原则之一。无论在何种公共场合,男士都要照顾女士,比如,握手时,女士先伸手,然后男士才能随之;赴宴时,男士要先让女士坐下,女士先点菜,进门时,女士先行;上下电梯,女士在前等等。现在,随着东西方文化交流的加深,西方的女士优先原则在东方国家也备受青睐。东西方文化的交融,也使东西方礼仪日趋融合、统一,更具国际化。

再如,在处理长幼关系时,以中国为代表的东方国家对待长者特别尊敬、孝敬。比如,在许多中国人看来,如果老人有子女,年老时子女把老人送到养老院或敬老院去生活,这就是不孝,过年过节儿女一般要和老人一起过。在中国农村一些地方,过年时,晚辈都要给长辈行跪拜礼。而在西方国家,由于崇尚自立,儿女成年后和父母间的来往则越来越少,致使许多老人时常感到孤独,晚年生活有一种凄凉感。

五、等级观念的差异对礼仪的影响

东方文化等级观念强烈。无论是在组织里,还是在家庭里,忽略等级、地位就是非礼。尽管传统礼制中的等级制度已被消除,但等级观念至今仍对东方文化产生影响。在中国,传统的君臣、父子等级观念在中国人的头脑中仍根深蒂固。父亲在儿子的眼中、教师在学生的眼中有着绝对的权威,家庭背景在人的成长中仍起着相当重要的作用。另外,中国式的家庭结构比较复杂,传统的幸福家庭是四代同堂。在这样的家庭中,老人帮助照看小孩,儿孙们长大后帮助扶养老人,家庭成员之间互相依赖,互相帮助,密切了亲情关系。 在西方国家,除了英国等少数国家有着世袭贵族和森严的等级制度外,大多数西方国家都倡导平等观念。

特别在美国,崇尚人人平等,很少人以自己显赫的家庭背景为荣,也很少人以自己贫寒出身为耻,因他们都知道,只要自己努力,是一定能取得成功的。正如美国一句流行的 谚语 所言:“只要努力,牛仔也能当总统。”(If working hard, even acowboy can be president.)在家庭中,美国人不讲等级,只要彼此尊重,父母与子女可直呼其名。他们的家庭观念往往比较淡薄,不愿为家庭做出太多牺牲。 当然,中西方文化的不同导致的礼仪上的差异还有很多,比如服饰礼仪、进餐礼仪等等,由于篇幅等多方面的制约,在此不能一一深入探讨。总之,中西方之间有各自的文化习惯,由此也产生了不少不同的交往习惯。因此,随着我国经济的发展和对外交流、贸易的不断增加,我们不但有必要在与外国人交往或者前往别的国家去之前,了解对方国家的礼仪习惯,而且必须加强专业礼仪人才的培养,提高全民礼仪意识,这不仅是对对方的尊重,也给我们自己带来了便利,不但能避免了不必要的麻烦与误会,还能在现代社会的多方竞争中争取主动,取得良好的结果或效益。

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不锈冰theresa

如果说西方服饰文化刻意追求表现人体美,而完全忽视了服饰伦理,那么,中国服饰文化由于受到传统的伦理价值观念的影响还或多或少地保留着一些道德上的体统。譬如《礼记·王制》说:“作淫声异服。奇球奇器以疑众,杀!”(易·系辞》认为:‘始容诲淫”。《左传》称“贪色为淫”。《系辞》是秦、汗间的儒生所作,其后,赵飞燕、梁冀及其妻子等在服饰上的追求奇异和生活的淫乱,更说明了“冶容诲淫”。然而,尽管中国传统服饰文化没有或者很少突出对人体美的直接赞赏,但在一些古典文学作品里不乏对人体美的描写。从《诗经》,骚赋到明清的小说和传奇,其中都有这类描写,譬如“肌如白雪,腰如束素”。“肤如凝脂”、“虎背熊腰”,而且更多的是人与服饰共同构成的美的形象;“著我绣荚裙,事事四五通,足上蹑丝履,头上玳瑁光,腰若流纨素,耳著明月铛,指如削葱根,口如含珠丹,纤纤作细步,精妙世无双。”(《古诗为焦仲卿妻作》);“三月三日天气新,长安水边多丽人。态浓意远淑且真,肌理细腻骨肉匀。绣罗衣赏照暮春,蹙金孔雀银麒麟。头上何所有?翠微訇叶垂鬓唇。背后何所见?珠压腰 稳称身。”(《丽人行》)或许有人会以现代女性服装中的旗袍为例,来证明中国女装也着重表现人体的自然美,其实,这种旗袍是在本世纪上半叶受西方服饰审美趣味影响的结果,直至光绪年间,旗袍还不是现在的式样。传统旗袍在肩、胸、腰、臂、臀等部位的表现与突出人体美的西方女性服装完全不一样。和西方服饰艺术不同的是:中国服饰艺术不是突出人体美,而是充分调动艺术造型等手段追求一种装饰美,即一种超越形体的精神空间。从中国清朝以前的服装款式来看,遮蔽人体的宽抱大油是中国传统服饰的主流。既使某些人的形体很美,这种服装也不去展现这个美的形体。《资治通鉴》引萧何的话说:“天子以四海为家,不壮不丽无以重威,”从这层意义上去看宽抱大袖的中国古代皇帝礼服,我们应会明白它们为什么不去表现皇帝的形体美,而是着重写意传神,突出他们端庄威严的精神力量。屈原在《涉江》中言:“余幼好此奇服兮,年既老而不衰,带长铗之陆离兮,冠切云之崔嵬。”他以穿戴富有自己个性的服饰来表现自己愤世嫉俗,不趋炎附势的气度和情怀。西方服饰人体直观美和中国服饰人体装饰美的区别反映了两种文化形态价值取向的不同。林语堂就曾经指出:“大约中西服装哲学上不同之点,在于西装意在表现人身形体,而中装意在遮盖它。”(《生活的艺术》)莱辛说:“我承认衣服也有一种美,但是比起人体美来,衣服美算得上什么呢?”(转引自《西方美学家论美和美感》)而林语堂则持相反观点:“只有在没有美感的社会,才可以容得住西装……西装的式样是这样的,使街上的行人都会知道你的腰身是三十二寸或三十八寸……一般痴肥的四十岁妇女,穿起祖胸露背的晚服来赴歌剧的初夜公演,这也是西洋发明的刺目事物之一。(《生活的艺术》) 然而,由于中国服饰文化缺乏象伊斯兰一样的宗教观念的制约,所以很难抵卸西方突出人体美的服饰审美价值观的侵蚀。近代的旗袍和现代都市女性的各种扭四人体的服装便证明了这一点。中国有句俗语:“穿衣戴帽各随所好”。这说明中国服饰文化在一定程度上缺少伦理的约束。 当然西方服饰也吸收中国传统服饰的某些特点,譬如,当中国现代服装采用西方女装那种坦肩露背的领式时,西方则采用中国旗袍的立式领,但西方对中国传统服饰特点的吸收和借鉴毕竟是微乎甚微的。中国传统服饰的审美价值观不可能从整体上去改变或者去替代西方人的审美定势,而西方服饰文化则已形成对中国传统服饰文化的强大冲击波,中国人似乎不知不觉地在面临着服饰上的异化。 和伊斯兰服饰文化不同的另一个方面是:中西当代和现代服饰最引人注目的一个特点是:服饰款式不断翻新,追求品牌,高速淘汰,从而给经济资源带来巨大的浪费。这同反对奢靡浪费的伊斯兰服饰伦理学形成了鲜明的对比。翻阅近二十年来中西各国时装杂志,我们很容易发现,许多服装款式的平均寿命只有三至六个月,甚至更短。仅以裙子的款式为例,在二十世纪七十年代就有“中庸裙”、“密实裙”、“密摺把裙装”、“开裙”、“层叠裙装”、古典式裙装”相继问世。许多服装设计师每年都要推出许多新的服装款式,在不断地人为地刺激服装款式高消费的同时也不断地刺激人们的其他欲望。据国外有关资料报道,当英国王妃戴安娜得知自己被列为一九八三年‘十大衣着最差女性”榜首时,感到十分羞傀和难堪,连英国的许多平民百姓也为她祈祷。这一事例极具有讽刺意义。它表明:服饰早已超越了普通人,甚认为,服饰不仅具有实用和装饰的功效,而且更重要的是,它有体现人类在信仰上的崇高精神境界的作用和意义。而中西服饰文化则将服饰艺术视为服装设计的首要原则,前者重装饰艺术;后者重人体艺术。伦理观念对服装设计与制作的调节作用受到不同程度的弱化或摈弃。甚至是英国成员的消费标准和审美标准。这种情形正如乔维诺.庞达诺曾指出的:“我们每天都看到服装是这样变更花样,四个月前还认为满意的服装,今天就已经过时而遭到摈弃。这种放荡不羁,只能受到谴责而无法加以禁止。”(《君主论》)虽然服装上的铺张浪费和追求新奇效应在中国传统服饰文化中从未占据主导地位,但不少有识之士对此却有警世之言在先,譬如,墨子就曾讲过:“为衣服之法,冬则练帛之中,足以为轻且暖;夏则缔络之中,足以为轻且清,谨此则止。故圣人之为衣服,适身体和肌肤而足矣,非荣耳而观愚民也……当今之主,其为衣服……铸金色为钩,珠玉以为佩,女工作文采,男工作刻接,以为身服。此非云益暖之情也,单财劳力,毕归之于无用也。以此观之,其为衣服,非为身体,皆为现好。是以其民淫僻而难治,其君奢侈而难谏也。”(《墨子·辞过》)墨子的话语是多么的中肯和精辟,但至今仍遭非议。 此外,当今的有些时装设计师还有意追求某种荒诞离奇的视觉效应。譬如在西方和日本等国曾一度流行过的“乞丐装”,人们故意把衣服弄破,东拖一片,西挂一片,甚至弄成衣不蔽体的样子。或者用陈旧肮脏的布来制作。 至于伊斯兰服饰伦理学坚决反对的男扮女装,女扮男装,在中西现代服饰中更是司空见惯,屡见不鲜。我们在街上常常可以看到身着男式服饰的所谓“假小子”和头扎辫子,耳戴金环的妖艳男子。还有些服装似乎是受了西方女权主义思潮的影响,有意在消除两性之间的特征差别,提倡所谓:中性服饰”或者“服饰中性化”。 一、伊斯兰服饰文化是以伊斯兰教义这一最根本的、最合理的价值观作为统摄服饰的文化、历史、时代、心理、审美等诸要素的最高主导思想。伊斯兰服饰艺术根本无需伦理学的干预,因为艺术本身就足以陶冶人们的高尚情操。 二、伊斯兰服饰文化强调服装必须遮盖羞体。因为虽然人体作为安拉的创造物是均称健美的,但人体是有男女之别的。暴露羞体很容易激起本能的情欲,从而败坏道德,使人降格为同动物一般。而西方服饰文化则有意突出人体。在将人体作为一种美来观赏时,忽略了人体美的特殊性及人体审美经验的特殊性,混淆了人体美与其他美的形态之间的差异。这种展现和突出人体的审美观是西方服饰文化的基础。它在某种程度上是古罗马文化的历史沉淀。而中国传统服饰文化虽然在一定程度上受到传统伦理价值观的约束,不是重人体的直观表现,而是重装饰的写意和传神,但这种传统伦理价值观缺少象伊斯兰伦理学一般的坚固支撑——认主独一的正信和后世归宿的最终关怀,因此,很难抵卸西方审美价值观在服饰设计与制作上的非道德化倾向的侵蚀,使自身最终发生异化

353 评论

兔纸来个兔宝宝

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

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