点拨：演讲稿是在一定的场合,面对一定的听众，演讲人围绕着主题讲话的文稿。在日新月异的现代社会中，很多地方都会使用到演讲稿Boys and girls/L adies and gentlemen,It's a great honor for me to stand here and give my speech.(表示荣幸)My name is____ .( 自我介绍)The topic of my speech is____ ( 提出演讲主题)To begin with,many people suggest that____ ( 话题或现象列举)Secondly,___ . Thirdly, ____ .What I want to stress is that____ .(重 申主题)Forone thing, ____. For another,__Besides,____. (原 因或重要性列举)In a word,_.(总结)Thank you for your listening/ Thank you.范文：Ladies and gentlemen, I’m very glad to make a speech here. today my topic is “I love you, China.”Since the day I was born, I began to have a proud name—Chinese. Since the day I began to talk, the most beautiful sentence I’ve ever learnt has been “i love you,China!”I love you, China, and i’m so proud of being a Chinese. I’m proud that I’ve got the beautiful yellow skin, black eyes and black hair. I’m also proud that I speak the most beautiful language in the world—Chinese.翻译：女士们，先生们，我很高兴在这里发表演讲。今天我演讲的题目是“我爱你，中国”。从我出生的那天起我就有了一个骄傲的名字——中国人。自从我开始说话的那一天起，我学到的最美的句子就是“我爱你，中国！”我爱你，中国，我为自己是一个中国人而骄傲。我很自豪我有美丽的黄皮肤，黑眼睛和黑头发。我也很自豪，因为我会说世界上最美的语言——汉语。
具体如下：
hello everyone!
大家好！
The title of my speech is "happy to see life, smile to welcome life".
我演讲的题目是《乐看人生，笑迎生活》。
In the journey of life, we often encounter setbacks and failures and fall into all kinds of unexpected difficulties. At this time, please don't feel inferior and don't easily say: I can't do it. We should treat life with a positive and optimistic attitude, have the courage to cheer ourselves up and say to ourselves: great.
在人生的旅途中，我们常常会遇到这样那样的挫折和失败，陷入各种意料之外的困境之中，这时，请不要自卑，不要轻易就说：我不行了。要以积极乐观的态度对待人生，勇于给自己鼓劲，敢于对自己说：太好了。
There is such a story that the father's son's grades were mediocre and the family was "in constant war" all day. In the sound of scolding, his son's grades fell again and again, and finally became the penultimate first.
有这样一个故事，父亲因儿子成绩平平，家中整日“战火不断”，在打骂声中，儿子的成绩一落再落，最终成了倒数第一名。
My father thought, it's no use beating and scolding anyway. Just try a different attitude. So he looked at his son's test paper and said with a smile, "great, really great!" The son was surprised. The father said, "you think, a person who runs last doesn't have to worry that others will surpass him, but as long as you work hard, you will surpass others."
父亲想，反正打骂没用，干脆换一种心态试试。于是，他看着儿子的试卷笑着说：“太好了，真是太好了！”儿子吃了一惊，父亲说：“你想，一个跑在最后的人，不必担心别人会超过自己，而只要你一努力就一定能超过别人。”
After hearing this, his son suddenly realized that he worked very hard in his future study. After several exams, his son's grades rose to the top. From this story to see our study, we should be inspired: the exam is not ideal, depressed, we might as well say "great!" Because the exam points out our weakness in study and tells us the direction of our efforts.
儿子听了，恍然大悟，以后的学习，他特别努力，几次考试后，儿子的成绩升到了前几名。从这个故事看我们的学习，我们应从中受到启发：考试不理想，沮丧中，我们也不妨来一句“太好了！”因为考试指出了我们学习中的弱点，告诉了我们努力的方向。
It's better to find problems now than to stumble and wake up in the middle school entrance examination. Failure put an end to yesterday, a new life begins here, and success takes off from here.
现在发现问题总比中考时栽跟头再醒悟要好得多呀。失败为昨天画上了句号，新的生活从这里开始，成功从这里起飞。
Let's say "great" to ourselves in the face of setbacks. For us growing up, ups and downs are nutrition, and setbacks are the best university in life. Let's say "great" to ourselves when facing difficulties. In overcoming difficulties, we continue to mature.
让我们在面对挫折时对自己说“太好了”对于成长中的我们，酸甜苦辣都是营养，挫折是人生最好的大学。让我们在面对困难时，对自己说“太好了”在克服困难中，我们不断成熟。
As long as we are worthy of ourselves and our parents, let us treat our study and life with an optimistic attitude, constantly strive to forge ahead and write a brilliant movement of life!
只要我们无愧于自己，无愧于父辈，让我们以乐观的态度对待我们的学习和生活，不断努力进取，谱写人生灿烂的乐章！
Thank you!
谢谢大家！
Everybody is good!Today I will be the theme of the speech is "do not forget national humiliation, the revitalization of the Chinese".The Yellow River Yangtze river pentium thousands of miles, that is China! Has a long history in the ancient text, tang poetry from generation to generation, that is China! The beauty of the plateau, the vast basin of xinjiang, that is China!I ahead in China, I watched an eagle with wings, I watched the shining star! This is my mother, , I think, the prosperity of the motherland, and from whatever tribulations after vicissitudes of life to come out of...The nanjing massacre, the earth's body, our heart is in pain; The ruins of yuanmingyuan, clouds of fire, our tears in the flow. But our country did not sink, brawny arms into cradle, and raise the roll up with generous hand Chinese alpine silk; With hard work, moistens the earth. MAO zedong, a generation of leaders to support the nation's flesh and blood; Deng xiaoping, guide disaster country moves towards magnificently. Qian xuesen, the power of the development of science; He, the hope of education motherland growing, growing. Color of skin of the motherland to me, give me wisdom and courage of the motherland, with the wave of reform, and break through the old beam, a new powerful sunrise! Oriental giant, he stood up!When I see the motherland's noble and lofty, after I see China's flourishing and prosperity, when I see the neon lights flashing, day and night can is if the Milky Way...Look like a swift horse hardships of transcendence, day and night! Fireworks cangmang, thousand sails to compete sends, to win the motherland; Peaks prance, Mercedes, plain river always motherland. We will proud to shout out: "the great motherland, I love you!"This is a used new country; This is a devoted the motherland; This is an increasingly powerful motherland! "An inch of educational figure of patriotism, two lines of clear tears for festive".Fly, my motherland!My speech to this end, thank you!大家好!今天我要演讲的主题是《勿忘国耻，振兴中华》。黄河长江奔腾万里，那是中国!古老文字源远流长，唐诗宋词代代相传，那是中国!青藏美丽的高原，新疆辽阔的盆地，那是中国!我遥望神州大地，我遥望展翅雄鹰，我遥望那一颗闪耀的红星!这就是我的母亲——中国。但，我想，那个繁荣昌盛的祖国，也是从重重磨难中历经沧桑走出来的……南京大屠杀，遍地的尸体，我们的心在痛;圆明园的废墟上，团团烈火，我们的泪在流。但我们的祖国没有沉没，把粗壮的臂膀变成摇篮，抚养着炎黄子孙用宽厚的手掌挽起高山秀水;用辛勤的汗水滋润着大地。毛泽东，一代领袖支撑着民族的血肉;邓小平，指引多灾的祖国走向辉煌。钱学森，科学发展的动力;季羡林，教育发展的希望。祖国日渐强大，日渐辉煌。给我肤色的祖国，给我智慧与胆略的祖国，有改革的浪潮迭起，冲破旧的束搏，迎来新世纪磅礴的日出!东方巨人，他，站起来了!待我看祖国的崇高与巍峨，待我看祖国的繁荣与富强，待我看那霓虹灯日夜闪烁，灿若银河……千里马般日夜兼程的超越，看啊!烟花苍茫，千帆竞发，百舸争流的祖国;群峰腾跃，平原奔驰，长河扬鞭的祖国。我们要自豪地喊出:“伟大的祖国，我爱你!”这是个除旧迎新的祖国;这是个前赴后继的祖国;这是个日渐强大的祖国!“一寸丹心图报国，两行清泪为思亲”。飞翔吧，我的祖国!我的演讲到此结束，谢谢大家!
好的演讲稿可以引导听众，使听众能更好地理解演讲的内容。随着社会不断地进步，演讲稿应用范围愈来愈广泛，那么一般演讲稿是怎么写的呢？下面是我为大家整理的英语演讲稿范文带翻译三篇，欢迎大家分享。
Most people would like to be popular with others，but not everyone can achieve this goal. What is the secret to popularity？In fact，it is very simple. The first step is to improve our appearance. We should always make sure that we stay in good shape and dress well. When we are healthy and well-groomed，we will not only look better but also feel better. In addition，we should smile and appear friendly. After all，our facial expression is an important part of our appearance. If we can do this，people will be attracted to our good looks and impressed by our confidence.
Another important step is developing more consideration for others. We should always put others first and place their interests before our own. It＇s also important to be good listeners；in this way people will feel comfortable enough to confide in us. However，no matter what we do，we must not gossip. Above all，we must remember to be ourselves，not phonies. Only by being sincere and respectful of others can we earn their respect. If we can do all of the above，I am sure popularity will come our way.
如何才能受人欢迎
大部分的人都想受人欢迎，但是并非每个人都能达到目标。受欢迎的秘诀何在？事实上是很简单的。步骤一，先改善我们的外表。我们得确保自己很健康，并且穿着体面。当我们既健康又穿戴整齐时，不仅看起来更有精神，自己也会觉得好多了。此外，我们要保持微笑并表现得很友善。毕竟，脸部表情是外观很重要的一环。如果我们能做到这一点，别人会被我们的美好外表所吸引，并对我们的自信印象深刻。
另一个重要步骤，就是培养对别人的体贴。永远以他人为重，并把别人的利益放在自己的利益之前。当个好听众也是很重要的；如此一来，别人才能很自在地对我们吐露心事。然而，不管我们做什么事，绝对不要说闲言闲语。最重要的是，要做自己，不要当虚伪的人。只有对人真诚又尊重时，才能赢得他人的尊敬。如果我们能做到以上几点，我相信受人欢迎是指日可待的事。
In Other Ways
其他开场方式欣赏
Today I come to Oslo as a trustee，inspired and with renewed dedication to humanity；I accept this prize on behalf of all men who loved peace and brotherhood. I say I come as a trustee，for in the depths of my heart I am aware that this prize is much more than an honor to me personally.
今天，我以受托人的身份来到奥斯陆，心情激动，充满了献身人类的新勇气。我代表所有热爱和平与兄弟情谊的人们接受这个奖。我之所以以受托人的身份来到这里，是因为，在我的内心深处，我意识到这个奖决不仅仅是我个人的荣誉。
The road of history is not level and smooth all along. Sometimes the path will come to a dangerous and difficult place.
It is only with the valiant and gallant spirit of the travelers that it can be passed through.
The vast and mighty Yangtzi River，when it comes to an endless，broad plain，will flow ten thousand miles in a rapid current. But as it reaches a narrow valley with high ranges of mountains，cliffs and precipices on both sides，which look dangerously steep，the river has to force its way through them in a winding，tortuous course. The same is the case with the developing course of a nation＇s history.
The history of human race is like going on a journey. Some of the places the traveler passes through are smooth and level pianos，and others are dangerous and rugged paths. The experienced travelers，when they moved on to a broad，level road，will naturally walk along with a light heart，but while they are passing through a rugged place they will all the more be seized with curiosity，and in such an extremely fantastic and magnificent realm，will all the more feel a sort of pleasure in an adventure.
历史的道路，不总是平坦的，有时会变得艰难险阻。这只能靠英勇无畏的`精神才能够冲过去。
一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河，有时流到很宽阔的境界，一望无际，一泻千里。有时流到很逼狭的境界，两岸丛山叠岭，绝壁断崖，江河流于其间，曲折迂回，极为险峻。民族生命的进展，其历程亦复如是。
人类在历的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。老于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方固是高高兴兴地向前走，走到崎岖的境界，愈是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇艳壮绝的境界，愈能感得一种冒险的美趣。
My fellow and my friends；
Once I read a piece of news report. It says，＂A middle school student in a remote mountainous area was doing his revision at home one day. His brother，whose age excelled school age，was playing and drawing on the paper with his elder brother＇s pencil at his side. Suddenly the younger brother raised his head thoughtfully，his little eyes were winking，and said to his brother seriously，＂When will it thirty-second，brother？＂The elder brother looked at his innocent younger brother and said with a smile，＂What are you going to do on that thirty-second？＂＂Papa promised me to send me to school，＂said his younger brother. His brother，the middle school student looked at his lovely brother and his heart seemed to be stitched with needles. My God！My parents were working day and night in order to be able to afford my schooling. They were exhausted. How could they afford my younger brother＇s schooling？Oh，thirty-second ...
My dear friends，hearing this，didn＇t you feel sorry for them？We share the same native land，the same blue sky under the sun. Why cannot they be given lesson at school，sitting in the bright and big classroom？We are used to saying that education goes first before vitalizing the country. But now the country＇s fiscal solvency and material resources are not ample enough. What should we do？It requires that we should be of one heart and exert our efforts for our motherland.
同胞们，朋友们：
我曾看过这样一则报道：＂某边远山区一个中学生，一天在家复习功课，一旁的已过入学年龄的小弟弟拿他的铅笔在纸上写着、涂着、画着，突然若有所思地仰起小脸，眨巴几下小眼睛，认真地问：＇哥哥，什么时候才到32号呀？＇这位中学生看看天真的小弟弟，笑着逗他：＇32号你要干啥？＇＇爸爸说，到32号才能送我去上学。＇中学生望着可爱的小弟弟，内心针扎般难受：天哪，父母为了供自己上学，整日操劳，身体都累垮了，哪还有能力再送弟弟上学？啊！32号......＂
朋友们，当你听了这个故事，你不感到痛心吗？同在一片故土上，同在一片蓝天下，为什么他们不能坐在宽敞明亮的教室里去读书？我们常说：国家要振兴，教育须先行。而我国的财力、物力都不宽裕，怎么办？这就需要全社会的人齐心协力为国家分忧，为国家出力！
My Attitude towards to Marks我的分数观
For our students，marks is above everything. Teachers will judge us from our marks. With marks we can be enrolled into junior middle schools. With marks，we can be enrolled into senior middle schools. With marks we can be enrolled into college. With marks we can be enrolled into postgraduate and doctrine studies. Still with marks we can be graded and be allowed to go abroad for further studies. Our parents will be strict with us with the marks. Our society judge us from marks. However，sometimes we students compare one another with marks directly. We are completely controlled by marks. We like them and we feel sorry for them. But what attitude towards our marks should we take？
Truly，marks functions cannot be underestimated. In terms of test in our study，marks are fair and real. That is the reason why we say＂Everyone is equal before marks.＂
However，I think marks are the sole standard to judge the success or failure of students in exams. Sometimes，marks more than ten or less than one or two in our exams comparing with others mean not everything. The success or failure in exams will be influenced by experience on the spot and the examinee’s health etc. Once in a while one cannot fail in exams.＂Success or failure is common sense for military.＂I think everyone is familiar with the famous saying. Don’t you think such will be the case with our study？In exams，one cannot be＂never-defeated general＂. Even though one will be very good in everyday study，he cannot succeed in every exam sometimes. We can get proof from the fact that the very best one we call＂Number One Scholar＂in the entrance exams for college and ordinary middle school and specialized secondary school over the years is not eminent above all others nor top student in every study.
As a matter of fact，＂high marks＂and＂ability＂are not unified. Some time ago，a new phrase＂high marks but poor competence＂came into being. Once I happened to meet such a teacher as this .It is said that the teacher just graduated from a far-famed key university. But his teaching result is much less than that of the one who just graduated from a not-well-renowned college. When lecturing，the teacher only repeated what the text-books says，which was very dull so the his students’ interest in learning was not aroused. His teaching was short of unity of teaching and learning. At present there is a fact that we know a few brilliant and top college graduates are not qualified for their posts. The reason for it may be lack of the ability to combine knowledge learnt from books with pragmatics in their work. Students of this kind will be successful in every exam but they will be able to use freely their knowledge in their posts. Don’t you think it waste training such persons for the country？
To sum up from the above，I can say marks are not absolutely authoritative for some. If we neglect training and developing the students’ ability and competence and if we only seek for the high marks，we will be absolutely wrong. We should take an objective attitude towards the marks. Neither should we neglect them nor should we overvalue them like a God.
分数，对于我们学生来说，是至关重要的了。老师要用分数来衡量我们—上初中，要分数；上高中，要分数；上大学要分数，考研究生、博士要分数，出国、评职称还是要分数。家长要用分数来要求我们；社会用分数来衡量我们。
而我们自己也常常用分数在相互直接做着攀比。我们完全为分数所左右了，我们为它欢喜，我们为它丧气。那么，我们应该怎样对待分数呢？
的确，分数有它不可低估的作用。从检验学习的角度上来说，它具有一定的公平性和真实性，“分数面前人人平等”，讲的就是这个道理。然而，分数并不是估量一个学生成败得失的惟一标准。考试成绩偶尔低了一两分乃至十来分，并不一定说明什么问题。考试的成败有时也会受到诸如临场经验、健康状况等方面的影响。“胜败乃是兵家常事”这句话大概不会有人不知道，而我们在学习上又何尝不如此？在考试上很少有“常胜之师”，即使平时成绩再好的同学，也难免会有偶尔的失误。历届中考、高考“状元”并非就是平时出类拔萃的优等生的事实，便是明证。
事实上，“高分”与“能力”往往是不统一的。前段时间，社会上出现了一个新词：“高分低能”。笔者就曾经碰见这样一位教师，据说他毕业于某赫赫有名的重点大学，但从教学效果上讲，却远远逊色于一些非高等学府毕业的老师。其授课只是照本宣读而已，枯燥乏味，缺乏一种教与学之间的协调功能。根本不能引起听课同学的兴趣，目前不少大中专院校的高材生毕业后不能胜任他们的工作，原因就在于缺少将书本中的知识运用到实际工作中去的能力。这种人，尽管在学校中每每能考出高分，可无法在工作岗位上灵活白如地运用自己所学到的知识。国家培养出这样的“人材”，不也是一种浪费吗？
由此可见，分数并不如有些人想象得那么绝对和，忽视了对各方面才能的培养，只一味追求高分，是不行的。因此，我们应该客观地去看待分数，既不应过分轻视它，也没有必要把它看得过于神圣。
演讲稿是能让人在思想感情上产生共鸣的稿件，那么英文演讲稿3分钟带翻译怎么写呢?下面带来英文演讲稿3分钟带翻译范文，欢迎阅读。
英文演讲稿3分钟带翻译【1】
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.
We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind.
We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering.
You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word, it is victory.
Victory at all costs—victory in spite of all terrors—victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.
Let that be realized, no survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that British Empire has stood for , no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall more forward toward his goal.
I take up my task in buoyancy and hope.
I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men.
I feel entitled at this juncture, at this time, to claim the aid of all and to say, “Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength.”
我能奉献的唯有热血、辛劳、泪水和汗水。
我们所面临的将是一场极为残酷的考验，我们面临的将是旷日持久的斗争和苦难。
你若问我们的目标是什么?我可以用一个词来概括，那就是胜利。
不惜一切代价去夺取胜利，不畏惧一切恐怖去夺取胜利，不论前路再长再苦也要多去胜利，因为没有胜利纠无法生存!我们必须意识到，没有胜利就没有大英帝国，没有胜利就没有大英帝国所象征的一切，没有胜利就没有多少世纪以来强烈的.要求和冲动：人类应当向自己的目标迈进。
此刻，我的精神振奋，满怀信心地承当起自己的人物。
我确信，只要我们大家联合，我们的事业就不会挫败。
此时此刻千钧一发之际，我觉得我有权要求各方面的支持。
我要呼吁：“来吧，让我们群策努力，并肩迈进!”
英文演讲稿3分钟带翻译【2】
Good afternoon, my honorable judges, ladies and gentlemen and fellow contestants:
I feel so happy to have the chance to make a speech.
The title of my speech is Protect the Environment, Protect Ourselves.
I hope you will like it.
Everybody knows waste paper and used coke cans are discarded everywhere.
You might have seen plastic bags flying in the sky and getting caught in the trees when the wind blows or maybe you have seen old cans floating in the rivers and polluting the water.
Our environment is the place in which we live, but it is being ruined by us.
There is a story about house and trees.
It is said that a man’s house was surrounded by a lot of trees.
Though the wind was strong, that man could have a good rest under the trees.
How comfortable the life was! One day, that man wanted to enlarge his house, so he cut down all the trees.
Then the autumn came without the protection.
The strong wind blew the roof of the house into the sky.
The whole house was gone with the wind.
What a pity! But that’s the price people have to pay for destroying in the ecology balance.
People shouldn’t be short-sighted.
Protecting the environment is everyone’s task.
As you know, there are four kinds of pollution.
They are air pollution, water pollution, waste pollution and noise pollution.
But what can we do to solve the pollution? I think, firstly, we can make cars that don’t pollute the environment.
We can ask companies to use modern clean technology.
In some big cities, we can limit the number of cars.
Secondly, we can try to use less water and make sure that we do not pollute the water.
We can tell factories that they are not allowed to pour waste water into the lakes and rivers.
Thirdly, we should not throw rubbish in parks and cities.
We can pick up rubbish if we see it.
We can put more rubbish bins in our parks and ci
ities.
Fourthly, we can live far from the noise and make the laws to limit the noise.
The air, water and the whole atmosphere directly influenced our lives, such as the air, people may cough and it will lead to cancer.
So we must try our best to keep the world clean and tidy.
To reach it, I want to put forward three points to everybody---Point 1: don’t spit and liter; Point 2: don’t draw on the wall; Point 3: clean the streets every day.
In order to make the environment clean, let’s join our hands together to make the world better.
Thank you!
下午好，我尊敬的评委，女士们，先生们，各位参赛者： 我感到很高兴有机会做一个演讲。
我演讲的题目是保护环境，保护我们自己。
我希望你会喜欢它。
每个人都知道废纸和用过的可乐罐被丢弃的地方。
你可能已经看到在天空中飞行的塑料袋，并在树上被捉住了，当风吹，或者你看到旧罐漂浮在河流和污染的水。
我们的环境是我们生活的地方，但它却被我们破坏了。
有一个关于房子和树的故事。
据说一个人的房子周围有很多树。
虽然风很强，人可以在树下好好休息。
生活是多么舒适!一天，那个人想扩大自己的房子，所以他把所有的树都砍了下来。
然后秋天来了没有保护。
强风把房子的屋顶吹向天空。
整座房子都被风吹走了。
真遗憾!但这是人们必须为破坏生态平衡而付出代价的代价。
人们不应该是短视的。
保护环境是每个人的任务。
正如你所知道的，有四种污染。
他们是空气污染，水污染，废水污染和噪声污染。
但是我们能做什么来解决污染呢?我想，首先，我们可以制造不污染环境的汽车。
我们可以要求企业使用现代清洁技术。
在一些大城市，我们可以限制汽车的数量。
第二，我们可以尝试使用较少的水，并确保我们不污染水。
我们可以告诉工厂，他们不允许把废水倒入湖泊和河流中。
第三，我们不应该扔垃圾在公园和城市。
如果我们看到它，我们可以捡垃圾。
我们可以把更多的垃圾箱放在我们的公园和城市里。
第四，我们可以远离噪音，并制定法律来限制噪音。
空气，水和整个空气直接影响我们的生活，如空气，人们可能会咳嗽，它会导致癌症。
所以我们必须尽我们的全力来保持世界的清洁和整洁。
为了实现这一点，我想提出三点对每个人---点1：不要随地吐痰和升;点2：不要画在墙上;点3：干净的街道每一天。
为了使环境变得干净，让我们携起手来，让世界更美好。
谢谢你!
问题一：演讲稿的英文怎么说? I rerwote my speech draft just yesterday. speech script 通常指演讲提纲，因为演讲者为了效果生动，经常会脱稿发挥，因此 speech script 提供了大概段落，论据等，但又有一定的自由发挥空间。 完整的演讲稿则用 speech draft，通常在演讲完成后传发给媒体的稿件就是用 speech draft。 不过要提醒一下，演讲顾名思意要有“演”有“讲”，因为要面对攻下的观/听众，所以最忌照稿宣读。 问题二：“演讲稿” 英文翻译 演讲稿撰写人:speechwriter Don't strain after effects! Read the speech naturally. 别做作！读讲稿时自然点！ Draft a speech. 拟一份演讲稿 a writer who poses speeches for others to deliver. 为别人写演讲稿的人。 Bat out a speech; bat out dance music. 草草撰写演讲稿；赶写一首舞曲 He 亥amped up some lectures out of old notes. 他用一些旧笔记拼凑成几篇演讲稿。 She made three different drafts of her speech before she had it in final form. 她起草了3篇不同的演讲稿，最后才定稿。 The speaker has to ad- lib his speech when his papers suddenly blow off the podium. 当演讲稿突然掉下台时，演讲者不得不现编词。 问题三："发言稿" 用英文怎么说？ 那个讲演的人不时地看发言稿。 The speaker often referred to his notes. 我不准备发言稿，我将即兴发言。 I won't prepare a speech:I'll talk off the cuff. 要求打字员迅速地打出一份清楚的发言稿来。 The typist was asked to bang out a fair copy of the speech. 校长坐在桌旁反复推敲明天的发言稿，直到午夜。 The president sat at his desk till midnight hammering out his speech for the next day. 因时间有限，我10分钟内便草拟了一份发言稿。 Since time is limited,I drafted out my speech in10minutes. 约翰把发言稿写好了。但是他想在演讲之前把它再润色一下。 John has the speech written but he wants to polish it up a bit before he delivers. 拟一份演讲稿 draft a speech. 拟一份演讲稿 Draft a speech. 写演讲稿[诗] indite a speech [ poem ] 草草撰写演讲稿；赶写一首舞曲 bat out a speech; bat out dance music. 草草撰写演讲稿；赶写一首舞曲 Bat out a speech;bat out dance music. 他用一些旧笔记拼凑成几篇演讲稿。 He vamped up some lectures out of old notes. 她起草了3篇不同的演讲稿，最后才定稿。 She made three different drafts of her speech before she had it in final form. 他反复练习背诵他的演讲稿，背得滚瓜烂熟，一字不漏。 He practiced saying his speech over until he was letter - perfect. 总统向他的一些朋友读了那份演讲稿，他们说这是个蹩脚的报告(约翰P.罗奇) The President had read the speech to some of his friends and they told him it was a dog(John P. Roche) 他坐在书桌前干到深夜，撰写第二天要用的演说稿。 He sat at his desk till midnight hammering out his speech for the next day. 问题四：发言稿用英语怎么说 发言稿 基本翻译 the text of a statement or speech 一个单词，就用speech 问题五：演讲用英语怎么说 演讲： 名词：speech give a speech 做演讲 动词：speak speak English 讲英语 问题六：英语演讲稿开头和结尾 开头：Good morning everybody!It's my honor to speak here,and I am very glad to share my topic with you. Then today I'd like to talk something about......（大家早上好！能在这里做此次演讲我十分荣幸，也很高兴能跟大家一起分享我的主题，今天我想演讲的是......） 结尾：OK,t抚ank you for listening,that's all.（好了，谢谢各位的聆听，我的演讲结束了。）我参加过很多英语比赛，而这个是比较常用的，也能体现出你的修养，可以试试看哦～e on! 问题七：怎样写出一篇好的英语演讲稿，有什么要求吗？ 5分 无论在学习还是工作中，我们都会接触或用到各类英语演讲，小到课堂作业和工作汇报，大到会议发言和职位竞选。那么如何才能打造一篇精彩的英语演讲稿呢？下面笔者就以乔布斯2005年斯坦福大学毕业演讲稿为范本来具体剖析一下英语演讲稿的写作要点，帮助大家了解其基本写作要领。 结构清楚，逻辑清晰 由于公共演讲的听众一般有数十人甚至数百、数千人，再加上演讲环境的不确定性(比如观众的欢呼或者抱怨)，演讲者最好在进入主题之后马上给出所讲内容的框架结构，使听众能跟随演讲者的思路，更好地预判整个演讲内容，以达到良好的演讲效果。比如，乔布斯在2005年斯坦福大学毕业典礼上的演讲中，开篇稍微寒暄之后就进入正题：“Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That’s it. No big deal. Just three stories.”听众马上能对演讲内容做出预判――今天会听到乔布斯谈三点，然后他们会关注具体是哪三点。这种演讲就具备了“以观众为中心”的特质。乔布斯在随后的演讲中分别提到，The first story is about connecting the second story is about love and third story is about death.由于演讲思路非常明晰，听众在听完之后也会记忆犹新。 当然，演讲稿在结构方面的逻辑顺序有许多种，乔布斯的这篇演讲是按照话题顺序和时间顺序来安排的。除此之外，还有空间顺序，“提出问题――分析问题――解决问题”的顺序等。大家可以根据不同演讲内容的需要来安排自己演讲稿的逻辑顺序和整体结构。 开篇出彩，吸引听众 演讲稿的开篇往往需要花费大量的功夫去设计。在写作开篇时，演讲者需要结合听众特点、演讲场合和演讲主题等因素，争取在一开始就紧紧抓住听众的注意力和兴趣。下面笔者就介绍一下基本的演讲开篇模式，供大家以后写作演讲稿参考。 演讲稿开篇的目的是吸引听众。乔布斯在他的演讲稿开篇使用的是“关联话题与听众”的方式。这是一种比较有效的方法，因为人们一般对自己的事情都很关注，和自己相关的事情也会格外留意。乔布斯在演讲开篇说道：I am honored to be with you today for your mencement from one of the finest universities in the world. Truth be told, I never graduated from college. And this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation.高度赞美斯坦福大学――这就是在与听众发生关联。乔布斯就是通过这种方式让听众一开始就对自己产生好感或对自己的演讲内容产生兴趣。当然，乔布斯还用了适当的幽默，更好地融洽了与听众的关系。 除了乔布斯的这种开篇方式外，我们还需要了解和掌握其他一些开篇方式：①指出演讲话题的重要性。比如要做一场关于“英语演讲的艺术”的演讲，演讲者在一开始就可以指出该演讲对于听众今后的学习、工作将会有很大帮助，甚至可以给出一些数据和实例，让听众明白不听这个演讲将会是一个损失，这样听众就会乐于认真听演讲了。②使听众感到震惊。例如要做一场关于“生活方式与疾病”的演讲，开篇就可以......>> 问题八：“演讲稿”用英文怎么说？ (speech) 叮cript ______________________ 本人国外生活5年精通英语。请楼住分清中国英语与欧洲英语。 问题九：“演讲比赛”用英语怎么说? Speech Contest 如英语演讲比赛：English Speech Contest 如今也常用：English-speaking川Contest/petition
毕业，是我们夜半梦醒，触碰不到而无限感伤的虚词。若干年后，假如我们还能够想起那段时光，也许这不属于难忘，也不属于永远，而仅仅是一段记录了成长经历的回忆。 下面我们来看看毕业演讲稿英文带翻译，欢迎阅读借鉴。
Dear schoolmates,
亲爱的同学们，
As I'm graduating, I'd like to write this letter to express my feelings before leaving back at the last three years of my high school life, I am very proud that I have gained a lot. Apart from learning much knowledge in different subjects, I also learnt how to be a qualified student or a real person. Due to the help of my teachers, I know the significance of being honest, confident and warm-hearted. I really appreciate the devotion that my teachers paid.
我即将毕业了，在我离开学校之前，我写下这封信来表达我的感情。回顾过去三年的高中生活,我感到很自豪,我收获了很多,除了学习到不同的科目的丰富知识外,我还学会了如何成为一个合格的学生或一个真实的人。通过老师的帮助,我学习到诚信的重要性,变得自信和热情，我非常感谢老师无私的奉献。
Despite the achievements I have made, I have pities during my high school life. I think I should have exercised more rather than study all the time. After all, healthy is vital to us all.
尽管我已经取得的成果,但我还是对我的高中生活充满遗憾。我想我应该锻炼更多,而不仅仅知识学习。毕竟,健康对我们所有人来说都是至关重要的。
After graduating from high school, I'll enter college, a place where I may meet many challenges. I'll live in college instead of living at home, which requires me to be independent. How to communicate with students who come from different cities is also a challenge.
高中毕业后,我将进入大学,一个我可以遇见许多挑战的地方。我将住在学校而不是住在家里,我需要学会独立。如何与来自不同城市的学生也是一个挑战。
I suggest you studying hard and building a strong body during your high school lives. Only in this way can you achieve more and have a better future.
我建议大家在高中生活里努力学习和锻炼一个强壮的`身体。只有用这种方式你才能够取得更大的成就和收获一个更好的未来。
Dear schoolmates,
亲爱的同学们，
As I'm graduating, I'd like to write this letter to express my feelings before leaving school. Looking back to the past three years, I find that I have become more mature. I have been aware of the importance of learning knowledge, which is beneficial to my future. What impressed me a lot is the help that my teachers and parents offered when I was in trouble, which supported me during the period. Moreover, I regretted that I didn't work harder. From time to time, facing the pressure, I quarreled with my parents, about which I feel sorry and regretful. To live up to my parents' expectation, I'll make my effort to work harder in university. It's no doubt that there'll be many challenges waiting for me. However, no matter how difficult it is, I will spare no effort to overcome it.
我即将毕业了，在我离开学校之前，我写下这封信来表达我的感情。回顾过去的三年时间,我发现我已经变得更加成熟。我已经意识到学习知识的重要性,这对我的未来有很大的帮助。在学习期间令我最动容的是，当我遇到麻烦的时候，我的老师和家人给了我帮助,在这期间鼓励支持我。此外,我也后悔我没有在这期间努力地学习。有时候面对压力,我和我的父母会吵架,我为此感到难过和后悔。为了不辜负父母对我的期望,我将在大学里更加地努力。毫无疑问,未来将会有很多未知的挑战在等待着我。然而,不管有多困难,我都将不遗余力地去战胜它。
When it comes to the suggestion that I can give to you, I hold the belief that in no case should you set aside the study. So far as I'm concerned, it is the determination of working hard that makes you succeed. I wish all of you would realize your dreams.
当你们面临毕业的时候我能给出的建议是,我相信在任何情况下你应该留出了这项研究。所以我而言,它是努力工作的决心,让你成功。我希望你们能够实现自己的梦想。
Good luck to all of you!
祝你们好运！
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am *** and my supervisor is prof.***. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction. The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
论文陈述可以很好地组织和发展论点，并为读者提供关于论点的“指南”。
论文陈述包含以下内容：
1、陈述你对这个主题的主要观点
陈述观点时一定要表达一个主要思想，并陈述你的立场或看法。关于主题，需思考：
2、给出几个支持主要观点的理由
理由要写清楚，一定要用符合逻辑的事实和证据来支持这个理由。
3、给出一个与主要观点相反的观点
一个好的论文陈述要承认论点存在另一面。所以，同学可以在论文陈述中给出一个反论点。
论文陈述写作示例：
1、首先，从一个问题开始。例如：互联网对教育有正面或负面的影响吗?
2、其次，表明你对这个问题的立场。例如：互联网对教育的正面影响大于负面影响。
3、最后，发展你的答案。例如：互联网使用的负面影响被其对教育的诸多好处所抵消：互联网有助于学生和老师更容易地获取信息、接触不同的观点，以及这是一个灵活的学习环境。
英语论文答辩开场白（精选7篇）
在现在社会，许多人对开场白的掌握需求逐渐增多，开场白应该达到明确您的'意图，使目标愿意和您交流，允许您提出问题的目的。那么，开场白一般是怎么写的呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文答辩开场白，欢迎大家分享。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole years hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, thats all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper.
Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This times literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Good morning.
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.)
I am XXX. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor XXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is XXXXXXXXX.
The whole thesis consists of --- parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of ------. And the second part is going to analyze ----------.
In the third part, ---------will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about --------. Then the author will dig into the root causes of ------- in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal --------of ---------in the last part. Thank you!
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee am xsj and my supervisor is zy. With his sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Heavenly War and Earthly Conflict, an Insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this story as one of texts in British and American literature Selections. Last but not least, I am keen on the study of human nature and the profound significance and instructions for us from John Milton. For the above facts, I select the Heavenly war and earthly conflict an insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this great poem we can know more about this Literature masterpiece,and I also want to show my own understanding about it.
Next, here is an outline of my presentation and I devide my paper into four parts. Part one presents an introduction of John Milton and Paradise Lost. Part two introduces the main contents of the book of Paradise Lost. Part three gives my own analysis of major characters in Paradise Lost. Part four draws some conclusions by my careful reading and thinking.
OK, that is all. Thank you. Now you may raise your questions. I am ready.
Good morning.
all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
我觉得发言稿语气和用词不用那么太激昂，而演讲稿则不同于此，要有语气，有时要铿锵有力的讲。这便是我的认为，望采纳哦
讲稿(yǎn jiǎng gǎo) 演讲稿是一种实用性比较强的文体。是为演讲准备的书面材料。 那么，什么是演讲呢？演讲是在公众面前就某一问题发表自己的见解的口头语言活动它的特点是：第一，它是在人与人之间进行的；第二，它有一定的时间性；第三，它是为了阐述某一问题或整理而开展的；第四，它带有一定的鼓动性和说服性。像演讲比赛、典礼致辞、会议发言、学术讲座、科研报告、竞选演说、就职演说、法庭陈述等，都带有演讲的性质。演讲稿是演讲用的文稿，也是演讲的依据。它是为演讲服务的，是体现在书面上的讲话材料。演讲有内容、目的的不同，演讲稿也具有不同的形态，有报导、有说明、有论辩、有答谢等。
发言稿和演讲稿只有一点不同，如下：
1、仅仅是两者的作用不大相同，演讲稿它是在较为隆重的仪式上和某些公众场所发表的讲话文稿。发言稿是参加会议者为了在会议上表达自己意见、看法或汇报思想、工作情况而事先准备好的文稿。
演讲稿像议论文一样论点鲜明、逻辑性强、富有特点，但它又不是一般的议论文。它是一种带有宣传性和鼓动性的应用文体，经常使用各种修辞手法和艺术手法，具有较强的感染力。
扩展资料：
发言稿的技巧：
写发言稿和演讲稿相似，写发言稿时，要注意三点：
1、观点要鲜明。对问题持什么看法，要明确表态。对尚未认识清楚的问题，要实事求是的说明; 如果是汇报性的发言，要中心明确，重点突出，不必面面俱到。
2、条理清楚。一篇发言稿要谈几方面的问题，每一方面问题要讲哪些条目。都要安排得有条有理，让人听起来容易抓住重点。
3、语言简洁明快。发言要直接面向听众，所以，发言的语言一定要简洁明快，尽量不使用啰嗦的句子，更不要使用一些深奥的词句，最好运用大众语言。
就是站在台子上面对很多人发言时的书面稿开头向大家问好中间像是议论文，发表你自己的观点结尾号召一下，说点有煽动性的东西
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
集美大学毕业设计（论文）开题报告学院 （系） 专业 年 月 日论文题目 On Translating English Metaphors into Chinese（英语隐喻汉译）学生姓名 学号 指导教师一、本选题的目的和意义：本选题旨在研究隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性、可译性及其翻译的方法，重点从文化交际的角度对日常用语中隐喻的汉译进行深入的理论探讨。本选题突破了历来将隐喻的汉译局限在诗学、修辞学、文学等范畴。由于“翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动”(陈宏薇：1996)，翻译对各民族之间文化的传播起着非常重要的作用。我们对日常用语中隐喻的汉译研究应与英语语言文化背景的研究结合起来。二、本选题国内外研究的现状和发展趋向：对隐喻的研究在国外已形成较为完整的体系，其中以Lakoff &Johnson(1987)的研究最具有代表性，而对于其汉译的研究却凤毛麟角。国内对于隐喻的研究主要受Lakoff & Johnson理论的影响，其中以胡壮麟、朱永生为主要代表。在隐喻翻译的研究方面，李国南(1990)，胡文仲(1994)对于英汉成语或谚语中的习用性比喻的喻体进行过比较，并探讨了其翻译的途径。在近期出版的刊物中有对隐喻翻译研究方面的文章，其中以徐莉娜的《隐喻的翻译》为主要代表。但其研究的范围也只局限于文学、修辞用语的隐喻翻译。三、主要研究的内容：本文分五个部分。一、简要介绍隐喻与语言以及语言与文化之间的关系，提出日常用语中隐喻的汉译不可忽视文化背景，并简述本论文的主要内容。 二、重点论述隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性。三、分析隐喻的特点，从人类文化的共性论述其可译性。四、讨论隐喻的汉译标准、难点、过程、基本方法以及根据语境而确定译法的原则。五、详述隐喻汉译的方法和技巧，指出在翻译实践中，对每种方法的使用都不能走极端。结论部分，总结研究隐喻汉译所具有的实用价值。1．引言2．英语日常用语中隐喻存在的普遍性隐喻的定义关于隐喻研究的常用术语英语日常用语中的隐喻3.英语日常用语中隐喻的特点日常用语中隐喻的分类习用性隐喻新生隐喻英语隐喻与汉语隐喻英语日常用语中隐喻的可译性4.英语日常用语中的隐喻的汉译翻译的标准日常用语中隐喻汉译的难点日常用语中隐喻汉译的过程日常用语中隐喻汉译的基本方法及原则5.日常用语中隐喻汉译的方法与技巧直译法意译法转译法直译和意译结合法四、参考文献：[1]Aristotle. “Rhetoric” (W. R. Roberts, Trans.) In W. D. Ross (Ed.) The Works of Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Original Work Written ca. 330 .), 1924.[2]Brodkey, Linda. Review: The Languages in Metaphor. College English, 1988, (1): 89-94 [3]Goatly, Andrew. The Language of Metaphors. London: Routledge, 1997.[4]Jin Di and Eugene, A. Nida. On Translation. Beijing: China Translation Publishing Company, 1984.[5]Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live by Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.[6]Nida, Eugene A. & William, Reyburn. Meaning Across Cultures. New York: Maryknoll of N. Y. Orbis Book, 1981.[7]Soskice, . Metaphor and Religious Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.[8]Tylor, Edward Burnett. Primitive Culture. London: John Murray, 1871.[9]陈宏薇（不加汉语拼音，下同）.新实用汉译英教程 [M]，武汉：湖北教育出版社，1996.[10]陈文伯.英语成语和汉语成语 [M]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1980.[11]陈望道.修辞学发凡 [M]，上海：上海教育出版社，1983.[12]邓炎昌，刘润清.语言与文化 [M]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.[13]范家材.英语修辞赏析 [M]，上海：上海交通大学出版社，1992.[14]冯明之. 英文成语故事 [M]，香港：万里出版社，1992.[15]冯庆华. 实用翻译教程 [M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997.[16]胡文仲. 文化与交际 [M]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994.[17]徐莉娜. 隐喻的翻译 [J]，中国翻译，1999，(3):18-22.五、预期的课题进度计划：1．2007年4月25日 完成初稿，并上交指导教师审阅。2．2007年5月9日提交论文第二稿。3. 2007年5月16日提交论文第三稿。3．2007年5月17日-6月9日继续修改论文直至定稿。5．2007年6月13日提交毕业论文。6．2007年6月14日-23日准备论文答辩。7．2007年6月24日进行毕业论文答辩（进度计划不能照抄，应根据实际情况从3月5日起至6月24日止编写计划。）六、完成论文的条件、方法及措施：（一）条件1．已经修完英语专业的所有课程，对英语国家概况和跨文化交际有较全面和深入的了解；2．学校图书馆和学院资料室具备有关本论文研究所需的丰富的书籍、期刊等参考文献；3．已经收集较丰富和全面的文献资料；4．具有上网条件及丰富的网上资源。（二）方法及措施1．利用图书馆和互联网进行资料的检索网；2．小组讨论交流。指导教师的意见及建议：签名：年 月 日注：此表前六项由学生填写后交指导教师签署意见，否则不得开题；此表作为毕业设计（论文）评分的依据
1. 论文的开题报告怎么写 论文的开题报告怎么写 【开题报告怎么写啊？我的论文题目是《运用现代教育技术优化数学 有格式的，由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想，因而篇幅不必过大，但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚，应包含两个部分：总述、提纲.1 总述开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等.2 提纲开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的，是一个研究构想的基本框架.可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式.在开题阶段，提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架，没有必要像论文目录那样详细.3 参考文献开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录4 要求开题报告应有封面页，总页数应不少于4页.版面格式应符合以下规定.开 题 报 告 学 生：一、 选题意义 1、 理论意义 2、 现实意义 二、 论文综述 1、 理论的渊源及演进过程 2、 国外有关研究的综述 3、 国内研究的综述 4、 本人对以上综述的评价 三、论文提纲 前言、 一、1、2、3、··· ···二、1、2、3、··· ···三、1、2、3、结论 四、论文写作进度安排 毕业论文开题报告提纲一、开题报告封面：论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师二、目的意义和国内外研究概况三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容四、研究条件和可能存在的问题五、预期的结果六、进度安排。 论文开题报告怎么写？ 说实在的 现在我刚好也遇到这个问题 一、如何选择问题 我一直萦绕于怀的，是在写博士论文开题报告的一年多时间里，导师薛澜教授反复追问的一个问题：“你的 puzzle 是什么？”多少次我不假思索地回答“我的问题就是，中国的半导体产业为什么发展不起来。” 薛老师问题以其特有的储蓄，笑而不答。我在心中既恼火又懊丧：这么简单的道理，这么明显的答案，到底哪儿不对了？！ 奥妙就在于提出问题的“层次”。不同于政策研究报告，学术文章聚集理论层面、解决理论问题。理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系。 特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下，理论才能够对话；只有通过对话，理论才能够发展。 极少有硕博论文是创造新理论的，能这样当然最好，但难度很大。我们多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展，因此，在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 审视我最初提出的问题“中国半导体产业为什么发展不起来”，这仅仅是对现象的探询，而非有待求证的理论命题。我的理论命题是：“中国产业政策过程是精英主导的共识过程吗？”在这个命题中，“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三个术语勾勒出研究的理论大体范围和视角。 简历下载 其次，选择问题是一个“剥笋”的过程。理论问题总是深深地隐藏在纷繁复杂的现实背后，而发现理论问题，则需要运用理论思维的能力。 理论思维的训练是一个长期积累的过程。不过初学者也不必望而却步，大体上可以分“三步走”：第一步，先划定一个“兴趣范围”，如半导体产业、信息产业、农村医疗、高等教育体制等，广泛浏览相关的媒体报道、 *** 文献和学术文章，找到其中的“症结”或“热点”。 第二步，总结以往的研究者大体从哪些理论视角来分析“症结”或“热点”、运用了哪些理论工具，如公共财政的视角、社会冲突范式等。第三步，考察问题的可研究性，也就是我们自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。 例如，西方的理论是否无法解释中国的问题？或者同一个问题能否用不同的理论来解释？或者理论本身的前提假设、逻辑推演是否存在缺陷？通过回答这些问题，我们找到自己研究的立足点。不过还要注意我们研究在规定的一到两年时间内，是否可能完成？资料获取是否可行？等等。 最后，如何陈述问题？陈述问题实质上就是凝练核心观点的过程。观点应当来自对现实问题的思考和总结，而不是为了套理论而“削足适”。 中国的政治、经济和社会发展充满动态的、丰富的景象，如何才能用恰当的术语、准确的逻辑表述出来呢？雄心勃勃的初学者往往提出宏伟的概念或框架，但我的建议是尽可能缩小研究范围、明确研究对象，从而理清对象的内存逻辑，保证能在有限的时间内完成规范的？ 简历吧 术论文。如“中国半导体产业政策研究”就是一个非常含糊的陈述，我们可以从几个方面来收缩话题：（ 1 ）时间：从 1980 年到 2000 年；（ 2 ）对象： *** 的叛乱者和决策行为，而不是市场、企业、治理结构等；（ 3 ）视角：政治和 *** 理论中的精英研究；（ 4 ）案例： 908 工程、 909 工程、 13 号文件和《电子振兴》，这是发生在 1980 - 2000 年间半导体政策领域的两个重大工程和两个重要文件。 通过这样的明确界定，我们将目光集中在“政策过程”、“精英”、“共识”几个显而易见的概念上，问题也就水落石出了。同时，问题清楚了，我们在筛选信息和资料时也就有了明确的标准，在这个“信息冗余”的时代，能够大大提高研究效率。 二、 如何做文献综述 首先需要将“文献综述（ Literature Review） ”与“背景描述 （Backupground Description） ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外 *** 发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”，关注的是现实层面问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次，文献综述是评论性的（ Review 就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 （critical thinking） 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。 简历 清楚了文献综述的意涵，现来说说怎么做文献综述。 虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。 技巧一：瞄准主流。 主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。 怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？建议从以下几条途径入手：一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”，留意它们的参考文献。 论文的开题报告怎么写啊？ 开题报告主要包括以下几个方面： （一）论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一，名称要准确、规范。 准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚，论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二，名称要简洁，不能太长。 不管是论文或者课题，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，一般不要超过20个字。 （二） 论文研究的目的、意义 研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。 这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述，指出现实当中存在这个问题，需要去研究，去解决，本论文的研究有什么实际作用，然后，再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点，有针对性一点，不能漫无边际地空喊口号。 主要内容包括：⑴ 研究的有关背景（课题的提出）： 即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。 ⑵ 通过分析本地（校） 的教育教学实际，指出为什么要研究该课题，研究的价值，要解决的问题。 （三） 本论文国内外研究的历史和现状（文献综述）。 规范些应该有，如果是小课题可以省略。 一般包括：掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果；寻找有待进一步研究的问题，从而确定本课题研究的平台（起点）、研究的特色或突破点。 （四）论文研究的指导思想 指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向，符合什么要求等，这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论，也可以是 *** 的教育发展规划，也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。 （五） 论文写作的目标 论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的，要解决哪些具体问题，也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标：即本论文写作的目标定位，确定目标时要紧扣课题，用词要准确、精练、明了。 常见存在问题是：不写研究目标；目标扣题不紧；目标用词不准确； 目标定得过高， 对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。 确定论文写作目标时，一方面要考虑课题本身的要求，另一方面要考率实际的工作条件与工作水平。 （六）论文的基本内容 研究内容要更具体、明确。 并且一个目标可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现，他们不一定是一一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候，往往考虑的不是很具体，写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊，把写作的目的、意义当作研究内容。 基本内容一般包括：⑴对论文名称的界说。应尽可能明确三点：研究的对象、研究的问题、研究的方法。 ⑵本论文写作有关的理论、名词、术语、概念的界说。 （七）论文写作的方法 具体的写作方法可从下面选定： 观察法、调查法、实验法、经验总结法、 个案法、比较研究法、文献资料法等。 （八）论文写作的步骤 论文写作的步骤，也就是论文写作在时间和顺序上的安排。论文写作的步骤要充分考虑研究内容的相互关系和难易程度，一般情况下，都是从基础问题开始，分阶段进行，每个阶段从什么时间开始，至什么时间结束都要有规定。 课题研究的主要步骤和时间安排包括：整个研究拟分为哪几个阶段；各阶段的起止时间。 毕业论文开题报告怎样写？范文！ 一、如何选择问题 我一起萦绕于怀的，是在写博士论文开题报告的一年多时间里，导师薛澜教授反复追问的一个问题：“你的 puzzle 是什么？”多少次我不假思索地回答“我的问题就是，中国的半导体产业为什么发展不起来。” 薛老师问题以其特有的储蓄，笑而不答。我在心中既恼火又懊丧：这么简单的道理，这么明显的答案，到底哪儿不对了？！奥妙就在于提出问题的“层次”。 不同于政策研究报告，学术文章聚集理论层面、解决理论问题。理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系。 特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下，理论才能够对话；只有通过对话，理论才能够发展。 极少有硕博论文是创造新理论的，能这样当然最好，但难度很大。我们多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展，因此，在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 审视我最初提出的问题“中国半导体产业为什么发展不起来”，这仅仅是对现象的探询，而非有待求证的理论命题。我的理论命题是：“中国产业政策过程是精英主导的共识过程吗？”在这个命题中，“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三个术语勾勒出研究的理论大体范围和视角。 其次，选择问题是一个“剥笋”的过程。理论问题总是深深地隐藏在纷繁复杂的现实背后，而发现理论问题，则需要运用理论思维的能力。 理论思维的训练是一个长期积累的过程。不过初学者也不必望而却步，大体上可以分“三步走”：第一步，先划定一个“兴趣范围”，如半导体产业、信息产业、农村医疗、高等教育体制等，广泛浏览相关的媒体报道、 *** 文献和学术文章，找到其中的“症结”或“热点”。 第二步，总结以往的研究者大体从哪些理论视角来分析“症结”或“热点”、运用了哪些理论工具，如公共财政的视角、社会冲突范式等。第三步，考察问题的可研究性，也就是我们自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。 例如，西方的理论是否无法解释中国的问题？或者同一个问题能否用不同的理论来解释？或者理论本身的前提假设、逻辑推演是否存在缺陷？通过回答这些问题，我们找到自己研究的立足点。不过还要注意我们研究在规定的一到两年时间内，是否可能完成？资料获取是否可行？等等。 最后，如何陈述问题？陈述问题实质上就是凝练核心观点的过程。观点应当来自对现实问题的思考和总结，而不是为了套理论而“削足适履”。 中国的政治、经济和社会发展充满动态的、丰富的景象，如何才能用恰当的术语、准确的逻辑表述出来呢？雄心勃勃的初学者往往提出宏伟的概念或框架，但我的建议是尽可能缩小研究范围、明确研究对象，从而理清对象的内存逻辑，保证能在有限的时间内完成规范的学 术论文。如“中国半导体产业政策研究”就是一个非常含糊的陈述，我们可以从几个方面来收缩话题：（ 1 ）时间：从 1980 年到 2000 年；（ 2 ）对象： *** 的叛乱者和决策行为，而不是市场、企业、治理结构等；（ 3 ）视角：政治和 *** 理论中的精英研究；（ 4 ）案例： 908 工程、 909 工程、 13 号文件和《电子振兴》，这是发生在 1980 - 2000 年间半导体政策领域的两个重大工程和两个重要文件。 通过这样的明确界定，我们将目光集中在“政策过程”、“精英”、“共识”几个显而易见的概念上，问题也就水落石出了。同时，问题清楚了，我们在筛选信息和资料时也就有了明确的标准，在这个“信息冗余”的时代，能够大大提高研究效率。 二、 如何做文献综述 首先需要将“文献综述（ Literature Review） ”与“背景描述 （Backupground Description） ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外 *** 发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”，关注的是现实层面问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次，文献综述是评论性的（ Review 就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 （critical thinking） 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。清楚了文献综述的意涵，现来说说怎么做文献综述。 虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。技巧一：瞄准主流。 主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。 怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？建议从以下几条途径入手：一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”，留意它们的参考文献。质量较高的学术文章，通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典。