一、文学
1、一个值得同情的复仇者 --- 评希思克力夫被扭曲的心路历程
2、小议《红字》中红字的寓意
3、试论马克?? 吐温短篇小说的幽默特色
4、惠特曼的死亡哲学
5、“罪”与“罚”的对立统一 --- 浅析《红字》的主要人物
6、一个复杂的人 --- 《呼啸山庄》男主人公希克后性格分析
7、论《呼啸山庄》 --- 原始古朴与文明理性的交错色彩
8、一人分饰两角 --- 论《了不起的盖茨比》中“二元主角”手法的运用
9、思嘉的精神家园 --- 陶乐
10、是母亲,还是情人 --- 论《儿子与情人》中莫雷尔太太的任务性格
二、英美人文和历史研究
1,从跨文化的角度谈汉英思维及表达方式的差异
2,论美国垮掉的一代
3,美国牛仔的成功之路
4,文艺复兴在英国文学史中的作用
5,跨文化交际中英汉礼貌与面子
6,中西方饮食文化的对比研究
7,西方节日的变迁及文化内涵
8,电影《喜福会》所表现的中西方文化差异
9,中美教育制度及教育理念的对比研究
10,英汉称谓的差异及其文化内涵
撰写教育学研究生论文的第一步就是确定论文的主题。但是,教育这个话题太宽泛了,必须将其缩小到更具体的内容。
选题思路
选题注意事项
拟定的选题必须结合实际,针对现实,以第一手材料为基础,必须符合事物发展规律。
选题切忌过大、过难、过旧。选题过大,既难以完成,又不好驾驭选题过旧,旧话重提,会让人觉得有抄袭之嫌。
选题时,要掌握已有的和最新的研究成果,要了解该选题的研究现状和发展趋势。既要避免重复研究,也不要人云亦云,凑热闹。要引导学生选择经过深入研究,冷静思考,确有自己见解的题目。
要选择自己获取信息、寻找图书资料方便的题目,考虑能够进行调查研究、查找文书档案、数据资料的条件,这样会更有助于写作的成功。
参考主题
这和老师的喜好有关 谁能猜到老师会提啥问题啊总之你对自己的论文做到心中有数 他再怎么问你都不用怕
《红字》讲述了17世纪清教殖民统治下,在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生奇灵渥斯,奇灵渥斯遭遇海难,白兰以为他在海难中已经遭遇不幸。在孤独中白兰与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿。白兰被当众惩罚,戴上标志“通奸”的红色A字示众。然而白兰坚贞不屈,拒不说出孩子的父亲。后来丈夫齐灵渥斯却平安地回到了新英格兰,并隐瞒了自己的身份。当他查出白兰的情人是丁梅斯代尔,齐灵渥斯便开始折磨这位愧疚不已的年轻牧师。最终,齐灵渥斯因偏狂报复而身败名裂;丁梅斯代尔不堪愧疚,身心俱毁,临终前在公开承认了通奸事实;只有海丝特勇敢地面对未来,准备带着女儿去欧洲开始新的生活。 霍桑是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义小说家。他把严肃的道德和历史内容与卓越的艺术表现形式巧妙地结合在一起;把天赋的想象力与高超的语言技巧融为一体。他是一位真正富有个性与创造力的作家,因而一直享誉英美和世界文坛,至今盛名不衰。进入二十世纪,美国的文学日趋成熟,涌现了一大批有成就的作家,如海明威、菲兹杰拉德、福克纳等。这些作家无不从霍桑那里深受教益,无怪乎有人称霍桑是“作家中的作家”。
宗教,女性意识等
论文的创新点回答如下:
1.该课题之前从未有人研究过
2.该课题的研究切入点、视角独特(一般来说,大部分的论文创新点都是第二种,结合自己论文实际情况,有逻辑,有条理的说明即可)
3.对回答不出的问题,不可强辩。
创新是一个汉语词语,亦作“剏新”,一指创立或创造新的,二指首先。出自《南史·后妃传上·宋世祖殷淑仪》:据《春秋》“仲子非鲁惠公元嫡,尚得考别宫。今贵妃盖天秩之崇班,理应创新。”
创新从哲学上说是一种人的创造性实践行为,这种实践为的是增加利益总量,需要对事物和发现的利用和再创造,特别是对物质世界矛盾的利用和再创造。人类通过对物质世界的利用和再创造,制造新的矛盾关系,形成新的物质形态。
创意是创新的特定思维形态,意识的新发展是人对于自我的创新。发现与创新构成人类相对于物质世界的解放,是人类自我创造及发展的核心矛盾关系。
其代表两个不同的创造性行为。只有对于发现的否定性再创造才是人类创新发展的基点。实践是创新的根本所在。创新的无限性在于物质世界的无限性。
红字的女权主义角度写论文好。《红字》是霍桑的第一部长篇小说,一八五O年该书问世后,霍桑一举成名,成为当时公认的最重要的作家。小说惯用象征手法,人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩,在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。因此,它不仅是美国浪漫主义小说的代表作,同时也被称作是美国心理分析小说的开创篇。
《红字》讲述了17世纪清教殖民统治下,在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生奇灵渥斯,奇灵渥斯遭遇海难,白兰以为他在海难中已经遭遇不幸。在孤独中白兰与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿。白兰被当众惩罚,戴上标志“通奸”的红色A字示众。然而白兰坚贞不屈,拒不说出孩子的父亲。后来丈夫齐灵渥斯却平安地回到了新英格兰,并隐瞒了自己的身份。当他查出白兰的情人是丁梅斯代尔,齐灵渥斯便开始折磨这位愧疚不已的年轻牧师。最终,齐灵渥斯因偏狂报复而身败名裂;丁梅斯代尔不堪愧疚,身心俱毁,临终前在公开承认了通奸事实;只有海丝特勇敢地面对未来,准备带着女儿去欧洲开始新的生活。 霍桑是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义小说家。他把严肃的道德和历史内容与卓越的艺术表现形式巧妙地结合在一起;把天赋的想象力与高超的语言技巧融为一体。他是一位真正富有个性与创造力的作家,因而一直享誉英美和世界文坛,至今盛名不衰。进入二十世纪,美国的文学日趋成熟,涌现了一大批有成就的作家,如海明威、菲兹杰拉德、福克纳等。这些作家无不从霍桑那里深受教益,无怪乎有人称霍桑是“作家中的作家”。
1.带上自己的论文、资料和笔记本。2.注意开场白、结束语的礼仪。3.坦然镇定,声音要大而准确,使在场的所有人都能听到。4.听取答辩小组成员的提问,精神要高度集中,同时,将提问的问题――记在本上。5.对提出的问题,要在短时间内迅速做出反应,以自信而流畅的语言,肯定的语气,不慌不忙地―一回答每个问题。6.对提出的疑问,要审慎地回答,对有把握的疑问要回答或辩解、申明理由;对拿不准的问题,可不进行辩解,而实事求是地回答,态度要谦虚。--------------------------一、答辩前的准备首先要做好心理准备。要克服怯场心理,消除紧张情绪,保持良好的心理状态。要有自信意识。这是学生应具备的最基本的一种心理素质。凡是有充分自信意识的学生,在答辩过程中就会精神焕发、心绪镇静、神态自若、思维敏捷、记忆完整。答辨就可以淋漓尽致地发挥。要做到自信,需要对自己的论文从内容、范围、材料有充分的理解和多方面的准备,做到烂熟于心。从整体到局部都有了然于胸的感受,这样就能对提出的种种质疑,应付自如,即使不能对答如流,至少也能迎刃而解,问有所答。真正做到“艺高胆大”,有了真才实学,就不怕别人提出质询。其次要做好资料的准备。不要忘记将与论文有关的一些图表类资料整理好。如经济类论文答辩时,可能会涉及许多统计表、统计图、测算表、明细表、演示图等。准备许多相关的图表,悬挂在答辩现场,供作讲解之辅助工具。最后要做好发言提纲的准备。“工欲善其事,必先利其器”不打无准备之仗,答辩者在答辩前可从以下角度去考虑准备答辩:1、自己为什么选择这个课题?2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么?3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的?4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何?5、在研究本课题的过程中,发现了那些不同见解?对这些不同的意见,自己是怎样逐步认识的?又是如何处理的?6、论文虽未论及,但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些?7、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚,在论文中论述得不够透彻?8、写作论文时立论的主要依据是什么?对以上问题应仔细想一想,必要时要用笔记整理出来,写成发言提纲,在答辩时用。这样才能做到有备无患,临阵不慌。二、答辩技巧学生首先要介绍一下论文的概要,这就是所谓“自述报告”,须强调一点的是“自述”而不是“自读”。这里重要的技巧是必须注意不能照本宣读,把报告变成了“读书”。“照本宣读”是第一大忌。这一部分的内容可包括写作动机、缘由、研究方向、选题比较、研究范围、围绕这一论题的最新研究成果、自己在论文中的新见解、新的理解或新的突破。做到概括简要,言简意赅。不能占用过多时间,一般以十分钟为限。所谓“削繁去冗留清被,画到无时是熟时”,就是说,尽量做到词约旨丰,一语中的。要突出重点,把自己的最大收获、最深体会、最精华与最富特色的部分表述出来。这里要注意一忌主题不明;二忌内容空泛,东拉西扯;三忌平平淡淡,没有重点。在答辩时,学生要注意仪态与风度,这是进入人们感受渠道的第一信号。如果答辩者能在最初的两分种内以良好的仪态和风度体现出良好的形象,就有了一个良好的开端。有人将人的体态分解为最小单位来研究(如头、肩、胸、脊、腰等)认为凹胸显现怯懦、自卑,挺胸显示情绪高昂—但过分则为傲慢自负;肩手颈正显示正直、刚强,脊背挺拔体现严肃而充满自信。但过于如此,就会被人看作拘泥刻板保守,略为弯腰有度,稍稍欠身可表示谦虚礼貌。孙中山先生曾说过“其所具风度姿态,即使全场有肃然起敬之心,举动格式又须使听者有安静详和之气”他的这番金玉良言,对我们确实有很大的启发。在听取教师提问时所要掌握的技巧要领是:沉着冷静,边听边记精神集中,认真思考既要自信,又要虚心实事求是,绝不勉强听准听清,听懂听明在回答问题时所要掌握的技巧是构思时要求每个问题所要答的“中心”“症结”“关健”在哪里?从哪一个角度去回答问题最好?应举什么例子来证明?回答问题的内容实质上是一段有组织的“口头作文”。这就要一、文章应有论点、论据。二、有开头主体与结尾。三、有条理、有层次。四、应用词确当,语言流畅。五、应口齿清楚、语速适度。开头要简洁:单刀直入,是最好的开头,开门见山地表述观点,在答辩中是最好的办法。主体部份的表述可条分缕析,即把所要回答的内容逐条归纳分析,实际上是对自己掌握的材料由此及彼,由表及里地做整理。这样的表述就不会流于表面,而能深入本质。条分缕析可以把自己掌握的一些实际例子合并,整理成若干条目,列成几个小标题:分成几点,一点一点,一条一条地说出。满碗的饭必须一口一口吃,满肚子的道理也必须一条一条讲出来,环环相扣,条条相连,令人听完后有清楚的印象。假如在准备的时候已经准备了一个较完整的提纲,那么沿着回答问题的主线,再穿上一些玉珠(举例子)就可以做到中心明确,条理清楚,有理有例了。------------------------------让学生进行论文答辩的目的绝对不是故意刁难学生,以显示老师水平多高。论文答辩的目的只有一个,检查学生对所写论文题目的掌握程度和理解程度。参加论文答辩的老师提出的问题一般不会少于三个,但所提出的问题全部是论文所涉及的学术范围之内的问题,一般不会、也不能提出与论文内容毫无关系的问题,这是答辩老师拟题的大范围。在这个大范围内,主答辩老师一般是从检验真伪、探测能力和弥补不足这三个方面提出问题。(1)检验真伪题,就是围绕毕业论文的真实性拟题提问。(2)探测水平题,这是指与毕业论文主要内容相关的,探测学生水平高低、基础知识是否扎实,以及掌握知识的广度深度如何等方面来提出问题的题目,主要是论文中涉及到的基本概念,基本理论以及运用基本原理等方面的问题。(3)弥补不足题,这是指围绕毕业论文中存在的薄弱环节,如对论文中论述不清楚、不详细、不周全、不确切以及相互矛盾之处拟题提问,请作者在答辩中补充阐述或提出解释。针对论文答辩的目的和内容,学生在论文答辩前至少要做到以下几点:1、对自己所写论文的观点、关键问题、解决思路和创新点等要了然于胸。尽量用言简意赅的语言陈述出以上问题,这是你陈述论文时的必备技巧。这里也是答辩老师检验真伪最容易出题的范围。2、对论文中出现的基本概念、专业词汇、引用的文献要明白其涵义。这里往往是答辩老师检验真伪和探测你水平的一些地方。3、对自己论文中的相关的观点和理论要进行一定的涉猎,这是论文答辩得高分的技巧。大多数论文仅仅知道自己文章的单方面观点,对于其它观点要么知之甚少,要么一无所知,如果能对相关的理论进行了解,那么在答辩中基本上不会遇到答不上来的尴尬场面。4、心情尽量放松,语速不要太快。放松的心情可以使得思维活跃,不会出现语言重复、答非所问等现象。适当的语速,有利于你的表达被听众清晰得接受。——————————————————答辩的时候就这么说了各位老师,下午好! 我叫***,是**级**班的学生,我的论文题目是--------------------,论文是在**导师的悉心指点下完成的,在这里我向我的导师表示深深的谢意,向各位老师不辞辛苦参加我的论文答辩表示衷心的感谢,并对四年来我有机会聆听教诲的各位老师表示由衷的敬意。下面我将本论文设计的目的和主要内容向各位老师作一汇报,恳请各位老师批评指导。首先,我想谈谈这个毕业论文设计的目的及意义。其次,我想谈谈这篇论文的结构和主要内容。最后,我想谈谈在实验过程中的不足和这篇论文。烧玻璃的过程以及这篇论文的写作,也使我越来越认识到自己知识与经验缺乏的过程。虽然,我尽可能地收集材料,竭尽所能运用自己所学的知识进行烧玻璃实验和论文写作,但所测数据并不完备,对许多还是一知半解,论文还是存在许多不足之处,有待改进.请各位评委老师多批评指正,让我在今后的学习中学到更多!谢谢!————————————————毕业论文答辩中PPT制作也是一个很重要的过程,答辩即将到来,你准备好了么?以下为整理的一些毕业论文PPT制作的要点、结构和一些样本。大家需要对自己的论文选题、方法、结论、相关文献非常熟悉。答辩每个人最多10分钟,最好限制在8分钟之内,讲清楚后面幻灯片上的内容。回答老师问题有理有据,因为是自己完成的,你理所当然最权威,但不能狡辩。演示文稿尽量做得简洁、漂亮、得体。答辩自信、表达流利、有理有据。研究概述(1:一张幻灯片)简明扼要(一两句话)说明:研究背景研究意义研究目标研究问题研究框架(1)研究的展开思路和论文结构相关概念(1)若有特别专业或者要特别说明的概念,可以解释。一般无须。研究综述(1)简要说明国内外相关研究成果,谁、什么时间、什么成果。最后很简要述评,引出自己的研究。研究方法与过程(1-2)采用了什么方法?在哪里展开?如何实施?主要结论(3-5)自己研究的成果,条理清晰,简明扼要。多用图表、数据来说明和论证你的结果。系统演示若是系统开发者,则需要提前做好安装好演示准备,在答辩时对主要模块作一演示1-2分钟。问题讨论(1)有待进一步讨论和研究的课题。致谢(1)致谢。请各位老师批评指正。样本下载幻灯片的内容和基调。背景适合用深色调的,例如深蓝色,字体用白色或黄色的黑体子,显得很庄重。值得强调的是,无论用哪种颜色,一定要使字体和背景显成明显反差。 注意:要点!用一个流畅的逻辑打动评委。字要大:在昏暗的房间里小字会看不清,最终结果是没人听你的介绍。不要用PPT自带模板:自带模板那些评委们都见过,且与论文内容无关,要自己做,简单没关系,纯色没关系,但是要自己做!
这和老师的喜好有关 谁能猜到老师会提啥问题啊总之你对自己的论文做到心中有数 他再怎么问你都不用怕
1、《红字》的主题思想
《红字》以两百多年前的殖民地时代的美洲为题材,但揭露的却是19世纪资本主义发展时代美利坚合众国社会典法的残酷、宗教的欺和道德的虚伪。主人公海丝特被写成了崇高道德的化身。她不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔,同时也在感化着充满罪恶的社会。
至于她的丈夫奇林渥斯,小说则把他写成了一个一心只想窥秘复仇的影子式的人物。他在小说中只起情节铺垫的作用。
2、《红字》象征手法
《红字》用略带神秘色彩的自然景象烘托环境、渣染气氛和映衬人物心理的手法俯拾皆是,最突出的便是丁梅斯代尔牧师和海丝特及珠儿在夜晚和密林中的两次会见:由红字连系在一起的几个主要人物的同时出场,如同戏剧中迭起的高潮,把全书紧织在一个严密的结构之中。
作者还把这种手法用于刻画人物液他的笔下次要人物的是非善恶和他们之间的思恩怨怨写得十分含蓄,而几个主要人物则通过个别的心理挖掘、成双的组合的冲突和同时出场亮相的交汇,交待出各人与红字相关的象征。
《红字》是美国浪漫主义作家霍桑创作的长篇小说。
人物介绍
1、海丝特
年轻美丽姑娘的海丝特·白兰在还不懂得什么是爱情的花样年华,嫁给了一位面容苍白、眼色阴沉、身材略有畸型的年长学者齐灵渥斯。他们的婚姻并非爱的结合,维系其婚姻的可能是某种利益或者宗教思想的束缚。
然而,给这段不幸的婚姻雪上加霜的是,齐灵握斯两年内音讯全无,并最终传来他葬身大海的噩耗。孤苦无依的海丝特与才貌相当、德高望重的年轻牧师丁梅斯代尔产生了爱情,并孕育了女儿珠儿。
本来两个人的爱情和结合应该是合情合理的,然而却被世俗所不齿,海丝特因此担上了“通奸”的罪名,被迫终身佩戴红字“A”,精神上受尽了折磨和屈辱。
2、珠儿
海丝特的女儿珠儿是罪恶耻辱与神圣爱情的矛盾结合体。海丝特精心地打扮小珠儿,使可爱奔放的她像个天使,一颦一笑,举手投足都闪烁着一种希望的光芒和生命的光辉,带给人们冲破清教束缚的希望。虽然自小被这个社会所抛弃,跟着母亲受到众人的歧视,嘲讽和迫害,珠儿却桀骜不驯,充满活力。
珠儿身上洋溢着的那股生命的活力和果赘不驯的反叛力是自觉的、先天的,足以超越任何社会、时代的束缚。
珠儿的美和野性的反叛同齐灵渥斯的丑形成强烈的对比:博学多识的老医生却是如此丑陋不堪,而作为母亲罪恶象征的小女孩则仍保持着自然人的纯真,在霍桑的宗教意识里,小珠儿便是“天使”,代表着希望,是霍桑美好理想的寄托,也体现了他对宗教的幻想。
The Scarlet Letter, published in 1850, is an American novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and is generally considered to be his magnum opus. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery, refuses to name the father, and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores questions of grace, legalism, sin and guilt.[edit] Plot summaryThe Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal supervision.[1]The novel begins in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts, then a Puritan settlement. A young woman, Hester Prynne, is led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and the scarlet letter “A” on her bosom. The scarlet letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin – a badge of shame – for all to see. A man in the crowd tells an elderly onlooker that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she is, sent her ahead to America while he settled some affairs in Europe. However, her husband never arrived in Boston. The consensus is that he has been lost at sea. While waiting for her husband, Hester has apparently had an affair, as she has given birth to a child. She will not reveal her lover’s identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her public shaming, is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child’s father.[1]The elderly onlooker is Hester’s missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and Pearl (her daughter) grows into a willful, impish child, who is more of a symbol than an actual character, said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but, with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister’s torments and Hester’s secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.[1]Dimmesdale’s psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester’s charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl’s request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red “A” in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning Adultery. Hester can see that the minister’s condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale’s self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his identity to Dimmesdale.[1]Hester arranges an encounter with Dimmesdale in the forest because she is aware that Chillingworth knows that she plans to reveal his identity to Dimmesdale, and she wishes to protect him. While walking through the forest, the sun will not shine on Hester, though Pearl can bask in it. They then wait for Dimmesdale, and he arrives. The former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. The sun immediately breaks through the clouds and trees to illuminate her release and joy. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. She is unnerved and expels a shriek until her mother points out the letter on the ground. Hester beckons Pearl to come to her, but Pearl will not go to her mother until Hester buttons the letter back onto her dress. Pearl then goes to her mother. Dimmesdale gives Pearl a kiss on the forehead, which Pearl immediately tries to wash off in the brook, because he again refuses to make known publicly their relationship. However, he too clearly feels a release from the pretense of his former life, and the laws and sins he has lived day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead just after Pearl kisses him.[1]Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resume her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who was rumored to have married an European aristocrat and established a family of her own. Pearl also inherits all of Chillingworth's money even though he knows she is not his daughter. There is a sense of liberation in her and the townspeople, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion. When Hester dies, she is buried in "a new grave near an old and sunken one, in that burial ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both." The tombstone was decorated with a letter "A", and it was used for Hester and Dimmesdale.[edit] Major themesNathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne[edit] SinSin and knowledge are linked in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Bible begins with the story of Adam and Eve, who were expelled from the Garden of Eden for eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. As a result of their knowledge, Adam and Eve are made aware of their disobedience, that which separates them from the divine and from other creatures. Once expelled from the Garden of Eden, they are forced to toil and to procreate – two “labors” that seem to define the human condition. The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge – specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as “her passport into regions where other women dared not tread,” leading her to “speculate” about her society and herself more “boldly” than anyone else in New England.[2]As for Dimmesdale, the “cheating minister” of his sin gives him “sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his heart vibrate[s] in unison with theirs.” His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy.[2] The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity. He ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister is his own deceiver, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.[3]The rosebush, its beauty a striking contrast to all that surrounds it – as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet A will be – is held out in part as an invitation to find “some sweet moral blossom” in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that “the deep heart of nature” (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child (the roses among the weeds) than do her Puritan neighbors. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.[4]Chillingworth’s misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the evil in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart.[4]Although Pearl is a complex character, her primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl herself is the embodiment of the scarlet letter, and Hester rightly clothes her in a beautiful dress of scarlet, embroidered with gold thread, just like the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom. [2] Parallels can be drawn between Pearl and the character Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter. Both are studies in the same direction, though from different standpoints. Beatrice is nourished upon poisonous plants, until she herself becomes poisonous. Pearl, in the mysterious prenatal world, imbibes the poison of her parents' guilt.[edit] Past and presentThe clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be “the soul and spirit of New England hardihood.” Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with “no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities,” who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.[4]Hawthorne himself had ambivalent feelings about the role of his ancestors in his life. In his autobiographical sketch, Hawthorne described his ancestors as “dim and dusky,” “grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steel crowned,” “bitter persecutors” whose “better deeds” would be diminished by their bad ones. There can be little doubt of Hawthorne’s disdain for the stern morality and rigidity of the Puritans, and he imagined his predecessors’ disdainful view of him: unsuccessful in their eyes, worthless and disgraceful. “A writer of story books!” But even as he disagrees with his ancestor’s viewpoint, he also feels an instinctual connection to them and, more importantly, a “sense of place” in Salem. Their blood remains in his veins, but their intolerance and lack of humanity becomes the subject of his novel.[4][edit] Public responseThe Scarlet Letter was published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period.[5] When he delivered the final pages to James Thomas Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular.[6] In fact, the book was an instant best-seller[7] though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500.[5] Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition of The Scarlet Letter included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that he had decided to reprint his introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".[8]The book's immediate and lasting success are due to the way it addresses spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint. In 1850, adultery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, it passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. It has been said that this work represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme.[9]The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. Into the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days,[5] and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $6,000 its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them".[10] 20th century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.[11][edit] Allusions* Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591-1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.[4]* Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.* Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.* John Winthrop (1588-1649), first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.* Richard Dawkins' Out Campaign is represented with the Scarlet Letter A emblem.[edit] Film, TV and theatrical adaptationsMain article: Film Adaptations of the Scarlet Letter1995 film poster1995 film poster* 1917: A black-and-white silent film directed by Carl Harbaugh with Mary G. Martin as Hester Prynne* 1926: A silent movie directed by Victor Sjostrom and starring Lillian Gish and Lars Hanson.* 1934: film directed by Robert G. Vignola and starring Colleen Moore* 1973: Der Scharlachrote Buchstabe a film directed by Wim Wenders in German* 1979: PBS version starring Meg Foster and John Heard* 1994: A rock musical, "The Scarlet Letter" written by Mark Governor is produced in Los Angeles.* 1995: The Scarlet Letter, a film directed by Roland Joffé and starring Demi Moore as Hester and Gary Oldman as Arthur Dimmesdale. This version is "freely adapted" from Hawthorne according to the opening credits and takes liberties with the original story.* 1996: The film Primal Fear references The Scarlet Letter.* 1996: The Marilyn Manson promotional video for the song 'Man That You Fear' obliquely references the novel.* The Red Letter Plays (In The Blood produced in 1999, and F--ing A, produced in 2000) by playwright Suzan-Lori Parks, rewrote the story placing it in contemporary New York and Houston.* 2001: A musical stage adaptation which premiered at the Fringe Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, by Stacey Mancine, Daniel Koloski, and Simon Gray.* 2004: The Scarlet Letter is a Korean noir-thriller featuring an adulteress' monologue, that mentions a plan to raise her unborn child as Pearl in America, in a desperate plea to exit her obsessive affair.* 2008: "shAme"[1], a rock opera by Mark Governor based on "The Scarlet Letter" premieres in Los Angeles. It is a major reworking of his 1994 stage musical that was also produced in Boston in 2000 and as a radio production in Berlin in 2005. The 2000 version was endorsed and presented by the Nathaniel Hawthorne Society.[edit] References to the novelLists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (September 2008)[edit] Literature* The 1993 novel The Holder of the World by Bharati Mukherjee re-wrote the story, placing it in present-day Boston, Colonial America, and seventeenth-century India during the spread of the British East India Company.* Deborah Noyes wrote a companion to this novel entitled Angel and Apostle with Pearl as the main character.* Postmodern writer Kathy Acker borrows from The Scarlet Letter in her novel Blood and Guts in High School. Janie, the main character, identifies with Hester Prynne and intertwines their stories in a vulgar manner.* In the novel Speak, Hairwoman, the English teacher, refers to The Scarlet Letter in her lesson. The novel's protagonist, Melinda Sordino, is a freshman in high school who is ostracized from her fellow schoolmates during the school year, much as Hester Prynne was ostracized by the Puritans in Boston.* Maryse Condé's novel I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, although set at the time of the Salem witch trials, also features the character Hester Prynne.* The title of Jhumpa Lahiri's 2008 novel Unaccustomed Earth comes from a passage from the introduction to The Scarlet Letter: "Human nature will not flourish, any more than a potato, if it be planted and replanted, for too long a series of generations, in the same worn-out soil. My children have had other birthplaces, and, so far as their fortunes may be within my control, shall strike their roots into unaccustomed earth."[edit] CultureRichard Dawkins's Out Campaign for atheism uses a red scarlet "A" on webpages and clothing as an emblem of atheist identification. [12]Tennessee has drivers convicted of DUI wear vests advertising this fact while on roadside litter pick-up duty. This is a badge of shame similar to the original scarlet letter.
红字》的象征意义关键词:红字 象征主义 中国论文 职称论文摘要:分析了《红字》中红字“A”丰富而深刻的内涵,指出作者通过塑造“小珠儿”的形象,增强了美与丑,善与恶的对比,寄托了作者对爱的绝对自由的向往。关键词:红字;A Pearl;象征主义纳萨内尼·霍桑是浪漫主义时期美国最具天赋的小说家。他开创了美国文学史上“象征浪漫主义”的创作手法。作为生活在19世纪中期的浪漫主义作家,霍桑深受清教意识、超验哲学和神秘主义三种思想的影响,他对社会充满了怀疑,使得他的作品具有强烈的象征主义倾向。长篇小说《红字》是霍桑的代表作,作品以一通奸案为题材,通过描述小说人物的思想矛盾和生活遭遇来揭露黑暗的社会。霍桑在《红字》中艺术技巧独具匠心,特别是广泛地运用象征手法,像变魔术一样给予平凡的单词以不平凡的意义,给人以深刻的启示。《红字》中使用的象征手法有其深刻的思想根源和美学理论基础,体现了霍桑对“生命力受到压抑”的切肤之痛。鲁迅曾经指出“生命受到压抑而生的苦闷懊恼是文学的根底,而其表现手法乃是广义的象征主义”。霍桑的代表作《红字》正是在继承传统象征意义的艺术手法的基础上,开创了象征主义的新篇章。作为小说名字的“红字”贯穿于故事的全过程,并带有不同的象征含义,具有多义性和不确定性。随着故事情节的发展,红字“A”的内涵发生了由Adulteress到Able再到Angle的变化。这种象征的多义性和不确定性正是作者思想矛盾的反映,同时,作者一方面控诉清教对人性的摧残和压抑;另一方面又认同清教的道德观和教义。《红字》以17世纪北美清教殖民统治下的新英格兰为背景,取材于1642—1649年在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。故事一开始的场景发生在该镇监狱的门前,而这个场景的主角是海丝特·白兰,一个年轻、美丽的女人,她怀里抱着3个月大的女婴———珠儿,站在刑台上,等待政教合一的加尔文教(即清教)政权在大庭广众面前宣布对她的判决。那么,受审的女罪犯是什么人?她又犯了什么罪?故事开始于几年前,出身英国破落贵族家庭的白兰嫁给了一个畸形的年老学者。婚后,两人决定移居波士顿。途径荷兰时,丈夫因有事留下,妻子先独自来到波士顿,一住近两年。期间丈夫毫无音信。据传他在赶来的途中被印第安人俘虏,生死不明。在独居生活中,海丝特与当地牧师阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔相爱,生下了一个女婴。显然,她犯下了基督教“十戒”中的“一戒”,即通奸罪,为清教的教义所不容。她被投入监狱,法庭判她有罪,令她在刑台上站立三个小时当众受辱,并终身佩带一个红色的字母A(英文通奸Adultery的第一个字母)作为惩戒。但是作者霍桑赋予了在刑台上的“A”更深层的含义。对于压抑人民和毒害人民思想的清教而言,红字“A”为通奸的标记,事实上“A”不仅是海丝特深爱着的恋人Arthur Dimmesdale名字的第一个字母,也是法语中爱情Amour这个词的第一个字母。从字里行间中,读者可以品味出作者霍桑同情海丝特对爱的追求,甚至认为那是人的纯真本性,笔下洋溢出对海丝特的赞美之词:“斯特胸前红色的“A”字之精美仿佛不是屈辱的标志,而是艺术饰品。这个红色的“A”字是用细红布做的,四周用金色的丝线精心刺绣而成,手工奇巧。对于这个“A”字,霍桑设计的独具匠心,包含了丰富而华美的想象,配在她穿的那件衣服上真成了一件美丽的装饰品”。文中的描写给读者的感觉是海丝特仿佛不是一个“犯下无耻罪行的犯人”,而是一个怀抱圣婴的美丽端庄的妇人。随着故事的发展,霍桑不断地赋予了红字“A”更多更深层的含义。海斯特是一个向往纯真爱情,渴望幸福的女人。虽然她无法摆脱强加在她身体上的耻辱,但是她的内心深处的感情却激情澎湃,无法遏制。为了维持生计,她为别人刺绣。她的绣工巧夺天工,精妙绝伦。她精心地绣制各种美丽的“A”字。除了维持生计,海丝特别无所求,把寄托着她的青春,激情和才气的绣品换来的钱施舍给比她幸运的穷苦百姓。尽管她乐善好施,但是海丝特仍然没有摆脱精神的痛苦和世俗的磨难。但她始终没有消沉,反而变得坚强而成熟,依然反抗着清教并坚信着对丁梅斯代尔的爱情。时间是最好的证明,渐渐地她胸前所佩戴的红色字母“A”在众人的心中有了另一番含义:“没有人能够像她那样乐善好施,那样喜欢接济贫困者”;“那刺绣的红字闪射出非凡的光芒,给人以慰藉。在别的地方他是罪恶的标志,但在病房里却成为蜡烛。”虽然还有那些“执着的清教徒”认为海丝特的红字是耻辱的象征,但是更多善良的人们拒绝再用原来的意思解释“A”,他们说那个字的意思应该解释为“能干”(able)的意思。她以自己的美德赢得了人们的尊重和敬爱,她无尽的同情心和勇于献身的精神产生了巨大的力量,在众人眼中,红字“A”反而具有了天使的内涵———纯洁,美丽,善良,博爱。通过作者对红色字母“A”的驾驭,我们可以看出霍桑对主人公海丝特热情、善良、坚强、勇敢的天性的赞美。于此同时,我们也可以看出作者的另一个写作意图,通过美与丑,善与恶的对比,霍桑对清教徒的卑劣行径刻画的入木三分,痛斥得酣畅淋漓。“清教徒倡导勤俭、反对奢靡,无疑是净化社会的一剂良药,但是标榜禁欲,让世人过苦行僧般的生活,多少有些泯灭人性之嫌”。而主人公海丝特正是祭奠清教徒狂热宗教信仰的无辜羔羊。通过“A”的不断变化,作者为我们揭示了当时社会的真实图景。如果说红字A在清教徒的眼中是通奸的代表,那么赋予了象征意义的红字A就象征着善良、美好、坚强和勤劳。如果说小珠儿是永不磨灭的活着的红字的话,那么赋予了象征意义的小珠儿就象征着纯真的爱情、这个时代的曙光。Pearl(小珠儿)是这部小说中唯一的一个阳光人物,她像珍珠一样纯洁,像天使一样善良快乐。在四个主要人物中,只有小珠儿在道德上是完美没有残缺的,她象征着人性中最无暇的一面。小珠儿的出现并非是作者的心血来潮,读者从对海丝特女儿名字的设计上就可以体会到。她是海丝特和丁梅斯代尔的女儿。Pearl这个词来源于圣经,意思是“十分珍贵的东西”。在圣经中记载,上帝让一个商人卖掉所有的财产去买一颗珍珠,并告诉他这颗珍珠即是他的天堂。海丝特为这段爱情付出了沉重的代价,可以说女儿在她心中占据绝对重要的位置,是她的天堂。同时,霍桑在小珠儿情节上的设计也是恰到好处,独具匠心。小珠儿既是海丝特爱情的象征,同时也是她耻辱的象征,是活着的红字。作者总是会有意无意地描写小珠儿对红字近乎天生的热爱:小珠儿出生时第一眼看到的就是母亲胸前灿烂的红字A.而且小珠儿十分的喜欢,伸手去抓,“眼里总是含着奇怪的表情与特殊的微笑”。正是珠儿的存在才时刻提醒着海丝特和丁梅斯代尔他们曾经犯下的“罪行”,督促他们净化自己的灵魂改过自新。正是因为小珠儿的存在才使丁梅斯代尔有勇气在公众面前承认自己的“罪行”。可以说,小珠儿寄托了作者对美好生活,纯真爱情,和追求善良无暇的人性的向往。是作者的希望所在,也是社会的希望所在。总而言之,正是由于霍桑在《红字》中独具匠心的象征手法的运用,使《红字》成为美国第一部象征主义小说,也正是因为霍桑在《红字》中象征手法的成功运用,成就了《红字》在文学领域的重要地位。参考文献[1]常耀信.美国文学简史[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2003.[2]任晓晋,魏玲.红字中象征与原型的 模糊性、多义性和矛盾性[J].外国文学研究,2000,(1):121-125.[3]於奇.新编美国文学选读[M].郑州大学出版社,2005[4]田俊武.霍桑红字人名寓意研究[J].外国文学研究,1999,(1):52-54.[5]胡尚田.论红字中的红字[J].四川外语学院学报,1999,(4):45-48.[6]约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, study of sym bolic m ean ingsof The Scarlet L etterZHANG W en-si(Fudan U n iversity,S hangha i 200433,Ch ina)Abstract:The author gives many rich and p rofoundmeanings of the scarlet letter A to contract beauty w ithugliness besides kindness and reposes too much hope by molding the im age words:“the scarlet letter”;A Pearl;symbolism
,红字象征主义国内外研究现状红字象征主义研究的现状可以从国内外两个方面来考察。国内方面,红字象征主义研究的成果较少,只有少数学者对其进行了深入研究。目前,红字象征主义研究的热度也比较低,大多数学者倾向于把精力放在其他文学研究上,而忽视了红字象征主义的研究。国外方面,红字象征主义的研究发展较为成熟,其研究成果也较为丰富。目前,许多西方学者都在研究红字象征主义,他们将其看作是一种独特的文学形式,深入研究其在文学创作中的作用和意义。此外,许多学者也把红字象征主义与政治、历史等诸多因素联系起来
红楼梦赏析: 《红楼梦》的文字善于腾挪跌宕,波澜起伏,不但大的故事情节的发展是如此,在许多局部描写中也处处表现出这种特色来。在描写了王熙凤出场后,贾母即命“带黛玉去见两个舅舅去”,而结果是贾赦说:“连日身上不好,见了姑娘彼此伤心,暂且不忍相见。”贾政也因今天“斋戒”去了,故都没见着。在礼规上,两位舅父大人是必须见的,但在文章上如果一个个见面伺候,叙说一番,则不但文字枯燥,而且这两次舅甥的暗谈,文字上也是很不好写的,结果作者采用避难就易,避实就虚的方法,既做到了理之所必见,又避免了实见时描叙的困难。而且这里的虚见又和前后必须要有的实见相互配合,使文章的气势显得抑扬顿挫,波澜起伏。 此后,作者用了相当多的文字写黛玉从宁府回到荣府的一路所见,回荣府后王夫人与黛玉的谈话,黛玉与贾母一起进餐,等等。贾府的面貌与生活习惯也都一一写来,作者的笔锋似乎已从写人物出场转向对贾府其他方面的描绘去了。然而这一切的描写,恰恰是作者在为另一个更高潮的人物出场作铺垫,因此,当吃完饭,贾母命令其他人“你们去吧”,只剩下她和黛玉二人之后,刚要说几句话时,“只听见外面一阵脚步响,丫鬟来报道:‘宝玉来了’。”这样,小说掀起了这次人物出场的最高潮。作者这样安排宝玉的出场是经过精心设计的,在一般情况下,整天在“内帏厮混”的贾宝玉,当林黛玉一进贾府时,是马上就会碰面的,然而作者却偏偏打发他今天“往庙里还愿去”了,一直拖到晚饭后其他人都不在场了,才让他回家。这种安排,有两点用意,一是要让宝、黛二人单独相会(唯一的贾母在场是当时条件下所不可避免的)。宝、黛最后才相见,就可以把其他该写的人和事都写了,然后集中笔墨来写此二人的相会,以掀起最后的高潮;遣散的人,是为了不发生其他干扰,避免分散读者的注意力,以突击这书中的二位主角,这有如舞台上为突出主要人物而时常使用的“净场”手法一样。这样做的结果,就能有力地加强二人的形象,在读者留下深刻的印象,收到强烈的艺术效果。 贾宝玉的出场,还有一个独特之处是,他刚一露面,“黛玉一见,便吃一大惊”之后,又进去换了另一副装束打扮出来。除衣饰的不同外,第一次主要描写了他的面、色、鬓、眉、鼻、睛等外貌特征。第二次则写到了他“转盼多情,语言若笑;天然一段风韵,全在眉梢;平生万种情思,悉堆眼角”,——完全是传神之笔了。在古代小说中,使其主人公只这样出场亮相的,可说是十分少有的。贾宝玉这个艺术形象给读者的印象如此深刻,是和作者对他初次上场时运用的这种着意刻划的独特手法分不开的。 从以上的描述中可以看出,作者写这些人物的出场,有的先,有的后,有的是本来在场的,有的是贾母叫人去“请”出来的,有的是黛玉去拜见的,有的是自己赶来的,有的是单个到来,有的是多人出来,有的写得详,有的写得略。有实写,有虚写,文章变化多姿,而又合情合理,都体现了作者精密的艺术匠心。 第二,作者对第一次出场的人物,善于用简洁的笔墨准确描绘其形态外貌,又深刻揭示其性格特征,给人以不可磨灭的印象,使人物的基本特性在第一次露面时,就深深扎在读者的脑海中。 如迎春、探春、惜春、虽然“其钗环裙袄,三人皆是一样的装束”,可是迎春的“温柔沉默,观之可亲”,探春的“俊眼修眉,顾盼神飞,文采精华,见之忘俗”,寥寥数语,就已概括出这二人的整个性格特征。 至于其他主要人物就更是这样了。文中王熙凤的出场,描写的非常出色。作者浓墨重彩地描绘了她的外貌。先总写她“彩镑辉煌”,“恍若神妃仙子”,而后细写她头上戴的,绾的;项上带的,裙边系的;上身穿的,下身着的及外面罩的。真是满身珠光宝气,阔绰绝伦;遍体花团锦簇,艳丽无比。这身穿戴,配上她那“丹凤三角眼”,“柳叶吊梢眉”的俏丽相貌,风骚、苗调的体态,威而不露的神情,再加上丫头、婆子,众星捧月似地前呼后拥,这位年轻、风流、得势、有权的主儿,就从文中活脱脱地站了出来。 再看她的言谈举止,一声“我来迟了,不曾迎接远客”,人未到,笑先闻,已初步展示了她放任的性格。这王熙凤,不出则已,一出则“喧宾夺主”,看她,携了黛玉的手,就那么细细打量起来,故作惊叹道:“天下真有这样标致的人物,我今儿才算见了!况且这通身的气派,竟不象老祖宗的外孙女儿,竟是个嫡亲的孙女,怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘。只可怜我这妹妹这样命苦,怎么姑妈偏就去世了!”三句话,于夸赞黛玉娇美容颜,同情黛玉不幸身世之中,蕴含着对贾母不失时机的阿谀逢迎。这王熙风不仅会说,还很会做。她感情极丰富,而目变化迅速,说着、哭着,贾母一制止,立刻就“转悲为喜”,自我解嘲,说自己勾起老祖宗伤心,该打。作品通过这样很精炼的外形描写和一件小事,就把王熙凤这个人物由表到里的主要特点十分精确地勾画出来了。 贾宝玉的出场,不仅排在最后,而且事先作过一番渲染,主要是王夫人对黛玉的交底,说贾宝玉是一个“孽根祸胎”,是家里的“混世魔王”,他的嘴里“有天没日,疯疯傻傻”。加上黛玉幼时听母亲说过,这个宝玉“顽劣异常,不喜读书,最喜在内帏厮混”等等。这样,读者也就和黛玉一起,事先对贾宝玉形成了一个先入之见:“这个宝玉不知是怎样个惫懒人呢。”当作者完成了这样一番铺垫之后,送到黛玉和读者面前的宝玉却完全是另外一个青年公子的形象,尤其是使宝玉接连两次亮相,由形到神的描绘,不仅使黛玉见了吃一大惊,就是读者也因前后截然不同的对照,而留下了强烈的印象。此外,作者还托用后人的两首“西江月”词,从另一侧面揭示了他的性格特点,点破他以后的身世遭遇。从表面看,这里句句都显示着对宝玉其人的嘲讽;但透过字面,却又处处看到作者对宝玉性格的赞美。这种欲赞还讽,寓褒于贬的新颖手法,在这里是显得十分别开生面的。它也是《红楼梦》刻划人物的重要手法之一。所谓“无故寻愁觅恨,有时似傻如狂”,这常常是贾宝玉外形特征的表现,而“行为偏僻性乖张”,“古今不肖无双”,“于国于家无望”,却是贾宝玉内在性格的核心所在。从这里我们也可看出,作者所要写的主要人物主要是封建社会的叛臣逆子,而不是一个风月场中的情痴情种。 作者在描写林黛玉时,笔触深入到这位少女的心灵深处,多次直接、间接地描写黛玉的内心活动,细腻地刻划了黛玉的精神世界。 作者概述她初到贾府时的心理,说她抱定:“步步留心,时时在意,不肯轻意多说一句话,多行一步路”的主意。在这种心情支配下,她处处仔细地观察,事事认真地思考,时时谨慎地行动。作者极写了她如履薄冰的心理状态,及反映这种心理的细微表情。 黛玉初到贾府,她人地生疏,需要正确地分析,敏捷地判断,并且迅速地反映到行动上来。这一点在人物描写上,势必表现为精炼扼要的心理描写和人物言行的紧密结合。黛玉几次选择座位的情景,就表现了这一特点。黛玉选择座位时,总要先“度其位次”,然后选择适合自己身份的位置就坐。文中四处用“一一”修饰黛玉的行动。从这许多的“一一”中,我们看到了黛玉那唯恐性子有不当之处,“被人耻笑了去”的要强性子。 林黛玉虽是出身贵族家庭,但她不是“四大家族”的成员,她寄人篱下,孤苦伶仃。宁、荣二府的赫赫声势,这钟鸣鼎食之家的封建宗法、封建礼教,使林黛玉一踏进贾府大门,就感到一种具大的压力,她一系列的心理活动,就是这种压力的反映。作者要与黛玉这个处在特殊地位的“心较比干多一窍”的少女,突出地描写她的心理,是再好不过的表现方法了。 第三,写人物出场与介绍两府环境交插进行,配合自然,相得益彰。 在写黛玉与众人会面时,作者还穿插写了不少黛玉所见贾府房舍的结构,豪华的陈设,贵族家庭的礼规家法以及生活习惯等等。安排这样的穿插,即使人物的出场能够有波澜起伏,文章可以做得变化多姿,同时这些穿插内容的本身又是不可少的,因为通过第十七回“试才题对额”后面有对大观园的系统介绍,而两府的环境这样一个必不可少的内容则主要是从这里的穿插来反映的,因此这些穿插又不是处于一种附属的地位,而是有其独立的重要意义。同时这里所写的一切,又很符合林黛玉的身份地位和文化修养。因此对贾府环境的描绘,实际也是从一个特定的侧面表现了刚刚进入这个环境的人物林黛玉。从这里也可看到,《红楼梦》的文字不但没有一处闲笔,而且任何一个人,一件事的写法都不是随意写出来的,其中的关联和脉络值得我们认真研究学习。
还行,挺好的,谢谢
纵观人类情恋的演变史,大体可分为史前情感史,古代情感史和现代情感史三个阶段。如果文学史正是人类情感史的一种反映再现,那么《红楼梦》一书在时代中的位置就更加清晰了。宛若一座拱桥,她正好横跨在古代情感史的终结和现代情感史的开端之上。由此看来,《红楼梦》一书和我们这个时代的距离也更加鲜明。作品呈现的古典画卷如此全面逼真地保存着过去时代的影响,使我们得以从中品位出古代人和现代人在情感领域巨大而微妙的异同。我们悲喜交加地看到,人类情感史和理性史一样是在向前进化着,尽管进化的轨迹是如此沉重而迟缓,一步一个脚印,前仆后继,包括血和生命的代价,转眼间焦头烂额,各奔东西。 读罢红楼,心里酸酸的。不知是为了什么。是为了荣宁二府的家破人亡?红粉丽人的香消玉殒?还是投机分子的欺世盗名?好像每种都有一点。但总是觉得那不是全部。从一个男人的角度分析,我豁然开朗,这是嫉妒。我在隐隐之中对宝玉产生了醋意。说来也真是惭愧,但是有几个男性看到一个纨绔子弟的周围无缘无故的缠绕着数不胜数的美女而不心酸呢? 说到这,红楼梦里的爱情故事还真是数不胜数。首先力推的,就是宝黛的红粉痴恋。在红楼梦里要数这两个人的爱情最纯洁了。从两小无猜,青梅出马,到长大后的坠入爱河。曹公简直就是顺水推舟,让读者感到,世间又一份千古流芳的爱情故事诞生了。它的出现是那么的自然,几乎没有人怀疑过,它的出现是那么纯洁,纤尘不染 。但是生不逢时的爱情就是痛苦的代名词。黛玉性格里独有的叛逆和孤僻,以及对世俗的不屑一顾,令她处处显得特立独行,卓尔不群。花前痴读西厢,毫无避讳;不喜巧言令色,言随心至;崇尚真情真意,淡泊名利……种种这般,都使得她象一朵幽然独放的荷花,始终执著着自己的那份清纯,质本洁来还洁去,一如碧玉般盈澈。用一个普通人的眼光看她,最欣赏的还是黛玉的诗情画意,灵秀慧黠。黛玉每每与姐妹们饮酒赏花吟诗作对,总是才气逼人,艺压群芳。无论是少年听雨歌楼上的诗情,清寒入骨我欲仙的画意;还是草木黄落雁南归的凄凉,花气温柔能解语的幽情;无不体现出她娟雅脱俗的诗人气质。最叹息的是黛玉的多愁善感,红颜薄命。黛玉的身世,注定了她的孤独无依,而她的性格,又注定了她的寥落忧伤。纵使大观园里人来人往好不热闹,可是这里没有她可以依靠的亲人,没有她可以倾诉的知己,只有风流多情的宝玉让她芳心暗许,却又总是患得患失。于是她无奈着 “天尽头,何处有香丘”,悲哀着“三月香巢已垒成,梁间燕子套无情”,伤感着“花谢花飞飞满天,红消香断有谁怜”,终落得“一缕香魂随风散,三更不曾入梦来”的凄凉结局。 与其说林黛玉在贾府的地位和自身的懦弱是悲剧的起因,还不如把责任轨道万恶的封建社会以元春为首的封建集团无情的扼杀了宝玉和黛玉之间的爱情。如果红楼梦真的是曹雪芹亲身经历的描述,那么我可以感受到一个失去至爱的男人的痛苦。地狱的烈火在身边燃烧,苦不堪言,使我的思想静止不前,这不是切肤之痛,却是切肤之爱。当血泪撒尽的曹公转身面对不堪回首的历史怎能不发出“满纸荒唐言,一把辛酸泪”的感叹!
《红楼梦》的文字善于腾挪跌宕,波澜起伏,不但大的故事情节的发展是如此,在许多局部描写中也处处表现出这种特色来。在描写了王熙凤出场后,贾母即命“带黛玉去见两个舅舅去”,而结果是贾赦说:“连日身上不好,见了姑娘彼此伤心,暂且不忍相见。”贾政也因今天“斋戒”去了,故都没见着。在礼规上,两位舅父大人是必须见的,但在文章上如果一个个见面伺候,叙说一番,则不但文字枯燥,而且这两次舅甥的暗谈,文字上也是很不好写的,结果作者采用避难就易,避实就虚的方法,既做到了理之所必见,又避免了实见时描叙的困难。而且这里的虚见又和前后必须要有的实见相互配合,使文章的气势显得抑扬顿挫,波澜起伏。此后,作者用了相当多的文字写黛玉从宁府回到荣府的一路所见,回荣府后王夫人与黛玉的谈话,黛玉与贾母一起进餐,等等。贾府的面貌与生活习惯也都一一写来,作者的笔锋似乎已从写人物出场转向对贾府其他方面的描绘去了。然而这一切的描写,恰恰是作者在为另一个更高潮的人物出场作铺垫,因此,当吃完饭,贾母命令其他人“你们去吧”,只剩下她和黛玉二人之后,刚要说几句话时,“只听见外面一阵脚步响,丫鬟来报道:‘宝玉来了’。”这样,小说掀起了这次人物出场的最高潮。作者这样安排宝玉的出场是经过精心设计的,在一般情况下,整天在“内帏厮混”的贾宝玉,当林黛玉一进贾府时,是马上就会碰面的,然而作者却偏偏打发他今天“往庙里还愿去”了,一直拖到晚饭后其他人都不在场了,才让他回家。这种安排,有两点用意,一是要让宝、黛二人单独相会(唯一的贾母在场是当时条件下所不可避免的)。宝、黛最后才相见,就可以把其他该写的人和事都写了,然后集中笔墨来写此二人的相会,以掀起最后的高潮;遣散的人,是为了不发生其他干扰,避免分散读者的注意力,以突击这书中的二位主角,这有如舞台上为突出主要人物而时常使用的“净场”手法一样。这样做的结果,就能有力地加强二人的形象,在读者留下深刻的印象,收到强烈的艺术效果。