多背点有好处啊！！！
怎样背诵新概念英语课文
引导语：学习《新概念》该从第一册开始，还是从第二册开始?大家应该怎么去背诵课文?今天我就给大家提供一些方法。
首先要告诉你的是一定要下苦功夫，不能嫌烦，坚持下去。而且要从第一册开始学起，这样对于你以后的学习会有好处的。相对来说，第一册简单一些，基本上是一些日常对话，或者简单的叙述性短文。别看简单，如果你能脱口而出、运用自如的话，口语方面就已经相当了不起了，而且，对于第二、三、四册的学习，提供了良好的坚实基础。
说说新概念一的学习：
1、不要去看那些背着2、3、4册人的感言。大多数都是为了应付考试而去背诵的。没意义!即使背了，说的时候也都是想那些最简单的句子去表达，因为难的一个都想不起来，简单的还怕自己表达不准确呢。
2、你可知道生活中的英语就是很简单的，哪里有书本上那么复杂?陈述式的表达方式就是比日常口语要复杂。它不像“您住哪儿?” “我住天安门广场正中央”这种对话那么简单。
3、打开新概念第一册，看哪儿哪儿会，当然是觉得非常的简单了。你别去看书，就听录音，尤其是那些对话的录音，一句一句的播放，相当于在和别人交谈，你看你能否回答正确?即使你的回答不是和书上的一样，那么你想想你能顺利的做出回答吗?
4、每课学完后，你能把这些简单的对话用到生活中去吗?生活中不用英语，4册书都背下来最大的成就也就是顺利通过考试，其他的什么都不是!没有人会听你滔滔不绝的背课文的，课文是别人的，不是自己的!
5、新概念第一册，语速是慢，这种情况下，你能在听英文的时候反应出它的中文解释吗?你能在听录音的同时，直接做出它所表现的动作或想像出它表达的意思吗?是不是还在心里“听到英文――翻译成中文――想中文回答再翻译成英文做出反应”这么一个过程?
6、新概念第一册的每篇文章学完后，你能照着原文自己写出一篇来吗?
7、没有第一册的基础积累，2、3、4册想学好才怪呢。盖房子是要打地基的，没有地基，上面的房子再漂亮，扇下扇子都会吹倒的。英语同样如此，要学就学好，别学“豆腐渣”英语。
8、如果简单的第一册没有用，作者干什么不直接写第二册，非要凑个1-4册呢?2-4册不就得了?
9、知道为什么很多人没有毅力了吗?懒惰只是原因之一，更多的是大多数人好高骛远，总想一蹴而就!基础的，简单的看不上，复杂的，难度大的又学不明白，于是就开始困惑、茫然，实在不行了就换教材，还是从第一课开始学，简单，心里高兴!那速度，一天20课都没有问题，又如何呢?全是白费力气，到了有难度的，还是不会，恶性循环。剩下的只有抱怨了!
10、书本是死的，脑子是自己的，方法是灵活的!
英语背诵的流利程度不是越快越好。速度快只能代表你非常熟悉了，但是谈不上发音、语感就一定强。
快，带来的好处是你再去听录音时，不会再觉得紧张，听不懂。使你能够做到同步反应的效果，这只是培养语感或者说叫做训练反应的一种方法而已。
同样的一句：“How can I ever repay you for all your help?在录音带和电影中的语气是不同的，你即使背得再快，未必就能反应过来。因此，英语的背诵是要从模仿开始的，不要觉得录音带里的语调很怪而自己不好意思去模仿，非要按自己的.说话方式来表达，那么，你永远感受不到自己的语音纯正。
录音带的语音只能说是“标准英语语音”，它在生活中是不存在的。就像“标准普通话”，北京人说的也不是普通话，只是地方方言而已，它只是接近普通话，比如“哥们儿”一词，一般来说都是儿化音，“儿”的发音弱读了，听着很好听!但是，标准普通话的要求是要说成“哥”“们”“儿”，三个字的发音必须饱满，这才是“标准普通话”。英语录音带就是这个道理。
所以说，跟读速度的快与慢都是帮你培养语感的途径，快的基础是慢。
对于背诵，相对来说都是指的二、三、四册全文，背诵实际上是增强语言能力，增强语感的一种方法而已，效果很好的!
背诵要理解性的去记忆，无须一字不落，你学英文的目的无论是说还是写都是为了能够表达思想，而不是去给别人单纯的背课文。机械式的背诵只能让你打击自信，失败得更快。除了课文你会背诵，让你自己说点什么就一概不知了，这不是掌握英语，而是应付差事。
理解性的背诵，是你白课文的意思后，就要学会去改写它，把范文中涉及到事件改写为和自己有关的事情，让自己成为第一人，而不是一个阅读者或是一个旁观者。这样，你的记忆才能深刻，才能积累语言，迅速的表达思想。
书后的练习一定要做，同样也是改写成自己的事情，虚拟一个自己从未做过的事情也可以。只有理解性的记忆才是自己真实拥有的，别“傻背”。
在背书时，每次都把要背的内容写出来，再和原书去对照，拿着你默写的去背。你的书翻得越少越好!磁带越多听越好。没有别的目的，就是巩固记忆力，锻炼阅读能力。
Lesson 31 Where's Sally? 萨莉在哪里？Listen to the tape then answer this question. Is the cat climbing the tree?听录音，然后回答问题。猫正在爬树吗？JEAN: Where's Sally, Jack?JACK: She's in the garden, : What's the doing?JACK: She's sitting under the : Is Tim in the garden, too?JACK: Yes, he is. He's climbing the : I beg your pardon? Who's climbing the tree?JACK: Tim : What about the dog?JACK: The dog's in the garden, too. It's running across the grass. It's running after a cat. Lesson 69 The car race 汽车比赛 Listen to the tape then answer this question. Which car was the winner in 1995?听录音，然后回答问题。哪辆车在1995年的比赛中获胜？ There is a car race near our town every year. In 1995, there was a very big race. There were hundreds of people there. My wife and I were at the race. Our friends Julie and Jack were there, too. You can see us in the crowd. We are standing on the left. There were twenty cars in the race. There were English cars, French cares, German cars. Italian cars. American cars and Japanese cars. It was an exciting finish. The winner was Billy Stewart. He was in car number fifteen. Five other cars were just behind him. On the way home, my wife said to me, 'Don't drive so quickly! You're not Billy Stewart!' Lesson 73 The way to King Street 到国王街的走法Listen to the tape then answer this question. Why did the man need a phrasebook?听录音，然后回答问题。为什么这位男士需要一本常用语手册？ Last week Mrs. Mills went to London. She does not know London very well, and she lost her way. Suddenly, she saw a man near a bus stop. 'I can ask him the way.' she said to herself. 'Excuse me,' she said. 'Can you tell me the way to King Street, please?' The man smiled pleasantly. He did not understand English! He spoke German. He was a tourist. Then he put his hand into pocket, and took out a phrasebook. He opened the book and found a phrase. He read the phrase slowly. 'I am sorry,' he said. 'I do not speak English.' Lesson 117 Tommy's breakfast 汤米的早餐 Listen to the tape then answer this question. What does she mean by 'change in the last sentence?听录音，然后回答问题。最后一名话中的“change" 是什么意思？ When my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor. There were coins everywhere. We looked for them, but we could not find them all. While we were having breakfast, our little boy, Tommy, found two small coins on the floor. He put them both into his mouth. We both tried to get the coins, but it was too late. Tommy had already swallowed them! Late that morning, when I was doing the housework, My husband phoned me from the office. 'How's Tommy?' he asked. 'I don't know,' I answered, 'Tommy's been to the toilet three times this morning, but I haven't had any change yet!' Lesson 137 A pleasant dream 美好的梦 Listen to the tape then answer this question. What would Julie like to do, if she had the money?听录音，然后回答问题。如果朱莉有那笔钱，她想做什么呢？JULIE: Are you doing the football pools, Brain?BRIAN: Yes, I've nearly finished, . I'm sure we'll win something this : You always say that, but we never win anything! What will you do if you win a lot of money?BRIAN: If I win a lot of money I'll buy you a mink : I don't want a mink coat! I want to see the : All right. If we win a lot of money We'll travel round the world and we'll stay at the best hotels. Then we'll return home and buy a big house in the country. We'll have a beautiful garden and …JULIE: But if we spend all that money we'll be poor again. What'll we do then?BRIAN: If we spend all the money we'll try and win the football pools : It's a pleasant dream but everything depends on 'if'!这5篇就很好啊，由易到难，知识点突出，希望你喜欢！
1中的文章越靠前越简单，理论上讲，前1~6篇最简单！但是好背不好背，还要看你感兴趣的话题，有些文章难度不大，但是兴趣度符合你的，你背起来才快哦！
英文美文朗诵两篇
朗读是学生学习英语的一种有效的方法;是提高听、说、读、写综合能力的一种行为，下面是英文美文朗诵两篇。
•第一篇：Youth 青春
Youth
Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.
Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.
Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.
Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing appetite for what’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart, there is a wireless station; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, courage and power from man and from the infinite, so long as you are young.
When your aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you’ve grown old, even at 20; but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there’s hope you may die young at 80.
译文：
青春
青春不是年华，而是心境;青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢宏的想象，炙热的恋情;青春是生命的深泉在涌流。
青春气贯长虹，勇锐盖过怯弱，进取压倒苟安。如此锐气，二十后生而有之，六旬男子则更多见。年岁有加，并非垂老，理想丢弃，方堕暮年。
岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤;热忱抛却，颓废必致灵魂。忧烦，惶恐，丧失自信，定使心灵扭曲，意气如灰。
无论年届花甲，拟或二八芳龄，心中皆有生命之欢乐，奇迹之诱惑，孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆有一台天线，只要你从天上人间接受美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号，你就青春永驻，风华常存。 、
一旦天线下降，锐气便被冰雪覆盖，玩世不恭、自暴自弃油然而生，即使年方二十，实已垂垂老矣;然则只要树起天线，捕捉乐观信号，你就有望在八十高龄告别尘寰时仍觉年轻。
•第二篇： Three Days to See(Excerpts)假如给我三天光明(节选)
Three Days to See
All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live. Sometimes it was as long as a year, sometimes as short as 24 hours. But always we were interested in discovering just how the doomed hero chose to spend his last days or his last hours. I speak, of course, of free men who have a choice, not condemned criminals whose sphere of activities is strictly delimited.
Such stories set us thinking, wondering what we should do under similar circumstances. What events, what experiences, what associations should we crowd into those last hours as mortal beings, what regrets?
Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should live each day with gentleness, vigor and a keenness of appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days and months and years to come. There are those, of course, who would adopt the Epicurean motto of “Eat, drink, and be merry”. But most people would be chastened by the certainty of impending death.
In stories the doomed hero is usually saved at the last minute by some stroke of fortune, but almost always his sense of values is changed. He becomes more appreciative of the meaning of life and its permanent spiritual values. It has often been noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do.
Most of us, however, take life for granted. We know that one day we must die, but usually we picture that day as far in the future. When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life.
The same lethargy, I am afraid, characterizes the use of all our faculties and senses. Only the deaf appreciate hearing, only the blind realize the manifold blessings that lie in sight. Particularly does this observation apply to those who have lost sight and hearing in adult life. But those who have never suffered impairment of sight or hearing seldom make the fullest use of these blessed faculties. Their eyes and ears take in all sights and sounds hazily, without concentration and with little appreciation. It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.
I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound.
译文：
假如给我三天光明(节选)
我们都读过震撼人心的故事，故事中的主人公只能再活一段很有限的时光，有时长达一年，有时却短至一日。但我们总是想要知道，注定要离世人的会选择如何度过自己最后的时光。当然，我说的是那些有选择权利的.自由人，而不是那些活动范围受到严格限定的死囚。
这样的故事让我们思考，在类似的处境下，我们该做些什么?作为终有一死的人，在临终前的几个小时内我们应该做什么事，经历些什么或做哪些联想?回忆往昔，什么使我们开心快乐?什么又使我们悔恨不已?
有时我想，把每天都当作生命中的最后一天来边，也不失为一个极好的生活法则。这种态度会使人格外重视生命的价值。我们每天都应该以优雅的姿态，充沛的精力，抱着感恩之心来生活。但当时间以无休止的日，月和年在我们面前流逝时，我们却常常没有了这种子感觉。当然，也有人奉行“吃，喝，享受”的享乐主义信条，但绝大多数人还是会受到即将到来的死亡的惩罚。
在故事中，将死的主人公通常都在最后一刻因突降的幸运而获救，但他的价值观通常都会改变，他变得更加理解生命的意义及其永恒的精神价值。我们常常注意到，那些生活在或曾经生活在死亡阴影下的人无论做什么都会感到幸福。
然而，我们中的大多数人都把生命看成是理所当然的。我们知道有一天我们必将面对死亡，但总认为那一天还在遥远的将来。当我们身强体健之时，死亡简直不可想象，我们很少考虑到它。日子多得好像没有尽头。因此我们一味忙于琐事，几乎意识不到我们对待生活的冷漠态度。
我担心同样的冷漠也存在于我们对自己官能和意识的运用上。只有聋子才理解听力的重要，只有盲人才明白视觉的可贵，这尤其适用于那些成年后才失去视力或听力之苦的人很少充分利用这些宝贵的能力。他们的眼睛和耳朵模糊地感受着周围的景物与声音，心不在焉，也无所感激。这正好我们只有在失去后才懂得珍惜一样，我们只有在生病后才意识到健康的可贵。
我经常想，如果每个人在年轻的时候都有几天失时失聪，也不失为一件幸事。黑暗将使他更加感激光明，寂静将告诉他声音的美妙。
朗诵与歌唱同属有声艺术,是紧密联络的。朗诵是歌唱的基础,歌唱近乎于朗诵,是赋予音乐性的朗诵。下面是我带来的经典英语朗诵美文，欢迎阅读! 经典英语朗诵美文篇一 知足Contentment Contentment is such a rare state of mind that even the wisest men sometimes find it difficult to get. There is no end to what the heart can desire. We may never have all that we want, and we will always be unhappy if we can’t be satisfied with what we already have. 知足是一种难得的精神状态,甚至最睿智的人有时也会发现很难达到知足的境界。心中的欲望没有尽头。我们也许不能得到所有想要的。如果我们不能满足于我们已经拥有的一切,我们将会经常郁郁寡欢。 We foolishly ignore our loved one to search for more material possessions, duanwenw only to find the joy it brings is temporary. We may lose that loved one we have ignored. We never can tell what will happen tomorrow, so appreciate and treasure people and things around us now. 我们时常愚昧地忽视我们钟爱的事物,去寻求更多物质上的拥有,结果却发现它带来的欢愉只是暂时的。我们可能会因此失去一直忽视的挚爱。我们永远不知明天将如何,所以感激并珍惜今天陪在我们周围的人和物吧。 Disappointment es when we can’t get what we have desired or expected. The way to happiness is to learn how to control our human desires, especially the desire to have more. 当曾经的渴望或期待不能为我们所有时,失望会随之而来。通向快乐的途径是要学会控制我们人性的欲望,尤其是想要更多的欲望。 Someone once said that the constant preoccupation with desires is a sure road to misery. Don’t seek for wealth or riches. Instead, seek to be content. 有人曾说过,对欲望一直念念不忘是通往不幸的必然之路。不要追求财富,而要追求知足。 经典英语朗诵美文篇二 充分利用时间Make Full Use of Your Time When you can only do a little, do it. Soon, you’ll have the chance to do a little more, and a little more again, until the job is done. 当你只能完成一点儿工作时,那么就做那一点儿。很快,你就会有机会完成更多一点儿,再多一点儿,直到将全部工作做完。 When you only have a moment or two, make full use of whatever time you have. Even when you can’t get all of it done, you can get some of it done. 当你只有一点儿时间时,充分利用你所拥有的时间,无论这段时间有多短。即使你不能在这段时间里完成全部的工作,你也可以完成其中的一部分。 Forget about the time you don’t have, and use the time you do have. Instead of worrying about how you’ll do it all, duanwenw focus on doing what you can do right now. 不要去想你不能空出的时间,而要利用你所拥有的时间。与其为如何做完全部工作而担忧,不如现在就集中注意力来做你能做的部分。 Achievement requires many steps. So take one step each time that you can. 一份工作的完成需要很多个步骤。所以,循序渐进,每次完成你能力范围内的一点儿。 Don’t waste your time plaining when interruptions knock you off track. Just get yourself beyond them and get quickly back to work. 当各种干扰使你脱离正常轨道时,不要浪费时间去抱怨,而要超越这些干扰,并尽快返回到工作中。 Do what you can, when you can, as often as you can. Your persisten, consistent efforts will steadily take you where you choose to go. 在你能工作时,尽可能经常地去做你力所能及的事情。你坚持不懈的努力将带你朝着你所选择的方向坚定地前进。 经典英语朗诵美文篇三 你随时可以成功 To solve any problem or to reach your goal, you don’t need to know all the answers in advance. But you must have a clear idea of the problem or the goal you want to reach. 解决任何问题或实现目标，都不需要你预先知晓一切答案。但你需要明确知道自己面临的问题和实现的目标 All you have to do is know where you’re going. The answers will e to you of their own accord. duanwenw Don’t procrastinate when faced with a big difficult problem. Break the problem into parts, and handle one part at a time. 你必须知道自己的目的所在，答案才会自然揭晓。面对大问题，不可延迟，要将问题分成若干部分，各个击破。 If you can get up the courage to begin, you have the courage to succeed. It’s the job you never start that takes the longest to finish. Don’t worry about what lies dimly at a distance, but do what lies clearly ahead. 倘若你有开始的勇气，就一定会有成功的勇气。你从未接触过的工作，需要你花费更多的时间才能完成。切勿为远方朦胧之物而担忧，要做好眼前的明确之事。 Your biggest opportunity is where you are right now. Once you begin you’re half done. 你的最大机遇就在你此刻所在的地方。只要开始，就获得了一半的成功。
随着英语的国际化越来越广泛,我国的英语学习者也逐年激增,各大英语学习网站也推出英语美文的赏析和阅读。有很多英语学习者喜欢背诵这些美文以提高自己的英语水平,以下是我为大家整理的关于短篇英语美文朗诵文章，给大家作为参考，欢迎阅读! 短篇英语美文朗诵文章篇1：If I Rest, I Rust The significant inscription found on an old key---“If I rest, I rust”---would be an excellent motto for those who are afflicted with the slightest bit of idleness. Even the most industrious person might adopt it with advantage to serve as a reminder that, if one allows his faculties to rest, like the iron in the unused key, they will soon show signs of rust and, ultimately, cannot do the work required of them. Those who would attain the heights reached and kept by great men must keep their faculties polished by constant use, so that they may unlock the doors of knowledge, the gate that guard the entrances to the professions, to science, art, literature, agriculture---every department of human endeavor. Industry keeps bright the key that opens the treasury of achievement. If Hugh Miller, after toiling all day in a quarry, had devoted his evenings to rest and recreation, he would never have bee a famous geologist. The celebrated mathematician, Edmund Stone, would never have published a mathematical dictionary, never have found the key to science of mathematics, if he had given his spare moments to idleness, had the little Scotch lad, Ferguson, allowed the busy brain to go to sleep while he tended sheep on the hillside instead of calculating the position of the stars by a string of beads, he would never have bee a famous astronomer. Labor vanquishes all---not inconstant, spa *** odic, or ill-directed labor; but faithful, unremitting, daily effort toward a well-directed purpose. Just as truly as eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, so is eternal industry the price of noble and enduring success. 译文： 如果我休息，我就会生锈 在一把旧钥匙上发现了一则意义深远的铭文——如果我休息，我就会生锈。对于那些懒散而烦恼的人来说，这将是至理名言。甚至最为勤勉的人也以此作为警示：如果一个人有才能而不用，就像废弃钥匙上的铁一样，这些才能就会很快生锈，并最终无法完成安排给自己的工作。 有些人想取得伟人所获得并保持的成就，他们就必须不断运用自身才能，以便开启知识的大门，即那些通往人类努力探求的各个领域的大门，这些领域包括各种职业：科学，艺术，文学，农业等。 勤奋使开启成功宝库的钥匙保持光亮。如果休•米勒在采石场劳作一天后，晚上的时光用来休息消遣的话，他就不会成为名垂青史的地质学家。著名数学家爱德蒙•斯通如果闲暇时无所事事，就不会出版数学词典，也不会发现开启数学之门的钥匙。如果苏格兰青年弗格森在山坡上放羊时，让他那思维活跃的大脑处于休息状态，而不是借助一串珠子计算星星的位置，他就不会成为著名的天文学家。 劳动征服一切。这里所指的劳动不是断断续续的，间歇性的或方向偏差的劳动，而是坚定的，不懈的，方向正确的每日劳动。正如要想拥有自由就要时刻保持警惕一样，要想取得伟大的，持久的成功，就必须坚持不懈地努力。 短篇英语美文朗诵文章篇2：panionship of Books A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the pany he keeps; for there is a panionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best pany, whether it be of books or of men. A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of panions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness; amusing and instructing us in youth, and forting and consoling us in age. Men often discover their affinity to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, ‘Love me, love my dog.” But there is more wisdom in this:” Love me, love my book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them. A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of a man’s life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, bee our constant panions and forters. Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time have been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive e but what is really good. Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did; we see the as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience bees ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe. The great and good do not die, even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which on still listens. 译文： 以书为伴节选 通常看一个读些什么书就可知道他的为人，就像看他同什么人交往就可知道他的为人一样，因为有人以人为伴，也有人以书为伴。无论是书友还是朋友，我们都应该以最好的为伴。 好书就像是你最好的朋友。它始终不渝，过去如此，现在如此，将来也永远不变。它是最有耐心，最令人愉悦的伴侣。在我们穷愁潦倒，临危遭难时，它也不会抛弃我们，对我们总是一如既往地亲切。在我们年轻时，好书陶冶我们的性情，增长我们的知识;到我们年老时，它又给我们以慰藉和勉励。 人们常常因为喜欢同一本书而结为知已，就像有时两个人因为敬慕同一个人而成为朋友一样。有句古谚说道：“爱屋及屋。”其实“爱我及书”这句话蕴涵更多的哲理。书是更为真诚而高尚的情谊纽带。人们可以通过共同喜爱的作家沟通思想，交流感情，彼此息息相通，并与自己喜欢的作家思想相通，情感相融。 好书常如最精美的宝器，珍藏着人生的思想的精华，因为人生的境界主要就在于其思想的境界。因此，最好的书是金玉良言和崇高思想的宝库，这些良言和思想若铭记于心并多加珍视，就会成为我们忠实的伴侣和永恒的慰藉。 书籍具有不朽的本质，是为人类努力创造的最为持久的成果。寺庙会倒坍，神像会朽烂，而书却经久长存。对于伟大的思想来说，时间是无关紧要的。多年前初次闪现于作者脑海的伟大思想今日依然清新如故。时间惟一的作用是淘汰不好的作品，因为只有真正的佳作才能经世长存。 书籍介绍我们与最优秀的人为伍，使我们置身于历代伟人巨匠之间，如闻其声，如观其行，如见其人，同他们情感交融，悲喜与共，感同身受。我们觉得自己仿佛在作者所描绘的舞台上和他们一起粉墨登场。 即使在人世间，伟大杰出的人物也永生不来。他们的精神被载入书册，传于四海。书是人生至今仍在聆听的智慧之声，永远充满著活力。 短篇英语美文朗诵文章篇3：Youth Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals. Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusia *** wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust. Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing appetite for what’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart, there is a wireless station; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, courage and power from man and from the infinite, so long as you are young. When your aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynici *** and the ice of pessimi *** , then you’ve grown old, even at 20; but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimi *** , there’s hope you may die young at 80. 译文： 青春 青春不是年华，而是心境;青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢巨集的想象，炙热的恋情;青春是生命的深泉在涌流。 青春气贯长虹，勇锐盖过怯弱，进取压倒苟安。如此锐气，二十后生而有之，六旬男子则更多见。年岁有加，并非垂老，理想丢弃，方堕暮年。 岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤;热忱抛却，颓废必致灵魂。忧烦，惶恐，丧失自信，定使心灵扭曲，意气如灰。 无论年届花甲，拟或二八芳龄，心中皆有生命之欢乐，奇迹之诱惑，孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆有一台天线，只要你从天上人间接受美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的讯号，你就青春永驻，风华常存。 、 一旦天线下降，锐气便被冰雪覆盖，玩世不恭、自暴自弃油然而生，即使年方二十，实已垂垂老矣;然则只要树起天线，捕捉乐观讯号，你就有望在八十高龄告别尘寰时仍觉年轻。 短篇英语美文朗诵文章篇4：Three Days to See All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live. Sometimes it was as long as a year, sometimes as short as 24 hours. But always we were interested in discovering just how the doomed hero chose to spend his last days or his last hours. I speak, of course, of free men who have a choice, not condemned criminals whose sphere of activities is strictly delimited. Such stories set us thinking, wondering what we should do under similar circumstances. What events, what experiences, what associations should we crowd into those last hours as mortal beings, what regrets? Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should live each day with gentleness, vigor and a keenness of appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days and months and years to e. There are those, of course, who would adopt the Epicurean motto of “Eat, drink, and be merry”. But most people would be chastened by the certainty of impending death. In stories the doomed hero is usually saved at the last minute by some stroke of fortune, but almost always his sense of values is changed. He bees more appreciative of the meaning of life and its permanent spiritual values. It has often been noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do. Most of us, however, take life for granted. We know that one day we must die, but usually we picture that day as far in the future. When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life. The same lethargy, I am afraid, characterizes the use of all our faculties and senses. Only the deaf appreciate hearing, only the blind realize the manifold blessings that lie in sight. Particularly does this observation apply to those who have lost sight and hearing in *** life. But those who have never suffered impairment of sight or hearing seldom make the fullest use of these blessed faculties. Their eyes and ears take in all sights and sounds hazily, without concentration and with little appreciation. It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill. I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early *** life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound. 译文： 假如给我三天光明节选 我们都读过震撼人心的故事，故事中的主人公只能再活一段很有限的时光，有时长达一年，有时却短至一日。但我们总是想要知道，注定要离世人的会选择如何度过自己最后的时光。当然，我说的是那些有选择权利的自由人，而不是那些活动范围受到严格限定的死囚。 这样的故事让我们思考，在类似的处境下，我们该做些什么?作为终有一死的人，在临终前的几个小时内我们应该做什么事，经历些什么或做哪些联想?回忆往昔，什么使我们开心快乐?什么又使我们悔恨不已? 有时我想，把每天都当作生命中的最后一天来边，也不失为一个极好的生活法则。这种态度会使人格外重视生命的价值。我们每天都应该以优雅的姿态，充沛的精力，抱着感恩之心来生活。但当时间以无休止的日，月和年在我们面前流逝时，我们却常常没有了这种子感觉。当然，也有人奉行“吃，喝，享受”的享乐主义信条，但绝大多数人还是会受到即将到来的死亡的惩罚。 在故事中，将死的主人公通常都在最后一刻因突降的幸运而获救，但他的价值观通常都会改变，他变得更加理解生命的意义及其永恒的精神价值。我们常常注意到，那些生活在或曾经生活在死亡阴影下的人无论做什么都会感到幸福。 然而，我们中的大多数人都把生命看成是理所当然的。我们知道有一天我们必将面对死亡，但总认为那一天还在遥远的将来。当我们身强体健之时，死亡简直不可想象，我们很少考虑到它。日子多得好像没有尽头。因此我们一味忙于琐事，几乎意识不到我们对待生活的冷漠态度。 我担心同样的冷漠也存在于我们对自己官能和意识的运用上。只有聋子才理解听力的重要，只有盲人才明白视觉的可贵，这尤其适用于那些成年后才失去视力或听力之苦的人很少充分利用这些宝贵的能力。他们的眼睛和耳朵模糊地感受着周围的景物与声音，心不在焉，也无所感激。这正好我们只有在失去后才懂得珍惜一样，我们只有在生病后才意识到健康的可贵。 我经常想，如果每个人在年轻的时候都有几天失时失聪，也不失为一件幸事。黑暗将使他更加感镭射明，寂静将告诉他声音的美妙。
考研英语的作文在背诵句子的过程中最好直接选择将一些重点句型和句子结合，来背诵这样可以提高自己的写作能力。
这个你可以买本书看看，因为模板不是一个啊 ，很多类型的作文，需要每个背诵一个模板。然后适当的改成自己的
考研英语作文模板要背多少如下：
1、考研英语作文背诵模板并非越多越好，多少要看你是英语一还是英语二，要分大作文还是小作文。英语一和英语二的作文类型有些区别，因此模板类型和数量也略有差异。
2、以英语二为例，小作文重点背诵未考过的类型并且相对，其次才是考过的类型，预计未考过的概率较大的至少准备5-10种类型，考过的就得10几种类型。
3、大作文相对固定，可以发现每年考的主题各异，但是类型相对固定，那么每种类型准备1篇即可，大概三四种类型。具体有哪些类型自己根据真题去分析，收获更大一些。
4、基于上面分析，我的建议是，选择作文模板一方面要考虑覆盖率，就是前面讲的可能考到的尤其是最可能考到的优先背诵。其次是同一种类型最好只背诵一篇，而且要做到烂熟于胸，换个话题顺手就可以套用。
5、怎么总结模板呢，可以参考真题后的例文，也可以购买作文模板等。但是模板一定是相对通用，和具体话题相关的一定要“挖掉”，不要无畏得浪费时间背诵和某个话题强相关的内容上。
在“经典短文背诵”部分中，我们根据短文的内容将其分为10大类。其实从文章功能来看，我们可把这10大类文章归为三种类型：解决问题、论证观点、阐述现象。其中第一类具有解决问题功能的短文包括了：1、身体健康类;2、职业道德类;3、人口增长类;4、环境保护类。第二类具有论证观点功能的短文包括了：5、情感类;8、人生价值类。第三类具有阐述现象功能的短文包括了：6、文化交流类;7、教育类;9、家庭关系类;10、社会热点类。需要说明的是，以上分类并不是具有绝对意义的，譬如一些身体健康类的话题也可能适合以论证观点的短文模板来套用。我们这里所说的是指大致的分类和适用范围。除了以上三项功能，我们还将在本部分的最后列出两个具有对比论证功能的模板。虽然自从1997 年以来的历年短文题目中没有出现要求进行对比论证的话题，但是考生仍然应该有所准备，因为对比论证是英文写作的一种重要写作手法，需要引起一定的重视。这种类型的文章主要针对一些实际的问题分析其原因和后果，最后提出解决的措施。一般情况下三段的分布为：第一段描述图画内容，第二段分析问题所在，第三段提出解决方案。1、身体健康类模板1：The picture . What is strikingly noticeable is , but it can be easily explained by shown in the discernable unhealthiness discloses a prevalent phenomenon that has long existed in the China’s . One the one hand, . On the other hand, . As a result, the integration of poor living conditions and work pressure leads naturally to their poor health and short life-span, just as the picture tells situation is rather depressing because , and it is largely owing to . To solve the problem, I think there should be a thriving social trend , and those who should be rewarded with good living and working conditions.(参见范文2)模板2：In the picture, we are amazed to find that . It clearly tells us that in the domain of , there are .has long been a problem since , and are turning to be an increasingly severe problem because of . Besides, there are more reasons responsible for this issue. Firstly, . Secondly, . Thirdly, .Judging from the analysis above, we may safely come to the conclusion that the daunting problem demands effective counter-measures. Most importantly, the government needs to implement sufficiently relevant laws and regulations in order to enhance the strength of . In addition, all residents should be aware of . (参见范文8)2、职业道德类模板1：We can see from the picture that , but .If , he would surely express . There are three reasons to explain why it happens to . Firstly, , which resulted from . Secondly, though , . Consequently, . Thirdly, .I maintain that effective measures should be taken to put an end to this phenomenon. Firstly, we need to endeavor to advocate . Secondly, strict regulations should be enacted and enforced to create a harmonious and orderly society. Only through the combined efforts can we eliminate this “tumor” forcefully and completely. (参见范文6)模板2：As is shown in the cartoon, . Take in the cartoon for example .This phenomenon appears commonly in our daily life. Nowadays, . Instead, they only try their best to Such deeds not only , but also .Therefore, it is of great significance to take actions to change this phenomenon. First and foremost, . In addition, . All these steps can help guarantee a solid economic order and a harmonious society. (参见范文8)3、人口增长类模板1：The picture depicts a scene in which . The scene is presented in an artistic and ironic manner. Crowds of people are crammed in . Further examination reveals that .Apparently, the picture symbolizes that humans, with such a huge population, may one day suffer from the exhaustion of earth resources. Take for example. Given the fact that , we find that . To make it worse, .If the conflict between population boom and shortage of resources is not properly controlled, we have every reason to hold a pessimistic perspective towards human’s future on Earth. Perhaps eventually we would face the situation suggested by the picture, that is, . Accordingly, I strongly recommend that the whole globe launch aggressive programs to address this fatal contradiction. (参见范文3)模板2：Basically, what we see in this cartoon is . The interestingly echos the . while we can imagine .We can deduce from this picture that the artist is trying to attract our attention to the present exploding world population. The striking point is that . As a result, . On the contrary, .The simple picture is a wake-up call for the whole of human race. . Hence, mankind should cooperate worldwide to control population by effective measures, in order to secure the prosperity of our future on this planet. (参见范文2)4、环境保护类模板1：This is a very interesting piece of cartoon, in thanks to . Hence, .Though being a little exaggerating, the cartoon illuminates a serious fact that , and for that matter, . A recent report also supported this view by . On the contrary, we are sad to perceive that .Therefore, in my opinion, it is already high time for the whole world to form a solid cooperation fighting against , because not a single government or person can be exempt from its harm. A series of down-to-earth measures need to be urgently implemented to control . (参见范文2)模板2：Nowadays, lots of people have the illusion that . Just as what is shown in the picture, .This is a very serious social problem. Compared with other countries, China . If everybody behaves in this way, it would be far beyond the country’s capacity to . Moreover, it was reported that . Meanwhile, . Also, .Though , it is never the only way. What’s important, to solve these problems depends largely on our responsibility for society and environment. If the sense of responsibility is greatly aroused, the achievement of harmony between man and the environment will not be far away. (参见范文7)? 功能II：论证观点这种类型的文章主要分析论证一些具体的观点。一般情况下三段的分布为：第一段描述图画内容，第二段提出观点、进行理论分析和事例分析，第三段总结观点、表明态度。
long long ago………………我今年18……新概念从08年开始已有点堕落了……不知道你们有没有发现…………作品水平……下降……萌芽改版后越来越像……教育杂志…………………………………………
念获奖作文!
韩寒题目是,杯中窥人.一等奖吧.
韩寒的文章是《头发》
浅谈概念隐喻理论与英语写作教学
摘 要：隐喻不仅具有修辞功能，更重要的是一种思维方式;隐喻在语言中具有不可替代的作用。文章尝试将认知隐喻理论中的一些相关概念，如映射理论、概念隐喻和隐喻表达式，应用于英语写作教学，提出写作中隐喻思维培养的重要性。
关键词： 概念隐喻 隐喻理论 英语写作
Abstract: Metaphor is not only a rhetoric device, but a matter of thought and action. The paper attempts to apply the conceptual metaphor theory to the teaching of English writing and further proposes that importance be attached to developing students’ metaphorical thinking in English writing.
Key words: conceptual metaphor; metaphorical thinking; English writing
一、 概念隐喻理论
概念隐喻理论起始于Lakoff & Johnson 的《Metaphors We Live By》一书。他们在书中表明：隐喻普遍存在于我们的日常生活，不但存在于语言里，也存在于我们的思想和行为中。我们赖以思维和行动的一般概念系统，从根本上讲是隐喻的。[1]在概念隐喻的理论框架下，隐喻的理解涉及两个认知域：源域(source domain)和靶域(target domain)。概念隐喻就是以一个认知域的经验来理解另一个认知域的经验，源域的部分特点被映射(mapping)到靶域上，后者因前者而得到部分理解。所以，“隐喻的实质就是用一类事物来理解和经验另一类事物”。[2]概念隐喻理论还提出了概念隐喻(conceptual metaphor)和隐喻语言(metaphorical expression)的区别。前者是两个认知域之间的映射，在英语中通常用大写字母表示，后者是概念隐喻的具体隐喻表达式，例如：
例 are at a crossroad.
例2. The relationship isn’t going anywhere.
例 relationship is off the track.
例4. Their marriage is on the rocks.
概念隐喻理论认为这里只有一个隐喻：LOVE IS A JOURNEY，上述这些例子都是该隐喻在语言上的具体表达式。
概念隐喻理论使我们重新认识了隐喻的本质，也给语言教学带来了新的启示。本文拟运用概念隐喻理论，探讨隐喻在英语写作中遣词、造句、谋篇的功能，并指出隐喻思维对英语写作的重要性，为写作教学提供新的视角。
二、 概念隐喻理论在英语写作教学中的应用
(一)概念隐喻与词汇学习
在写作中，词汇居于核心地位。不管是句子层次的语言现象还是语篇层次的语言现象，都离不开词的理解和运用。传统词汇学习由于受到结构主义思想的影响，认为词语与意义之间的关系完全是任意的，忽视了对词语的认知和理解。词汇不仅有其所指意义，也有其转指意义，而且，词汇表层意义与其深层内涵都是语言认知的.产物。由于大多数学习者不是从认知的角度来学习词汇，而是采用死记硬背方法，不能真正理解词汇的内涵。通过概念隐喻模式来认识和解释词汇，不仅有利于词语的理解，还可以促进学生在口头和书面表达中有效地利用该词语的隐喻意义，培养学生的语言运用能力和创新能力。
例如，我们借助方位隐喻来理解介词的学习。人们可以将通过身体体验获得的“上——下，前——后，高——低，深——浅，中心——边缘”等具体空间概念投射于时间、情绪、身体状况、数量、质量、社会地位等抽象概念。在方位隐喻中，“up-down” 概念的隐喻运用最为广泛。最初，“上”概念(up)和“下”概念(down)都是纯空间概念。Up的基本意义最“向上，由低往高”;down的基本意义为 “向下，由高往低”。英汉语言经过反复的运用与发展，“up-down”都以原来的空间意义为核心，产生了“
HAPPINESS IS UP, SADNESS IS DOWN;MORE IS UP, LESS IS DOWN; HIGH STATUS IS UP, LOW STATUS IS DOWN”等方位隐喻来表达对社会地位和人的情绪的认识。在这些概念隐喻的基础上可以拓展丰富的隐喻表达式，进一步深化对“up”概念和“down”概念的隐喻理解，如：“I am feeling up.”，“Prices are going up”，“The temperature has gone down.”，“Be nice to people on your way up, because you will meet them on your way down. ”等。由此可见，通过概念隐喻理论来理解介词，能掌握更丰富的词汇意义，增强学生隐喻能力，提高写作的多样性。
其次，由于隐喻是一种映射，其实质是借助一类事物理解和体验另一类事物，[3]因此人们总是会参照他们所熟知的、具体的概念来认识和理解不熟悉的、抽象的概念。体现在词汇表达上，人们往往运用谈论一个概念的各个方面的词语来谈论另一个概念。例如：提到概念“argument”，我们有概念隐喻“
ARGUMENT IS A BUILDING; ARGUMENT IS WAR”, “argument”为较抽象的概念，而“building”，“war”是人们较熟悉的概念。在讲“building”这个概念时，可以帮助学生联想和 “建筑物”有关的词汇“solid building, framework of a building, construct a building, collapse, the groundwork”; 而在谈到“war”这个概念时，又可以联想到跟“战争”有关的词汇“the fierce war, attack the enemy, win the war, be defeated in the war”。在这两个概念隐喻中，人们可以通过熟悉的概念来理解“argument”这个概念的内涵。用于谈论“building”，“war”的词汇大部分都可以用来谈论“argument”，因而可以创造出如下句子：
例5. We’ve got the framework for a solid argument.
例6. If you don’t support your argument with solid facts, the whole th
转载请注明
本文有论文286网 转载请注明 ing will collapse.
例7. Within the groundwork you’ve got, you can construct a pretty strong argument.
英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。
Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.
With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.
Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.
With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.
Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.
For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.
In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.
Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.
Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.
Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems
Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.
Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.
Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.
Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
[基金项目] 安徽财经大学青年科研项目(ACKYQ0830)的研究成果。[作者简介] 姜媛媛,女,山东曲阜人,安徽财经大学外国语学院讲师,文学硕士,研究方向:语用学、认知语言学。英汉习语的概念隐喻阐释○姜媛媛(安徽财经大学外国语学院,安徽 蚌埠 233030)[摘 要] 习语是使用该语言的整个民族智慧的结晶,是语言的浓缩,体现了人们的认知方式,具有承传性。本文介绍了习语的相关定义,并从概念隐喻的角度对习语进行了分析,证明了习语的意义的理据性。[关键词] 习语; 认知; 概念隐喻中图分类号: H313. 3 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 1672 - 8610 (2009) 03 - 0085 - 03习语是语言的瑰宝,是语言的精华,作为语言艺术的精华沉淀了大量的文化因素,体现着该语言文化的特点,是人民智慧的结晶。习语,也有人将其称之为成语或俗语。恰当地使用习语,可以使人们的表达更加精练、生动、形象,往往收到言简意赅的效果。习语的掌握水平往往被看做语言习得与否的重要标志之一。习语还是语言信息功能和美学功能的有机结合,因此有必要对习语进行更多的研究。传统上人们认为习语的意义是不可分析的,是“死喻”,强调其意义的任意性。本文将从概念隐喻的角度对英汉习语进行分析,并认为习语意义是有理据的,是与人们的认知经验密切相关的。一、习语的内涵及外延习语,英语称为idioms,从广义说来看,习语是在长期的语言实践过程中形成且久经沿用的特殊固定词组或语句,包括成语、谚语、俗语、箴言、格言、惯用语等语言单位。(一)汉语习语汉语中的习语俯拾皆是,且多半是四字格成语。就本质而言,这种“四字格成语”就是习语,无非是我们中国人的习惯说法而已[ 1 ]。因此,我们可以将汉语中的习语与成语一词看作同一概念。根据《现代汉语》的解释,成语是“人们长期以来习用的,形式简洁而意思精辟的定型的词组或短句。汉语的成语大多由四个字组成”。例如: 水深火热、一箭双雕。当然,汉语习语或成语也不止“四字格成语”,还包括像“戴高帽”、“穿小鞋”之类的三字格熟语,歇后语如:孔夫子搬家———尽是书(输) ,谚语如:巧妇难为无米之炊。(二)英语习语Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of CurrentEnglish (1974)把idiom分为两义:( 1 ) language of a peop le or country, specificcharacter of this.一个民族或国家的语言,这种语言的特殊之点。(2) ( gram) succession of words whose meaning isnot obvious through knowledge of the individual mean2ings of the constituent words but must be learnt as awhole. [语法]连串之词表示整体意义而不表示各单个意义者。如give way (退让,不能支持) , in order to (为了) , be hard put to (为难,陷入困境)等。以上两义只有第二义相当于成语。二、传统与认知语言学派对习语的观点(一)传统语言学派对习语的观点在语言学家、心理学家对习语的研究中,习语的可分析性占有非常突出的地位。持不可分析性观点(K·vecses, Szabo称之为“传统观点”[ 2 ] )的人认为习语的语义是一个不可分割的统一体,其语义已无法从构成习语的各个词的语义中推测出来,而各个词在组合中也相应丧失了它们原来在语义上的独立性,这类习语被称之为无理据习语。传统观点还认为习语是一种“死喻”( dead metaphor) ,是约定俗成的习惯用法,由于习语意义的不可分析性使得习语成为语言学习过程中的一块绊脚石。然而,这种传统观点正逐渐受到挑战。以Carter和McCarthy 为代表的传统观点认为,习语只是一种纯语言现象,主张从词汇、句法及篇章特点等语言层面来进行分析。可以看出,传统观倾向于将习语的认知置于纯语言层次,认为习语是独立于人的概念系统及常规只是— 85 —语文学刊 2009年第3期之外的,忽视了习语研究的认知本质。(二)认知视角下的习语认知语言学对语言的任意性提出了疑问,认为语言的共性说明语言不完全是任意的,而是受到认知环境、生活环境、认知能力和社会环境的制约,在很大程度上是有理据的。尽管语言符号在基本范畴等级上、在不可分析为更小单位的词素上有一定的任意性,或者有些已经丧失了理据,但是在构成上位或下属范畴的词语或词组及在构成更大的语言单位短语和句子的过程中是有动因的、有理据的、可论证的。只是其动因和理据不在于语言形式直接反映外部世界的事物,而是反映人对世界的认知方式,即语言形式相对于人的认知结构来说不是任意的。语言是由人的认知、社会文化及其语用因素促动的符号系统作为语言一个重要部分的习语亦是如此[ 3 ]。鉴于传统观点对习语研究的局限性,认知语言学家对习语从认知的角度进行了研究。在下文中我们将从概念隐喻的角度对其进行进一步的介绍。三、习语的隐喻研究认知语言学认为,语言是受规则支配的体系,人们学习和掌握习语不能只靠单纯记忆、模仿,还应该尽量理解习语的隐喻概念,注意习语的组成成分与习语整体意义的内在联系,使自己具有创造性活用习语的能力。(一)概念隐喻理论基础概念隐喻就是两个认知域—源域和目的域—之间的映现和对应。源域( source category)多为人们熟悉的有形的具体概念和范畴, 而目的域( targetcategory)则多为陌生的抽象的难以定义的概念和范畴。例如,概念隐喻TIME IS MONEY中,MONEY是源域, TIME是目的域,源域所具有的特征通过隐喻概念传递给目的域,由此人们可以说“花时间”,“浪费时间”,“节约时间”。值得一提的是,一个隐喻概念也是通过不同的词语来表达,这些表达方式称为“隐喻表达”(meta2phorical exp ression) 。大量的证据表明概念隐喻存在于人们的认知体系之中。据Lakoff & Johnson统计,普通语言中, 70%以上的表达方式是源于概念隐喻。由此,他们提出日常生活中充满隐喻,隐喻“不仅是语言表达思想经济有效的手段,更重要的还是思维和认知的工具”[ 4 ]。Lakoff的概念隐喻给我们的启示是:人类的认知体系首先是一个充满隐喻性思维的体系,而思维过程中所示用的概念隐喻能以已知喻未知,以简单喻复杂,以具体喻抽象。那么,具体说来,概念隐喻是如何为一些习语提供语义理据的呢?(二)基于概念隐喻的习语认知推理The boss is up in arms about the company’s poorsales record in the past few years.该句中, to be up in arms的意义是通过源域概念“人通常会因情绪亢奋而举起双臂,抖动拳头”的实体意义映射到目的域“ANGER IS UP”的概念认识而被理解为to be angry,在这里,“ANGER IS UP”被称为概念隐喻,因而依据这一类似机制,下面各句中习语所体现的概念隐喻分别是:(1)Mrs. Smith sobbed her heart out at the newsof hermother’s HEART IS USED - UP RESOURCE: 听到母亲去世的消息史密斯太太哭得死去活来。(2) Intellectuals have certainly come up since theopen policy reformation. H IGH STATUS IS UP:改革开放以来,知识分子的社会地位无疑有了很大提高。( 3 ) The fire between them finally went IS FIRE:他们之间的爱火最终熄灭了。(4) The house changed hands many times. POS2SESSION IS HOLD ING SOMETH ING IN THE HAND:这幢房屋多次易主。上述例句说明,概念隐喻充当着两个彼此独立且截然不同的概念域之间的媒介,概念意义之间的关联是客观事物在人的认知领域里的联想。因此,解读“sobbed her hear out, come up, fire⋯ went out,changed hands”的意义要远比“used - up resource,high status, possession”等意义复杂。假如我们从概念隐喻所构成的思维体系与习语喻义之间的相互作用来分析习语,那么,理解这类习语自然以概念隐喻作为基础。另外,Barcelona指出概念结构是语言的心理体现,是词义运用的基础,是把语言和认知对应起来的中间层次[ 5 ]31 - 58。为了进一步揭示概念隐喻的认知表征,我们还可以从概念映射的动态过程着手,即概念结构的实体性对应与认知性对应加以对比分析。实体性对应是指源域和目的域中概念的静态意义对应。例如,习语“to sp it fire”的一般意义是“to be an2gry”,是根据概念隐喻ANGER IS F IRE一般概念结构得来的。认知性对应是人们运用了概念结构认识上的动态意义对应,是从一个认知领域到达另一个知识领域的隐喻思维过程中运用了推导。又如,为何习语“sp itting fire”和“smoke coming out of one’sears”的喻义为“more intense anger”,而不仅仅是“beangry”? 因为人们根据有关特定的概念隐喻知识,即“火变得浓烈而难以控制时是非常危险的”这一认识来解读“sp itting fire”和“smoke coming out ofone’s ears”的喻义。因此,人们很自然地在“fire”的概念结构上运用联想,把“fire”的特殊概念结构与人的情感变化关联起来得出了相同的结论:当怒气变得强烈且失去控制时同样也是非常危险的,而它的附加意义从“to be angry”到“to be becoming greatly— 86 —说文解字 姜媛媛/ 英汉习语的概念隐喻阐释angry”程度的不同变化,则是根据源域“fire”和目的域“anger”的认知性对应得出。多数情况下决定一个习语的一般意义,即习语所涉及的概念时习语里所使用的概念隐喻的源域和目的域之间的认知性对应。所以,在解释习语的认知性隐喻方面,我们发现后者要比前者更为复杂。以上是用概念隐喻分析英语习语的语义理解。汉语习语的语义也可以用概念隐喻解释。下面我们来分析一下汉语四字格习语“如胶似漆”。在这一习语中,我们只看到“胶”、“漆”这两个源域,而目标域却没有在习语中出现。那么,汉民族是如何将两个源域映射到目标域上去的? 我们知道,“胶”和“漆”都具有黏附力,两者结合无疑表示很强的粘固性。但是黏附必然会牵涉两个事物之间的关系:粘与被粘。换言之,有粘的事物就必然具有被粘的事物,两者之间的关系是相辅相成的。此外,该成语中“如”和“似”均是达至语言隐喻目的的标记词,说“如胶似漆”,肯定隐含着某事和某人“如胶似漆”。其次是依据汉语的共有知识( shared knowledge) ,“如胶似漆”常指人与人之间的关系。因此,对这一隐喻成语的解读首先是将“胶”和“漆”这两个源域整合在一起,再将已经整合的概念映射到事物与事物之间的关系这一目标域上,这样便得出一个新显结构:某人与某人之间的感情关系深厚,难舍难分。通过以上论述,我们可以看出,传统观点所认为的英汉习语意义的任意性、不可分析性是不成立的。英汉习语的意义是与我们的认知经验密切相关的。认识到这一点将有助于我们今后正确地理解和使用英汉习语。【参考文献】[ 1 ]王文斌,姚俊. 汉英隐喻习语ICM和CB 的认知对比考察—以汉语的四字格隐喻习语为基础[ J ]. 外语与外语教学, 2004 (5).[ 2 ]K·vecses, Z. & Szabó, P. . Idioms: A view from cogni2tive linguistics[ J ]. App lied L inguistics, 1996 (3).[ 3 ]赵艳芳,认知语言学概论[M ]. 上海外语教育出版社,2001.[ 4 ]Lakoff, G &M. Johnson. MetaphorsWe L ive By[M ]. TheUniversity of Chicago Press, 1980.[ 5 ]Barcelona, A. . On the p lausibility of claiming a metonymicmotivation for concep tualmetaphor. InMetaphor andMeton2ymy at the Crossroads, ed[M ]. Mouton de Gruyter, 2000.(上接第68页)《广志》曰:“剥其上皮,色黄白,味似葡萄,甜而脆,亦饱人。”《广志》曰:“似‘鳖卵’,大而酸,以为醢和。”皮如玉色,滑而且美(在这个句子里,“而”字后面加了一个“且”字,但在句型的用法没有什么影响,算是一个变形。)2. (名词)如/似/若(名词) , (主谓短语)而(形容词) ,形容词表示所介绍事物的性质或状态。今鹿豆也,叶似大豆,根黄而香,蔓延生菲,似葍,茎粗,叶厚而长,有毛3. (主谓短语)如/似/若(名词) , (形容词)而(形容词) ,两个形容词表示所介绍事物的性质或状态。子大如拇指,长而锐,有似羊角,名’羊角蕉’,味最甘好。实白如肪,甘而多汁。4. 两个“(名词)如/似/若(名词) ”连用。枇杷,叶似栗,子似蒳,十十而丛生。五、句型分析总结“如/似/若”和“而”连用句式最早出现在什么时期,在《要术》以后的时代里它的发展状况又是如何,限于本文的篇幅,笔者将会在以后的文章中进行更深一层的探讨。因为,笔者在准备本文的过程中,隐约发现,在之前的《山海经》中,这种句式已经大量出现了,说明它的出现的时间上限还应该不晚于那个时代。另外,笔者还从本文分析中发现,这种句式在介绍事物类型的著作中出现的频率可能更高一些,也有待于日后研究。可以肯定的是,《齐民要术》行文和引文中“如/似/若”和“而”连用句式的大量运用,说明这种句式在《齐民要术》的成书时代已经是非常的成熟了。【参考文献】[ 1 ] (北魏)贾思勰. 齐民要术·附杂说[M ]. 中华书局, 1985.[ 2 ]汪维辉,试论《齐民要术》的语料价值[ J ]. 古汉语研究,2004 (4).[ 3 ]古汉语常用字字典(1998年版) [M ]. 商务印书馆, 2000.— 87 —语文学刊 2009年第3期