毕业论文thesis[英][ˈθi:sɪs][美][ˈθisɪs]n.论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题; 复数：theses易混淆单词：THESIS例句: completed his doctorate in 1999 with his thesis on the technical subject of structural design. 1999年，朱竞翔获得博士学位，博士论文写的是结构设计的技术问题。 is a beguilingly simple thesis, one particularly attractive to the western business executives who have joinedthe china gold rush. 但这是一个具有欺性的简单论点，对参与中国淘金浪潮的西方企业高管尤其有吸引力。 have a grand new thesis of the emerging markets. 我们现在得出了一套全新的新兴市场理论。 question now is whether the overstretch thesis was wrong or simply premature. 目前问题是，过度扩张说是错误命题还是只是言之过早。 thesis is that women still do so badly at work mainly because we are not ambitious enough. 书的主题是：女性的工作表现仍如此糟糕，主要是因为我们不够有雄心。同义词：dissertation[英][ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn][美][ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]n.专题论文，学位论文; 学术演讲; essay[英][ˈeseɪ][美][ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse]n.散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验; vt.尝试; 试验; 经常说的：English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
本科论文英语怎么说?“毕业论文”用英文怎么说？Graduationthesis毕业论文用英语怎么说？Graduationthesis"论文"用英语怎么说论文（Paper）或：dissertation（论文）或：thesis（论文）经常说的：）~Englishdissertation(英语论文)Graduationthesis(毕业论文)本科毕业论文英语怎么翻译Howwillputacrossyougradua激ionthesisandthe(thesis)oraldefense?毕业论文用英语怎么说一般用thesis博士论文dissertation本科论文的"导师"英语怎么表达?通常有：supervisormentortutormentor是比较常用我想问一下，毕业论文后面写的已发表论文，状态里面，英文怎么表达？比如Accepted等等。10分submitted:就是这篇文章已经提交给期刊，但还没有得到任何答复，还完全有被拒收的可能；underreview:就是文章进入评审阶段，一般提交给期刊的文章先要经过期刊助手对文章结构，字数等技术性检查，合格的话才送交主编，由主编邀请评审专家初审。underreview表明主编已经将论文送审了，结果仍未知；majorrevision:文章需要大改，一般情况下如果（2-3位中）1位评审专家对文章提出一些尖锐、负面的意见，而另几位的意见比较正面，则主编往往会要求作者进行大改动；至此，文章还是有被接受的可能，但要看改动后的文章是否让评审专家或主编满意；minorrevision:小改动，至此文章被接受的可能已经达90%，只需要对文中小的差错进行修改即可接受；accepted：完全接受，但离出版印刷发行还有段时间；earlyonline(oronlineready):已经完全定型的文章还需要排队印刷发行，这个过程有的期刊会很长，1-2年，earlyonline或onlineready就是先将文章在网上发布出来，供读者阅读。这时的文章doi号码已经有，也可以引用，但还没有正式的卷号，期号及页码；published:最后印刷出版了本科毕业论文摘要还需要用英语翻译吗？您好，根据我上学的时候帮各种人写毕业论文的经验来看。每个学校的规定都不一样，这个问题需要咨询一下你们的指导老师，或者看一下你们学校下发的毕业论文的格式规范。有的学校需要，有的不需要。所以，需要看你们学校的规定。英语本科毕业论文怎么写？？可以到淘宝网搜索店铺：职称毕业论文写作服务论文下载店老板人很热情的，是辽宁阜新的。我的同学都是在他那里下载或者写为什么本科论文前面要写一段英文英文是文章的摘要，方便英文使用者搜索到你的文章。如果你的文章写得好，被国外的人引用不是更好么。。。为什么叫做装。。。
He was awarded his PhD for a thesis on industrial robots.
他凭一篇研究工业机器人的论文获得博士学位。
Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.
请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的`摘要。
Your thesis wouldn't get across if you used too many technical terms in it.
如果你用了过多的专门术语，你的论文就不会被人理解。
He is writing his doctoral thesis in electrical engineering.
他在写关于电气工程学的博士论文。
本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式
论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。以下是我精心整理的本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式
一、要求
1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式
1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去（见原文）（空一行，字体同正文）。
5、原文中出现的'专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
三、毕业论文设计外文翻译的内容要求
外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
外文翻译要求：
1、外文资料与毕业设计(论文)选题密切相关，译文准确、质量好。
2、阅读2篇幅以上(10000字符左右)的外文资料，完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译
3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供，外文资料原则上应是外国作者。严禁采用专业外语教材文章。
4、排序：“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。插图内文字及图名也译成中文。
5、标题与译文格式(字体、字号、行距、页边距等)与论文格式要求相同。
下页附：外文翻译与原文参考格式
英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)
外文原文出处：(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍，译文后附上外文原文)
毕业论文的英文翻译是thesis，音标是英 [ˈθi:sɪs] 美 [ˈθisɪs] 。
n.论文，毕业论文;论点，论题;命题
1、There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis.
他的论文缺乏实验证据的支持。
2、How well does this thesis stand up to close examination?
这个命题经得起推敲吗？
3、He has finished his thesis.
他的论文完成了。
4、She's finished writing her thesis.
她那篇论文写出来了。
5、Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.
请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的摘要。
The article has a clear-cut thesis and arguments, but lacks reasoning.
文章论点、论据鲜明，但缺乏论证。
A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B. A./B. S. in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法，.代表文学学士，.代表理学学士，***处填上专业。
毕业论文thesis[英][ˈθi:sɪs][美][ˈθisɪs]n.论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题; 复数：theses易混淆单词：THESIS例句: completed his doctorate in 1999 with his thesis on the technical subject of structural design. 1999年，朱竞翔获得博士学位，博士论文写的是结构设计的技术问题。 is a beguilingly simple thesis, one particularly attractive to the western business executives who have joinedthe china gold rush. 但这是一个具有欺性的简单论点，对参与中国淘金浪潮的西方企业高管尤其有吸引力。 have a grand new thesis of the emerging markets. 我们现在得出了一套全新的新兴市场理论。 question now is whether the overstretch thesis was wrong or simply premature. 目前问题是，过度扩张说是错误命题还是只是言之过早。 thesis is that women still do so badly at work mainly because we are not ambitious enough. 书的主题是：女性的工作表现仍如此糟糕，主要是因为我们不够有雄心。同义词：dissertation[英][ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn][美][ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]n.专题论文，学位论文; 学术演讲; essay[英][ˈeseɪ][美][ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse]n.散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验; vt.尝试; 试验; 经常说的：English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
Graduation thesis或Graduation paper
用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器A Wireless Controller for Parallel Inverters in Distributed Online UPS SystemsJosep M. Guerrero', Luis Garcia de Vicufia", Jose Matas'*, Jaume Miret", and Miguel Castilla". Departament #Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automatica i Informhtica Industrial. Universitat Polithica de CatalunyaC. Comte d'Urgell, -Barcelona. Spain. Email: .. Departament #Enginyeria Electrbnica. Universitat Polit6cnica de CatalunyaAV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. SpainAbsiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnectedonline-UPS inverters without control wireinterconnections is presented. The wireless control technique isbased on the well-known droop method, which consists inintroducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order toshare properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop methodhas been widely used in applications of load sharing betweendifferent parallel-connected inverters. However, this methodhas several drawbacks that limited its application, such as atrade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharingaccuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phasedeviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable themethod in online-UPS systems, since in this case every modulemust be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome theselimitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to theparalleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictlyfrequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, andexcellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental resultsare reported confirming the validity of the proposed . INTRODUCTIONThe parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible PowerSupplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supplycritical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and poweravailability are required. In the last years, many controlschemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democraticcontrol [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have beenappeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], orthe distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes needcontrol interconnections between modules and, hence, thereliability of the system is reduced since they can be a sourceof noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wireslimited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].In this sense, several control techniques has been proposedwithout control interconnections, such as the droop this method, the control loop achieves good power sharingmaking tight adjustments over the output voltage frequencyand amplitude of the inverter, with the objective tocompensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].This concept is derived from the power system theory, inwhich the frequency of a generator drops when the powerdrawn to the utility line increases [8].0-7803-7906-3/03/$ 02003 IEEE. 1637However, this control approach has an inherent trade-offbetween voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requireslow-pass filters to calculate the average value of the activeand reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics ofthe whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristicsof these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations ofthe output voltage amplitude and , when active power increases, the droopcharacteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominalvalue and, consequently, it results in a variable phasedifference between the mains and the inverter output fact can be a problem when the bypass switch mustconnect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead ofits phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented inorder to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractiveUPS systems. The first one is to locate a particularmodule near the bypass switch, which must to synchronizethe output voltage to the mains while supporting overloadcondition before switch on. The second possibility is to waitfor the instant when phase matching is produced to connectthe , the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to aparallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer timeought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modulesmust be always synchronized with the mains when it ispresent. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transferdirectly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in caseof overload or failure [lo].In our previous works [11][12], we proposed differentcontrol schemes to overcome several limitations of theconventional droop method. However, these controllers bythemselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme isproposed to parallel different online UPS modules with highperformance and restricted requirements. The controllerprovides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharingaccuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phasematching between the output-voltage and the utility , this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability andpower availability. Simulation and experimental results arereported, confirming the validity of this control . 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bust"Fig. 2. P-odraop . REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHODFig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connectedto a common bus through coupled impedance. When thisimpedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawnto the load can be expressed asEVcosQ - V2 Q=where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phaseangle between the output voltage of the inverter and thevoltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of theoutput voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage, the above equations it can be derived that the activepower P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltageamplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control ofparalleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,which introduces the following droops in the amplitude Eand the frequency U of the inverter output voltageu = w -mP (3)E = E ' - n Q , (4)being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitudeat no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficientsfor the frequency and amplitude, , a coupled inductance is needed between theinverter output and the critical bus that fixes the outputimpedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPSmodules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distortedwhen supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedanceis a pure is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,then good power sharing is achieved at the expense ofdegrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts thementioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation interms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, andsystem the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate theaverage value over one line-cycle of the output active andreactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented bymeans of low pass filters with a smaller bandwidth than thatof the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the powercalculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a largeextent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinvertersystem [ conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsicproblems to be applied a wireless paralleled-system ofonline UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharingaccuracy (active an4d reactive).2) Limited transient response. The system dynamicsdepends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,the droop coefficients, and the output of ac mains synchronization. The frequency andphase deviations, due to the frequency droop, makeimpracticable this method to a parallel-connectedonline UPS system, in which every UPS should becontinuously synchronized to the public ac )3)111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPSINVERTERSIn this work, we will try to overcome the above limitationsand to synthesize a novel control strategy withoutcommunication wires that could be appropriate to highperformanceparalleled industrial UPS. The objective is toconnect online UPS inverters in parallel without usingcontrol interconnections. This kind of systems, also namedinverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized tothe utility line. When an overload or an inverter failureoccurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line tothe load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed onlineUPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utilitybus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and thesecure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. Theinterface between these buses is based on a number of onlineUPS modules connected in parallel, which providescontinuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modulesinclude a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a staticbypass ac mainsutility busI I Ij distributed loads !Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS /I 4(4Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failureThe main operation modes of a distributed online UPS1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, fromthe utility through the distributed UPS ) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, theUPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from thebatteries, without operation: When an overload situation occurs,the bypass switch must connect the critical busdirectly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee thecontinuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damageof the UPS this reason, the output-voltage waveform should besynchronized to the mains, when this last is are listed below (see Fig. 5):3)Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droopmethod can not satisfy the need for synchronization with theutility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, whichprovokes a phase obtain the required performance, we present a transientP-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,proposed previously by OUT in [ 111w=o -mP (5)where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,which is done by. -I t -1sP= p ,( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )being zthe time constant of the transient droop transient droop function ensures a stable frequencyregulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the sametime, achieves active power balance by adjusting thefrequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, toadjust the phase of the modules we propose an additionalsynchronizing loop, yieldingo=w'-m%k,A$, (7)where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and themains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequencyadjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can beobtained by measuring the utility line second term of the previous equality trends to zero insteady state, leading tow = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverterand the utility mains, into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain thenext differential equation, which is stable fork, positived$ *dt dt- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency willdecrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will besynchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawnto the . CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATIONFig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposedcontroller. The average active power P , without the dccomponent, can be obtained by means of multiplying theoutput voltage by the output current, and filtering the product........................................................................................io",.LSj'nchronirorion loop.......................................................................................Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the averagereactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltagemust be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequencymains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient activepower signal term; and the phase difference term, whichis added in order to synchronize the output voltage with theac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltageamplitude is regulated by using the conventionaldroop method (4).Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided byusing a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists inemulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the outputvoltage proportionally to the time derivative of the outputcurrent. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highordercurrent-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltageTHD. This can be easily solved by using a high-passfilter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance canreduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedanceimpact over the power sharing . SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTSThe proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulatedwith the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shownin Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. Thecoefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,phase difference between the modules and the utility line,and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note theexcellent synchronization between the modules and theACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...... ..........................B...u...n...... ................................... iFig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharingobtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller tothe online UPS paralleled I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order toshow the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPSinverter consisted of a single-phase IGBT full-bridge with aswitching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, withthe following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters werebased on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PIcontroller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharingcontroller, based on (4) and (7). The last controllerwas implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from TexasInstruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in TableI. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order tosynchronize the inverter with the common bus. When thisoccurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbasedcontrol is 7 Wa\cfc)rms for , ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#>dth e ai mum(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPSNote that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ THE PARALLELESDYS Order I IFilter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I ragsFig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of theUPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallelwithout load. Notice that a small reactive current is circlingbetween the modules, due to the measurement , a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connectedsuddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharingof the paralleled system when sharing a . 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of Bcommon nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:5 Mdiv.).VI. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnectedonline UPS systems, was proposed. The controlleris based on the droop method, which avoids the use ofcontrol interconnections. In a sharp contrast with theconventional droop method, the controller presented is ableto keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictlysynchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaininggood load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact letus to extend the droop method to paralleled online the other hand, the proposed controller emulates aspecial kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physicalcoupled inductance. results reported here show theeffectiveness of the proposed approach.
花点钱找个翻译公司吧。百度上很难找到有专业背景的，翻译的东西没法用，都是让歪果仁翻白眼儿的译文。
The design of a Tianjin chemical fiber textile factory power supply systemAbstractThis design aims to through to Tianjin, a chemical fiber textile factory for distribution system design allows designers to understand the design process of the power supply system of industrial enterprises and basic skills, in the design process not only to deepen the understanding of power supply and distribution of the technology, training of theoretical knowledge of flexible application ability. Design process including: load calculation, scheme demonstration, short circuit calculation, equipment selection, reactive power compensation and the distribution of the design etc.. The sewage treatment plant for secondary load, two power supply into line, plant a total of two step-down substation (35KV/10KV). 10KV/).Because of the power supply power factor greater than , so the compensation in low voltage side capacitor to meet requirements of. The current through the load calculation andthe calculation of the short-circuit point selection of equipment, so as to meet therequirements. In the design process of the safety and reliability of power supply system are fully considered, and strive to make the economy R & D center building electrical designAbstractThe design for the electrical design of a Suzhou R & D center building. Electrical design follow the civil architectural electrical design code (jgj16-2008), and in accordance with the current national standard and standard. According to the size and functional demand of construction, query specification, the building belongs to the high-rise civil buildings, building category for a class of construction, the fire resistance rating for a level, the lightning protection level for secondary and general lighting with three load power supply, fire power and the important load with a load power supply, the connection of the low voltage distribution system protection system design using lightning protection building electrical design includes two parts: the design of power system and the weak system design. These include high voltage low voltage power distribution design, lighting system design, lightning protection and grounding system design; weak part including fire protection system design and cable TV system design, design of a telephone system, network system design, security system design. Design should be according to the construction scale, the use requirement and design principle, calculated according to the technical specifications, and wire and the equipment selection, so as to meet the economic rationality and energy conservation requirements, ensure the power supply reliability.
为您解答如下：天津某化纤毛纺厂供电系统设计 摘 要 本设计旨在通过对天津某化纤毛纺厂供配电系统的设计使设计者了解掌握工业企业供电系统的设计过程及其基本技能，在设计过程中不但加深了对供配电这门技术的理解，还培养了对理论知识灵活应用能力。设计过程包括：负荷计算、方案论证、短路计算、设备选择、无功补偿及变配电所的设计等。此污水处理厂为二级负荷，有两路电源进线，厂区内共设两个降压变电所（35KV/10KV）.（10KV/）。因供电电源要求功率因数大于，因此通过在低压侧加电容进行补偿使之达到要求。通过负荷计算和对各短路点的电流计算选择设备，使之满足要求。在设计过程中充分考虑了供电系统的可靠性与安全性，并力求使之经济合理。关键词：变电所；变压器；负荷计算；短路计算；照度计算；功率补偿苏州某研发中心大楼电气设计摘 要 本设计为苏州某研发中心大楼的电气设计。电气设计遵循《民用建筑电气设计规范》（JGJ16-2008），并符合国家现行的其他规范和标准。根据建筑的规模大小和功能需求，查询规范知，该建筑属于高层民用建筑，建筑类别为一类建筑，耐火等级为一级，防雷等级为二级，一般照明采用三级负荷供电，消防用电和重要负荷采用一级负荷供电,低压配电系统的接线方式采用TN-C-S。防雷系统设计采用避雷网。该建筑电气设计包括两部分：强电系统设计和弱电系统设计。其中强电部分包括低压配电设计、照明系统设计、防雷与接地系统设计；弱电部分包括消防系统设计、有线电视系统设计、电话系统设计、网络系统设计、安防系统设计。设计中要根据建筑的规模、使用要求及设计原则，计算得出相应的技术指标，并进行导线及设备的选型，使之满足经济合理性及节能要求，保证供电的可靠性。关键词：低压配电；照明；消防；防雷与接地Tianjin a certain chemical fiber woolen mill power supply system design Pick to This design aims to through the design of a certain chemical fiber woolen mill power supply system in tianjin to designers to grasp the design process of industrial enterprise power supply system and its basic skills, in the design process not only deepened the understanding of power supply this technology, and train the ability of the flexible application of theoretical knowledge. The design process include: load calculation, short circuit calculation, equipment selection, project demonstration, reactive power compensation and distribution design, etc. The sewage treatment plant as the secondary load, there are two way power supply into line, the factory have two step-down substation (35 KV / 10 KV). (10 KV / KV). Because of the power supply for power factor more than , so through in low voltage side capacitance compensation to meet the requirements. Through load calculation and selection for the current calculation of short-circuit point equipment, to meet the requirements. In the design process fully consider the security and reliability of power supply system, and strive to make economic sense. Key words: substation; Transformer; Load calculation; Short circuit calculation. Intensity of illumination computation; Power compensation A research and development center building electrical design in suzhou Pick to This design for a research and development center building electrical design in suzhou. Electrical design follow the civil construction electrical design specification (JGJ16-2008), and other specifications and conform to the current national standards. According to the scale of construction and the function demand, query, the building belongs to the high-rise civil buildings, category for a class of buildings, fire resistance rating for level 1, level of lightning protection for the secondary, general lighting use level 3 load power supply, fire power and important load using level load power supply, the connection mode of low-voltage distribution system adopts TN - C - S. With lightning protection network in lightning protection system design. The building electrical design includes two parts: the high voltage system design and the weak current system design. High-voltage electrical parts including low-voltage distribution design, lighting system design, lightning protection and grounding system design; Elv part includes the fire protection system design, cable television system design, telephone system, network system design, security system design. Design according to the size of the building, use requirement and design principles, calculation of the technical indicators, and wire and equipment type selection, make it meet the requirements of economic rationality and energy conservation, to ensure the reliability of power supply. Key words: low-voltage distribution; Lighting; The fire; Lightning protection and grounding . -----------------------------------如有疑问欢迎追问！满意请点击右上方【选为满意回答】按钮
Abstract:Since ChinaUniversityEnrollment began inthe latenineteen ninties,college students employment difficult problemarose,in recent years,decreasedinitial employmentrate of university graduates,supply and demand ratiois increased,the employment situation is not optimistic,receivedwidespread attention from all sectors of society,the employment problem ofuniversity studentshas become one ofthe most last outbreak of the financialcrisis sweeping the globe,so that morecollege students employmentdifficult,this paper analyzesthe employment situation of university studentsfrom many aspects,in order tolet the studentsunderstand the currentsocial situation,the employment problemand thus a better solutionKeywords:Reason and Countermeasuresof difficult employment for University StudentsThe characteristics ofthe largestemployment of college students isthe totalincrease ingraduates,high,andemployment situation ofwhole andnot improved the status quois contradictory,the difficult employment of college studentshasbecome an indisputable fact,investigate its reason,mainly is thedislocation oftalent supply andmarket demand,and thegraduates'Comprehensive toimprove the quality of personnel training,is the key tosolvethe difficult problem ofemployment of university students difficult employmentsituationoftalent gapsolution
1.我们以一篇论文摘要为例。 打开智能翻译官,在首页三大板块中点击【文档翻译】。
2.点击【选择文件】,从电脑中选中文件(注意这篇文档里只放论文摘要部分),点击【打开】。
3.文件上传之后,看到翻译语种选择,设置为【简体中文】转换【英语】,点击右下角【立即翻译】。
百度翻译
适用场景：长/短文献
写英文摘要对很多人来说是一件非常痛苦的事，这时候不妨把中文文档上传到【百度翻译】，立马就能得到中英对照的翻译结果。
下载的时候可免费导出Word格式的文档，二次修改很方便~PS:百度翻译不支持上传PDF格式，需要转换成Word格式哦。
As the degree of air pollution in recent years China's increasing severity, people began to realize that the atmospheric pollution hazards and began to reflect, to environmental damage from extensive mode for the cost of economic development has not been able to continue. The atmospheric environment if continue to be very serious pollution, the development of human society will cause inestimable losses. Change the mode of economic growth, control of air pollution, protect the atmospheric environment is imminent. Taking Xinle city as an example, through the data collected from Xinle City, the current pollution situation is very serious, at the same time, according to people in the past on air pollution control experience combined with the local reality put forward the view of their own, starting from the legislative means, economic means, ideological education and so on, in order to provide suggestions for the to solve the problem of local air pollution.（毕业大学生真泛滥啊.............
Since ChinaUniversityEnrollment began inthe latenineteen ninties,college students employment difficult problemarose,in recent years,decreasedinitial employmentrate of university graduates,supply and demand ratiois increased,the employment situation is not optimistic,receivedwidespread attention from all sectors of society,college studentsemploymentproblem has become one ofthe most last outbreak of the financialcrisis sweeping the globe,so that morecollege students employmentdifficult,this paper analyzesthe employment situation of university studentsfrom many aspects,in order tolet the studentsunderstand the currentsocial situation,the employment problemand thus a better solution补充：The characteristics ofthe largestemployment of college students isthe totalincrease ingraduates,high,andemployment situation ofwhole andnot improved the status quois contradictory,the difficult employment of college studentshasbecome an indisputable fact,investigate its reason,mainly is thedislocation oftalent supply andmarket demand,and thegraduates'Comprehensive toimprove the quality of personnel training,is the key tosolvethe difficult problem ofemployment of university students.
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论，欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。其实，完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的，完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物，比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等，都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见，这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
Mathematics as a basic science, and in many areas have greatly applications. Pupils mainly through the classroom lectures way of learning mathematics. Thus, improving efficiency, guiding pupils class pupils master class of effective methods in the course of mathematical teaching played an important role. This subject mainly from the students' own physiology characteristic, psychological characteristics, in order to find out the primary school class efficiency mathematical influence factors, which provide study mathematics class effectively methods, to improve the efficiency and math pupils class study results. Topics will use the questionnaire investigation, interview and data access method, through the study, eventually got primary school mathematics classes of the efficiency of the effect of several major factors: the study manner, teachers' teaching situation, listening skills and other factors.
英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，各有各自的表达方式。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 英汉翻译中的翻译症 摘要：英汉翻译的过程中。存在着翻译症这一诟病。文章首先介绍了翻译症。然后通过分析翻译过程中理解、表达、审校三个阶段翻译症的一些表现形式。总结出翻译症的根源，最后提出了相应的防范措施。 关键词：英汉翻译;翻译症 一、什么是翻译症 英汉翻译把英语表达的意思用汉语表达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明的目的，译文的基本标准一般为“忠实而通顺”。所谓的忠实指的是译文要忠实于原作的思想内容和并且尽量保持原作的风格;在忠实的基础上译文还应该修辞正确、逻辑合理、语言精简、文理通顺，即所谓的通顺。 由于英汉两种语言文化背景不一，行文结构与遣词造句的习惯也相去甚远，语际转换不可避免地产生一些矛盾。翻译的过程其实就是这种矛盾不断妥协的过程。著名学者、翻译家余光中将其形象地概括为“比如英文译成中文，既不许西风压倒东风，变成洋腔洋调的中文，也不许东风压倒西风，变成油腔滑调的中文”。但在英汉翻译实际操作的过程中由于英语的先入为主，矛盾对峙的结果往往一不小心西风就压倒了东风，译出来的文字便“不中不西，非驴非马，似通非通、诘屈聱牙”;让人看起来“看起来碍眼、听起来逆耳、说起来拗口”。尤今・奈达在《翻译理论与实践》提到了这种现象，专门造了一个词――translationese。翻译症不但严重影响译文的质量，而且会影响汉语语言的纯洁性，不利于汉语语言的健康发展。 二、探寻翻译症的原因 英汉翻译是一项及其复杂的工作，理解、表达、审校三个翻译阶段，任何一个阶段处理不好都可能导致翻译症的发生。 一理解阶段 理解的过程就是对原文进行语言分析比如词汇、语法结构等、语境分析上下文含义、篇章语体结构等，并力求透彻领会文字所承载的文化内涵，了解相关的背景知识，有时需要具备一定的生活常识。 例1：Galileo’s greatest glory was thatin 1609 he WaS the first person to turn thenewly invented telescope 0n the heavens toprove that the planet revolve around the sunratherthanaroundthe earth. 原译：伽利略最大的荣耀是他在1609年第一个把新发现的望远镜对准了天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳运转，而不是围绕地球寻转。 分析：翻译只理解了原文的表层意思，机械地将glory理解为“最大的荣耀”，导致最终的译文令人费解。翻译时如果只考虑原文的表层意思，简单地依照字面意思理解，结果往往言不达意。通过例1的上下文可以看出，它指的是伽利略借助科学手段第一次用试验的方法证实了行星围绕太阳运转这一事迹。原文的正确译法为“伽利略最光耀的业绩在于，他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准了天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳运转，而不是围绕地球运转”。 例2：It doesn’t matter to me as longaS I get something between my rids and mybackbone. 原译：没有关系，只要有点东西放在我的肋骨和脊骨之间就行了。 改译：没有关系，吃点东西，填填肚子就行了。 分析：人的肋骨和脊骨之间是胃，getsomething between onffs rids and my back-bone等价于get something to eat。这是一种非常幽默的说法，英美人喜欢幽默，翻译时要学会理解他们的幽默感。由于中英文化的差异，如果直接按照源语理解，往往语义不通，不合逻辑，不知所云，败坏读者的阅读兴趣。 二表达阶段 表达是翻译的重心，在这一过程中，除了正确理解原文这一前提外，还要依赖于对目的语的修养程度和对这两种语言的把握。 例1：The students in a cluster and lifttheirhandswhentheirnames are called. 译文：学生们站在一起，当他们的名字被叫到时，就举举手。 分析：译文显得不够流畅。英语属于形合语言，句中的词语或分句之间需要功能词加以连线，而汉语属于意合语言，词语或者分句之间往往不需要词语来连线。所以在进行英汉翻译时，原文中诸如连词、代词、介词之类的功能词，往往需要略去不译。英汉翻译时，如果漠视这种差异，见when就译成“当……时候”，每遇修饰语就用“的”处理，将导致翻译僵化，翻译症严重。 例2：And it iS imagined by many thatthe operations of the mon mind Can beby no means pared with these processes，and that they have to be acquiredby a sortof special training， 原译：它被许多人想象成这样子：普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学的思维过程相比，这个思维过程必须经过专门训练才能掌握。 分析：例2将“itisimagined”的被动结构机械照搬，译文“它被许多人想象成这样子”读起来别扭。译者忽略了英汉两种语言表达习惯的差异，汉语比英语更习惯于用主动语态。这种情况如果不采用一定的变通手段，化被动为主动，而是刻意忠实于原文的表层形式，译文就显得不地道。 例3：I have sought love，first，becauseit brings ecstasy-1 would have sacrificed allthe restoflife for afewhours of this joy， 原译：我追逐过爱，首先因为爱能带来狂喜――我宁愿牺牲我所有的余生来换取这片刻的幸福。 分析：可以改译为“我追逐过爱，首先因为爱能带来狂喜――我宁愿倾我一生来换取这片刻的幸福”。由于语言结构体系的不同，英语语言具有相当的清晰性、分析性和逻辑性，而汉语则模糊性、跳跃性和圆融性见长。如果忽视了这种特点，认为中文不够精确，不够科学，而在翻译的过程中，一味地借助一些词加以规范，向英文考虑，译文往往不伦不类，适得其反。仔细分析一下，“我所有的余生”并不比“我的一生”精确多少，而且汉语中的余生常指老年人的晚年，或者大难后侥幸保全的性命，这和原文的意思想去甚远。 例4：It is as significant as a game ofcricket， 原译：这件事如同板球赛一样重要。 分析：很多人都认为这个译文“息有”翻译症，其实不然。是不是患有翻译症，有时关键还要看翻译的目的和接受者是谁。如果接收者文化水平不高或对“板球赛”不甚了解，那么这种表达肯定很难理解。但在英国板球是人们最热衷的运动，板球赛是男女老少都关注的事，所以有时这样的异化翻译还能更好地传达异国风格。 三审校阶段 审校是初步译好原文后，进一步全面查实工作的一个后期阶段。译者细致地通读译文草稿不仅可以对内容的忠实性、问题的切实性、译语的可读性进行甄别、查证、修改、点定，还可以进一步解决理解、表达阶段尚无定论的问题。纽马克主张，译者应根据文字的难以程度，花费翻译所用时间的50-70%来审校自己的译文。 通过以上对翻译各阶段中翻译症的一些表现形式的分析可以看出，尽管翻译症产生的原因从根本上说还是上述三个阶段综合作用的结果：理解阶段未透彻理解原文、表达时片面强调忠实，从形式上照搬原文而忽视汉语的遣词造句特征，审校工作不认真。 三、如何减少、避免翻译症 一篇中求句，句中求字 1、吃透原文。对原文的理解不能见字不见句，只见树木不见树林，需要结合其篇章语境、情景语境和社会语境。此外，对英汉两种语言在体系、文化背景、思维习惯上存在相当大的差异，译者一定要增强责任心，从开始阶段就要摈弃不求甚解、得过且过的作风。 2、用汉语的思维和表达再现原文。在透彻、准确表达原文的基础上，应摆脱英文的字面束缚，充分考虑英汉语言在表达形态上的种种差异，用汉语的思维和表达方式重构译文。 二要掌握合理的翻译技巧 科学合理的翻译技巧可短时间减少翻译症的发生。 首先要把握合理的翻译标准尺度。翻译症的发生就是翻译标准走了极端。忠实和通顺是一个矛盾统一体的两个方面，一定要统筹兼顾，把握好尺寸。 其次要灵活运用转性、变态、增补、省略等多种翻译手法，以达到变中求信、变中求顺的目的。 三养成良好的审校习惯 审校是翻译的一个重要环节，译者一定要谨慎，切实把好这一关。建议译者最好放一段时间再来重新审查自己的译文，如果还不行，可以寻求他人帮助。 四、结论 翻译既是一门有一定规律可循的科学，也是一门有限制性的艺术创作。要从根本上避免翻译症的发生，还需提高译者的综合素质，尤其是语言素质。要广泛阅读，扩大知识面。不但从汉语名著中获取营养，还要适当进行一些英美文学名著明译的对照阅读。同时，翻译也是一门技能，可以通过讲授或实践学习获得，因此理论的学习和笔耕不辍的练习是减少翻译症必不可少的手段。 篇2 探讨英汉翻译技巧 摘 要：英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，各有各自的表达方式。日常生活中会遇到这样的情况，某人英语很好，能看能说，但是下不了笔，译出的东西词不达意，逻辑不通，语法混乱，洋腔洋调。对翻译的方法缺少必要的了解。了解常见的英汉翻译方法，通过翻译实践，发现两种语言之间的差异，有助于学习者更好的掌握英语。 关键词：英语翻译 教学 技巧 理解是翻译的前提，也是决定性的作用。若原文理解不对，译文再漂亮也是徒劳的。首先要了解翻译的过程，大致有三个环节：1、理解全文2、汉语表达3、核对润色。 一、理解全文 理解包括原文语法结构的理解和原文词义的理解。弄不清语法结构、不能准确的把握词义，是英汉翻译的两大“敌人”。英语语法结构通汉语相比更为严密，功能词远远多于汉语，英语句子是通过语法手段将词连线而成的。在翻译时，特别是翻译比较复杂的句子时，有必要对句子的语法成分和结构进行分析，掌握所涉及的语法知识。这样在翻译具体的语言专案时就能有明确的框架，便于安排。另一方面，英语中一词多义现象十分普遍，翻译时要依据各种资讯，结合上下文来确定词语在文中的具体的确切的意义。 二、汉语表达 汉语表达就是在理解的基础上用汉语将原文所表达的资讯传达出来。翻译时应该在吃透原文的基础上，站得远一些，摆脱原文的形式的束缚，灵活地用汉语将原文内容阐述明白。 三、核对润色 如果对原文缺乏深入的理解，翻译过程中就容易出错，受原文用词与结构的影响，汉语表达中容易出现英语式的汉语，译文读起来洋腔洋调。因此，翻译完成之后，必须认真检查核对，润色文字使译文忠实，通顺地表达原文的内容。将英语句子翻译成汉语，无非关系到两大要素词语和句子。 下面我们将重点研究一下英汉词语翻译和句子的翻译。首先，翻译表达的第一步是如何将英语的词语翻译成恰当的汉语词汇。几个大致的方法：确定词义、词类转换、增词法、重复法和减词法。 一确定词义 英语和汉语属于两种不同的语言，词汇差异较大。两种语言的词汇很难找到意义完全一一对应的。翻译时，首先要先确定词语在上下文中确切的含义。 1、利用上下文，确定词义：He is a hard-working student and all the teachers like him very much.他是个勤奋的学生，所有的老师都很喜欢他。 He is a student of physics and has published a lot of academic books.他是个物理专家，已经出版了很多部学术书籍。 英语中，student有两个意思，一个是“学生”，一个是“学者、专家”，而且两个词都是名词，翻译时就需要从上下文中来确定具体的词义。 2、根据语法知识，确定词义：He bought three books in English yesterday. 他昨天买了三本英语方面的书。 Tom booked two tickets last week.汤姆上周预定了两张票。 英语中，book可以作名词也可以作动词，但是两者意义差别很大。第一句中很显然是名词，应译为“书”;第二句中是动词，应译为“预定”。 二词类转换法 在进行英汉翻译时，不能简单的把名词译为名词，动词译为动词，是经常需要词类转换的。 1、英语名词转译成汉语动词：英语词汇中名词对，而汉语中动词多。在英汉翻译的时候，特别是翻译由动词派生出来的名词时，名词转换成动词的情况非常普遍。 The little child gave an imitation of his mother’s talking.这个小孩模仿他妈妈说话。 2、英语介词转译成汉语动词：英语中，介词的使用是非常频繁的，它们是用来表示词于词的语法关系，是组成语法结构的一种非常重要的“功能词”。汉语中许多介词是有动词虚化出来的，许多介词兼有动词的词性，因此在翻译的时候应正确处理这两类词。 The house is in repair.这个房子正在维修中。 3、英语形容词译成汉语动词：The following plan may bee available during the next decade.下列计划在10年间可能实现。 英汉翻译的过程中词类转化是比较灵活的，除了上面涉及到的几种情况外，其他词类间也是存在着相互转换的问题。翻译时要灵活运用。 三增词法 英汉翻译时，由于意义表达的需要或者汉语语法的要求，英汉翻译时，经常需要增加一定的词汇才能使译文表达的意义完整、准确、流畅。 1、英语中有许多抽象名词是由动词或形容词派生的，它们在汉语中的对等词同响应的动词和形容词几乎没有什么差别，在翻译时若把它们翻译成名词，有时就需要增词，是抽象名词的所指更具体些。 Her arrogance led to the failure of her first marriage. 他傲慢的态度导致第一次婚姻失败。 2、英语中，时态是靠动词的变化或通过增加助动词体现出来的，汉语中，时态多是由助动词或时间副词体现的，所以，在翻译的过程中经常需要增词。 Some measures has been taken,but without success. 已经采取了一些措施，但依然没有成功。 3、英语中，“数”的范畴是由名词数的语法形式体现出来的，而在汉语中，这一范畴基本上是由词汇手段来体现的，所以在翻译时，也经常需要增词。 In spite of the reasons, he still couldn’t escape critici *** . 尽管他有种种理由，但仍不能逃脱批评。