Teachers' teaching behaviors, including teachers of the aspects of teaching content, teaching organization, implementation method and small aspect is in words and deeds of teachers, teaching behavior and the relationship between the quality of classroom teaching is obvious. Proceeding from the classroom teaching behavior problems, affects the effect of classroom teaching, teaching conduct analysis of the current teaching behavior change trend, its purpose is to enhance the quality of classroom teaching differentiates the classroom behavior, and develop the defects, and practice.
Abstract:The behaviors(conducts)of teachers in instruction, on a larger scale embrace ways of orgainzaion in teaching's content along with meathods to carry out instruction, on a smaller scale, is performed in the words and deeds , therefore, the conducts teaching in class obviously correlate with the qulity of instruction in class. This article starts with the problems of teaching behaviours in class and thouroughly researched instruction conducts affecting the quality of teaching in class, analysing the transform trends of the conducts in instruction in class in order to distingush conducts in class improving the quality in teaching to avoiding flaws and put the theory into practice.
华文版本 Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW).HistoryCreationThe USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.[1][2] ARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. J. C. R. Licklider was selected to head the IPTO, and saw universal networking as a potential unifying human moved from the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University to MIT in 1950, after becoming interested in information technology. At MIT, he served on a committee that established Lincoln Laboratory and worked on the SAGE project. In 1957 he became a Vice President at BBN, where he bought the first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first public demonstration of the IPTO, Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to head a project to implement a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of Paul Baran,[citation needed] who had written an exhaustive study for the . Air Force that recommended packet switching (as opposed to circuit switching) to make a network highly robust and survivable. After much work, the first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected between UCLA and SRI International in Menlo Park, California, on October 29, 1969. The ARPANET was one of the "eve" networks of today's Internet. Following on from the demonstration that packet switching worked on the ARPANET, the British Post Office, Telenet, DATAPAC and TRANSPAC collaborated to create the first international packet-switched network service. In the UK, this was referred to as the International Packet Stream Service (IPSS), in 1978. The collection of networks grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. The packet switching standard was developed in the CCITT (now called ITU-T) around 1976. was independent of the TCP/IP protocols that arose from the experimental work of DARPA on the ARPANET, Packet Radio Net and Packet Satellite Net during the same time period. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the first description of the TCP protocols during 1973 and published a paper on the subject in May 1974. Use of the term "Internet" to describe a single global TCP/IP network originated in December 1974 with the publication of RFC 675, the first full specification of TCP that was written by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, then at Stanford University. During the next nine years, work proceeded to refine the protocols and to implement them on a wide range of operating first TCP/IP-wide area network was made operational by January 1, 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over from the older NCP protocols to TCP/IP. In 1985, the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned the construction of a university 56 kilobit/second network backbone using computers called "fuzzballs" by their inventor, David L. Mills. The following year, NSF sponsored the development of a higher-speed megabit/second backbone that became the NSFNet. A key decision to use the DARPA TCP/IP protocols was made by Dennis Jennings, then in charge of the Supercomputer program at opening of the network to commercial interests began in 1988. The US Federal Networking Council approved the interconnection of the NSFNET to the commercial MCI Mail system in that year and the link was made in the summer of 1989. Other commercial electronic e-mail services were soon connected, including OnTyme, Telemail and Compuserve. In that same year, three commercial Internet Service Providers were created: UUNET, PSINET and CERFNET. Important, separate networks that offered gateways into, then later merged with, the Internet include Usenet and BITNET. Various other commercial and educational networks, such as Telenet, Tymnet, Compuserve and JANET were interconnected with the growing Internet. Telenet (later called Sprintnet) was a large privately funded national computer network with free dial-up access in cities throughout the . that had been in operation since the 1970s. This network was eventually interconnected with the others in the 1980s as the TCP/IP protocol became increasingly popular. The ability of TCP/IP to work over virtually any pre-existing communication networks allowed for a great ease of growth, although the rapid growth of the Internet was due primarily to the availability of commercial routers from companies such as Cisco Systems, Proteon and Juniper, the availability of commercial Ethernet equipment for local-area networking and the widespread implementation of TCP/IP on the UNIX operating uses of the InternetE-mailFor more details on this topic, see concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Even today it can be important to distinguish between Internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to World Wide WebMany people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web (or just the Web) interchangeably, but, as discussed above, the two terms are not World Wide Web is a huge set of interlinked documents, images and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. These hyperlinks and URLs allow the web servers and other machines that store originals, and cached copies, of these resources to deliver them as required using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). HTTP is only one of the communication protocols used on the services also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and products that can access the resources of the Web are correctly termed user agents. In normal use, web browsers, such as Internet Explorer and Firefox, access web pages and allow users to navigate from one to another via hyperlinks. Web documents may contain almost any combination of computer data including graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content including games, office applications and scientific keyword-driven Internet research using search engines like Yahoo! and Google, millions of people worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled a sudden and extreme decentralization of information and the Web, it is also easier than ever before for individuals and organisations to publish ideas and information to an extremely large audience. Anyone can find ways to publish a web page or build a website for very little initial cost. Publishing and maintaining large, professional websites full of attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition, individuals and some companies and groups use "web logs" or blogs, which are largely used as easily updatable online diaries. Some commercial organisations encourage staff to fill them with advice on their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result. One example of this practice is Microsoft, whose product developers publish their personal blogs in order to pique the public's interest in their of personal web pages published by large service providers remain popular, and have become increasingly sophisticated. Whereas operations such as Angelfire and GeoCities have existed since the early days of the Web, newer offerings from, for example, Facebook and MySpace currently have large followings. These operations often brand themselves as social network services rather than simply as web page on popular web pages can be lucrative, and e-commerce or the sale of products and services directly via the Web continues to the early days, web pages were usually created as sets of complete and isolated HTML text files stored on a web server. More recently, websites are more often created using content management system (CMS) or wiki software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of a club or other organisation or members of the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose, while casual visitors view and read this content in its final HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target impactThe Internet has made possible entirely new forms of social interaction, activities and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace have created a new form of socialization and interaction. Users of these sites are able to add a wide variety of items to their personal pages, to indicate common interests, and to connect with others. It is also possible to find a large circle of existing acquaintances, especially if a site allows users to utilize their real names, and to allow communication among large existing groups of like exist to allow wider announcement of groups which may exist mainly for face-to-face meetings, but which may have a variety of minor interactions over their group's site at , or other similar organization and censorshipFor more details on this topic, see Internet democratic societies, the Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool. The presidential campaign of Howard Dean in 2004 in the United States became famous for its ability to generate donations via the Internet. Many political groups use the Internet to achieve a whole new method of organizing, in order to carry out Internet governments, such as those of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia, restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet, especially political and religious content. This is accomplished through software that filters domains and content so that they may not be easily accessed or obtained without elaborate Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily (possibly to avoid such an arrangement being turned into law) agreed to restrict access to sites listed by police. While this list of forbidden URLs is only supposed to contain addresses of known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret.[citation needed]Many countries, including the United States, have enacted laws making the possession or distribution of certain material, such as child pornography, illegal, but do not use filtering are many free and commercially available software programs with which a user can choose to block offensive websites on individual computers or networks, such as to limit a child's access to pornography or violence. See Content-control activitiesThe Internet has been a major source of leisure since before the World Wide Web, with entertaining social experiments such as MUDs and MOOs being conducted on university servers, and humor-related Usenet groups receiving much of the main traffic. Today, many Internet forums have sections devoted to games and funny videos; short cartoons in the form of Flash movies are also popular. Over 6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for the sharing of pornography and gambling industries have both taken full advantage of the World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other websites. Although many governments have attempted to put restrictions on both industries' use of the Internet, this has generally failed to stop their widespread main area of leisure on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of leisure creates communities, bringing people of all ages and origins to enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing games to online gambling. This has revolutionized the way many people interact and spend their free time on the online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with services such as GameSpy and MPlayer, to which players of games would typically subscribe. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of gameplay or certain use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. As discussed above, there are paid and unpaid sources for all of these, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Discretion is needed as some of these sources take more care over the original artists' rights and over copyright laws than use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book holidays and to find out more about their random ideas and casual use chat, messaging and e-mail to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen pals. Social networking websites like MySpace, Facebook and many others like them also put and keep people in contact for their Internet has seen a growing number of Web desktops, where users can access their files, folders, and settings via the has become a serious drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spends 57 minutes a day surfing the Web at work, according to a study by Peninsula Business Services.[9]Complex architectureMany computer scientists see the Internet as a "prime example of a large-scale, highly engineered, yet highly complex system".[10] The Internet is extremely heterogeneous. (For instance, data transfer rates and physical characteristics of connections vary widely.) The Internet exhibits "emergent phenomena" that depend on its large-scale organization. For example, data transfer rates exhibit temporal self-similarity. Further adding to the complexity of the Internet is the ability of more than one computer to use the Internet through only one node, thus creating the possibility for a very deep and hierarchal sub-network that can theoretically be extended infinitely (disregarding the programmatic limitations of the IPv4 protocol). However, since principles of this architecture date back to the 1960s, it might not be a solution best suited to modern needs, and thus the possibility of developing alternative structures is currently being looked into.[11]According to a June 2007 article in Discover magazine, the combined weight of all the electrons moved within the Internet in a day is millionths of an ounce.[12] Others have estimated this at nearer 2 ounces (50 grams).[13]MarketingThe Internet has also become a large market for companies; some of the biggest companies today have grown by taking advantage of the efficient nature of low-cost advertising and commerce through the Internet, also known as e-commerce. It is the fastest way to spread information to a vast number of people simultaneously. The Internet has also subsequently revolutionized shopping—for example; a person can order a CD online and receive it in the mail within a couple of days, or download it directly in some cases. The Internet has also greatly facilitated personalized marketing which allows a company to market a product to a specific person or a specific group of people more so than any other advertising of personalized marketing include online communities such as MySpace, Friendster, Orkut, Facebook and others which thousands of Internet users join to advertise themselves and make friends online. Many of these users are young teens and adolescents ranging from 13 to 25 years old. In turn, when they advertise themselves they advertise interests and hobbies, which online marketing companies can use as information as to what those users will purchase online, and advertise their own companies' products to those users.
Abstract: Behavior of teachers in the teaching classroom, including manner in ognanizaitons of teaching contents and way of implement teaching from the main aspect, representing in words and deeds of teachers from secondary aspect, then we can see the relations of behavior in the teaching classroom and qualities of teaching from this. This text researches behavior in the teaching classroom that affects impacts of teaching and analyses transform trends of behavior in the teaching classroom now. The purpose is finding behavior in the teaching classroom which is in favor of improving qualities of defects and encourage ourself, know more and do better in : behavior in the teaching classroom, behavior problem in the teaching classroom, transform trends
把重复率非常高的段落，用在线翻译，翻译成小语种，比如法语、俄语、西班牙语等等，然后再翻译回来，你会发现，整句话会给人耳目一新的感觉！北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下你可以统一去知道了解下
“毕业论文”用英文是dissertation dissertation[ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn]n. 专题论文，学位论文；学术演讲 毕业论文； 博士论文； 论文； 学位论文 例句： was involved in writing his doctoral dissertation. 他在聚精会神地写他的博士论文.2. I have not yet footnoted my dissertation. 我还没有给我的论文加上脚注.3. I'm working my notes up into a dissertation. 我正在把我的笔记修改成论文.
翻译是在准确、通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为。下文是我为大家整理的关于毕业论文英语翻译的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
谈英文化妆品的翻译
摘 要: 名称的翻译对于化妆品至关重要。本文旨在寻找一个汉译英文化妆品名称的好方法。作者首先介绍了翻译对品牌的重要性,接着对语言和文化关系进行了讨论,然后介绍了中英翻译的四种方法,最后进行了总结。为达到最好的翻译效果,译者应在不同的情况下使用不同的翻译方法。
关键词: 翻译 品牌 化妆品
品牌是由制造商或商品经营者确定的产品徽标。一个良好的品牌翻译将提升该产品的价值,它会吸引公众的眼球,激发他们的购买热情,甚至会影响一个企业的发展。为了迎合消费者,在新的市场,品牌名称应翻译得当。
根据奈达的等价翻译原理,对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化比掌握两种语言更重要(杨朝燕,2001:45)。广告业的大师黄�先生也曾说过:“作为业内人士,我们的工作是要富有创造性的翻译。”(周兆祥,2000:55)因此,在翻译品牌名称时,译者不仅要知道英文单词的字面意思,而且要理解它的文化内涵。这样翻译时才能够正确理解英文品牌的含义,解决文化冲突,吸引消费者。我以外国品牌化妆品为例,讨论翻译的方法。
1.影响英文化妆品品牌翻译的因素
品牌与文化就像是两个彼此密切相关的亲密朋友,哪里有文化,哪里就会有品牌。品牌实际上是一座搭在两个不同的国家之间连接两种不同文化的桥梁。一般来说,文化包括社会意识形态、审美标准、价值观、认知等。随着全球化的发展,国际贸易市场的不断扩大,越来越多的外国化妆品已敲开了中国市场的大门,品牌的翻译变得非常重要。
社会意识形态和价值观念对品牌的翻译起着重要的作用。社会意识形态会限制品牌的文化内涵。虽然全球化程度越来越高,但西方和中国仍然存在着一些分歧。例如,在西方,人们更加注重个人主义。他们更喜欢使用人名、地名或《圣经》中的词汇来命名一个品牌。但在中国,社会意识形态和价值观念不同于西方国家的,人们更加重视集体主义。
价值观是指一个人对周围的客观事物的意义、重要性的总评价和总看法。价值给予品牌独特的文化内涵。在古代,中国基本上是一个农业国,寻求统一的概念,而西方则充斥着价值膨胀和冒险精神。举个例子:“安娜苏”,这个是一个国外化妆品品牌,也是它创始人的名字。这就是一个对个人主义价值观很好的解释。
认知是指人认识外界事物的过程。审美标准是指衡量、评价对象审美价值的相对固定的尺度。为了刺激消费者的购买欲望的产品,译者必须认真翻译品牌,才能使翻译的化妆品满足不同消费者不同的认知和审美心理。例如,大多数人可能听说过著名的香水“Poison”,这个是迪奥公司在1985年专门为西部妇女设计生产的,以满足她们对神秘事物的好奇和对冒险精神的追求。该产品在西方市场销量极好,“神秘和令人难忘的”是西方女性消费者对该产品的共同感受。但是在东方,女性往往更温柔、安静,它被翻译成“百爱神”而不是“毒药”,说明译者选择了适应其民族特点和文化价值的语言。总之,在翻译前译者应该先了解中国和西方国家之间的文化差异,以便在全球市场上更好地翻译。
2.翻译方法
品牌名称的翻译是一个转换和再造的过程。追求同等价值的信息是成功翻译的关键因素。
音译
音译是指根据其目的语发音用近似发音的汉字进行翻译。以“Maybelline”为例,中国将它翻译成“美宝莲”。每一个字都有特别的含义,“美”是指它将会让使用它的女性变得美丽动人;而“莲”是指莲花,表明这个美容效果会使消费者像一个美丽的莲花自然清爽。这些都表明它的功能是让消费者比以前更漂亮。
“Clean&Clear”也是一个很好的例子。如果该品牌被翻译成“干净清透”,它就会失去翻译之美。该品牌被翻译成“可伶可俐”,与品牌原名一样使用了头韵的修辞手法,也有一个类似的原始发音。同时人们将永远清楚这个品牌的目标消费者是可爱的年轻女孩。
“Dove”的本义是鸽子,在国外这是一个温柔和可爱的象征。但在中国,鸽子只是一种鸟类。作为皮肤美容品,如果翻译为“鸽子”,很难被公众接受。因此,在中国它被翻译成“多芬”,意味着更多的芬芳。
还有更多的例子:“EsteeLauder”被翻译成“雅诗兰黛”,“SISTEIN”翻译是翻译成“希斯汀”,“Elizabeth Arden”被翻译成“伊丽莎白・雅顿”等。
意译
意译是指根据原品牌的内涵来翻译,有利于消费者记住该品牌。相比较音译,意译更加尊重不同国家的文化和美学价值。例如,化妆品“BIOCEAN”被翻译成“碧欧泉”。“BIO”是指“生物”,“OCEAN”的意思是“大海”,将海洋生命之美延伸至自然之美,但如果使用音译,将会翻译成“比奥希昂”,显得烦琐和不雅,而“碧欧泉”则避免了这些缺陷。
“Uriage”是一个化妆品的名称,也是阿尔卑斯山中一个温泉的名字,那里的温泉专门用于治疗皮肤问题。作为一个化妆品品牌,“依泉”是一个好的翻译。翻译品牌的同时也展示了该品牌的组成成分和产品功用。
创造性翻译
创造性翻译认为音译和意译都有一部分缺陷,为了达到音、义的完美结合,译者创建另一个单词或词组来充分展示产品的功能。让我们以“Plantesystem”为例。这个品牌是由法国最大的医疗化妆品厂生产的。它的中文意思是“植物系统”。但译者翻译成“欧萃碧”。这种转换不仅使消费者感觉良好,而且强调这是一个来自欧洲以植物为原料的化妆品。
不译
不译即不进行翻译,只是使用原来的名称。根据中华人民共和国商标法,汉字、少数民族语言、外来词和字母可以作为商标注册。随着中国市场的迅速扩展,越来越多的外国化妆品厂商在中国直接注册商标品牌。这样既可以节省翻译费用,又确保了该品牌的异国情调。“VOV”、“HR”、“DHC”这些都是典型的例子。
3.结语
由于社会意识形态、价值观念、认知在中国和西方的审美标准的差异,翻译必须尊重不同的文化背景,并保留其民族特色和品牌的魅力,使原来的语言承担所有的信息和功能。一个成功的品牌翻译,能给消费者深刻印象,而失败的翻译,会令消费者失去兴趣。为了更好地表明外国化妆品的魅力,译者应该寻求最佳的方式来翻译品牌。如果我们将市场比喻成一场战争,成功的品牌名称就像一面旗帜永不落。如果一家公司想打开国外市场,就必须打动消费者。因此,品牌名称的翻译是非常重要的。
参考文献:
[1]包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.
[2]冯庆华.实用翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.
[3]杨朝燕.跨文化广告传播与商标翻译[J].山东师大外国语学院学报,2001,(4).
[4]周兆祥.翻译与人生[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,2000.
浅析英汉语言文化差异及其翻译
【摘要】把汉语译成英语或把英语译成汉语是一种语言活动，它既涉及汉英两种语言本身的知识，也涉及多方面的文化背景知识。这就需要译者对汉英两种语言的特点、差异及各方面的文化知识有较全面的了解，在充分理解的基础上才能表达完整，翻译出的作品才会忠实于原作。
【关键词】汉语;英语;文化差异;理解与翻译
英语和汉语是两种完全不同的语言，其思维方式和表达习惯可以说是千差万别，不了解这些差别，翻译出的作品肯定会洋相百出、词不达意。因此，要想处理好翻译过程中的难题，关键是要了解汉语与英语的区异。一般来说，所涉及到的汉英语言差异主要表现在以下几个方面：
一、英语语法结构严谨，汉语遣词造句形式灵活
我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而言，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”汉语和英语的习惯用法不同。汉语中某一说法本来是很清楚的，谁也不会误解，但如果生搬硬套，逐字译成英语，就很可能词不达意，甚至还会引起误解，闹出笑话，或铸成大错。为了避免这种情况发生，就必须在译文中增补适当的词，把原文中暗含的意思明确地表达出来。例如：
原文：好好学习，天天向上。
如果想当然地翻译成：“Good good study, day day up.”就要贻笑大方了，因为“好好学习，天天向上”是典型的中文表达，直接翻译成英文不符合英文语法。正确的翻译应该是：Work hard and make progress everyday.
另外，汉语中的典故、谚语等，汉语读者熟悉，一看就明白，但是英语读者就不见得能懂，因此翻译时就得适当地添加一些注释性的词语。例如：
“班门弄斧”可译成 This is like showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban，the master carpenter。
在这个例子中，如果不在译文中加上the master carpenter而只译作Lu Ban, 不知道典故的外国读者就会感到茫然，不知道Lu Ban是何许人，因而也就无法理解本句子内在含义。
二、英语句子如参天大树枝叶横生，汉语句子似万顷碧波层层推进
由于英语是“法治”的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反，由于是“人治”，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。例如：
原文：In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
译文：门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
如果把这个句子译成“门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞”，译文一听就是翻译腔调，语言色彩大打折扣。
英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂。例如：
原文：Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me for a long time?
译文：有一个问题困扰我好长时间了，想请教你，你能回答吗?
汉语用三个分句表达原文的意思，显然效果很好，如果译成：你能回答一个长时间困扰着我使我想问你的问题吗?不仅效果不好，而且显得绕嘴。
三、英语中被动式居多，汉语中主动式居多
我们知道，在汉语中被动式使用较少，我们叙述一种行为的时候常采用主动式。而英语则不然，大量的及物动词可以用被动式，不少相当于及物动词的短语也可以用被动式。例如：
(1)English is spoken here. 这儿讲英语。
(2)It is hoped that you will have a chance to visit China. 欢迎你有机会来中国访问。
汉语的被动句子，从结构上来说大体可分为两大类：一类带有表达被动意义的标记，如“被”、“受”、“遭”、“给”、“挨”等;另一类则不带这种标记。普通而常见的是后一类。但不论哪一类，译成英语时基本上都可运用被动语态。例如：
(1)他被选为学生会主席。He was elected Chairman of the Students’Union.
(2)这个问题正在研究。The problem is now bEing studied.
但必须注意的是，并不是所有带被动标记的句子都一定要译成英语的被动式。比如“老太太被风吹病了”，若译成“The old lady was blown sick by the wind” 就成了中国式的英语了，而只有译成“The old lady fell ill because of the draught.”才符合英语表达习惯。
四、思维习惯差异
不同文化的人，生活习惯和思维方式都有很多不同，翻译时也必须作等值意义转换。如：英语民族的人见面时喜欢谈天气，说“Lovely weather，isn’tit”之类的话，根据英美人的习惯，这无非是一句最方便、最不得罪人的见面语。而在我国, 自古就“民以食为天”,人们见面时爱说“吃了吗?”在多数情况下，说话人并不十分关心别人是不是吃饭了，而只是一种招呼罢了。中国人听到这些问话也只是回答说“吃了”或“没吃呐”，实际上是个应酬。这样的对话如果译成英文只说“A：How do you do? B：How do you do?”或“A：Hi! B：Hi!” 就行了。如果将A的问话改译成“Have you had you meal?”如果被问者B是英语民族的人，他心理上首先的反应是：“Yes, I have.”或 “No, l haven't”或“Do you mean to invite me to dinner?”由于这种文化上的差异，汉语中许多围绕“吃饭”问题所形成的词语，在英语中就很难找到字面对应的表达法，对于“饭桶”、“吃不开”、“吃不了兜着走”等这一系列说法只好分别意译为“good- for-nothing”，“be unpopular”，“land oneself in serious trouble”，等才能基本如实传达原文的含义。
五、物指联想差异
同一客观事物，在不同的文化里可能包含不同的价值，引起不同的联想，具有不同的内涵。动物比喻(Animal Metaphors)在汉英两种语言中均有广泛的使用。然而，由于文化背景、思维方式的不同，人们对动物比喻的正确理解和翻译存有障碍。从翻译的角度总体说来，动物比喻可以分为两大类，一类是：译语与原语存在对应的关系，翻译时可采用同值、近值互借法，以再现原语形象。例如：
(1)He is as sly as a fox. 他狡猾得像个狐狸。
(2)A wolf in sheep’s clothing 披着羊皮的狼
另一类是：同一动物形象在原语和译语中的语用意义相去甚远。因此，在翻译过程中就出现了动物形象名称的转换。这种动物形象的转换可以是一种动物形象转换为另一种动物形象, 也可以是一种动物形象转换成人的形象，例如：
(1)Talk horse.吹牛。(horse译为“牛”)
(2)Black sheep.害群之马。(sheep译为“马”)
(3)Every dog has his day. 凡人皆有得意日。(dog 译成“人”)
翻译过程中出现的这种动物形象的喻体转换丰富了动物成语的内涵，同时，它作为一种重要的修辞手法，创造出生动、鲜明的形象，能产生良好的艺术效果。
为使译文读者得到和原文读者基本相同的文化信息，在翻译中遇到两种文化差异特别大时，用直译无法使译文传达信息，译者就要在充分理解原文的基础上在译文文化中寻找对应的表达方式，做出各种必要的转换，进行意译。
【参考文献】
[1]张道真2002《张道真英语语法》商务印书馆
[2]范仲英 1994 《实用翻译教程》外语教学与研究出版社
[3]喻家楼 1991 《汉语成语英译词典》中国科学技术大学出版社
“毕业论文”的英文：Graduation Dissertation
Dissertation 读法 英 [,dɪsə'teɪʃ(ə)n] 美 ['dɪsɚ'teʃən]
n. 论文，专题；学术演讲
短语：
1、academic dissertation 学位论文 ; 学术论文
2、Graduation Dissertation 毕业论文
3、Doctorate dissertation 博士论文
4、Dissertation Committee 论文委员会
5、dissertation topics 毕业论文题目
词义辨析：
article, paper,dissertation, essay, prose, thesis这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
1、article 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
2、paper 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
3、dissertation 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
4、essay 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
5、prose 专指散文。
6、thesis 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
例句：
1、Exploring "Trinity Working Mode" of Integrating Graduation Field Work, Graduation Dissertation and Employment on Graduation.
毕业实习、毕业论文与学生就业三位一体工作模式探索。
2、On Problems in Writing Graduation Dissertation
关于撰写毕业论文应该注意的问题。
语言是思维的表达方式，不同的语言特征往往反映着不同地域、民族的思维习惯差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉语言对比方面论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考!关于英汉语言对比方面论文篇1 浅探英汉委婉语对比 摘 要： 本文应用范畴和构造手段对英汉委婉语进行了对比，通过对比英汉两种语言中的委婉语可以了解委婉语不仅是一种语言现象，更是一种社会 文化 现象。研究英汉委婉语的异同，有助于我们了解英语国家的社会风俗与文化。 关键词： 英汉委婉语 应用范畴 构造手段 一、引言 委婉语euphemism源自希腊语，由词头“eu”(good)和词干“phemism”(speech)构成，意为吉利之语(words of good omen)或优雅的说法(good speech)。委婉语是人类语言使用过程中的一种普遍现象。 通过对比英汉两种语言中的委婉语，我们可以了解委婉语不仅是一种语言现象，更是社会文化现象。委婉语的产生和发展是不同社会心理和语言因素共同作用的结果。委婉语反映了不同社会的发展、价值观、道德观和社会文化。 二、英汉委婉语应用范畴的对比 1.关于疾病的委婉语 生病是人们忌讳说的，因而东西方人常常用委婉语表达。在现代英语中，多用trouble婉指病，如heart trouble，lung trouble等。cancer的委婉语为“the Big C”或“long illness”，“terminally ill”。性病在英语里被称为“social disease”，“the French disease”，“certain disease”，“communicable disease”。汉语里人们把这种病称为“花柳病”、“富贵病”、“那种病”。汉语中，我们把“生病”称作“身体不好”、“身体欠安”，说“癌症”为“不治之症”。 而在身体缺陷方面，英语中婉称crippled(残疾)为physically handicapped(有生理缺陷的)或者用disabled，the inconvenienced表示crippled(瘸子)，用imperfect hearing(听觉不完美)代替the deaf(聋子)，用visually retarded(视力有障碍的)代替the blind(瞎子、盲人)。在汉语中，四肢残疾称“手脚不灵便、走路不便”，偏瘫称“半身不遂”等，秃顶婉称“谢顶”，耳朵聋称“耳背、耳朵不灵”。其他的还有“挨了一下子”、“划了个口子”等代称“受伤”。 2.关于性的委婉语 从古至今，各民族对性爱及与其相关的一些说法均持谨慎态度。随着人类的进步，也出现了一些开放性的说法，但其主流仍然采用回避、模糊、委婉的说法。英语中谈及性行为的委婉语有make love，to have sex with，to go to bed with etc.汉民族历来对性行为持封闭态度，谈及性行为时总是遮遮掩掩，含混模糊。汉语中表达性爱的委婉语有：同房、夫妻生活、房事、云雨之事、那种事等。在谈到性行为不检点时，英语中有free love，trial marriage，love companion，mixed singles等模糊与中性化的委婉语。汉语中则采用较严厉的贬义词抨击不检点的性行为。如男盗女娼、三者插足、寻花问柳、水性杨花等。对于妓女这一令人鄙弃的角色，西方社会给予了许多雅号，如，street walker，street girl，a woman of the town，pavement princess。谈到怀孕时，英汉两种语言均用委婉语，如英语很少直接说pregnancy(怀孕)，而说be in the family way，in an interesting condition，in a delicate condition，knitting little bootees etc.汉语则说，有喜了、要当妈妈了、身怀六甲等。 3.关于死亡的委婉语 古今中外，无论东西方，“死亡”都是一个避讳莫深的话题。人们在语言交际中尽量回避“死亡”二字而尽可能用委婉语代替。虽然英汉语中都有很多表示“死亡”的委婉语，但其中的差异具体表现在： (1)英汉表达死的委婉语在体现社会地位上大相径庭。中国经历了几千年的封建社会，封建制度对中国文化影响颇深。天子死称“崩”，诸侯死称“薨”，大夫死曰“卒”，士死曰“不禄”。西方人笃信__，认为人都是上帝创造的，故生来人人平等。英语中有一条古老的格言：Popes，Kings，beggars，and thieves alike must die.头衔和地位并不能免人一死。在死神面前，卑贱者和高贵者一律平等。 (2)由不同的宗教文化带来的表达差异。英语中die的很多委婉语来自《圣经》，如to go to a better place/world(到一个更美好的地方、世界)，to go to Heaven/Paradise(进入天国)。汉语中，入佛门的则说“迁化、圆寂、舍生”等;对信仰道教的则说“蝉脱、羽化、别驾、遁化”等。 (3)因价值观念的不同，英汉委婉语也不同。汉语中表“死亡”的委婉语还有褒贬之分，如壮烈牺牲、慷慨就义、为国捐躯等。英语国家的民族英雄常常受人敬仰，在英语里找到一些表示为国家或事业而捐躯的委婉词语，如bite the dust/the ground，fire one’s last shot，give one’s life，kiss the dust lay down one’s life。 4.有关“低微职业”的委婉语 在英汉这两种语言里，职业也是一个敏感的话题，因为它直接反映了一个人的社会和经济地位。为提高某些职业的社会地位，人们往往使用委婉语加以美化。这种现象在现代英语中俯拾皆是：把maid(女仆)或housekeeper(女管家)称为domestic help(家务助手)、day-help(白天帮工)或live-in help(住家帮手);一般服务员也升级为service manager(服务管理人员);butcher(屠夫)也改称为meat technologist(肉类技术专家);garbage collector(垃圾收集工)也称sanitation engineer(环境卫生工程师)。 现代汉语也有类似的职业委婉语，“理发师“成了“发型设计师”，理发店也随之改成了发型设计中心，“佣人”成了“家政人员”，“厨子”婉称为“大厨”、“大师傅”，用“服务员”代替“跟班、听差、跑堂”，“司机”代替“车夫”等。这些职业委婉语的使用一方面反映出人们文明程度的提高和追求高雅的心理趋势，另一方面体现出现代人的尊重意识和平等观念。 5.关于年龄上的委婉语 英语中有关老的委婉语很多，这与其文化密切相关。美国文化以个人主义为中心，讲究独立与隐私，子女成人后即与父母分居，老人生活孤单寂寞，于是老成了生活中的一大忌。因此，英语中有许多关于老的委婉语。如：senior citizen，advantage in the age，the mature，seasoned man等。 同时人们把晚年称为golden years(黄金年华)，养老院并非理想去处，也被婉称为a home for adults(成人之家)、a rest home(休养所)等。然而在中国，情况却正好相反，因为中国历来有尊老敬老的传统观念和价值观。在中国，“老”字带敬意，是资历和地位的象征。人们有时还倚老卖老，以老为荣。 如什么“老板、老大、老总、老师、老师傅”等。汉语中类似“年老”的委婉语也很多，如：古稀之年、高龄、高寿、桑榆、夕阳红等。同时，中国人还常把老字放在姓氏的前面或者后面，来称呼那些德高望重的老年人，以表尊重，如：老赵、王老。这体现了中国重视老人的价值观，而这些在英美文化中是不可思议的。可见，在不同的文化背景中，人们对同一事物的态度可能截然相反。 三、英汉委婉语构造手段的对比 由于英汉民族的语言不同，两种语言在文化、语言形式和 思维方式 等方面存在较大的差异。英汉委婉语的差别正是由于两种语言的语言特点差异所造成的，主要体现在英汉委婉语各自的词汇形态特点、语义特点和语法特点等方面。英语是一种拼音文字，通过语音及语法手段构成委婉语，或拼写形式的变异，达到委婉的目的，汉语却侧重于词汇手段。 英语委婉语的构成方式： (1)缩略(Abbreviation)：ladies代替ladies’ room，婉指女厕所。 (2)尾脱落(Apocopation)：lav代替lavatory(厕所)。 (3)首字母缩略(Initiating)：.代替body odor(狐臭)。 (4)逆生(Backforming)：ecnop 代替ponce，婉指“拉皮条的人”。 (5)音节或字母重复(Reduplication)pee-pee=piss(小便)。 (6)音节扭曲(Phonetic Distortion)Cripes=Christ(基督)、God(上帝)。 (7)混合词(Blend word)：gezunda=This object“goes under”the bed.(那东西放在床底下，即“夜壶”)。 (8)小词(Diminutive)：heinie=hind end(后端，即“臀部”)。 汉语委婉语独特的构成方式： (1)拆字法。如：张俊氏道：“胡子老官，这事你作法便了，做成了，少不得言身寸。”(“谢”拆开后即“言”、“身”、“寸”)。(《儒林外史》第32回) (2) 歇后语 法。人们在做一些消极评论时，常会借助一些歇后语来缓冲过于直白的语气，以达到委婉的目的。比如骂人时说：茶壶里的水(滚开)。 (3)换字法。例如，北方话口语中常说“扯蛋”，书面语转写时，换成“扯淡”。 (4)符号替换法。例如：“×你妈!你怎么不说话，哑巴吗?” (5)反义法。所谓反义就是指与禁忌语的意义相反。如广州人把“气死我”说成“激生我”;把“笑死我”说成“笑生我”。显然，生与死是 反义词 ，这里用“生”避开了“死”。 三、结语 笔者对英语和汉语中的委婉语从应用范畴与构造手段两方面进行了比较，试图找到两种语言中的差异和相似之处。委婉语不仅仅是修辞现象、语言学现象，更蕴含浓厚文化内涵、民族特征。在各个国家的日常交往及工作中，委婉语的运用极为广泛，它可以润滑和协调人际关系，使交际活动顺利进行。充分认识其构造手段、形式特点、发展规律将有助于我们了解英语国家的社会风俗与文化，从而增强跨文化交际的能力。 参考文献： [1]邓志昌，刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1989. [2]束定芳，徐金元.委婉语研究：回顾与前瞻[J].外国语，1995(5). [3]王希杰.汉语修辞学[M].北京：商务印书馆，2004. [4]刘瑞琴.英汉委婉语对比与翻译[M].银川：宁夏人民出版社，2010. 关于英汉语言对比方面论文篇2 浅谈英汉词缀对比研究 【摘 要】英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，两者在构词法上有着巨大的差别。分析了这两种语言的词缀，通过前缀和后缀的词缀对比，会给英语教学以及英汉互译提供一些启发。 【关键词】词缀;前缀;后缀;对比 1 词缀的定义 词缀法是把词缀附加在词根上构造新词的 方法 (陈，1991)，也叫做派生法。总的来说，前缀起着语义功能，而后缀有语法功能。在英语中，它是一种重要的构词法，自从第二次世界大战以来，它在新的 英语单词 中占。在汉语中，由词缀法构成的词非常少，然而词缀化是汉语本身发展的自然趋势(吴，2001)。 2 英汉前缀对比 英汉前缀的不同反映在英语比汉语有更多的前缀。英语前缀是构词主要的成分，仅次于词根。整体来说，英语派生过程比汉语更复杂、更多样化。 英语前缀的分类 英语前缀大多只是改变词义而不改变词性，所以英语单词是在意义的基础上分类的，英语前缀可以分为九类，列举如下： 汉语前缀的分类 汉语的前缀表示语法意义，其首要功能是改变词性，这种功能相当于英语的后缀，这是两种语言最大的区别。汉语的前缀可以分为两类，一类只是为了构词，如“老”，老婆、老大、老虎;“阿”，阿爹、阿婆。另外一类不全是语法的性质，可能会改变词性，汉语前缀根据意义可以划分为以下类型。 汉语前缀和其相对应的英语形式： 1)否定前缀 不人道 inhuman 非正式 informal 不科学 unscientific 非导体 nonconductor 无形 invisible 无条件 unconditional 2)态度前缀 反建议 counterproposal 亲美 pro-American 反常 abnormal 伪政府 pseudo-government 反社会 anti-social 3)程度或大小前缀 超自然 supernatural 泛非 pan-African 超音速 hypersonic 次大陆 subcontinent 准学者 quasi-scholar 4)数字前缀 半封建 semi-feudal 单边 unilateral 半人半神 demigod 单晶体 monocrystal 双音节 disyllabic 多中心 polycentric 双语 bilingual 多级 multipolar 英汉前缀的对比分析 通过上面的分析，可以推测出两种语言的大多数前缀都有对应关系。总体来说，英语前缀在不改变词性的基础上，对词根起着语义功能，而汉语前缀具有语法的功能，更倾向于语义分类。 然而，在两种语言中，由相对应的前缀构成的派生词并不是一一对应的关系。也就是说，一种语言中的派生词在另一种语言中有着相同意义也可能不是派生词。例如，“不毛”在汉语中是个派生词，由前缀“不”和名次“毛”组成。在英语中相对应的词是“barren”，是个单词素的词。同样，英语中派生名词“non-smoker”是由一个前缀“non-”和一个名词“smoker”组合起来的，在汉语中是个名词词组“不吸烟的人”。 许多前缀具有多种意义，这种现象是非常普遍的，即一种语言的前缀在另一种语言中具有几种意义，反之亦然。英语前缀“a-”有三种意思：a. 强调原来的意思，如await; b. 改变词性和意思，如awash; c. 非、不， atypical。在汉语中，前缀“不”可以用英语中不同的前缀来表示，如un-， il-， ir-， a-等。 3 英汉后缀对比 与英语相比，汉语中表示人的后缀比指示状态和动作等的后缀多。两种语言的后缀都是加在词根之后。 英语后缀的四种范畴 英语后缀是对原来的词的一种修饰，它改变了词原有的词性。英语后缀有四种类型：名词后缀、形容词后缀、副词后缀和动词后缀。当词根加上这些后缀后，分别形成名词、形容词、副词和动词。 汉语后缀的分类 与英语后缀不同，汉语后缀主要构成名词。加上后缀的词根几乎限于名词、动词和形容词，尤其是名词。下文选择了若干汉语后缀和所对应的英语后缀。 1)名词后缀 ①表示代理人和职业的后缀 专家 specialist 教员 teacher 银行家 banker 打字员 typist 发明家 inventor 技术员 technician 读者 reader 讲师 lecturer 逃亡者 escapee 工程师 engineer 马克思主义者 Marxist 魔术 师 magician 助手 assistant 积极分子 activist ②表示属性、状态和学说意义的后缀 灵活性 flexibility 创造性 creativity 正确性 correctness 湿度 humidity 长度 length 唯心论 idealism 相对论 relativity 社会主义 socialism 达尔文主义 Darwinism 电子学 electronics ③表示亲昵或轻蔑意味的后缀 胖子 fatty 酒鬼 drunkard 赌棍 gamester 电影迷 filmnik 2)动词后缀 人格化 personify 简化 simplify 深化 deepen 现代化 modernize 革命化 revolutionize 3)形容词后缀 男孩子气 manly 孩子气 childish 阔气 luxurious 傲气 cocky 井然 orderly 默然 speechless 4)副词后缀 油然 spontaneously 惨然 miserably 特地 specially 继而 afterwards 率尔 rashly 英汉后缀对比分析 如上所述，汉语在构成名词方面有丰富的后缀，尤其是指示人的名词。据估计汉语表示人的后缀在词缀中达到32%，在英语中只有13%。两种语言的后缀很明显的不同在于汉语后缀大多带有些许感情色彩，尤其是轻蔑意义;而英语后缀很少带有这种贬义的感情色彩。 汉语中一定量的后缀在英语中没有相对应的后缀，因此，在英语中由自由词来表达这些后缀的意思，例如桌子(desk)、杯子(cup)、石头(stone)、尾巴(tail)、泥巴(mud)。同样，当表示女性的后缀附加于对应的动词之上，整个词就代表了女性。然而，在汉语中单个词就代表了相同的意义，比如女演员(actor-actress) and母老虎 (tiger-tigress)。 后缀中有一种有趣的现象，加上后缀的英语派生词与加上前缀的汉语派生词相对应，比如，“lawless” 和 “fearless”分别译成“非法”和“无畏”。英语中带有指小意义名词后缀在汉语中经常译成前面加“小”的名词，如小鸭(duckling)、小猫(kitten)。有时，同时使用前缀“小”和后缀“儿”，如小罐儿(cannikin)。 4 结语 总之，科技全球化给英语和汉语提供了更多的接触机会，在此过程中相互学习、相互比较。英汉词缀既有相似处也有不同点，将两者相比不仅有益于 英语学习 者深刻认识两种语言，而且有益于他们丰富英汉词汇。 【参考文献】 [1]陈治安.英汉词缀法构词比较[J].四川外语学院学报，1991(1). [2]韩汉雄.英汉词缀比较及 其它 [J].杭州师范学院学报，1994(7). [3]胡壮麟.语言学教程[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2006. [4]吴东英. 再论英语借词对现代汉语词法的影响[J].当代语言学，2001 (3). [5]萧立明.英汉比较研究与翻译[M].上海：上海外语 教育 出版社，2010. [6]张晗.英汉构词法对比[J].厦门大学外文学院，2010(3).
英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，各有各自的表达方式。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 英汉翻译中的翻译症 摘要：英汉翻译的过程中。存在着翻译症这一诟病。文章首先介绍了翻译症。然后通过分析翻译过程中理解、表达、审校三个阶段翻译症的一些表现形式。总结出翻译症的根源，最后提出了相应的防范措施。 关键词：英汉翻译;翻译症 一、什么是翻译症 英汉翻译把英语表达的意思用汉语表达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明的目的，译文的基本标准一般为“忠实而通顺”。所谓的忠实指的是译文要忠实于原作的思想内容和并且尽量保持原作的风格;在忠实的基础上译文还应该修辞正确、逻辑合理、语言精简、文理通顺，即所谓的通顺。 由于英汉两种语言文化背景不一，行文结构与遣词造句的习惯也相去甚远，语际转换不可避免地产生一些矛盾。翻译的过程其实就是这种矛盾不断妥协的过程。著名学者、翻译家余光中将其形象地概括为“比如英文译成中文，既不许西风压倒东风，变成洋腔洋调的中文，也不许东风压倒西风，变成油腔滑调的中文”。但在英汉翻译实际操作的过程中由于英语的先入为主，矛盾对峙的结果往往一不小心西风就压倒了东风，译出来的文字便“不中不西，非驴非马，似通非通、诘屈聱牙”;让人看起来“看起来碍眼、听起来逆耳、说起来拗口”。尤今・奈达在《翻译理论与实践》提到了这种现象，专门造了一个词――translationese。翻译症不但严重影响译文的质量，而且会影响汉语语言的纯洁性，不利于汉语语言的健康发展。 二、探寻翻译症的原因 英汉翻译是一项及其复杂的工作，理解、表达、审校三个翻译阶段，任何一个阶段处理不好都可能导致翻译症的发生。 一理解阶段 理解的过程就是对原文进行语言分析比如词汇、语法结构等、语境分析上下文含义、篇章语体结构等，并力求透彻领会文字所承载的文化内涵，了解相关的背景知识，有时需要具备一定的生活常识。 例1：Galileo’s greatest glory was thatin 1609 he WaS the first person to turn thenewly invented telescope 0n the heavens toprove that the planet revolve around the sunratherthanaroundthe earth. 原译：伽利略最大的荣耀是他在1609年第一个把新发现的望远镜对准了天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳运转，而不是围绕地球寻转。 分析：翻译只理解了原文的表层意思，机械地将glory理解为“最大的荣耀”，导致最终的译文令人费解。翻译时如果只考虑原文的表层意思，简单地依照字面意思理解，结果往往言不达意。通过例1的上下文可以看出，它指的是伽利略借助科学手段第一次用试验的方法证实了行星围绕太阳运转这一事迹。原文的正确译法为“伽利略最光耀的业绩在于，他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准了天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳运转，而不是围绕地球运转”。 例2：It doesn’t matter to me as longaS I get something between my rids and mybackbone. 原译：没有关系，只要有点东西放在我的肋骨和脊骨之间就行了。 改译：没有关系，吃点东西，填填肚子就行了。 分析：人的肋骨和脊骨之间是胃，getsomething between onffs rids and my back-bone等价于get something to eat。这是一种非常幽默的说法，英美人喜欢幽默，翻译时要学会理解他们的幽默感。由于中英文化的差异，如果直接按照源语理解，往往语义不通，不合逻辑，不知所云，败坏读者的阅读兴趣。 二表达阶段 表达是翻译的重心，在这一过程中，除了正确理解原文这一前提外，还要依赖于对目的语的修养程度和对这两种语言的把握。 例1：The students in a cluster and lifttheirhandswhentheirnames are called. 译文：学生们站在一起，当他们的名字被叫到时，就举举手。 分析：译文显得不够流畅。英语属于形合语言，句中的词语或分句之间需要功能词加以连线，而汉语属于意合语言，词语或者分句之间往往不需要词语来连线。所以在进行英汉翻译时，原文中诸如连词、代词、介词之类的功能词，往往需要略去不译。英汉翻译时，如果漠视这种差异，见when就译成“当……时候”，每遇修饰语就用“的”处理，将导致翻译僵化，翻译症严重。 例2：And it iS imagined by many thatthe operations of the mon mind Can beby no means pared with these processes，and that they have to be acquiredby a sortof special training， 原译：它被许多人想象成这样子：普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学的思维过程相比，这个思维过程必须经过专门训练才能掌握。 分析：例2将“itisimagined”的被动结构机械照搬，译文“它被许多人想象成这样子”读起来别扭。译者忽略了英汉两种语言表达习惯的差异，汉语比英语更习惯于用主动语态。这种情况如果不采用一定的变通手段，化被动为主动，而是刻意忠实于原文的表层形式，译文就显得不地道。 例3：I have sought love，first，becauseit brings ecstasy-1 would have sacrificed allthe restoflife for afewhours of this joy， 原译：我追逐过爱，首先因为爱能带来狂喜――我宁愿牺牲我所有的余生来换取这片刻的幸福。 分析：可以改译为“我追逐过爱，首先因为爱能带来狂喜――我宁愿倾我一生来换取这片刻的幸福”。由于语言结构体系的不同，英语语言具有相当的清晰性、分析性和逻辑性，而汉语则模糊性、跳跃性和圆融性见长。如果忽视了这种特点，认为中文不够精确，不够科学，而在翻译的过程中，一味地借助一些词加以规范，向英文考虑，译文往往不伦不类，适得其反。仔细分析一下，“我所有的余生”并不比“我的一生”精确多少，而且汉语中的余生常指老年人的晚年，或者大难后侥幸保全的性命，这和原文的意思想去甚远。 例4：It is as significant as a game ofcricket， 原译：这件事如同板球赛一样重要。 分析：很多人都认为这个译文“息有”翻译症，其实不然。是不是患有翻译症，有时关键还要看翻译的目的和接受者是谁。如果接收者文化水平不高或对“板球赛”不甚了解，那么这种表达肯定很难理解。但在英国板球是人们最热衷的运动，板球赛是男女老少都关注的事，所以有时这样的异化翻译还能更好地传达异国风格。 三审校阶段 审校是初步译好原文后，进一步全面查实工作的一个后期阶段。译者细致地通读译文草稿不仅可以对内容的忠实性、问题的切实性、译语的可读性进行甄别、查证、修改、点定，还可以进一步解决理解、表达阶段尚无定论的问题。纽马克主张，译者应根据文字的难以程度，花费翻译所用时间的50-70%来审校自己的译文。 通过以上对翻译各阶段中翻译症的一些表现形式的分析可以看出，尽管翻译症产生的原因从根本上说还是上述三个阶段综合作用的结果：理解阶段未透彻理解原文、表达时片面强调忠实，从形式上照搬原文而忽视汉语的遣词造句特征，审校工作不认真。 三、如何减少、避免翻译症 一篇中求句，句中求字 1、吃透原文。对原文的理解不能见字不见句，只见树木不见树林，需要结合其篇章语境、情景语境和社会语境。此外，对英汉两种语言在体系、文化背景、思维习惯上存在相当大的差异，译者一定要增强责任心，从开始阶段就要摈弃不求甚解、得过且过的作风。 2、用汉语的思维和表达再现原文。在透彻、准确表达原文的基础上，应摆脱英文的字面束缚，充分考虑英汉语言在表达形态上的种种差异，用汉语的思维和表达方式重构译文。 二要掌握合理的翻译技巧 科学合理的翻译技巧可短时间减少翻译症的发生。 首先要把握合理的翻译标准尺度。翻译症的发生就是翻译标准走了极端。忠实和通顺是一个矛盾统一体的两个方面，一定要统筹兼顾，把握好尺寸。 其次要灵活运用转性、变态、增补、省略等多种翻译手法，以达到变中求信、变中求顺的目的。 三养成良好的审校习惯 审校是翻译的一个重要环节，译者一定要谨慎，切实把好这一关。建议译者最好放一段时间再来重新审查自己的译文，如果还不行，可以寻求他人帮助。 四、结论 翻译既是一门有一定规律可循的科学，也是一门有限制性的艺术创作。要从根本上避免翻译症的发生，还需提高译者的综合素质，尤其是语言素质。要广泛阅读，扩大知识面。不但从汉语名著中获取营养，还要适当进行一些英美文学名著明译的对照阅读。同时，翻译也是一门技能，可以通过讲授或实践学习获得，因此理论的学习和笔耕不辍的练习是减少翻译症必不可少的手段。 篇2 探讨英汉翻译技巧 摘 要：英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，各有各自的表达方式。日常生活中会遇到这样的情况，某人英语很好，能看能说，但是下不了笔，译出的东西词不达意，逻辑不通，语法混乱，洋腔洋调。对翻译的方法缺少必要的了解。了解常见的英汉翻译方法，通过翻译实践，发现两种语言之间的差异，有助于学习者更好的掌握英语。 关键词：英语翻译 教学 技巧 理解是翻译的前提，也是决定性的作用。若原文理解不对，译文再漂亮也是徒劳的。首先要了解翻译的过程，大致有三个环节：1、理解全文2、汉语表达3、核对润色。 一、理解全文 理解包括原文语法结构的理解和原文词义的理解。弄不清语法结构、不能准确的把握词义，是英汉翻译的两大“敌人”。英语语法结构通汉语相比更为严密，功能词远远多于汉语，英语句子是通过语法手段将词连线而成的。在翻译时，特别是翻译比较复杂的句子时，有必要对句子的语法成分和结构进行分析，掌握所涉及的语法知识。这样在翻译具体的语言专案时就能有明确的框架，便于安排。另一方面，英语中一词多义现象十分普遍，翻译时要依据各种资讯，结合上下文来确定词语在文中的具体的确切的意义。 二、汉语表达 汉语表达就是在理解的基础上用汉语将原文所表达的资讯传达出来。翻译时应该在吃透原文的基础上，站得远一些，摆脱原文的形式的束缚，灵活地用汉语将原文内容阐述明白。 三、核对润色 如果对原文缺乏深入的理解，翻译过程中就容易出错，受原文用词与结构的影响，汉语表达中容易出现英语式的汉语，译文读起来洋腔洋调。因此，翻译完成之后，必须认真检查核对，润色文字使译文忠实，通顺地表达原文的内容。将英语句子翻译成汉语，无非关系到两大要素词语和句子。 下面我们将重点研究一下英汉词语翻译和句子的翻译。首先，翻译表达的第一步是如何将英语的词语翻译成恰当的汉语词汇。几个大致的方法：确定词义、词类转换、增词法、重复法和减词法。 一确定词义 英语和汉语属于两种不同的语言，词汇差异较大。两种语言的词汇很难找到意义完全一一对应的。翻译时，首先要先确定词语在上下文中确切的含义。 1、利用上下文，确定词义：He is a hard-working student and all the teachers like him very much.他是个勤奋的学生，所有的老师都很喜欢他。 He is a student of physics and has published a lot of academic books.他是个物理专家，已经出版了很多部学术书籍。 英语中，student有两个意思，一个是“学生”，一个是“学者、专家”，而且两个词都是名词，翻译时就需要从上下文中来确定具体的词义。 2、根据语法知识，确定词义：He bought three books in English yesterday. 他昨天买了三本英语方面的书。 Tom booked two tickets last week.汤姆上周预定了两张票。 英语中，book可以作名词也可以作动词，但是两者意义差别很大。第一句中很显然是名词，应译为“书”;第二句中是动词，应译为“预定”。 二词类转换法 在进行英汉翻译时，不能简单的把名词译为名词，动词译为动词，是经常需要词类转换的。 1、英语名词转译成汉语动词：英语词汇中名词对，而汉语中动词多。在英汉翻译的时候，特别是翻译由动词派生出来的名词时，名词转换成动词的情况非常普遍。 The little child gave an imitation of his mother’s talking.这个小孩模仿他妈妈说话。 2、英语介词转译成汉语动词：英语中，介词的使用是非常频繁的，它们是用来表示词于词的语法关系，是组成语法结构的一种非常重要的“功能词”。汉语中许多介词是有动词虚化出来的，许多介词兼有动词的词性，因此在翻译的时候应正确处理这两类词。 The house is in repair.这个房子正在维修中。 3、英语形容词译成汉语动词：The following plan may bee available during the next decade.下列计划在10年间可能实现。 英汉翻译的过程中词类转化是比较灵活的，除了上面涉及到的几种情况外，其他词类间也是存在着相互转换的问题。翻译时要灵活运用。 三增词法 英汉翻译时，由于意义表达的需要或者汉语语法的要求，英汉翻译时，经常需要增加一定的词汇才能使译文表达的意义完整、准确、流畅。 1、英语中有许多抽象名词是由动词或形容词派生的，它们在汉语中的对等词同响应的动词和形容词几乎没有什么差别，在翻译时若把它们翻译成名词，有时就需要增词，是抽象名词的所指更具体些。 Her arrogance led to the failure of her first marriage. 他傲慢的态度导致第一次婚姻失败。 2、英语中，时态是靠动词的变化或通过增加助动词体现出来的，汉语中，时态多是由助动词或时间副词体现的，所以，在翻译的过程中经常需要增词。 Some measures has been taken,but without success. 已经采取了一些措施，但依然没有成功。 3、英语中，“数”的范畴是由名词数的语法形式体现出来的，而在汉语中，这一范畴基本上是由词汇手段来体现的，所以在翻译时，也经常需要增词。 In spite of the reasons, he still couldn’t escape critici *** . 尽管他有种种理由，但仍不能逃脱批评。
英汉翻译过程包括理解和表达两个重要的阶段，只有在正确理解原文词义的基础上,才能正确地表达原文。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉翻译论文范文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!
探析英汉翻译陷阱
【摘 要】英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样，常常是句子或词语的表层结构与其要表达的真实含义相反。为了避免落入英语陷阱，学习者对英语的某些词句、语义应克服表面化的理解，也不能简单照搬辞典上的释义，更不能望文生义;对中西文化差异也必须有深刻的了解。只要对英语陷阱多注意、多分析、多体会，便可避免误入一些似是而非的“陷阱”。
【关键词】英汉翻译;陷阱;表层结构;深层含义
英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样，对学习者来说的确是一个必须要注意的问题。在英汉翻译中，初学者往往从语法角度对英汉两种语言做机械对比，有时还下意识地将词典释义不加斟酌，拿来就用。在审查译文表达是否准确时，又习惯于将自己的母语思维定势用作衡量正误的标准。这些做法实际上都很容易造成释义与原文真实含义的脱节，甚至南辕北辙，落入英语“陷阱”。
一、短语翻译中的陷阱
例子如下：
1、confidence man
误译：值得信赖的人
正译：
2、sleep late
误译：睡觉很晚
正译：起床很晚
3、black tea
误译：黑茶
正译：红茶
4、gas mask
误译：赌气面具
正译：防毒面具
5、mad-doctor
误译：发疯的医生
正译：精神病医师
6、lightning rod
误译：闪电针
正译：避雷针
7、trouble man
误译：制造麻烦的人
正译：故障检修员
8、be in control
误译：被控制
正译：掌控……，控制……
9、flu mask
误译：流感口罩
正译：卫生器具
10、fire engine
误译：点火机器
正译：救火车、消防车
11、fire wall
误译：着火的墙
正译：防火墙
对这些短语均须准确理解，否则便会落入陷阱之中。
二、习语翻译中的陷阱
在翻译英语习语时，初学者有时总想找一个汉语的习语或成语，使之与英语习语相对应。虽然这种对应在某种程度上可以做到，但却不一定在所有情况下都能成功。英语陷阱的特点就是其表层意思和深层含义常常貌合神离，甚至南辕北辙，若抛开语言文化差异而不顾，盲目追求“形似”，就难免会落入英语陷阱。如：
1、Gild(或Paint)the lily
该习语似乎与“锦上添花”意思相近，但实际上却相差甚远。在汉语中，“锦上添花”比喻使美好的事物更加美好，而这个习语的意思是指对已经很完美的东西做不恰当甚至过分的修饰，结果是破坏了原来的美。这有点近似于汉语的“画蛇添足”。
2、Strange bedfellows
这个习语不等于“同床异梦”。“Strange bedfellows”指走到一起的不同类型的人，萍水相逢的人;或有些人性格、兴趣、习惯等都不相同，本来不会碰到一起，而现在却成了伙伴。“同床异梦”指的是虽然共同生活或共同从事某项活动，但各有各的打算，面和心不合。可见“strange bedfellows”和“同床异梦”所指很不一样。
3、Turn the table
这个习语很容易被误译为“把桌子掀翻”，而且好像还带有气愤至极的味道。其实，这种理解是不对的，“turn the table”在含义上并不带有这种激动的成分。譬如，一对夫妻吵架、闹离婚，经过调解之后，终于化干戈为玉帛。丈夫的一位美国朋友打来电话，询问情况，当知道是这么一种结果时，便说:“Oh，thank God!You turned the table.”这位男士听后很不理解：朋友是不是以为自己对妻子动粗了?其实，这个习语的意思和掀翻桌子一点关系也没有，也不带有什么负面的感情色彩，它的意思是“扭转了局面”。
4、The last straw
如：The service in this shop has been bad before，but this is the last straw.
误译：这家商店的服务一向不好，这可是救命稻草。
学习者对这句英文容易误译的原因就是在阅读时容易忽略中西方文化因素，望文生义。因为在我们的文化中，很容易把“the last straw”和“最后一根稻草(救命稻草)”联系起来。可是在英语中，“the last straw”指的是“the last in a series of bad events， makes it impossible for somebody to accept a situation any longer(令人忍无可忍之事;终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事或一个因素等)”。该习语源于谚语“It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back”。(最后添加的一根稻草压断骆驼脊背。)可见，它的指称意义与汉语的“救命稻草”大相径庭。所以，“The service in this shop has been bad before，but this is the last straw.”应该译为：这家商店的服务一向不好，这一次更是叫人受不了。
三、句型翻译中的陷阱
释义与原义南辕北辙，这种现象在某些英语句型和特殊结构的翻译中也很常见。当然，之所以出现“南辕北辙”的现象，归根到底还是由于没有掌握英语陷阱的规律。由于英语中一些固定结构的深层含义与表层含义相反，所以，若仅仅按照句子的表层结构进行翻译，那就很容易会落入英语陷阱之中。
1、For all 结构
如：For all I care，you can throw it away.
误译：你把它丢了，我很在乎。
正译：你把它丢了，我也不在乎。
2、It + be + adj.+ n.+ that 结构
著名翻译家钱歌川教授认为像这一类的句型应从反面理解，以适应英语语言的独特意境。
如：It is a good workman that never blunders.
误译：一个好的技工从来不会犯错。
正译：智者千虑，必有一失。
It is a wise father that knows his own child.
误译：聪明的爸爸会了解自己的孩子。
正译：聪明的爸爸也未必了解自己的孩子。
3、being + a.
如：They are being friendly.
误译：他们现在很友好。
正译：他们装出一副友好的样子。
“being friendly”之所以是“装出一副友好的样子(或姿态)”，是因为从深层结构看，“being”表示的意思是“目前”或“现在”，其含义短暂。它说明这是主语有意识的一个动作，因而在这类句子里面就隐含着一个意思：他们平时并不这么友善，现在是故意作秀。在这个句型里，“being”的含义相当于“故意地”。
4、形式否定，实为肯定
(1)….cannot…….too
如：You cannot be too careful when driving.
误译：你开车的时候不能太小心了。
正译：你开车的时候越小心越好。
此结构在形式上是否定的，但意义却是肯定的。表示一个人“无论怎么…..也不过分”，“越……越好”。
(2)……never……but……
如：I never go to that city but I want to eat the characteristic food there.
误译：我从来不去那个城市，但是我想吃那里的特色食品。
正译：我每次去那个城市都要吃那里的特色食品。
在“……never……but……”这个结构中，never和but是用来加强语气的，实表肯定的意思，可译为“每次……都/必……”。
(3)……nothing if not……
如：The book is nothing if not interesting.
误译：这本书没有什么意思。
正译：这本书相当有意思。
在这里，“nothing if not”是一个双重否定，实际上它是一个强调肯定意义的结构。“nothing if not”相当于“extremely”、“very”，意思是“极其……”，“非常……”。
5、形式肯定，实为否定
(1)……the last…… + 不定式短语/定语从句
如：This is the last thing I expect him to do.
误译：这是我希望他做的最后一件事。
正译：这是我最不希望他做的事。
在这个句型中，“last”应理解为“最不可能的”。
(2)……anything but……
如：This math text is anything but easy.
误译：这次数学考试很容易。
正译：这次数学考试一点也不容易。
“……anything but……”应理解为never，意思是“决不”。
6、貌似全部否定，实为部分否定
如：All of the students did not turn up.
误译：所有的学生都没有出席。
正译：并非所有的学生都出席了。
Both of us are not teachers.
误译：我们俩都不是教师。
正译：我们俩并不都是教师。
英语中，当all，both，every，each等表示整体意义的代词与否定词not连用时，一般只表示部分否定，而不是全部否定。
7、否定转移
如：He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.
误译：他不会相信此事，因为亚里士多德这样说过。
正译：他并不会因为亚里士多德说过如何如何就轻信此事。
否定转移结构往往貌似一般否定结构，not的位置与一般否定结构中的not完全相同，但实际上却是一种部分否定，not由一部分转移到了另一部分。
英汉翻译中稍不留意就会出现意思南辕北辙的现象还有很多，例子不胜枚举，限于篇幅，这里不再赘述。
四、如何避免落入陷阱
从上面所举的这些例子不难看出，英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样，学习者可谓一不留神就会落入陷阱。如何避免这种情况的发生呢?
首先，学习者对英语的词句、语义应努力克服机械理解，不能简单照搬辞典上的释义，更不能想当然。在翻译时，望文生义是最要不得的。
第二，学习者对中西文化差异必须要有深刻的了解。
语言是文化的载体，是折射不同民族文化的一面镜子。有时，英汉翻译之所以会掉入陷阱，一个很重要的原因就是学习者忽视对中西文化差异的学习和掌握，这种忽视势必会使学习者误入歧途，掉入文化的“陷阱”。只有在文化中去探寻词语或某些特殊表达方式的真实内涵，才会有效地避免翻译中的“南辕北辙”;只有了解不同国度的文化差异，在英汉翻译过程中才不会落入陷阱。正如王佐良先生所指出的：“在寻找与原文相对的‘对等词’的过程中，就要做一番比较，因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等各个方面都相当。这当中，陷阱是不少的，如果我们望文生义就会出毛病……译者做的文化比较远比一般人细致、深入。他处理的是个别的词;他面对的则是两大片文化。”由此可见，学习者对中西文化的了解何其重要。
第三，对英语陷阱的规律要多注意、多分析、多体会。
英译汉有时可以做到形式结构上的对等，但并不是每个英文习语、短语都能在汉语中找到意义对等且形式结构也相当的习语或惯用法。在这种情况下，译者可采用音译加注、意译、增译等其他技巧来表达某些英语特殊结构或词语的真正含义，这样才能避免误入一些似是而非的“盲区”或“陷阱”。
参考文献：
[1]孙海运.英语成语来龙去脉[M].中国对外翻译出版社,1989.
[2]鲁迅.准风月谈[M].人民文学出版社,2006.
[3].牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第七版)[M].牛津大学出版社,2010.
[4]董乐山.英译汉理论与实例[M].北京出版社,2005.
[5]王佐良.翻译中的文化比较[J].中国翻译,1984(01).
英汉翻译的词序差异
摘要：本文主要研究英汉翻译中经常出现但又不被重视的词序问题。通过以词序中的副词、形容词为研究对象来体现在英汉翻译中词序使用正确的价值与意义，从而促进英汉翻译技能的成熟与完整。
关键词：词序渊源;副词词序;形容词词序
在平时的练习中我们不难发现英译汉的过程中词序的一些变化，这种差异值得学习的人研究和琢磨。因此，在英汉翻译中应首先了解这种差异中的一种，即词序的变化对翻译者而言是有价值的。价值何在?通过以下的比较研究，让我们来认识这一点，并且让这一点服务于翻译。
一、练习
妇女要求同工同酬。他们终于找到了一个能应付这种局面的人。译者的对应结构式：“Woman demands equal pay for equal work.”这句话没有问题。但对第二句话的词序就犯了愁，怎么写呢?“They finally found a man equal to the they found an equal man to the occasion.”前一句的翻译正好是在说汉语原句的意思，这句是对的，而后一句会产生歧义。看的人会认为意思是：他们终于找了一个公平公正的人去应付这种局面。这些经常出现的问题体现了译者的基础薄弱。对词序的不甚了解而导致了问题的出现。这种问题在翻译中会带来一些不必要的甚至是负面的影响，好在初学者大多是在练习中而已。试想，对于一个翻译工作者来讲，掌握且精通词序是有意义的。
这便给我们提了个醒。要怎样才能掌握好副词在句中的词序呢?“diligently”，“characteristically”等置于动词之前时，仅修饰动词本身。而置于句末时，其修饰对象及句意均有变化。对比以下句子可以看出这种特点。The people in the show their capacity on settling the diligently complex problems，for instance，the colleague ，Lillian showed Parent Zhang all around Beijing City，who comes from Shanghai.
二、给出的例句
The kitty nearly touched the back of herself as she would be the greatest painter around Town Sony.翻译成：这可爱的猫咪一伸手就能摸到自己个儿的背，看起来像是索尼镇上最了不起的画家。这显示猫咪并不真的是画家，只是有一种能显示出猫咪妖娆的色彩，让人觉得她是灵活的、聪明可爱的。我们也能感受到，似我们在其他情绪中如“蕴酿”一般，没有体现一个什么过程，只是有一种“身临其境”的感受，没多想就写出来了。
从以上的比较中我们可以看出这两句中的副词“nearly”与“too”是相反的。置于不同的词之前，会产生不同的句意。而“too”只是强调所紧跟的词，无论该词是人称代词还是地点名词。如：I，too，brushed the yellow 此处强调主语I。而My grandpa and I brushed the yellow shoes，too.该处仔细读来是在强调“爷爷也刷了他的黄色的鞋子”这件事情。
因为副词在语法上的功能是做状语使用，所修饰的是一个完整的句子，或是某个形容词，使语言本身更富色彩。在词序的学习研究中，副词的研究很具代表性。
下面我们来研究一下形容词在词序上的位置给句子带来的变化。例句：Young Chairman Mao，proper pioneer of the Chinese Communist Party(which put him involved into the liberation of whole China)had gained the support from the bosom friends as in his student year.(作为身兼解放全中国伟大事业及带领中国共产党的合适的领袖，年轻的毛主席以自己学生时代的志同道合者们作为开展工作的基石。)They failed to trust the matter to a responsible man.(他们未能将此事委托给一个负责任的人.)The man responsible was at last punished.(应负责任的当事人最终受到了处罚。)三个形容词proper，bosom，responsible在两组句子里不同的位置可以看出形容词作前置定语与后置定语所产生的在汉语上的效果。“合适的领袖、志同道合的朋友、一个负责任的人、应负责任的人”，这些理解把形容词带给语言的修饰功能已经带出来了。让语言本身拥有多变的外貌，统一的思想，即：实现语言所表达的色彩。
三、除了以动词、副词和形容词的例句来研究词序外，还涉及到的内容
这些包括连贯(Coherence)、强调(Emphasis)、悬念(Suspense)，分别来了解一下。
In the inn the Kuomintang set for the so-called Hot Red liberators，Yuan Juemin kneed on the cold looked like that he would say no other words from now a slim light put on his white and skinny face as a shower that made him feel so smiled then，no other words，just smile that also covered the roommates from the front corner to the back roommates also said no other words knew clearly what waited before them.
如果翻译只达到“信”，这让人觉得这橡皮筋被拉扯得太过费劲，且那么不自然，让业内人士一看就觉得动力火候欠缺，不够专业。那要如何处理呢?我们不妨来剖析剖析这个句子。主人翁是袁觉民，一个被国民党当成赤色分子关在监狱里的革命人。当我们看到因为长久没见到阳光，而现在哪怕见到从窗户里挤进来的一丝阳光就满足得心甘情愿接受折磨也不透漏出卖同志的一个字。他跪在冰冷的地上时，我们按一般的思维会产生一个悬念：接下来他要哭还是难受还是怎样。待全句读完，这个悬念才待释。原来他不难受不伤心，而是很满足，很知道从这一刻起生命、人生对他来讲的意义是什么。一个大转折，让读者读完也产生一种“生的伟大，死的光荣”的豪情壮志。一瞬间那种所谓的民族豪情便油然而生。而且全句都是连贯且有强调的，强调袁觉民的表现。译句中体现出悬念再加上深具节奏，读来抑扬顿挫，语句丰润有泽，所以佳句便呈现出来了。
四、我们来检验检验词序在翻译上的作用与之服务的意义
The young sisters told their teacher all their young sisters told all their troubles to their teacher.从前译者认为这两句话所说的是一个意思，译作同一个句子便可。便直接译为：这对姐妹把他们的烦恼全都告诉了他们的老师。这样看似是对的。但严格的放到词序这个问题上来分析，前一句的信息核心是all their troubles——告诉了老师什么?后一句的信息核心是to their teacher——告诉谁?因此，该译文只适合后一句，而前一句当译成：这对姐妹对老师讲了他们所有的烦恼。
仅以本文的陈述、论述和例证来让译文在对待英汉翻译上从大局出发，从小节着手，如词序问题，从而译出叫人拍手称好、张嘴叫绝的文字，从理论上更上一个研究的新台阶。从实践中印证英汉翻译的细节讲究，为英汉翻译积累更多更好的原始佐证材料，促使译文的发展和完整。
参考文献：
[1]郑立信，王菊泉.英汉语言文化对比研究[M].北京：上海外语教育出版社，2004.
[2]从莱庭，徐鲁亚.西方修辞学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2007.
It happened that the cat met Mr. Fox in the woods. She thought, "He is intelligent and well experienced, and is highly regarded in the world," so she spoke to him in a friendly manner, "Good-day, my dear Mr. Fox. How is it going? How are you? How are you getting by in these hard times?" The fox, filled with arrogance, examined the cat from head to feet, and for a long time did not know whether he should give an answer. At last he said, "Oh, you poor beard-licker, you speckled fool, you hungry mouse hunter, what are you thinking? Have you the nerve to ask how I am doing? What do you know? How many tricks do you understand?" "I understand but one," answered the cat, modestly. "What kind of a trick is it?" asked the fox. "When the dogs are chasing me, I can jump into a tree and save myself." "Is that all?" said the fox. "I am master of a hundred tricks, and in addition to that I have a sackful of cunning. I feel sorry for you. Come with me, and I will teach you how one escapes from the dogs." Just then a hunter came by with four dogs. The cat jumped nimbly up a tree, and sat down at its top, where the branches and foliage completely hid her. "Untie your sack, Mr. Fox, untie your sack," the cat shouted to him, but the dogs had already seized him, and were holding him fast. "Oh, Mr. Fox," shouted the cat. "You and your hundred tricks are left in the lurch. If you been able to climb like I can, you would not have lost your life." 一只猫在森林里遇到一只狐狸，心想：“他又聪明，经验又丰富，挺受人尊重的。”於是它很友好地和狐狸打招呼：“日安，尊敬的狐狸先生，您好吗？这些日子挺艰难的，您过得怎么样？” 狐狸傲慢地将猫从头到脚地打量了一番，半天拿不定主意是不是该和它说话。最后它说：“哦，你这个倒霉的长着鬍子、满身花纹的傻瓜、饥肠辘辘地追赶老鼠的傢伙，你会啥？有甚么资格问我过得怎么样？你都学了点甚么本事？” “我只有一种本领。”猫谦虚地说。 “甚么本领？”狐狸问。来源：考试大 “有人追我的时候，我会爬到树上去藏起来保护自己。” “就这本事？”狐狸不屑地说，“我掌握了上百种本领，而且还有满口袋计谋。我真觉得你可怜，跟着我吧，我教你怎么从追捕中逃生。” 就在这时，猎人带着四条狗走近了。猫敏捷地窜到一棵树上，在树顶上蹲伏下来，茂密的树叶把它遮挡得严严实实。 “快打开你的计谋口袋，狐狸先生，快打开呀！”猫冲着狐狸喊道。可是猎狗已经将狐狸扑倒咬住了。“哎呀，狐狸先生，”猫喊道，“你的千百种本领就这么给扔掉了！假如你能像我一样爬树就不至於丢了性命了！” The paradox of our time in history is that we have taller buildings, but shorter tempers; wider freeways, but narrower viewpoints; we spend more, but have less; we buy more but enjoy less. 我们这个时代在历史上的说法就是我们拥有更高的建筑，但是有更暴的脾气；我们拥有更宽阔的高速公路，却有更狭隘的观点；我们花费得更多，拥有得却更少；我们购买得更多却享受得更少。 We have bigger houses and smaller families; more conveniences, but less time; we have more degrees, but less sense; more knowledge, but less judgment; more experts, but more problems; more medicine, but less wellness. 我们的房子越来越大，家庭却越来越小；便利越来越多，时间却越来越少；学位越来越多，感觉却越来越少；知识越来越多，观点却越来越少；专家越来越多，问题也越来越多；药物越来越多，健康却越来越少。 We drink too much, spend too recklessly, laugh too little, drive too fast, get too angry too quickly, stay up too late, get up too tired, read too little, watch TV too much, and pray too seldom. 我们喝得太多，花钱大手大脚，笑得太少，开车太快，易怒，熬夜，赖床，书读得越来越少，电视看得越来越多，却很少向上帝祈祷。 We talk too much, love too seldom, and hate too often. We’ve learned how to make a living, but not a life; we’ve added years to life, not life to years. 我们常常夸夸其谈，却很少付出爱心，且常常心中充满了仇恨。我们学会了如何谋生，而不知如何生活。我们延长了生命的期限，而不是生活的期限。 We’ve been all the way to the moon and back, but have trouble crossing the street to meet the new neighbor. We’ve conquered outer space, but not inner space; we’ve done larger things, but not better things. 我们登上了月球，并成功返回，却不能穿过街道去拜访新邻居。我们已经征服了太空，却征服不了自己的内心；我们的事业越做越大，但质量却没有提高。 Packaging A Person A person, like a commodity, needs packaging. But going too far is absolutely undesirable. A little exaggeration, however, does no harm when it shows the person's unique qualities to their advantage. To display personal charm in a casual and natural way, it is important for one to have a clear knowledge of oneself. A master packager knows how to integrate art and nature without any traces of embellishment, so that the person so packaged is no commodity but a human being, lively and lovely. A young person, especially a female, radiant with beauty and full of life, has all the favor granted by God. Any attempt to make up would be self-defeating. Youth, however, comes and goes in a moment of doze. Packaging for the middle-aged is primarily to conceal the furrows ploughed by time. If you still enjoy life's exuberance enough to retain self-confidence and pursue pioneering work, you are unique in your natural qualities, and your charm and grace will remain. Elderly people are beautiful if their river of life has been, through plains, mountains and jungles, running its course as it should. You have really lived your life which now arrives at a complacent stage of serenity indifferent to fame or wealth. There is no need to resort to hair-dyeing-the snow-capped mountain is itself a beautiful scene of fairyland. Let your looks change from young to old synchronizing with the natural ageing process so as to keep in harmony with nature, for harmony itself is beauty, while the other way round will only end in unpleasantness. To be in the elder's company is like reading a thick book of de luxe edition that fascinates one so much as to be reluctant to part with. As long as one finds where one stands, one knows how to package oneself, just as a commodity establishes its brand by the right packaging. 人的包装 人如商品要包装，但切忌过分包装。夸张包装，要善于展示个性的独特品质。在随意与自然中表现人的个性美，重要的是认识自己，包装的高手在于不留痕迹，外在的一切应与自身浑然一体，这时你不再是商品，而是活生生的人。 青年有着充盈的生命的底气，她亮丽诱人，这是上帝赐予的神采，任何涂抹都是多余的败笔，青春是个打个盹就过去的东西。 中年的包装主要是掩盖住岁月流过的痕迹。如果你依然能够享受丰富自信的生活并追求前沿的工作，你的气质定会独特不凡，风韵依然。 当生命之河一一经历了平原、高山和树林，老年人便会是美丽的。你的生活达到了一种宁静的境界，淡泊名利、与世无争。无需去染黑头发，因为那满头如学的白发正是一种仙境之美。 人该年轻时就年轻，该年老时就年老，这是与自然同步，这就是和谐。和谐就是美，反之就是丑。和老年人在一起就像读一本厚厚的精装书，魅力无穷，令人爱不释手。 只要你了解自己所处的境地，就知道该如何包装自己，正如拥有合适包装的商品会成为知名品牌。
只要有发现的美的眼睛，那么你就能看到生活中的小故事，下面是我为大家搜集整理出来的有关于中英对照励志文章，希望可以帮助到大家！
Today I shed my old skin which hath, too long, suffered the bruises of failure and the wounds of mediority.
Today I am born anew and my birthplace is a vineyard where there is fruit for all.
Today I will pluck grapes of wisdom from the tallest and fullest vines in the vineyard,for these were planted by the wisest of my profession who have come before me,generation upon generation.
Today I will savor the taste of grapes from these vines and verily I will swallow the seed of success buried in each and new life will sprout within me.
The career I have chosen is laden with opportunity yet it is fraught with heartbreak and despair and the bodies of those who have failed, were they piled one atop another, would cast a shadow down upon all the pyramids of the earth.
Yet I will not fail, as the others, for in my hands I now hold the charts which will guide through perilous waters to shores which only yesterday seemed but a dream.
Failure no longer will be my payment for struggle. Just as nature made no provision for my body to tolerate pain neither has it made any provision for my life to suffer failure. Failure, like pain, is alien to my life. In the past I accepted it as I accepted pain. Now I reject it and I am prepared for wisdom and principles which will guide me out of the shadows into the sunlight of wealth, position, and happiness far beyond my most extravagant dreams until even the golden apples in the Garden of Hesperides will seem no more than my just reward.
Time teaches all things to him who lives forever but I have not the luxury of eternity. Yet within my allotted time I must practice the art of patience for nature acts never in haste. To create the olive, king of all trees, a hundred years is required. An onion plant is old in nine weeks. I have lived as an onion plant. It has not pleased me. Now I wouldst become the greatest of olive trees and, in truth, the greatest of salesman.
And how will this be accomplished? For I have neither the knowledge nor the experience to achieve the greatness and already I have stumbled in ignorance and fallen into pools of self-pity. The answer is simple. I will commence my journey unencumbered with either the weight of unnecessary knowledge or the handicap of meaningless experience. Nature already has supplied me with knowledge and instinct far greater than any beast in the forest and the value of experience is overrated, usually by old men who nod wisely and speak stupidly.
In truth, experience teaches thoroughly yet her course of instruction devours men's years so the value of her lessons diminishes with the time necessary to acquire her special wisdom. The end finds it wasted on dead men. Furthermore, experience is comparable to fashion; an action that proved successful today will be unworkable and impractical tomorrow.
Only principles endure and these I now possess, for the laws that will lead me to greatness are contained in the words of these scrolls. What they will teach me is more to prevent failure than to gain success, for what is success other than a state of mind? Which two, among a thouand wise men, will define success in the same words; yet failure is always described but one way. Failure is man's inability to reach his goals in life, whatever they may be.
In truth, the only difference between those who have failed and those who have successed lies in the difference of their habits. Good habits are the key to all success. Bad habits are the unlocked door to failure. Thus, the first law I will obey, which precedeth all others is --I will form good habits and become their slave.
As a child I was slave to my impulses; now I am slave to my habits, as are all grown men. I have surrendered my free will to the years of accumulated habits and the past deeds of my life have already marked out a path which threatens to imprison my future. My actions are ruled by appetite, passion, prejudice, greed, love, fear, environment, habit, and the worst of these tyrants is habit. Therefore, if I must be a slave to habit let me be a slave to good habits. My bad habits must be destroyed and new furrows prepared for good seed.
I will form good habits and become their slave.
And how will I accomplish this difficult feat? Through these scrolls, it will be done, for each scroll contains a principle which will drive a bad habit from my life and replace it with one which will bring me closer to success. For it is another of nature's laws that only a habit can subdue another habit. So, in order for these written words to perform their chosen task, I must discipline myself with the first of my new habits which is as follows:
I will read each scroll for thirty days in this prescribed manner, before I proceed to the next scroll.
First, I will read the words in silence when I arise. Then, I will read the words in silence after I have partaken of my midday meal. Last, I will read the words again just before I retire at day's end, and most important, on this occasion I will read the words aloud.
On the next day I will repeat this procedure, and I will continue in like manner for thirty days. Then, I will turn to the next scroll and repeat this procedure for another thirty days. I will continue in this manner until I have lived with each scroll for thirty days and my reading has become habit.
And what will be accomplished with this habit? Herein lies the hidden secret of all man's accomplishments. As I repeat the words daily they will soon become a part of my active mind, but more important, they will also seep into my other mind, that mysterious source which never sleeps, which creates my dreams, and often makes me act in ways I do not comprehend.
As the words of these scrolls are consumed by my mysterious mind I will begin to awake, each morning, with a vitality I have never known before. My vigor will increase, my enthusiasm will rise, my desire to meet the world will overcome every fear I once knew at sunrise, and I will be happier than I ever believed it possible to be in this world of strife and sorrow.
Eventually I will find myself reacting to all situations which confront me as I was commanded in the scrolls to react, and soon these actions and reactions will become easy to perform, for any act with practice becomes easy.
Thus a new and good habit is born, for when an act becomes easy through constant repetiton it becomes a pleasure to perform and if it is a pleasure to perform it is man's nature to perform it often. When I perform it often it becomes a habit and I become its slave and since it is a good habit this is my will.
Today I begin a new life.
And I make a solemn oath to myself that nothing will retard my new life's growth. I will lose not a day from these readings for that day cannot be retrieved nor can I substitute another for it. I must not , I will not, break this habit of daily reading from these scrolls and, in truth, the few moments spent each day on this new habit are but a small price to pay for the happiness and success that will be mine.
As I read and re-read the words in the scrolls to follow, never will I allow the brevity of each scroll nor the simplicity of its words to cause me to treat the scroll's message lightly. Thousands of grapes are pressed to fill one jar with wine, and the grapeskin and pulp are tossed to the birds. So it is with these grapes of wisdom from the ages. Much has been filtered and tossed to the the pure truth lies distilled in the words to come. I will drink as instructed and spill not a drop. And the seed of success I will swallow.
Today my old skin has become as dust. I will walk tall among men and they will know me not , for today I am a new man, with a new life.
今天，我爬出满是失败创伤的老茧。
今天，我重新来到这个世上，我出生在葡萄园中，国内的葡萄任人享用。
今天，我要从最高最密的藤上摘下智慧的果实，这葡萄藤是好几代前的智者种下的。
今天，我要品尝葡萄的美味，还要吞下每一位成功的种子，让新生命在我心里萌牙。
我选择的道路充满机遇，也有辛酸与绝望．失败的同伴数不胜数，叠在一起，比金字塔还高。
然而，我不会像他们一样失败，因为我手中持有航海图，可以领我越过汹涌的大海，抵达梦中的彼岸．
失败不再是我奋斗的代价．它和痛苦都将从我的生命中消失。失败和我，就像水火一样，互不相容。我不再像过去一样接受它们。我要在智慧的指引下，走出失败的阴影，步入富足、健康、快乐的乐园，这些都超出了我以往的梦想． 我要是能长生不老，就可以学到一切，但我不能永生，所以，在有限的人生里，我必须学会忍耐的艺术，因为大自然的行为一向是从容不迫的．造物主创造树中之王橄摊树需要一百年的时间，而洋葱经过短短的九个星期就会枯老．我不留恋从前那种洋葱式的生活，我要成为万树之王——橄榄树，成为现实生活中最伟大的推销员．
怎么可能？我既没有渊博的知识，又没有丰富的经验，况且，我曾一度跌入愚昧与自怜的深渊．答案很简单。我不会让所谓的知识或者经验妨碍我的行程．造物生已经赐予我足够的知识和本能，这份天赋是其它生物望尘莫及的。经验的价值往往被高估了，人老的时候开口讲的多是糊涂话．说实在的，经验确实能教给我们很多东西，只是这需要花费太长的时间．等到人们获得智慧的时候，其价值已随着时间的消逝而减少了．结果往往是这样，经验丰富了，人也余生无多．经验和时尚有关，适合某一时代的行为,并不寻味着在今天仍然行得通。
只有原则是持久的，而我现在正拥有了这些原则．这些可以指引我走向成功的原则全写在这几张羊皮卷里．它教我如何避免失败，而不只是获得成功，因为成功更是一种精神状态．人们对于成功的定义，见仁见智，而失败却往往只有一种解释:失败就是一个人没能达到他的人生目标，不论这些目标是什么。
事实上，成功与失败的最大分野，来自不同的习惯。好习惯是开启成员的钥匙，坏习惯则是一扇向失败敞开的门。因此，我首先要做的`便是养成良好的习惯，全心全意去实行。
小时候．我常会感情用事，长大成人了，我要用良好的习惯代替一时的冲动。我的自由意志屈服于多年养成的恶习，它们威胁着我的前途。我的行为受到品味、情感、偏见、欲望、爱、恐惧、环境和习惯的影响，其中最厉害的就是习惯。因此．如果我必须受习惯支配的话，那就让我受好习惯的支配。那些坏习惯必须戒除，我要在新的田地里播种好的种子。 我要养成良好的习惯，全心全意去实行。
这不是轻而易举的事情，要怎样才能做到呢，靠这些羊皮卷就能做到。因为每～卷里都写着一个原则，可以摒除—项坏习惯，换取一个好习惯，使人进步，走向成功。这也是自然法则之一，只有一种习惯才能抑制另一种习惯。所以，为了走好我选择的道路，我必须养成的第一个习惯
每张羊皮卷用三十天的时间阅读，然后再进人下一卷。 清晨即起，默默诵读；午饭之后，再次默读；夜晚睡前，高声朗读。
第二天的情形完全一样。这样重复三十天后，就可以打开下一卷了。每一卷都依照同样的方法读上三十天，久而久之，它们就成为一种习惯了。
这些习惯有什么好处呢？这里隐含着人类成功的秘诀。当我每天重复这些话的时候，它何成了我精神活动的一部分，更重要的是，它们渗入我的心灵。拥是个神秘的世界，永不静止，创造梦境，在不知不觉中影响我的行为。
当这些羊皮卷上的文字，被我奇妙的心灵完全吸收之后，我每天都会充满活力地醒来。我从来没有这样精力充沛过。我更有活力，更有热情，要向世界挑战的欲望克服了一切恐惧与不安。在这个充满争斗和悲伤的世界里，我竟然比以前更快活。 最后，我会发现自己有了应付一切情况的办法。不久，这些办法就能运用自如．因为，任何方法，只要多练习，就会变得简单易行。
经过多次重复，一种看似复杂的行为就变得轻而易举，实行起来，就会有无限的乐趣，有了乐趣，出于人之天性，我就更乐意常去实行。于是，一种好的习惯便诞生了．习惯成为自然。既是一种好的习惯，也就是我的意原。
今天，我天始新的生活．
我郑重地发誓，绝不让任何事情妨碍我新生命的成长。在阅读这些羊卷的时候，我绝不浪费一天的时间，因为时光一去不返，失去的日子是无法弥补的。我也绝不打破每天阅读的习惯。事实上，每天在这些新习惯上花费少许时间，相对于可能获得的愉乐与成功而言，只是微不足道的代价。 当我阅读羊皮卷中的字句时，绝不能出为文字的精炼而忽视内容的深沉。一瓶葡萄美酒需要千百颗果子酿制而成，果皮和渣子抛给小鸟。葡萄的智慧代代相传，有些被过滤，有些被淘汰，随风飘逝。只有纯正的真理才是永恒的。它们就精炼在我要阅读的文字中。我要依照指示，绝不浪费，饮下成功的种子。
今天，我的老茧化为尘埃。我在人群中昂首阔步，不会有人认出我来，因为我不再是过去的自己、我已拥有新的生命。
1、 pain past is pleasure.
过去的痛苦就是快乐。[无论多么艰难一定要咬牙冲过去，将来回忆起来一定甜蜜无比。]
2、 while there is life, there is hope.
有生命就有希望/留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
3、 wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.
脑中有知识，胜过手中有金钱。[从小灌输给孩子的坚定信念。]
4、 storms make trees take deeper roots.
风暴使树木深深扎根。[感激敌人，感激挫折！]
5、 nothing is impossible for a willing heart.
心之所愿，无所不成。[坚持一个简单的信念就一定会成功。]
6、 the shortest answer is doing.
最简单的回答就是干。[想说流利的英语吗？那么现在就开口！心动不如嘴动。]
7、all things are difficult before they are easy.
凡事必先难后易。[放弃投机取巧的幻想。]
8、great hopes make great man.
伟大的理想造就伟大的人。
9、god helps those who help themselves.
天助自助者。
10、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.
四个简短的词汇概括了成功的秘诀：多一点点！
[比别人多一点努力、多一点自律、多一点决心、多一点反省、多一点学习、多一点实践、多一点疯狂，多一点点就能创造奇迹！]
11、in doing we learn.
实践长才干。
12、 east or west, home is best.
东好西好，还是家里最好。
13、two heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。
14、good company on the road is the shortest cut.
行路有良伴就是捷径。
15、constant dropping wears the stone.
滴水穿石。
16、misfortunes never come alone/single.
祸不单行。
17、misfortunes tell us what fortune is.
不经灾祸不知福。
18、better late than never.
迟做总比不做好；晚来总比不来好。
19、it's never too late to mend.
过而能改，善莫大焉；亡羊补牢，犹未晚也。
20、if a thing is worth doing it is worth doing well.
如果事情值得做，就值得做好。
21、nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.
无热情成就不了伟业。
22、actions speak louder than words.
行动比语言更响亮。
23、lifeless, faultless.
只有死人才不犯错误。
24、from small beginning come great things.
伟大始于渺小。
25、one today is worth two tomorrows.
一个今天胜似两个明天。
26、truth never fears investigation.
事实从来不怕调查。
27、the tongue is boneless but it breaks bones.
舌无骨却能折断骨。
28、a bold attempt is half success.
勇敢的尝试是成功的一半。
29、knowing something of everything and everything of something.
通百艺而专一长。[疯狂咬舌头]
30、good advice is beyond all price.
忠告是无价宝。
在大学阶段应培养学生从一个更高的角度去理解和欣赏 文章 ,深入体会其中的乐趣和妙处。下面是我带来的中英文对照短篇文章，欢迎阅读!中英文对照短篇文章精选 Keep Your Goals in Sight莫让目标太遥远 Then she looked ahead, Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. 佛罗伦斯·查德成克向前方望去，除了绵延无尽的大雾，她什么也看不到。她一直在 游泳 ，已经游了几乎 16个小时，身体都麻木了。 Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now, at age 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina Island to the California coast. 在那之前，她已经是第一位从两个方向游过英吉利海峡的女子。现在，她已经34岁了，她的目标是要成为第一个从卡达琳纳岛游到加利福尼亚海岸的女子。 On that Fourth of July morning in 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense she could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised toward her lonely figure, only to be driven away rifle shots. Against the frigid grip of the sea, she struggled on - hour after hour while millions watched on national television. 1952年 7月 4日的那个早晨，大海就像一个冰浴盆，雾是那么浓，她甚至连救援她的船只都看不到。主E鱼游向她孤单的身躯，只能靠来复枪来击退。她迎向冰冷的海水，努力向前游，就这样一小时一小时过去了;无数观众则坐在电视机前观看这一情景。 Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and her trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasn't much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had … until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. 在佛罗伦斯旁边的一艘船里，她母亲和她的教练不断地鼓励她。他们告诉她离海岸已经不远了，然而除雾以外，她却什么也看不到。他们激励她不要放弃，事实上，她一直在坚持，然而在距离目的地只有半英里的时候，她却要求，将她拖出水面。 Still thawing her chilled body several hour later，she told a reporter, " Look, I'm not excusing myself, but if I could have seen land I might have made it." It was not fatigue or even the cold water that defeated her. It was the fog She was unable to see her goal. 几个小时后，她一边暖着身体，一边对着记者说怎么说呢，我不是为自己找借口，但如果我能看见陆地的话，我会成功的。"瞧，在这次游泳中，击败她的不是劳累和冰冷的海水，而是雾。因为有雾，她根本看不到自己的目标。 Two months later, she tried again This time, despite the same dense fog, she swam with her faith intact and her goal clearly pictured in her mind. She knew that somewhere behind that fog was land and this time she made it! Florence Chadwick became the first woman to swim the Catalina Channel, eclipsing the men's record by two hours! 两个月后，她又试着游了一次。这一次，尽管雾还是那样浓，但她始终带着必胜的信念，头脑中始终有一个清楚的目标，她知道雾后面的某个地方就是陆地，这一次她成功了!佛罗伦斯·查德成克最终成为第一个游过卡达琳纳海峡的女子，并且以快两个小时的速度打破了男子游过该海峡的记录，这让男子记录黯然失色。 中英文对照短篇 文章阅读 You Inner Passion in Your Heart你心中永远的激情 Everyone -every person in this world has a Dream: a passion, a vision in their life that pulls them and urges them to move forward in life. You, my friend have this vision within you, it "whispers" to you occasionally, but in some cases it cries out. It cries out to be listened to and acted upon because this vision comes from your soul. 每个人——这个世界上的每一个人都有一个梦想:一种激情，一种他们对生活的渴望，就是这个渴望椎动着他们向前。你，我的朋友，在你的内心深处也有一种这样的渴望，它会时而轻声向你呼唤，但有时，它会大声呼喊出来，以便唤起你的醒觉，因为这种渴望来自你的灵魂。 Within this "Inner Vision" there lies the magic of living your life with passion, fulfillment and purpose. This means being true to who you really are -and living your life on purpose with all the passion and energy you are capable of living. 在这个心灵深处的渴望中隐藏着在激情、实现自我，以及梦想中生活的魔力。它意味着做一个真实的你，在你所能挥展的激情和能量下朝你的梦想努力。 When you live within your inner passions -you'll never have to seek approval from others -you'll chart your own course" and be the master of your own destiny. More importantly, you'll feel whole, connected and inspired. 当你生活在你内心深处的激情中时，你不必寻求他人的赞同，你能够画出你自己的蓝图，并成为你命运的主宰。更重要的是，你会感觉到一个完整，不孤独，有激情的你。 Find your inner fire, your sense of purpose; this fire will help you harness strengths you're not even aware you have. Be connected with your inner passions -your Life's Dreams, and live that passion every day. 找到你内心深处的永不熄灭的火花——你生活的梦想;这火花会帮助你塑造出你从未意识到你曾拥有的强大力量。拥抱你内心深处的激情——你生活的梦想，每天都生活在那激情吧! 中英文对照短篇文章学习 The Sense of Humor幽默的意义 The story goes that a certain court went too far one day and insulted his king. The king became so infuriated he sentenced the jester to be executed. His court prayed upon the king to have mercy for the man who had served him well for so many years. After a time, the king relented only enough to give the jester his choice as to how he would like to die. The jester replied, "If it' s all the same to you, my Lord, I'd like to die of old age." Certainly in this case, a good sense of humor saved the man' s life. 这是关于一个宫廷小丑的 故事 。这天，他故事讲的有点儿过头，得罪了国王。国王非常恼怒，下令将其处死。他的同伴求情，希望国王能够饶过这个月民侍他多年的人。后来，国王有些心软了，但只是让他，选择如何死而已。小丑回答说怪下，如采您不反对的话，我愿意老死。"无庸质疑，出色的幽默感救了这个人的性命。 It' s true for us as well. We may not be faced with a situation where our wit will save us from an execution, but our sense of humor and the ability to laugh at things has proven health benefits that extend and improve our quality of life. 对我们来说，幽默感同样重要。我们可能不会遇到用智慧来使我们免于处死的情况，但是幽默感和笑对人生的能力却可以促进身体健康，提高生活质量。 Norman Cousins, in his book Anatomy of an Illness , wrote about how he cured himself of cancer by laughing a good part of each day. He rented films of comedies and watched them for hours on end in his hospital room. He had nothing to lose since he' d been diagnosed as terminal. 诺曼·库辛在他的名为《解剖疾病》的书中记录了他如何通过每天大笑一段时间来治愈癌症的故事。他租了一些喜剧电影，然后在病房里连续看上几个小时。自从被诊断出癌症晚期之后，他对死亡淡然处之。 His "experiment" turned out to be a classic example of the healing powers of laughter. If it worked for Cousins with a life-threatening illness, it can work for us to enhance and protect our health. We should laugh often and heartily. It's good for our body. 他的这个"试验"成为证明大笑的治疗作用的经典例子。如采幽默对这位面临着死亡危险的库辛起作用的话，那么幽默也会促进和保护我们的健康。我们应该经常大笑，而且是发自内心地大笑，这对我们的健康有好处。
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论文翻译，自己翻译的比较靠谱。
笔译一般按字数算价格，
随便点进一家翻译公司便能了解价格。
建议找认识的译者，会便宜些，中英翻译价格在一般在100-200元每千字。
在此范围外的也有，依译者水平而定。
有道相对来说要专业些，但是所有的翻译软件包括谷歌都只是翻译成名词性短语，建议译后再检查！