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review论文模板

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review论文模板

简单来说就是用自己的话,把前人相关研究的观点,结论等paraphrase一下。所以,1.你首先要确定好自己的研究方向2.然后,找出这个研究领域相关的研究资料,最好是权威人士的文章,论文等。阅读资料,摘选经典的,突出的,有利于你展开论文的论点,写下来,同一论点的归一类,并记录出处(以便以后写bibliography)3.接下来就是paraphrase别人的话了,记住,这不是抄袭,因为这些是我们的论点所在,前人的研究结果。但是如果你全部照抄,没有用自己的话复述就是抄袭了。原则上允许一两句是可以直接引用。不能过多。4.最后,将写好的literaturereview再看一遍,看看是否符合逻辑。或者某些论点过少,可以再去相应地找资料。大家都是这么过来的,祝你早日完成论文。fighting!

既然都说是literaturereview了,肯定是之前有给过文献让读吧。INTRO不用人教了吧。BODY段有N个论点就写N+1段。BODYPARA1引入所有文献,然后写一下KEYTHEORY。然后之后的每个PARA都写一个论点,如果给了超过一篇的文章就交替比较,比如,XXX说了什么whereasYYY说了什么。注意,因为是review,所以reportingverb前面要加具有导向意义的副词,比如rightfully什么的,来表示你支持他的观点与否。每段结尾的时候简单写几句evaluation。结尾的时候以转折性的语句讨论一下,“虽然XXX和YYY都说了什么,并且很有价值”等等的P话都写上。然后写他们都遗漏的地方,然后写你的看法。反正其实格式就是这么档子事,真正写的时候你会发现难住你的不是格式,而是没好好看书,没有理解文献里的意思,哪怕是抄都不知道上哪段抄去。

How do you write a review article?Here are eight key things to consider when writing a review article:1. Check the journal’s aims and scopeMake sure you have read the aims and scope for the journal you are submitting to and follow them closely. Different journals accept different types of articles and not all will accept review articles, so it’s important to check this before you start . Define your scopeDefine the scope of your review article and the research question you’ll be answering, making sure your article contributes something new to the award-winning author Angus Crake told us, you’ll also need to “define the scope of your review so that it is manageable, not too large or small; it may be necessary to focus on recent advances if the field is well established.”3. Finding sources to evaluateWhen finding sources to evaluate, Angus Crake says it’s critical that you “use multiple search engines/databases so you don’t miss any important ones.”For finding studies for a systematic review in medical sciences, read advice from . Writing your title, abstract and keywordsSpend time writing an effective title, abstract and keywords. This will help maximize the visibility of your article online, ensuring the right readers find your research. Your title and abstract should be clear, concise, accurate, and more information and guidance on getting these right, read our guide to writing a good abstract and title and our researcher’s guide to search engine . Introduce the topicStart with an overview of the topic and give some context, explaining why a review of the topic is necessary. Gather research to inform your introduction and make it broad enough to reach out to a large audience of non-specialists. This will help maximize its wider relevance and ’t make your introduction too long. Divide the review into sections of a suitable length to allow key points to be identified more . Include critical discussionMake sure you present a critical discussion, not just a descriptive summary of the topic. If there is contradictory research in your area of focus, make sure to include an element of debate and present both sides of the argument. You can also use your review paper to resolve conflict between contradictory studies.“Once you have the core review section written, take a step back and look for common trends that emerge. Highlight key advances that have been made and areas where more focused research may lead to high impact. These are crucial to show where the field is heading, and any common pitfalls people have struggled with.” – Angus Crake, researcher7. Sum it upThis can include making suggestions for future research on the topic as part of your conclusion.“You should aim to write a review that leaves a clear impression of what is ‘well understood’, and what still remains a ‘mystery’ to be solved.” – Diptak Bhattacharya, researcher8. Use a critical friendOne last check. Always perform a final spell and grammar check of your article before may want to ask a critical friend or colleague to give their feedback before you submit. If English is not your first language, think about using a language-polishing service. Find out more about the Taylor & Francis Editing get the latest news, insights, tips and more straight to your inbox, sign up for the Taylor & Francis Insights newsletter.

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板,希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < ),Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture), aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999),the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b),andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008),to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English),FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus), the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

期刊送review

送去复核期刊中,可能是指在2007年8月6日送去试读

reviews send back to author意思是:评论发回作者。指期刊把评论发回给作者。

重点词汇:author。

英['ɔ:θə(r)]

释义:

n.作者,著者;作家;发起者,创始人;作品。

v.撰写,写作;发起,创造。

[复数:authors;第三人称单数:authors;现在分词:authoring;过去式:authored;过去分词:authored]

短语:

implied author隐含作者;隐藏作者;隐指作者。

词语使用变化:author

n.(名词)

1、author的意思是“作者”,专指从事文学作品创作的人;特指男性作家;与之相对的阴性名词为authoress,但此词现已很少使用;引申可作“策划者,造成…的人”解。

2、author意为“作者”,“作家”,常指文章或书的创作者,要注意同“校订者”,以及“翻译”和“编辑”区分开来。author作为“文学家”的统称时,往往单独使用。

这个状态很正常,但并不代表reviewer已经接受稿件了,很多杂志社分发到AE后,状态就改成under review如果你投ACS和RSC的期刊的话,投稿后直接就是Under Review,并且在你收到审稿结果之前,一直都是如果你的研究方向是这个期刊的主要方向,找审稿人比较容易,under review就比较快!有些杂志只有under review这一个状态,没有with editor这个状态,所以under review并不一定代表已经送出去审了,可能还在编辑手里。这和等车一样,有时一到车站,车就来了,有时等了很久,还没有车(当然一般就是等等,不知是否有人打电话去催,或怀疑这个路线的车取消了)。

北京review期刊

review期刊意思是:综述期刊。

期刊,定期出版的刊物。如周刊、旬刊、半月刊、月刊、季刊、半年刊、年刊等。由依法设立的期刊出版单位出版刊物。期刊出版单位出版期刊,必须经新闻出版总署批准,持有国内统一连续出版物号,领取《期刊出版许可证》。

从广义上来讲,期刊的分类,可以分为非正式期刊和正式期刊两种。非正式期刊是指通过行政部门审核领取“内部报刊准印证”作为行业内部交流的期刊(一般只限行业内交流不公开发行),但也是合法期刊的一种,一般正式期刊都经历过非正式期刊过程。

正式期刊是由国家新闻出版署与国家科委在商定的数额内审批,并编入“国内统一刊号”,办刊申请比较严格,要有一定的办刊实力,正式期刊有独立的办刊方针。

“国内统一刊号”是“国内统一连续出版物号”的简称,即“CN号”,它是新闻出版行政部门分配给连续出版物的代号。“国际刊号”是“国际标准连续出版物号”的简称,即“ISSN号”,我国大部分期刊都配有“ISSN号”。

是非常不错的一本期刊,属于科研出版社旗下的,也被知网收录了。可以投!

今天给各位分享review是什么意思的知识,其中也会对revision是什么意思进行讲解,请看下面内容!本文目录一览:1、review是什么意思中文2、Review 中文是什么意思3、review是什么意思4、review有什么意思5、review翻译成中文是什么意思啊?6、review的中文是什么意思?review是什么意思中文我们在英语的学习中,理解单词意思和记忆单词是非常重要的,因为只有理解单词才可以更好地运用它,知道review是什么意思吗?下面是我给大家带来的review是什么意思中文_review的英语例句,以供大家参考,我们一起来看看吧!review是什么意思作名词:回顾;复习作动词:评论;复习;复查;检验英语音标:英 [ri?vju:] 美 [r??vju]review的时态现在分词: reviewing过去式: reviewed过去分词: reviewedreview的英语例句1. The White House quickly announced that the policy is under review.白宫很快宣布该项政策正在审核中。2. The president ordered a review of US economic aid to Jordan.总统下令对美国向约旦提供的经济援助进行审查。3. We've never had a good review in the music press.我们从未在音乐媒体获得过好评。4. The bill provides for the automatic review of all death sentences.该法案规定所有死刑判决都要自动接受审核。5. The company should put its claims up for review by an arbitrator.公司应该将其要求交由仲裁者审核。6. The review body has produced a truncated version of its annual report.该评论机构出版了其年报的删节版本。7. You won't catch me giving him a bad review!我绝不会说他坏话的。8. This review is being conducted as speedily as possible.本次审查正在尽可能快地进行。9. The aid allocation for Pakistan was still under review.拨给巴基斯坦的援助物资仍在审核当中。10. She's the literary editor of the "Sunday Review".她是《星期天评论》的文学编辑。11. Chomsky's review is entitled "Psychology and Ideology".乔姆斯基的这篇评论题为《心理学与意识形态》。12. The critic's review of the play was just a paragraph of bile.那位批评家对这部戏剧的评论不过是在发泄怒气。13. the government's review of its education policy政府对其 教育 政策的检讨14. The soldiers were in full uniform for the review.士兵们身着全套军礼服准备接受检阅.15. The critic padded out the review with quotation from the author.这个评论家引用那个作家的话添凑了这篇评论.review过去式reviewed的英语例句1. The Prime Minister reviewed the situation with his Cabinet yesterday.昨天,首相和他的内阁对局势进行了审度。2. His book about Afghanistan is reviewed here by Anthony Hyman.安东尼·海曼在此就他那本关于阿富汗的书写了书评。3. We have reviewed the data that we hold for the area.我们已经审核过为该地区保存的数据了。4. Pay is reviewed on a yearly basis.工资每年审查一次。5. They were understood to have reviewed all major foreign policy issues.据了解,他们讨论了所有重大的外交政策问题.6. Have you reviewed what we covered in class yesterday?昨天我们课堂上讲的东西你们复习了 吗 ?7. The book was kindly and favourably reviewed in the principal papers.这本书得到几家主要报纸的赞许和好评.8. Their services were reviewed favourably.他们的服务得到了好评.9. Have you reviewed for this newly published novel?你给这本新出版的小说写书评了 吗 ?10. Before falling asleep, Helen reviewed the day's happenings.海伦在入睡以前回想了当天发生的事情.11. We have reviewed the whole text.课文全复习完了.12. When he reviewed the troops they cheered him as he smiled and raised his hat.他检阅军队时微笑着举起帽子,人们与此同时都向他欢呼。13. The next day we reviewed the previous day's work.第二天,我们仔细检查了头一天的工作。14. Lord placed the report on a pile of others previously reviewed.洛德把这份 报告 同已经审查过的放到一起.15. The drawing procedure is reviewed before interpreting this figure.在解释这个图以前,先复习一下画图的 方法 .review意思相关 文章 :★ review是什么意思中文翻译★ review是什么意思★ review的用法和短语例句翻译是什么★ review有什么意思★ 怎么学习英语★ review data是什么意思★ review是什么意思中文翻译★ TED演讲:如何掌控你的空闲时间★ 对学术论文规范的看法★ TED英语演讲:一个人的成长离不开反馈var _hmt = _hmt || []; (function() { var hm = ("script"); = ""; var s = ("script")[0]; (hm, s); })();review是什么意思Review 中文是什么意思review:英?[r?'vju?]??美?[r?'vju]释义:n. 回顾;复习;评论;检讨;检阅vt. 回顾;检查;复审vi. 回顾;复习功课;写评论常用短语:Physical Review ——物理评论 ; 物理学评论 ; 物理评论B ; 物理评论DPartisan Review ——党派评论 ; 党人评论 ; 宗派评论Sociological Review ——社会学评论 ; 社会问题评论review是什么意思review 报错 英[r?'vju?] 美[r?'vju]n. 回顾;复习;评论;检讨;检阅vt. 回顾;检查;复审vi. 回顾;复习功课;写评论网络释义专业释义英英释义复习背诵(Recite)与复习(Review):背诵是复习的另一形式,其不同点是,背诵是在没有文章的呈现之下,试图回忆文章内容。基于1057个网页-相关网页评论...超过 3 个页面; 编辑资讯 Editorial Mteril) 是由编辑剪辑选登的一些科研信 息, 篇幅不确定, 通常较短; 评论 (Review) 是对已有研究的述评, 并指出未来研究的方向; 书评 Book Review) 是对已出版的书籍的评论; 新闻事件 News Item) 是对一...基于780个网页- 相关网页回顾站在今天(Today)的立场上回顾(Review)一下,我们不免会感到意外:两雄的实力原本是不相上下,这场争棋原本应该(Should)是优劣难断的死斗,何以胜负的天平会早早倾斜?基于743个网页- 相关网页评审技术评审(Review)是开发组、测试组和相关人员(QA、 产品经理等1联合进行的,采用讲解、提问并使用编码模板进行的查找错误的活动。基于481个网页- 相关网页短语Physical Review物理评论;物理学评论Partisan Review党派评论;党人评论;宗派评论Sociological Review社会学评论;社会问题评论BEIJING REVIEW北京周报;北京周刊;北京周报社;北京评论Review Meeting工作总结会;审核会;评审会;审核会议Annual Review年评;年度复查;年度审查;综述性期刊audit review帐目审查;审计复核;审复核military review阅兵式;阅兵大典;阅兵;军事评论Initial review先期审查;初步审查? 更多收起网络短语专业: 经济学|法学|医药科学|文学|计算机科学技术|管理学|历史学|机械工程|农业科学|哲学|军事学|心理学|地球科学回顾 - 引用次数:2395Second part, review of VBM development.第二部分,有关VBM的历史回顾。参考来源 - 基于价值的管理研究综述 - 引用次数:1248Part II:“Literature Review”.第二部分为“文献综述”。参考来源 - 现阶段农民工市民化问题研究现状 - 引用次数:833First of all, the significance and review of product reliability assessment were described.首先阐述了产品可靠性评估的意义,总结和归纳了产品可靠性评估的研究现状。参考来源 - 基于贝叶斯方法的可靠性评估研究 (研究生论文)评论回顾 - 引用次数:446First part, Reeducation through Labor Review and Development.一、劳动教养制度的回顾和发展。参考来源 - 劳动教养制度的现状和完善(研究生论文)评述 - 引用次数:21The author will review near-sighted epidemiological studies, shortsighted risk factors and control methods of myopia.笔者将对近视眼的流行病学研究、近视眼的危险因素及近视的防治方法作一评述。参考来源 - 近视眼的防治探讨检讨 - 引用次数:44The first part of this paper analyzes the cause of review.在第一章,本文分析了“检讨”之所以产生的原因。参考来源 - 建国初期文学界“检讨”研究回眸 - 引用次数:6参考来源 - 马华文学的问题意识和价值判断探蠡—《华文文学》—2009年第2期—龙源期刊网评审 - 引用次数:36project management; distributed product development; program evaluation and review technique; work breakdown structure; workflow; fuzzy technique.项目管理; 分布式产品开发; 计划评审技术; 工作分解结构; 工作流; 模糊技术。参考来源 - 基于分布式产品开发的项目管理系统的研究与实现查核评析 - 引用次数:4The fourth part, Yun Daiying thinking of the Education Review.第四部分,对恽代英教育思想的评析。参考来源 - 恽代英教育思想及其哲学基础商榷 - 引用次数:3参考来源 - 《每周评论》与五四新文化运动检测方法 - 引用次数:3参考来源 - 紫外光照射下胆固醇及食品中胆固醇氧化物气相色谱分析考察 - 引用次数:10In order to know what is humus acid and humus acid fertilizer,It is important to review the history of humus acid research and supply references to define of humus acid.考察有关腐殖酸的研究历史,更好地认识腐殖酸和腐殖酸类肥料,为规范腐殖酸的有关概念提供参考。参考来源 - 腐殖酸及腐殖酸类肥料研究历史述评审视 - 引用次数:11This paper is divided into six chapters to review the modern moral example.本文分六章来对道德榜样进行现代审视。参考来源 - 道德榜样的现代审视阅兵(式)复习述评·以上统计来源于2,447,534篇论文数据,部分数据来源于NoteExpressreview [ri'vju:]. a new appraisal or evaluation2. an essay or article that gives a critical evaluation (as of a book or play)3. a subsequent examination of a patient for the purpose of monitoring earlier treatment4. (accounting) a service (less exhaustive than an audit) that provides some assurance to interested parties as to the reliability of financial data5. a variety show with topical sketches and songs and dancing and comedians6. a periodical that publishes critical essays on current affairs or literature or art7. a summary at the end that repeats the substance of a longer discussion8. (law) a judicial reexamination of the proceedings of a court (especially by an appellate court)9. practice intended to polish performance or refresh the memory10. a formal or official examinationthe platoon stood ready for . look at again; examine againlet's review your situation2. appraise criticallyShe reviews books for the New York Times3. hold a review (of troops)4. refresh one's memoryI reviewed the material before the test5. look back upon (a period of time, sequence of events); remembershe reviewed her achievements with pride以上来源于: WordNet柯林斯英汉双解大词典21世纪大英汉词典review /r??vju?/ CET4 TEM4(reviewing, reviewed, reviews) review of a situation or system is its formal examination by people in authority. This is usually done in order to see whether it can be improved or corrected. (上级的) 审查[oft N 'of' n, also prep N]例: The president ordered a review of . economic aid to Jordan.总统下令对美国向约旦提供的经济援助进行一次审查。

是“复习”的意思

学术类论文包括review吗

letter就是老板出了啥成果先发了篇再说.很有时效性.article就是一个对实验的综合性叙述.一般有着详细的讨论什么的...account不懂+1一般整理一篇article要很久就可以先发篇letter再说,你懂的

不算的,书评(book review)针对近期出版的学术专著发表观点,属于二次文献,通常篇幅较短。大部分学术期刊均发表书评。书评通常不被各单位的科研绩效考核政策计为论文成果。

通俗的说,前者是不用有实验的实验,对前人的研究进行总结分析;后者是建立在实验结果的基础上。

1、具体含义不同

review article的意思是评论文章,即我们常见的评论性文章。research article的意思是论文, 是学术型作品。

2、使用场合不同

review article常见于各大报刊媒体中,使用广泛,偏口语;research article仅限于学术场合,使用较少。

例句:

Our law review article on nontraditional law enforcement.

我们的法律评论:非正统的执行法律。

How to evaluation a surgical research article with skimming.

如何快速阅读和评价一篇外科学论文。

扩展资料

词汇解析:

1、review article

英文发音:[rɪˈvjuː ˈɑːrtɪkl]

中文释义:评论文章

例句:

Other review article, it is of the topics on the progress of certain diseases and medical elaboration.

其它的综述文章,则是作者对某些疾病和医学专题进展的详细阐述。

2、research article

英文发音:[ˈriːsɜːrtʃ ˈɑːrtɪkl]

中文释义:学术论文;研究论文;研究文章;研究性论文

例句:

A Contrastive Analysis on Generic Structure of Chinese and English Research Article Abstracts.

中英文研究性论文摘要的语类结构对比分析。

论文ppt模板模板

【PPT毕业论文模板】请打开文件夹点进去    免费下载

链接:

在PowerPoint中,演示文稿和幻灯片这两个概念还是有些差别的,利用PowerPoint做出来的东西就叫演示文稿,它是一个文件。而演示文稿中的每一页就叫幻灯片,每张幻灯片都是演示文稿中既相互独立又相互联系的内容。利用它可以更生动直观地表达内容,图表和文字都能够清晰,快速地呈现出来。可以插入图画,动画,备注和讲义等丰富的内容。目前常用的电子文档幻灯片的制作软件有微软公司的OFFICE软件和金山公司的WPS软件。

开题 报告 很大程度上决定着学位论文的学术水平与品质,是学生对自己的论文写作所做的文字说明,也是论文写作或研究能否按计划实施和开展的重要保证。下面是我为大家整理的大学 毕业 论文开题报告ppt格式模板,希望你们喜欢。 大学毕业论文开题报告ppt模板 第一步、论文拟研究解决的问题 内容要求: 明确提出论文所要解决的具体学术问题,也就是论文拟定的创新点。 明确指 出国 内外文献就这一问题已经提出的观点、结论、解决 方法 、阶段性成果…… 评述上述文献研究成果的不足。 提出你的论文准备论证的观点或解决方法,简述初步理由。 撰写方法: 你的观点或方法正是需要通过论文研究撰写所要论证的核心内容,提出和论证它是论文的目的和任务,因而并不是定论,研究中可能推翻,也可能得不出结果。开题报告的目的就是要请专家帮助判断你所提出的问题是否值得研究,你准备论证的观点方法是否能够研究出来。 一般提出3或4个问题,可以是一个大问题下的几个子问题,也可以是几个并行的相关问题。 第二步、国内外研究现状 内容要求:列举与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献。基于“论文拟研究解决的问题”提出,允许有部分内容重复。 撰写方法:只简单评述与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献,其他相关文献评述则在文献综述中评述。 第三步、论文研究的目的与意义 内容要求: 简介论文所研究问题的基本概念和背景。 简单明了地指出论文所要研究解决的具体问题。 简单阐述如果解决上述问题在学术上的推进或作用。 基于“论文拟研究解决的问题”提出,允许有所重复。 第四步、论文研究主要内容 容要求:初步提出整个论文的写作大纲或内容结构。由此更能理解“论文拟研究解决的问题”不同于论文主要内容,而是论文的目的与核心。 关于格式的论文 范文 格式条款的基本特征 现代 合同法的一个重要 发展 方向就是,经自由磋商产生的合同越来越少,取而代之的是标准化的格式条款。合同领域现实生活的变迁对合同法也提出了新的要求,我个人认为,合同法实际上已经演化为内在二重区分的双轨体系:针对经当事人自由磋商形成的合同和基于格式条款产生的合同(或者部分合同内容),合同成立、合同生效、合同解释规则以及合同诉讼机制等方面都存在严格意义上的区别。由于如何认定格式条款涉及到合同法适用的各个方面,因此,诚有必要探讨,以此确保格式合同订入控制和内容控制。 一、格式条款的一般特征 判断合同条款为一般条款、即通过自由磋商形成的合同条款还是格式条款是对格式条款进行 法律 控制的前提,因此必须严格区分二者。格式条款的特征表现在主观和客观两个方面,其中预先制定、重复使用属于主观特征,单独提出属于客观特征,自由磋商实际上为消极要件,具体而言: 1.预先制定。所谓预先制定就是指合同当事人在合同磋商之前已经拟定好合同条款的具体内容,在判断是否存在预先制定的要件时,如下问题值得注意: 第一,格式条款是由使用人本人还是第三人制订并不影响对预先制定因素的判断,换而言之,使用人在合同订立时使用第三人的格式条款并不影响对该合同条款性质的认定。值得注意的是,合同当事人使用第三人制定的推荐性的范式合同也同样满足格式条款的预先制定标准。我国合同法第12条规定的内容,并不能够免除对范式合同的司法审查,尤其考虑到,我国行业协会与行业垄断 企业 存在一体性。从立法资料看,立法者同样主张范式合同文本不能免除内容控制[1]。我国合同法第39条第2款亦明文将预先拟定规定为格式条款的重要特征之一。但是该条具有一个严重缺陷,即将预先制定限制在由使用人本人提出,排除了将使用人直接使用第三人合同条款认定为格式条款的情况。就此,必须使用目的性扩张解释,扩大对该规定的适用余地。 第二,无论格式条款在整个合同中的范围有多大,如整个合同文本都是标准合同,或者合同中只有一部分或者一个条款是格式条款,都不影响对其性质的认定。 2.多次重复使用。多次重复使用反映了格式条款适应大规模重复性交易的特点,即该条款通常并不是为某个具体合同拟定的,而是为某一类交易。判断合同条款是否旨在多次使用的关键是使用者主观意图,在此采取了一种推定的方式。具体而言:如果某合同条款起初仅仅准备用于某次特定合同磋商,虽然此后其再次被用于 其它 合同,但无法认定其是格式条款,原因在于:使用者主观上缺乏使用该格式条款的 计划性。使用者从一开始即将合同条款设定为多次使用的,即使在现实中仅被使用一次,并不妨碍认定该条款具有格式条款多次重复性特征。就企业使用的格式条款而言,因为企业赖于重复交易而生存,所以应推定其具有多次重复使用的特征,企业负担相反认定的举证责任。无论该条款是针对特定的合同当事人还是针对未来不确定的合同当事人都具有重复适用的性质。另外,在数量上如何确定多次重复使用也是一个主观裁量的问题。我个人认为,二次的使用目的即可满足多次重复的标准。 在 实践中,公司章程以及其他团体协约都具有多次重复使用的特点,就此是否能够认定该协议的属性为格式条款?从严格意义上出发,我国合同法将格式条款定义为合同条款,合同法的适用范围也不包括 公司法 和其他社团法上的协议,因此,并不能认定此类协议为格式条款,但是,此类协议的发起人也可能利用该条款单方面违反公平和诚实信用原则非法牟取利益,因此,可以类推适用格式条款法律控制的相关规定。 3.单方提出。依据我国合同法第39条第2款的规定内容,所谓单方提出就是格式条款使用人在订立合同时未与对方协商单方面决定合同内容。单方提出是格式条款产生危险的核心原因,因为其剥夺了对方当事人进行合同磋商的可能,并通常导致合同对方当事人丧失判断自由。从法 社会学的角度出发,格式条款的单方提出特征使其获得了与法律规范相类似的法律地位:使用人通过单方提出格式条款并事先确定其内容为其所有潜在的合同当事人设定了合同内容,其在功能上恰恰替代了合同法中的任意法部分。从此种角度出发,有学者认为,格式条款具有规范性的性质。 4.未经磋商。与上述第三个特征相关联,单方面提出格式条款的结果就是合同对方当事人丧失了磋商的可能。反之,即使格式条款的使用人单方提出格式条款,但该条款订入合同是基于当事人的自由磋商而发生的,则该格式条款演化为普通合同条款,其不再受制于内容控制。我国合同法并没有严格区分格式条款的单方面提出和未经磋商该两个特征,但在认定格式条款时,仍旧应当区分该二者,因为在现实中存在,双方当事人同时指定使用某格式条款的可能,在此种情况下虽然存在未经磋商,但该格式条款并不是某合同当事人单方面提出,因此不能认定其具有格式条款的性质。 5.条款的具体表现形式并不影响对格式条款的认定。依据我国合同法第10条的规定,合同形式有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。因此,使用人以记忆的方式,多次单方面重复使用事先拟定的条款订立合同的,不影响对该条款属性的认定,当然,主张者应当负担举证责任。 必须指出的是,在认定是否存在格式条款时,必须同时存在上述特征,而不能孤立地适用单个特征以确认存在格式条款。 二、消费者保护对认定格式条款的影响 值得注意的是,随着消费者权益保护法的发展,民法中的主体原型由“一元”变为“二元”,即从一个“自我决定、意思自治的个人”为单一主体模式,发展到保留形式上平等的个人自治的“个人”与时刻处在需要法律提供外在保护的“弱者”并存的主体模式。民法的功能从彰显个人自治向直接外在“他治”转化。在民法中,保护弱者已经享有与“意思自治”同样的地位。因此,民法在围绕主体展开时,必须围绕两个主体原型的不同特点提供不同的制度模式,以私人自治为核心的法律行为制度原则上仅适用于主体具有外在意思表示真实的条件下,否则,法律以强行法的“他治”方式介入主体法律生活,以此实现实质正义。我个人认为,仅仅承认民法本位从“个人权利本位”过渡到“社会本位”并不足以解决对现代社会中因结构性不平等所导致的问题,必须承认民法的主体变迁和二元的主体模型并将消费者保护作为民法的一个核心任务之一,才能够确立民法在市民社会中的核心地位,否则民法在法律实际生活中地位不断受到侵袭并面临边缘化的困境将难以得到解决。将消费者保护法作为民法的特别法的作法是不足取的,其直接后果就是民法丧失市民社会中核心的法律地位。 受到消费者保护法律政策的影响,1993年的欧洲共同体关于消费者合同不公平条款的指令规定,经营者事先提出合同条款的,如果消费者在合同磋商时自身无法影响到该条款的内容,则该条款也被视为不公平条款。这样一来,在欧盟内部,格式条款法的适用范围获得了很大的扩张。由于欧盟指令具有一定意义上的强行性,所以所有成员国必须在最低限度内将该指令所规定的内容转入到内国法中,当然,成员国就具体方式享有选择权。目前,英国、德国等国家都吸纳了此种内容,此种扩张直接影响到在消费者合同中对格式条款的认定。 1.在经营者单方面提出合同条款时,即使其主观目的仅在于针对某个特定的消费者,即该条款并不具有重复使用的特点,但由于经营者和消费者之间结构性的不平等,导致消费者无法经过磋商改变该条款的内容,为了更好地保护消费者,在此情况下不采用重复使用的要件。 2.经营者使用该一次性的条款可能是基于自己事先的拟定 工作,有可能基于第三人的条款基础,也可能是基于自己的专业咨询人如律师的建议,但这些都不影响对格式条款的认定。 3.认定消费者是否无法对该条款施加内容上的影响,不仅仅要看消费者是否存在和经营者进行磋商的可能,还要看该格式条款的内容是否清晰、透明。在现代民法中,透明原则渗透到许多部分法中,“透明原则”也应当构成现代合同法的一个重要原则,即复杂合同条款的订立人必须负担详尽的说明义务,否则此种严重侵害具有合理期待的合同主体利益的合同条款无法成为有效的合同条款。尤其在格式条款文本中,使用者通常故意乃至恶意订立复杂难懂的格式条款文本,该文本还使用很多具有很大解释空间的概念,文本之间相互援引,即使是专业的法律人才也难以正确区分其间真正的权利义务分配和风险负担。从 经济 的角度出发,判断格式条款是否透明还必须考虑到时间因素。我们无法期待一个 法学教授在超市购买一个电话时,准备花费数个小时的时间研究商场和供应商所使用的格式条款或者标准合同。因此,经营者针对消费者负担尽可能清晰、透明制定其使用的条款的义务。 我国合同法形式上并不区分消费者合同和非消费者合同,但由于我国1993年的《消费者权益保护法》第24条先于《合同法》规定了对格式合同以及其不同表现形式加以规制的内容,因此,我国目前的立法体例还是从主体上区分相关法律的适用。如合同法也承认消费者合同的特殊性,合同法第113条第2款规定,经营者对消费者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,依照《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》的规定承担损害赔偿责任。由于我国实行统一合同法,合同法第2条明确规定了合同法的适用范围,而且在体系上,格式条款法也被规定在合同法第二章“合同的订立”中,因此,无论是经营者之间的合同还是消费者合同,只要涉及到格式条款,都适用合同法第39条以下的规定内容。就合同的性质而言,区分消费者合同和非消费者合同具有一定的意义,如在违约责任方面,我国《消费者权益保护法》实行的惩罚性原则,而《合同法》实行的是补偿性原则。 从强化保护消费者的角度出发,有必要讨论是否应当引入上述欧盟所颁布的有关滥用条款的规制内容,即在消费者无法影响到一次性使用的合同条款的内容时认定该条款为格式条款。我个人认为,合同正义原则是我国合同法的基本原则[2],合同的内容控制并不是一般合同的必然要求,其更多的在于纠正格式条款的结构性失衡。考虑到在格式条款之前消费者的利益更容易受到侵害,因此法律须针对主体特殊性提供特殊性的保护。既然经营者一次性适用的条款对消费者的利益构成侵害,以实质正义为本位的合同法必须作出相应的救济手段。我个人认为,强化消费者保护将增加企业生产成本、削弱民族企业竞争力的反对理由并不足取,因为在国际商品一体化的贸易 环境下,法律无法依据生产者的国别制定不同的消费者保护水平。尤其值得注意的是,我国市场中直接进口的产品在市场中的份额并不小,如果简单主张削弱对消费者的保护以增强民族 工业 竞争力,可能会发生对本国国民“低国民待遇”的后果。 综上所述,在保留目前立法体例的前提下,我国《消费者权益保护法》第24条应当作出比《合同法》第39条有关格式条款特征更为严格的认定要件,即在经营者单方面一次性合同条款且消费者无法改变该条款内容时,可以将该条款认定为格式条款,类推适用有关格式条款的法律规定。 三、商事活动对认定格式条款的影响 在 历史 上,我国受到“重农抑商”治国策略的强烈影响,商人自始至终没有成为 中国 社会中一个独立的社会阶层,传统中国法也没有体系化的商法,当然,实质上的商法规范还是存在的。由于历史的特殊原因,商法在欧洲大陆先于一般民法发展起来,商法的价值也具有不同于一般民法的特点,如交易安全性、迅捷性和习惯性。在资产阶级民主 政治 在西方取得胜利之后,商人已经不再是一个特殊的社会群体,相反,任何人都享有经济上的平等权利,商法更多的表现为民法之外的特殊性规定内容,在法的部门划分上不具有独立性。我国民法自民国时期第一次法典化即不采用民商分立的体系。 值得注意的是,随着社会群体基于在市场中不同地位而发生的分化,现实法律生活中经营者和消费者的二元对立的法律意义已经逐渐超出了商人与非商人的区分意义,由此民法体系内部出现了两个子系统,即保护消费者的法律和调整经营者活动之间的法律。此种分化对各国民事立法都产生了很大的影响,如在法国,立法者在《法国民法典》之外又单独制定了一部相对独立的《消费者保护法典》,在奥地利亦是如此;而德国采取了民法中心的立法模式,将消费者保护的任务纳入到民法功能范围内,这集中体现在2002年的《德国债法现代化法典》中。在法律适用上,经营者的主体性特征优于商人主体特征,此外,关于商主体的内部复杂划分标准也是商人主体特征逐渐被经营者主体特征取代的一个重要原因。 因此,我个人认为,在 现代 社会 经济 结构的背景下,经营者之间的 合同与消费者合同的划分远比商事合同和非商事合同重要。在认定格式条款时,应当考虑到经营者的特殊主体性。 有人认为,经营者在经济上实力强大、具有较强的专业知识,并且此种合同的目的旨在盈利,其应当承受正常的商业风险,因此格式条款法不适用于经营者之间的合同。但此种观点值得商榷: 首先,市场中的任何经营者都以获利为生存基础,因此经营者的任何商业活动都必须计入到成本中。所以, 法律 无法期待经营者在面对任何一个格式条款时都以一种不 计算 成本的方式通过聘用法律专业人才等方式规避格式条款所带来的弊端,或者两个经营者通过博弈达到合同法所期待的理想公平结果。 其次,并不是任何经营者都从事法律服务的业务,其就其经营业务之外的 法律知识 的掌握情况与消费者并不本质区别,甚至其如同消费者一样在法律面前一无所知,如一般的小型合伙 企业 。 第三,经营者所订立的合同并不都旨在牟利,其同样必须购买与经营活动无直接关系的合同。这也是适用法律的一个重要难点,即依据何种标准判断一个民事主体在一定的法律活动中从事的行为是旨在获利的独立经营行为。虽然我们可以采取推定的方式,认定私法上一切旨在盈利的法人所从事的一切活动都是经营活动,但不可否认,在格式条款面前,经营者通常同样面临消费者面临的问题,除非经营者之间所使用的是行业中通用的交易条款。 从比较法上看,德国新债法第310条第1款规定:“本法第305条第2款及第3款、第308条及第309条不适用于针对经营者、公法上的法人或公法上的特殊财产所适用的一般交易条件。就本款第1句所规定的情况,本法第307条第1款和第2款造成第308条和第309条所规定的合同内容无效的,该两款亦有适用余地;此处应适当考虑到交易活动中具有效力的惯例和习惯”。其中,德国民法典第305条第2款及第3款涉及到格式条款订入控制的内容,其理由基于经营者之间通常存在惯例的考虑,但这并不影响对经营者之间格式条款的内容控制。而德国民法典在第308条及第309条所列举的绝对无效和相对无效的一般交易条件“黑名单”虽然不直接导致此类条款在经营者之间无效,但实际上,由于格式条款内容控制的一般条款如诚实信用原则集中体现在此类具体规定的内容上,所以,消费者合同中的无效格式条款具有很强的指示功能,即此种条款出现在经营者之间的合同中通常也应无效,只有商事惯例和经营者之间的特殊 联系可以作为推翻此种指示作用的理由。 我个人认为,虽然我国采取统一合同法,但我国民事立法总体上仍旧区分消费者合同和非消费者合同,格式条款法首先适用于消费者合同,而且其应进一步适用于经营者之间的合同,经营者独立的盈利活动不应构成否定格式条款属性的事由,但对经营者合同之间的格式条款的内容控制力度应有所不同,这体现在商事惯例和经营者之间的特殊联系可作为经营者之间使用的格式条款生效的特定事由。 四、社会保障领域格式合同的特殊性 须探讨的是,合同法所规定的格式条款法是否可适用于所有合同类型?我国合同法第10章专门规定了供用电、水、气、热力合同,依据此类合同的性质,其通常建立在格式合同基础上,依据合同的整体解释,合同法第39条以下的规定内容必然适用于此种格式合同。但是,我国合同法将供用电、水、气、热力合同与 买卖合同 等其他合同并列规定为有名合同似乎不妥: 首先,此类合同涉及到国计民生的基本社会保障,此类合同面向所有不特定的民事主体,其所承担的社会功能不同于一般合同类型,因此其必须采取格式合同(而不仅仅是格式条款)的形式,而且在合同订立规则上应实行缔约强制原则。 其次,至少在针对普通市民(消费者)而言,此类合同通常并不以盈利为目的;这集中体现在电、水、气、热力的价格必须由国家权威部门通过听证会的方式确定。实际上,价格是此类合同格式条款的重要组成部分,而在一般格式合同中,当事人仍然可以就价格进行自由磋商。 第三,此类合同的具体条款通常必须取得国家相关主管部门的许可,因此该合同的格式条款多以行政规章的形式出现,对其内容控制通常出现在立法过程中,而不是事后的司法控制。 我个人认为,我国合同法不应将供用电、水、气、热力合同规定为与买卖合同相并列的典型合同形态,其应当通过相关部门的论证以单行规章的形式确定此类格式合同的内容。与其相适应,对此类格式合同的内容控制体现在单性规章制定过程中,在通过事前立法审查之后,以行政规章表现出来的此类社会供给格式合同将免于司法上的内容控制,不应将其认定为一般意义上的格式合同,否则法院将针对依据一定的立法程序产生的法律规章享有司法审查权,而这显然违反了目前我国法院所享有的司法权范围。 综上所述,在认定合同条款是否为格式条款时,必须从预先制定、多次重复使用、单方提出、未经磋商等方面考察;在消费者合同中,为了强化对消费者的保护,对经营者一次性使用、但消费者无法改变其内容的条款应类推适用格式条款的规则;当经营者之间使用格式条款时,商事惯例和经营者之间的特殊联系可作为否定格式条款属性的特定事由;对于社会供给领域的合同,应当通过事前的立法审查来保证此类特殊合同的公益性,法院事后无权针对具有法律渊源效力的特殊格式合同规章进行司法审查。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 注释: [1]合同法第3稿第2章第29条规定:采用定式合同文本订立合同的,制订合同文本的一方应当采取合理的方式提请对方注意其免除责任的条款以及负有主要义务的条款,并应对方的要求对上述条款予以说明。对定式合同条款的理解发生争议的,应当作出有利于对方的解释。使用行业协会、主管部门或者母公司制定的定式合同文本订立合同的,适用前款规定。 [2]参见王利明著:《合同法研究》,第一卷,178页以下,2002年版。 看了“大学毕业论文开题报告ppt模板”的人还看: 1. 毕业论文开题报告模板免费 2. 本科毕业论文开题报告模板免费 3. 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