Title:On the crime of polluting the environment Abstract: with the development of China's economy and the improvement of productivity, environmental pollution is becoming increasingly serious, the judicial practice of the crime of major environmental pollution accident before the difficult to play a role in the "criminal law amendment (eight)" after the introduction of the crime of major environmental pollution accident has made great changes, but there is still insufficient. How to make the crime of the new pollution environment better play a role in the judicial practice is one of the key issues of environmental governance at first chapter is an overview of the crime of polluting the environment, mainly about the concept and characteristics of this crime; the second chapter is the key elements of the crime of polluting the environment of the paper, mainly from the object of the crime, the objective aspect and subjective aspect, the objective aspect of crime, crime analysis results and the type of crime, the subjective aspect of the imputation principle of the key discussion; the third chapter is the identification of environmental pollution crime, mainly discusses the definition of the crime of crime and non crime, illegal disposal, the difference between causation and other crimes, and then discusses the legal punishment of the crime; the fourth chapter is about the suggestions, mainly is to refine the charges and increase the types of words: criminal law; criminal law amendment eight; environmental pollution
这个是在哪里看的？
Hot Deformation Behavior of metal an important aspect of research is to study the metal in the process of hot deformation behavior of the flow stress, as well as changes in the law of the mechanical properties of the macro-response behavior is the flow stress. According to the theory of deformation, the flow stress of metal materials in a one-way refers to the deformation conditions sufficient to achieve plastic deformation of the stress intensity. Metals and alloys in the plastic working process, the flow stress determined the deformation of the size of equipment needed to load and the size of the required energy consumption. Generally speaking, the impact of the metal flow stress factors in general can be divided into internal factors and external factors. The main external factors, including deformation temperature, strain rate and strain (deformation), they are internal factors of the flow stress of metallic materials. Deformation temperature on the impact of flow stress as follows: flow stress with deformation temperature lower, but reduced somewhat different, that is, the higher strain rate, with the increase in deformation temperature, flow stress gradient reduced more Great. Strain rate on the impact of flow stress: the higher the strain rate, the greater the value of flow stress, and increase the flow stress with temperature changes, temperature, the higher the lower the rate of increase. The rate of increase of flow stress is not maintained at a fixed value, but as the strain rate changes. Internal factors include the chemical composition of metals, metal the microstructure changes such as dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization, such as work hardening. High-temperature mechanical deformation of metallic materials from high temperature creep behavior of metals on the basis of developed. Metals and alloys the existence of thermal processing thermal activation process, the strain rate thermal activation process control. Deformation under different conditions using different expressions, but also related to thermal activation, the dislocation movement, such as the micro-mechanism. This paper AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet for the study, the RG-based microcomputer-controlled universal testing machine, metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscopy tools, research and analysis of magnesium alloy at different temperatures forming performance, flow stress and microstructure changes in the law. The following conclusions: 1. Extrusion, cross-rolling, cold-rolled, hot-rolled, as well as the level of casting AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet metal microstructure is equiaxed structure, the grain size of 5 ~ 25μm; 2. Extrusion of magnesium alloy sheet metal grain size is about 5 ~ μm, the strain rate is less than , the deformation temperature is higher than 150 ℃, the extension rate of greater than 45%, and with the strain rate lower or raise the temperature of the peak flow stress also be reduced accordingly. When the temperature is 425 ℃, then the peak steady-state flow stress is almost equal to the flow stress at the time that the peak stress does not appear, and its value in between 18 ~ 20MPa, and the extension rate of 132%. 3. Cross-rolled sheet metal so that the peak flow stress decreased significantly increased plasticity. (And can reduce or eliminate the anisotropic material to improve the performance of its punch, so that elongation of the material significantly increased for deep-drawing deformation even provided a good internal organization.) At a temperature of 425 ℃, strain rate is less than , the elongation δ> 225%, alloy shows superplasticity. 4. 250 ~ 425 ℃ temperature range, semi-continuous casting + annealing cold-rolled sheet before and after the stress - strain curve changes little elongation δ are greater than 65%. Cold-rolled sheet can be used directly in temperatures greater than 250 ℃ forming thermal processing. 5. At a high temperature to soften and as a result of the role of dynamic recrystallization results of horizontal continuous casting + anisotropic cold-rolled sheet has been significantly improved. At 250 ℃ when the sheet are an extension of the rate of 118 percent, the smallest anisotropy alloys. 6. At a temperature less than 220 ℃, the fracture morphology of the main axis for large and small dimples, such as composition, surface tear edge clarity, and depth of dimples smaller size; When the temperature is greater than 240 ℃ when the equiaxed the edge of dimples appear fine grains, the occurrence of a fracture. Magnesium alloy at high temperature phase of the basic fracture along fracture, with the strain rate increased, the fracture mode transformed to the ductile fracture trend. AZ31 magnesium alloy in the plastic deformation occurred during the dynamic recrystallization and grain growth.
The present paper is in summarizes in one month graduation project stage development achievement foundation to compose. Introduced the aircraft-borne experiment platform's design and the construction situation, are in the existing on-board computer synthesizes in the laboratory to construct an undergraduate course and graduate student's specialized teaching tests the platform. It systems synthesis design, from the principle, the component, the equipment to system's multi-level experiment environment, achieves the military academy teaching basically the experiment goal.
表示压力很大。。。
摘要用英文表达为digest或是abstract，读音为[daɪˈdʒest,dɪˈdʒest]，[ˈæbstrækt]。
重点词汇解释：
1、digest
vt. 消化；吸收；融会贯通
vi. 消化
n. 文摘；摘要
双语例句：
He read rapidly but did not digest anything.
他读得很快，但什么也没领会到。
2、abstract
adj. 纯理论的；抽象的；抽象派的
n. 摘要；抽象；抽象的概念；抽象派艺术作品
v. 摘要；提取；抽象化；退出；转移；使心不在焉
双语例句：
His abstracts are held in numerous collections.
他的抽象画被纳入到很多收藏中。
扩展资料：
abstract的用法：
abstract 的基本意思是抽象的，观念上的，理论的，可与个别情况相对，也可与具体经验相对。多指品质或特征，而不指物体或事实。有时意味着脱离现实，而且缺乏对实际事物的专门实用性，引申可作难懂的，过于深奥的意思。abstract用于艺术作品时可指抽象派的。
abstract作抽象的，抽象派的意思时不用于比较等级，作难懂的，过于深奥的意思时可用于比较等级。
abstract用作名词时其意思有以下几点：一是抽象概念；二是抽象派艺术作品，如抽象画，抽象雕塑，抽象设计等；三是文献等的摘要，概要，梗概，多指学术或法律方面比较艰深或复杂的文字摘要。
abstract常用于短语in the abstract中，意思是就一般而言，抽象地，在理论上，abstract前的定冠词the不可遗漏。
In the modern market economy society, to the enterprise marketing channel management research, has become a modern enterprise marketing management is very important to a component. The theme is out of marketing channels of Hong Kong company design and retrofit research. This article through to the company own channel management model, restriction factor, the design of the channel, and channel conflict management, channel management integration, channel control and the internal and external marketing channel environment influence factors of the system are analyzed and studied, so as to find the company marketing channel management in the shortages and defects. Combined with the marketing channels learned the basic knowledge theory, as well as the marketing channel of the development of the theory of innovation direction, put forward the marketing channel design and innovation plan, and through the reasonable sufficient analysis its feasibility, perfect and improve enterprise channel management level, the enhancement enterprise of the channel control and scientific management ability, so as to better play the role of the channel management.
Title:On the crime of polluting the environment Abstract: with the development of China's economy and the improvement of productivity, environmental pollution is becoming increasingly serious, the judicial practice of the crime of major environmental pollution accident before the difficult to play a role in the "criminal law amendment (eight)" after the introduction of the crime of major environmental pollution accident has made great changes, but there is still insufficient. How to make the crime of the new pollution environment better play a role in the judicial practice is one of the key issues of environmental governance at first chapter is an overview of the crime of polluting the environment, mainly about the concept and characteristics of this crime; the second chapter is the key elements of the crime of polluting the environment of the paper, mainly from the object of the crime, the objective aspect and subjective aspect, the objective aspect of crime, crime analysis results and the type of crime, the subjective aspect of the imputation principle of the key discussion; the third chapter is the identification of environmental pollution crime, mainly discusses the definition of the crime of crime and non crime, illegal disposal, the difference between causation and other crimes, and then discusses the legal punishment of the crime; the fourth chapter is about the suggestions, mainly is to refine the charges and increase the types of words: criminal law; criminal law amendment eight; environmental pollution
毕业论文摘要翻译，用什么翻译软件都不是很推荐，因为翻译软件虽然翻译速度快，方便，但是使用翻译软件也有缺点，就是有时候将句子结构进行调换或增减词语的，换个结构翻译出来的句子就不一样，增加或减个词语，翻译出来的句子也会不同的，有时甚至会相差很大。
大学论文是高校本科应届毕业生的一项独立总结性的作业。毕业论文作为高校的一个教学环节，同时也是对学生学业绩效考核和评定的重要方式。其目的在于让学生能够总结自己在校期间的学习成果，培养自身的综合创造能力和解决发杂问题的技能，建议找人工翻译比较靠谱。
如果你有论文摘要翻译需求可以选择毕业在线网 人工摘要翻译入口
Hot Deformation Behavior of metal an important aspect of research is to study the metal in the process of hot deformation behavior of the flow stress, as well as changes in the law of the mechanical properties of the macro-response behavior is the flow stress. According to the theory of deformation, the flow stress of metal materials in a one-way refers to the deformation conditions sufficient to achieve plastic deformation of the stress intensity. Metals and alloys in the plastic working process, the flow stress determined the deformation of the size of equipment needed to load and the size of the required energy consumption. Generally speaking, the impact of the metal flow stress factors in general can be divided into internal factors and external factors. The main external factors, including deformation temperature, strain rate and strain (deformation), they are internal factors of the flow stress of metallic materials. Deformation temperature on the impact of flow stress as follows: flow stress with deformation temperature lower, but reduced somewhat different, that is, the higher strain rate, with the increase in deformation temperature, flow stress gradient reduced more Great. Strain rate on the impact of flow stress: the higher the strain rate, the greater the value of flow stress, and increase the flow stress with temperature changes, temperature, the higher the lower the rate of increase. The rate of increase of flow stress is not maintained at a fixed value, but as the strain rate changes. Internal factors include the chemical composition of metals, metal the microstructure changes such as dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization, such as work hardening. High-temperature mechanical deformation of metallic materials from high temperature creep behavior of metals on the basis of developed. Metals and alloys the existence of thermal processing thermal activation process, the strain rate thermal activation process control. Deformation under different conditions using different expressions, but also related to thermal activation, the dislocation movement, such as the micro-mechanism. This paper AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet for the study, the RG-based microcomputer-controlled universal testing machine, metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscopy tools, research and analysis of magnesium alloy at different temperatures forming performance, flow stress and microstructure changes in the law. The following conclusions: 1. Extrusion, cross-rolling, cold-rolled, hot-rolled, as well as the level of casting AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet metal microstructure is equiaxed structure, the grain size of 5 ~ 25μm; 2. Extrusion of magnesium alloy sheet metal grain size is about 5 ~ μm, the strain rate is less than , the deformation temperature is higher than 150 ℃, the extension rate of greater than 45%, and with the strain rate lower or raise the temperature of the peak flow stress also be reduced accordingly. When the temperature is 425 ℃, then the peak steady-state flow stress is almost equal to the flow stress at the time that the peak stress does not appear, and its value in between 18 ~ 20MPa, and the extension rate of 132%. 3. Cross-rolled sheet metal so that the peak flow stress decreased significantly increased plasticity. (And can reduce or eliminate the anisotropic material to improve the performance of its punch, so that elongation of the material significantly increased for deep-drawing deformation even provided a good internal organization.) At a temperature of 425 ℃, strain rate is less than , the elongation δ> 225%, alloy shows superplasticity. 4. 250 ~ 425 ℃ temperature range, semi-continuous casting + annealing cold-rolled sheet before and after the stress - strain curve changes little elongation δ are greater than 65%. Cold-rolled sheet can be used directly in temperatures greater than 250 ℃ forming thermal processing. 5. At a high temperature to soften and as a result of the role of dynamic recrystallization results of horizontal continuous casting + anisotropic cold-rolled sheet has been significantly improved. At 250 ℃ when the sheet are an extension of the rate of 118 percent, the smallest anisotropy alloys. 6. At a temperature less than 220 ℃, the fracture morphology of the main axis for large and small dimples, such as composition, surface tear edge clarity, and depth of dimples smaller size; When the temperature is greater than 240 ℃ when the equiaxed the edge of dimples appear fine grains, the occurrence of a fracture. Magnesium alloy at high temperature phase of the basic fracture along fracture, with the strain rate increased, the fracture mode transformed to the ductile fracture trend. AZ31 magnesium alloy in the plastic deformation occurred during the dynamic recrystallization and grain growth.
UNESCO has proposed: "the gap between developed and backward countries, the gap between the actual development of creativity, from the development of creativity start to shorten the gap, closing the gap." This is undoubtedly to our education workers is an important warning : Emphasis on the creative thinking ability. But in the old curriculum standards, the traditional education will be also followed blindly concept, theorem plainly and instill the content to students, knowledge creation, development and build process does not show to students, focusing on students "seeking the" thinking and habits of thinking a result, students are not good at independent thinking, lack of problem discovery, understanding and solution creativity, sensibility, which greatly inhibited the ability of students to the development of creative thinking. Traditional mode of education has failed to meet the needs of rapid development of society, therefore, education reform became a necessity. The introduction of the new curriculum standards, so that the basic goal of teaching, teaching materials and structure of the presentation, students learn ways significant changes have taken place in the new curriculum standards Zhuzhangtongguo students in all aspects of mathematics learning ability to improve their mathematical literacy and innovative, practical ability, which develop creative thinking ability is one of the most important tools. This paper aims through specific teaching strategies, creative thinking ability of the four main thinking ability, that is, logical thinking ability, divergent thinking ability, reverse thinking and intuitive thinking.
Saline-alkali soil sustainable use and improved technologies Liu xx Abstract: The development and utilization of saline-alkali soil has a significant contribution to food production. However, the lack of water resources, climate change, development and utilization of saline-alkali soil more challenging. The article summarizes the sustainable use of saline-alkali soil in recent years research has made important progress. Improved governance saline-alkali soil, and promote efficient use of saline agriculture to ensure food security and promote sustainable development of agriculture is one important way. The progress and development of agricultural science and technology, continue to maintain and improve access to saline-alkali soil in agricultural productivity. Of saline soil area of about million hectares, million hectares of arable land salinization,Nearly 1/5 of the arable land salinization, saline-alkali soil improvement technology development is extremely important practical significance for our country especially the inland arid agricultural irrigation area in the rural economy sustained and healthy development, land governance, ecological and environmental protection. From the three aspects of the improvement of saline-alkali soil, water conservancy, agricultural practices, as well as chemical and biotechnology, the saline-alkali soil improvement techniques, and put forward the improved new ideas of the "weaknesses, comprehensive management of saline : saline-alkali soil; sustainable use; improvement; technical measures这是在Google翻译的。
Since ChinaUniversityEnrollment began inthe latenineteen ninties,college students employment difficult problemarose,in recent years,decreasedinitial employmentrate of university graduates,supply and demand ratiois increased,the employment situation is not optimistic,receivedwidespread attention from all sectors of society,college studentsemploymentproblem has become one ofthe most last outbreak of the financialcrisis sweeping the globe,so that morecollege students employmentdifficult,this paper analyzesthe employment situation of university studentsfrom many aspects,in order tolet the studentsunderstand the currentsocial situation,the employment problemand thus a better solution补充：The characteristics ofthe largestemployment of college students isthe totalincrease ingraduates,high,andemployment situation ofwhole andnot improved the status quois contradictory,the difficult employment of college studentshasbecome an indisputable fact,investigate its reason,mainly is thedislocation oftalent supply andmarket demand,and thegraduates'Comprehensive toimprove the quality of personnel training,is the key tosolvethe difficult problem ofemployment of university students.
Hot Deformation Behavior of metal an important aspect of research is to study the metal in the process of hot deformation behavior of the flow stress, as well as changes in the law of the mechanical properties of the macro-response behavior is the flow stress. According to the theory of deformation, the flow stress of metal materials in a one-way refers to the deformation conditions sufficient to achieve plastic deformation of the stress intensity. Metals and alloys in the plastic working process, the flow stress determined the deformation of the size of equipment needed to load and the size of the required energy consumption. Generally speaking, the impact of the metal flow stress factors in general can be divided into internal factors and external factors. The main external factors, including deformation temperature, strain rate and strain (deformation), they are internal factors of the flow stress of metallic materials. Deformation temperature on the impact of flow stress as follows: flow stress with deformation temperature lower, but reduced somewhat different, that is, the higher strain rate, with the increase in deformation temperature, flow stress gradient reduced more Great. Strain rate on the impact of flow stress: the higher the strain rate, the greater the value of flow stress, and increase the flow stress with temperature changes, temperature, the higher the lower the rate of increase. The rate of increase of flow stress is not maintained at a fixed value, but as the strain rate changes. Internal factors include the chemical composition of metals, metal the microstructure changes such as dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization, such as work hardening. High-temperature mechanical deformation of metallic materials from high temperature creep behavior of metals on the basis of developed. Metals and alloys the existence of thermal processing thermal activation process, the strain rate thermal activation process control. Deformation under different conditions using different expressions, but also related to thermal activation, the dislocation movement, such as the micro-mechanism. This paper AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet for the study, the RG-based microcomputer-controlled universal testing machine, metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscopy tools, research and analysis of magnesium alloy at different temperatures forming performance, flow stress and microstructure changes in the law. The following conclusions: 1. Extrusion, cross-rolling, cold-rolled, hot-rolled, as well as the level of casting AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet metal microstructure is equiaxed structure, the grain size of 5 ~ 25μm; 2. Extrusion of magnesium alloy sheet metal grain size is about 5 ~ μm, the strain rate is less than , the deformation temperature is higher than 150 ℃, the extension rate of greater than 45%, and with the strain rate lower or raise the temperature of the peak flow stress also be reduced accordingly. When the temperature is 425 ℃, then the peak steady-state flow stress is almost equal to the flow stress at the time that the peak stress does not appear, and its value in between 18 ~ 20MPa, and the extension rate of 132%. 3. Cross-rolled sheet metal so that the peak flow stress decreased significantly increased plasticity. (And can reduce or eliminate the anisotropic material to improve the performance of its punch, so that elongation of the material significantly increased for deep-drawing deformation even provided a good internal organization.) At a temperature of 425 ℃, strain rate is less than , the elongation δ> 225%, alloy shows superplasticity. 4. 250 ~ 425 ℃ temperature range, semi-continuous casting + annealing cold-rolled sheet before and after the stress - strain curve changes little elongation δ are greater than 65%. Cold-rolled sheet can be used directly in temperatures greater than 250 ℃ forming thermal processing. 5. At a high temperature to soften and as a result of the role of dynamic recrystallization results of horizontal continuous casting + anisotropic cold-rolled sheet has been significantly improved. At 250 ℃ when the sheet are an extension of the rate of 118 percent, the smallest anisotropy alloys. 6. At a temperature less than 220 ℃, the fracture morphology of the main axis for large and small dimples, such as composition, surface tear edge clarity, and depth of dimples smaller size; When the temperature is greater than 240 ℃ when the equiaxed the edge of dimples appear fine grains, the occurrence of a fracture. Magnesium alloy at high temperature phase of the basic fracture along fracture, with the strain rate increased, the fracture mode transformed to the ductile fracture trend. AZ31 magnesium alloy in the plastic deformation occurred during the dynamic recrystallization and grain growth.
Liu xx saline-alkali land sustainable utilization and improved technology abstract: saline-alkali land resources development and utilization has an important contribution to food the lack of water resources, climate change, make the development and utilization of saline-alkali work more article system in recent years are summarized the important progress was made in saline-alkali land sustainable utilization land improvement of saline-alkali land management, and promote agricultural efficient use is the guarantee food security, one of the important ways to promote agricultural sustainable agricultural science and technology progress and development of saline-alkali land access to continue to maintain and improve the agricultural saline soil area of about million hectares, million hectares arable land salinization, nearly 1/5 of the cultivated land salinization-alkalization, alkali-saline land use of the development of technology, especially in China, arid agriculture irrigation area of sustained and healthy development of rural economy, land management, ecological environment protection has extremely important practical improvement of saline-alkali water conservancy, agriculture and three aspects of chemical and biological technology, are reviewed in this paper saline-alkali improvement of technology, and put forward "foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, comprehensive treatment" alkali-saline land.
论文摘要的翻译可以用谷歌翻译、有道翻译、搜狗翻译、翻译君、翻译狗、福昕翻译等等，一定要综合对比。
有条件的话还是找人工翻译吧，不然就多找几款软件，然后对比一下翻译的结果，逐句的看哪些重合度高，基本上这就是准确的翻译结果了。
摘要是科技学术论文的重要组成部分，是对原文献内容准确、扼要而不附加解释或评论的简略表述，属于信息型文本，主要功能是交流信息。学术论文摘要的译文，必须符合目标受众的表达习惯，使译文便于理解并接受，并在目标受众的文化以及交际环境中有意义。中英文摘要都应该含意清楚、结构简明、表达确切。
总之，学术论文摘要作为信息来源，是论文学术质量的反映，成为介绍或了解国内外学术成就非常有效的途径。学术论文摘要的翻译应遵循目的法则、连贯法则和忠实法则，应按照英文摘要的普遍标准和特征来进行翻译。
很多翻译软件都是直译，都达不到论文发表的要求，建议还是找一家专业的翻译机构，让专业的人员来翻译。这里推荐国际科学编辑，公司所有的科学编辑都具有博士学历，拥有丰富的科学研究经验及优秀的英语语言技能。
很多审稿人属于蹬鼻子上脸，你越表现的谦虚，卑微，比如你回复的时候说审稿人指出的都是对的，你全都是错的，全部都改了。这种情况下部分审稿人会觉得你好欺负，继续提一堆问题攻击你，你回复改完了之后还会继续干你。我早年被这么干过几次，折磨的我痛不欲生。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。若是还有不明白可以统一去知道了解下
可以借助翻译软件进行翻译，省时省力。不过，机器翻译总会有缺陷的，再牛的翻译软件也达不到人工翻译的程度和质量，也就是必须要人工的译后编辑和修改，把译文加以完善。而且既然是一篇论文的摘要，就得十分重视，因为这是一篇论文中的浓缩精华。可能有人会觉得，论文的摘要不应该得自己翻吗？还得用翻译软件？一个学翻译的英专生告诉大家，机器翻译+人工的结合（也就是我们常说的计算机辅助翻译）是未来翻译的趋势，人们对新的事物总会产生抵触，但是完全的抵触就是落后。有人说“翻译软件有那么多错误，我为什么还要用？”机器不是人类，但是人类会慢慢改进它。懂得用科技和大脑结合来创作才是最高效的做法，具体的请大家去搜一下CAT计算机辅助翻译了解一下吧！
好，我们回归正题，说到翻译软件，我就不得不介绍一些好用的翻译软件了——比如常用的有谷歌翻译、百度翻译、腾讯翻译君、必应翻译、小牛翻译、qtran文档快翻等。对于楼主所说的这种篇章翻译、段落翻译，想要提高准确性，把握专业性，我还是比较推荐qtrans快翻这种比较权威的翻译网站。它可以极速翻译Word、PPT、Excel、PDF、图片；快速阅读外文文献的内容观点；免除翻译之后调整格式的烦恼；翻译效率提升50%。虽然要收费，但是性价比很高，可以去试试哦。
无论是写论文还是说些其他的东西，这样是正规的站，要这个东西都要有的站，要有的时候你是自己写的，你发表到国外的一些期刊上要翻译成英文版这个翻译，很多人觉得只见用翻译软件不就好了吗？也不用我自己去准备什么呀，其实这种想法是不对的。
站在学术的角度来说，那些翻译软件和你学术的那些东西是不一样的，总的来说他们的差异就是你平常在网上找到的那些翻译软件，它是生活类的，就是偏向于通俗化，但是你写的论文写的那些呃重要的文章，有的摘要它都是涉及到一些专业词汇的，这些专业词汇都是翻译不懂的，甚至很多专业词汇在行业内是有公认的专有名词的，这些它就偏向于学术性和普通的语言表达的翻译当然不一样。
无论你发表什么东西，提前跟自己的导师沟通，都很有必要，因为发表这个东西基本都是到了研究生，到了博士阶段才会进行，那你的导师给你看一眼，哪有问题提出来，然后你赶紧去改，跟导师发展好关系比什么都重要，你所用的那些翻译软件，如果你仅仅平常事用来翻译语言的，就是懂个大概意思就可以了，是完全没问题的，但是大部分的翻译软件都不能用作学术性翻译，你现在写了一篇文章你直接翻译过去，你把它发表到外文期刊上，这根本不现实的。
翻译软件可以用，但是学术文章最好是不要用这些东西，因为在学术这方面吧，好像国内外都有这样一个公认的观点，就是你用的那些名词它显得越是特殊越是少见，越是显得你这个人有工地，你要是用大白话写出来的话，那就不叫专业论文了，你就算翻译过去，用常见的大白话的英文专业审核，那边也是过不去的。