英文演讲：奥巴马演讲 公布抗击艾滋病战略1 THE PRESIDENT: Hello, everybody! Hello! (Applause.) Hello. Hello, hello, hello. Hello. Well, good evening, everybody. This is a pretty feisty（活跃的，吵闹的） group here. (Laughter.)AUDIENCE MEMBER: We love you, President!THE PRESIDENT: Love you back. Thank you. (Applause.) Thank you. Well, it is a privilege（特权，优待） to speak with all of you. Welcome to the White me begin by welcoming the Cabinet Secretaries who are here. I know I saw at least one of them, Kathleen Sebelius, our outstanding Secretary of Health and Human Services. (Applause.) I want to thank all the members of Congress who are present and all the distinguished guests（贵宾） that are here -- that includes all of particular, I want to recognize Ambassador Eric Goosby, our Global AIDS Coordinator. (Applause.) Eric’s leadership of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief is doing so much to save so many lives around the world. He will be leading our delegation to the International AIDS Conference in Vienna next week. And so I’m grateful for his outstanding service. (Applause.)And I want to also thank the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS. (Applause.) Thank you -- and the Federal HIV Interagency Working Group for all the work that they are doing. So thank you very much. (Applause.)Now, it’s been nearly 30 years since a CDC publication called Morbidity（发病率，病态） and Mortality Weekly Report first documented five cases of an illness that would come to be known as HIV/AIDS. In the beginning, of course, it was known as the “gay disease” –- a disease surrounded by fear and misunderstanding; a disease we were too slow to confront and too slow to turn back. In the decades since -– as epidemics have emerged in countries throughout Africa and around the globe -– we’ve grown better equipped, as individuals and as nations, to fight this activists, researchers, community leaders who’ve waged a battle against AIDS for so long, including many of you here in this room, we have learned what we can do to stop the spread of the disease. We’ve learned what we can do to extend the lives of people living with it. And we’ve been reminded of our obligations to one another -– obligations that, like the virus itself, transcend（胜过，超越） barriers of race or station or sexual orientation or faith or the question is not whether we know what to do, but whether we will do it. (Applause.) Whether we will fulfill those obligations; whether we will marshal（整理，引领） our resources and the political will to confront a tragedy that is of us are here because we are committed to that cause. We’re here because we believe that while HIV transmission rates in this country are not as high as they once were, every new case is one case too many. We’re here because we believe in an America where those living with HIV/AIDS are not viewed with suspicion, but treated with respect; where they’re provided the medications and health care they need; where they can live out their lives as fully as their health we’re here because of the extraordinary men and women whose stories compel（强迫，迫使） us to stop this scourge（鞭，灾祸） . I’m going to call out a few people here -- people like Benjamin Banks, who right now is completing a master’s degree in public health, planning a family with his wife, and deciding whether to run another half-marathon. Ben has also been HIV-positive for 29 years -– a virus he contracted during cancer surgery as a child. So inspiring others to fight the disease has become his ’re here because of people like Craig Washington, who after seeing what was happening in his community -– friends passing away; life stories sanitized（消毒，使清洁） , as he put it, at funerals; homophobi（对同性恋的恐惧） , all the discrimination that surrounded the disease –- Craig got tested, disclosed his status, with the support of his partner and his family, and took up the movement for prevention and awareness in which he is a leader ’re here because of people like Linda Scruggs. (Applause.) Linda learned she was HIV-positive about two decades ago when she went in for prenatal care. Then and there, she decided to turn her life around, and she left a life of substance abuse behind, she became an advocate for women, she empowered them to break free from what she calls the bondage（奴役，束缚） of secrecy. She inspired her son, who was born healthy, to become an AIDS activist ’re here because of Linda and Craig and Ben, and because of over 1 million Americans living with HIV/AIDS and the nearly 600,000 Americans who’ve lost their lives to the disease. It’s on their behalf -– and on the behalf of all Americans -– that we began a national dialogue about combating AIDS at the beginning of this recent months, we’ve held 14 community discussions. We’ve spoken with over 4,200 people. We’ve received over 1,000 recommendations on the White House website, devising an approach not from the top down but from the bottom today, we’re releasing our National HIV/AIDS Strategy, which is the product -- (applause) -- which is the product of these conversations, and conversations with HIV-positive Americans and health care providers, with business leaders, with faith leaders, and the best policy and scientific minds in our , I know that this strategy comes at a difficult time for Americans living with HIV/AIDS, because we’ve got cash-strapped states who are being forced to cut back on essentials, including assistance for AIDS drugs. I know the need is great. And that’s why we’ve increased federal assistance each year that I’ve been in office, providing an emergency supplement this year to help people get the drugs they need, even as we pursue a national strategy that focuses on three central goal: prevention. We can’t afford to rely on any single prevention method alone, so our strategy promotes a comprehensive approach to reducing the number of new HIV infections -– from expanded testing so people can learn their status, to education so people can curb risky behaviors, to drugs that can prevent a mother from transmitting a virus to her support our new direction, we’re investing $30 million in new money, and I’ve committed to working with Congress to make sure these investments continue in the future.
爱滋病传播途径及预防方法 摘要:艾滋病的医学全称为:"获得性免疫缺陷综合症",英文缩写"AIDS",是由人体感染人类免疫缺陷病毒即艾滋病毒(HIV)引起的免疫缺陷综合症. 大多数感染了艾滋病病毒的人,仍然是健康的,并能在没有症状或只有轻微疾病的情况下生活多年.即使他们看起来健康,自己也感觉健康的时候,他们仍能够将艾滋病病毒传染给其他人,终生具有传染性. HIV 具有严格的宿主特异性,可感染人类并导致AIDS.在实验条件下,HIV-1可感染黑猩猩,HIV-2可感染恒河猴,可导致病血症及血清抗体转为阳性,但不能引起动物发病.从HIV感染者外周血,精液,乳汁,脑脊液,唾液,泪液和其他体液中均可分离到病毒,不过目前尚无经泪液,唾液和汁液等感染HIV的报道.HIV一般通过血液和精液和,其传播途径主要包括: (1)性传播,通过性行为在男同性恋者之间及异性间传播,也可通过人工授精传播; (2)血液传播,通过接受HIV感染者捐献的血液或器官,使用受HIV污染的血染液制品或与HIV感染者共用注射针头而被感染,此外,接触HIV感染者体液或HIV培养物的医务人员和实验人员存在感染HIV的职业危险性; (3)母婴传播,感染HIV者的母亲,可在子宫内或在分娩时将HIV传染给新生儿(Connor,1997).除此之外,人与人的一般接触并不会导致HIV的传播,对此不必过分敏感和恐惧. 在体外,HIV可感染CD4+T淋巴细胞(T4细胞)和单核-巨噬细胞,在其中增殖并引起细胞病变中,表明CD4+T淋巴细胞和单核-巨噬细胞是HIV主要的靶细胞.此外,HIV还可感染正常B淋巴细胞,经EB病毒转化形成的B淋巴母细胞系,小胶质细胞,神经胶质细胞,中幼粒细胞及多种细胞系 (O'Brien,1997) 在体内,HIV除感染结缔组织中的CD4+T淋巴细胞,单核-巨噬细胞,B淋巴细胞,中幼粒细胞和滤泡树突状细胞外,还可感染上皮组织中的朗格汉细胞(Langerhanscell)及神经组织中的小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞,星形胶质细胞和脑内皮细胞,其分布遍及骨骼,胸腺,脑,心,肺,肠,眼,肾,皮肤和性腺等器官(Dittmar,1997a).HIV具有如此广泛的细胞和组织嗜性,同它所引起的CD4+T淋巴细胞缺陷,淋巴腺病,卡波西肉瘤以及神经系统损伤等多脏器症状是相吻合的. 高度的变异性是HIV及其他反转录病毒所具有的显著特征.突变主要来自反转录过程,其中env和nef等基因变异幅度最大,而gag和pol等则相对保守,变异程度较低且多为沉默的点突变.根据env和gag等基因的变异, 至少可将HIV-1划分为2群,共11个亚型.其中M(main)群由10个亚型组成,即A-J亚型.欧美主要为B亚型,非洲流行A,C,D,E等亚型; 在我国B亚型占优势,其次为C亚弄和A亚型;此外,M群中还存在着各亚型之间的嵌合体(mosaic),如A/E,G/A等.O(outlier)群主要分布于西百和中非,由于成员较少,常被视为一个亚型(O亚型).根据同样的方法,可将HIV-2划分为A,B等亚型(UNAIDS,1997).不仅各地区或不同个体之间HIV存在很大的变异,即使在同一个体内部,差异同样明显.事实上,每个HIV感染者所携带的都是一个异质性的病毒群体,各种突变株共存于体内.高度变异性有助于HIV逃避宿主的免疫监视,同时也为HIV感染的预防,诊断和治疗设置了巨大的障碍. 怎样预防艾滋病 针对不同传播途径,科学家们建议应当采取以下措施: 1,预防艾滋病的性传播 洁身自爱,保持忠贞单一的性关系; 发生危险性行为时正确使用避孕套; 及时治疗性病. 2,预防艾滋病的血液传播 不使用未经检测的血液及血液制品. 不吸毒,不与别人共用针具吸毒. 穿耳或身体穿刺,文身,针刺疗法或者任何需要侵入性的刺破皮肤的过程,都有一定的艾滋病病毒传播危险. 3,母婴传播预防 艾滋病病毒可在怀孕,分娩或者孩子出生后的母乳喂养过程中传播. 感染艾滋病病毒的妇女应避免怀孕,如怀孕应人工流产. 孕,产妇在分娩前,后使用抗病毒药物,可降低母婴传播的几率. 采用人工喂养,也可减少艾滋病病毒感染的危险性.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a set of symptoms and infections resulting from the damage to the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[1] This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk.[2][3] This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily is now a pandemic.[4] In 2007, an estimated million people lived with the disease worldwide, and it killed an estimated million people, including 330,000 children.[5] Over three-quarters of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa,[5] retarding economic growth and destroying human capital.[6] Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century.[7] AIDS was first recognized by the . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified by American and French scientists in the early 1980s.[8]Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is currently no vaccine or cure. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.[9] Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS epidemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. Opportunistic infections are common in people with AIDS.[10] HIV affects nearly every organ system. People with AIDS also have an increased risk of developing various cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer and cancers of the immune system known as lymphomas. Additionally, people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection like fevers, sweats (particularly at night), swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss.[11][12] The specific opportunistic infections that AIDS patients develop depend in part on the prevalence of these infections in the geographic area in which the patient infections X-ray of Pneumocystis jirovecii caused pneumonia. There is increased white (opacity) in the lower lungs on both sides, characteristic of Pneumocystis pneumoniaPneumocystis pneumonia (originally known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and still abbreviated as PCP, which now stands for Pneumocystis pneumonia) is relatively rare in healthy, immunocompetent people, but common among HIV-infected individuals. It is caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. Before the advent of effective diagnosis, treatment and routine prophylaxis in Western countries, it was a common immediate cause of death. In developing countries, it is still one of the first indications of AIDS in untested individuals, although it does not generally occur unless the CD4 count is less than 200 cells per µL of blood.[13]Tuberculosis (TB) is unique among infections associated with HIV because it is transmissible to immunocompetent people via the respiratory route, is easily treatable once identified, may occur in early-stage HIV disease, and is preventable with drug therapy. However, multidrug resistance is a potentially serious problem. Even though its incidence has declined because of the use of directly observed therapy and other improved practices in Western countries, this is not the case in developing countries where HIV is most prevalent. In early-stage HIV infection (CD4 count >300 cells per µL), TB typically presents as a pulmonary disease. In advanced HIV infection, TB often presents atypically with extrapulmonary (systemic) disease a common feature. Symptoms are usually constitutional and are not localized to one particular site, often affecting bone marrow, bone, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, liver, regional lymph nodes, and the central nervous system.[14]Gastrointestinal infectionsEsophagitis is an inflammation of the lining of the lower end of the esophagus (gullet or swallowing tube leading to the stomach). In HIV infected individuals, this is normally due to fungal (candidiasis) or viral (herpes simplex-1 or cytomegalovirus) infections. In rare cases, it could be due to mycobacteria.[15]Unexplained chronic diarrhea in HIV infection is due to many possible causes, including common bacterial (Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria or Campylobacter) and parasitic infections; and uncommon opportunistic infections such as cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and viruses,[16] astrovirus, adenovirus, rotavirus and cytomegalovirus, (the latter as a course of colitis). In some cases, diarrhea may be a side effect of several drugs used to treat HIV, or it may simply accompany HIV infection, particularly during primary HIV infection. It may also be a side effect of antibiotics used to treat bacterial causes of diarrhea (common for Clostridium difficile). In the later stages of HIV infection, diarrhea is thought to be a reflection of changes in the way the intestinal tract absorbs nutrients, and may be an important component of HIV-related wasting.[17]Neurological and psychiatric involvementHIV infection may lead to a variety of neuropsychiatric sequelae, either by infection of the now susceptible nervous system by organisms, or as a direct consequence of the illness is a disease caused by the single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii; it usually infects the brain, causing toxoplasma encephalitis, but it can also infect and cause disease in the eyes and lungs.[18] Cryptococcal meningitis is an infection of the meninx (the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord) by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. It can cause fevers, headache, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Patients may also develop seizures and confusion; left untreated, it can be multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease, in which the gradual destruction of the myelin sheath covering the axons of nerve cells impairs the transmission of nerve impulses. It is caused by a virus called JC virus which occurs in 70% of the population in latent form, causing disease only when the immune system has been severely weakened, as is the case for AIDS patients. It progresses rapidly, usually causing death within months of diagnosis.[19]AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is a metabolic encephalopathy induced by HIV infection and fueled by immune activation of HIV infected brain macrophages and microglia. These cells are productively infected by HIV and secrete neurotoxins of both host and viral origin.[20] Specific neurological impairments are manifested by cognitive, behavioral, and motor abnormalities that occur after years of HIV infection and are associated with low CD4+ T cell levels and high plasma viral loads. Prevalence is 10–20% in Western countries[21] but only 1–2% of HIV infections in India.[22][23] This difference is possibly due to the HIV subtype in India. AIDS related mania is sometimes seen in patients with advanced HIV illness; it presents with more irritability and cognitive impairment and less euphoria than a manic episode associated with true bipolar disorder. Unlike the latter condition, it may have a more chronic course. This syndrome is less often seen with the advent of multi-drug and malignancies Kaposi's sarcomaPatients with HIV infection have substantially increased incidence of several cancers. This is primarily due to co-infection with an oncogenic DNA virus, especially Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human papillomavirus (HPV).[24][25]Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor in HIV-infected patients. The appearance of this tumor in young homosexual men in 1981 was one of the first signals of the AIDS epidemic. Caused by a gammaherpes virus called Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), it often appears as purplish nodules on the skin, but can affect other organs, especially the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and B cell lymphomas such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Burkitt's-like lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and primary central nervous system lymphoma present more often in HIV-infected patients. These particular cancers often foreshadow a poor prognosis. In some cases these lymphomas are AIDS-defining. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or KSHV cause many of these cancer in HIV-infected women is considered AIDS-defining. It is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).[26]In addition to the AIDS-defining tumors listed above, HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of certain other tumors, such as Hodgkin's disease and anal and rectal carcinomas. However, the incidence of many common tumors, such as breast cancer or colon cancer, does not increase in HIV-infected patients. In areas where HAART is extensively used to treat AIDS, the incidence of many AIDS-related malignancies has decreased, but at the same time malignant cancers overall have become the most common cause of death of HIV-infected patients.[27]Other opportunistic infectionsAIDS patients often develop opportunistic infections that present with non-specific symptoms, especially low-grade fevers and weight loss. These include infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV can cause colitis, as described above, and CMV retinitis can cause blindness. Penicilliosis due to Penicillium marneffei is now the third most common opportunistic infection (after extrapulmonary tuberculosis and cryptococcosis) in HIV-positive individuals within the endemic area of Southeast Asia.[28]
让我们携手一起预防艾滋病。下面是由我为大家整理的“艾滋病英文作文”欢迎阅读，仅供参考，希望对你有所帮助。
AIDS, stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a deadly disease. It malfunctions the human body's defence system, making the infected person extremely vulnerable to diseases, and eventually cause death.
AIDS can be spread in many ways, but the main medium is through having unprotected intercourse with an infected person. Apart from that, AIDS can spread from mother to new born baby, or sharing of needles, shaving blades, or any means of blood contact.
Once infected, it may take years for the person to notice, and in these years, the infected person may not know and can infect many more, who in turn go and infect others, just like an exponential growth.
艾滋病是一种致命的疾病，它代表了获得性免疫缺陷综合症。它破坏人体的防御系统，使感染者极易感染疾病，并最终导致死亡。
艾滋病可以通过多种方式传播，但主要媒介是通过与感染者进行无保护的性交。除此之外，艾滋病可以从母亲传染给新生婴儿，或者共用针头、刮胡刀或任何接触血液的方法。
一旦感染，人们可能需要几年才能注意到，在这些年里，受感染的人可能不知道并可能感染更多的人，而这些人又反过来感染其他人，就像一个指数增长。
Last Sunday all of our class with our class together with our head teacher went to a hospital to see an AIDS sufferer. We brought a bound of flowers and a basket of fruit m send to the patient. The female patient was very glad to see us. She told us that most of the people avoided seeing her since she was told that she carried the HIV virus. The doctor told us that the HIV virus wouldn't be infected through daily communication. People in China are often ignorant of the disease and look down upon those who suffer from AIDS. It is wrong.
During our stay there, we talked with the woman bout her family and our school life. Some students sent her books and their favorite CDs. She was greatly touched and said in tears that she would be optimistic and confident of the disease. Our teacher hugged her good bye and promised we would come to see her often.
On our way back to school, I was thinking that if everyone of us loves each other more and gives a hand when others are in trouble, the world will become more beautiful.
上星期日，我们班所有的同学和班主任一起去医院看艾滋病患者。我们带了一束鲜花和一篮子水果送到病人那里。那位女病人很高兴见到我们。她告诉我们，大多数人都避免看到她，因为有人告诉她她携带了艾滋病毒。医生告诉我们，HIV病毒不会通过日常通讯传染。中国人往往不了解疾病和看不起那些患有艾滋病。这是错的。
我们在那里逗留期间，我们和那个女人谈论她的家庭和学校生活。一些学生寄了她的书和他们最喜欢的CD。她感动极了，哭着说她对这病很乐观也很有信心。我们的老师拥抱了她，答应我们经常来看她。
在回学校的路上，我在想，如果我们每个人彼此爱得更多，在别人遇到麻烦时伸出援助之手，这个世界将会变得更加美丽。
Aids has become one of the most terrifying desease in todays's world. that if we don't take measures soon enough,the hole human race will be under siege!
To fight against Aids,we definitely need to work together.
we shall realize first of all,this kind of desease is never too far from ourselves,it is for every one of us to learn about neccesary ways to prevent it from happening.
People who had been infected should not never be regarded as criminals,in fact, many of them are just harmless as we this case,any forms of discrimination shall be regarded as illegal.
Furthermore, we must solve the problem through global cooperation, only if we stick together,can we possibly give Aids a final strike.
艾滋病已成为当今世界最可怕的疾病。如果我们不尽快采取措施，人类会被围攻！
为了防治艾滋病，我们一定要一起工作。
我们要实现首先，这种病是永远不会太远，从自己做起，这是我们每一个人去学习必要的方法来阻止它的发生。
受感染的人不应该被视为罪犯，事实上，他们中的许多人都是无害的，在这种情况下，任何形式的歧视都应被视为非法。
此外，我们必须通过全球合作解决这一问题，只有团结起来，才能使艾滋病获得最后的打击。
克隆 克隆是英文clone的音译，简单讲就是一种人工诱导的无性繁殖方式。但克隆与无性繁殖是不同的。无性繁殖是指不经过雌雄两性生殖细胞的结合、只由一个生物体产生后代的生殖方式，常见的有孢子生殖、出芽生殖和分裂生殖。由植物的根、茎、叶等经过压条或嫁接等方式产生新个体也叫无性繁殖。绵羊、猴子和牛等动物没有人工操作是不能进行无性繁殖的。科学家把人工遗传操作动物繁殖的过程叫克隆，这门生物技术叫克隆技术。 克隆的基本过程是先将含有遗传物质的供体细胞的核移植到去除了细胞核的卵细胞中，利用微电流刺激等使两者融合为一体，然后促使这一新细胞分裂繁殖发育成胚胎，当胚胎发育到一定程度后，再被植入动物子宫中使动物怀孕，便可产下与提供细胞者基因相同的动物。这一过程中如果对供体细胞进行基因改造，那么无性繁殖的动物后代基因就会发生相同的变化。
英文演讲：奥巴马演讲 公布抗击艾滋病战略1 THE PRESIDENT: Hello, everybody! Hello! (Applause.) Hello. Hello, hello, hello. Hello. Well, good evening, everybody. This is a pretty feisty（活跃的，吵闹的） group here. (Laughter.)AUDIENCE MEMBER: We love you, President!THE PRESIDENT: Love you back. Thank you. (Applause.) Thank you. Well, it is a privilege（特权，优待） to speak with all of you. Welcome to the White me begin by welcoming the Cabinet Secretaries who are here. I know I saw at least one of them, Kathleen Sebelius, our outstanding Secretary of Health and Human Services. (Applause.) I want to thank all the members of Congress who are present and all the distinguished guests（贵宾） that are here -- that includes all of particular, I want to recognize Ambassador Eric Goosby, our Global AIDS Coordinator. (Applause.) Eric’s leadership of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief is doing so much to save so many lives around the world. He will be leading our delegation to the International AIDS Conference in Vienna next week. And so I’m grateful for his outstanding service. (Applause.)And I want to also thank the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS. (Applause.) Thank you -- and the Federal HIV Interagency Working Group for all the work that they are doing. So thank you very much. (Applause.)Now, it’s been nearly 30 years since a CDC publication called Morbidity（发病率，病态） and Mortality Weekly Report first documented five cases of an illness that would come to be known as HIV/AIDS. In the beginning, of course, it was known as the “gay disease” –- a disease surrounded by fear and misunderstanding; a disease we were too slow to confront and too slow to turn back. In the decades since -– as epidemics have emerged in countries throughout Africa and around the globe -– we’ve grown better equipped, as individuals and as nations, to fight this activists, researchers, community leaders who’ve waged a battle against AIDS for so long, including many of you here in this room, we have learned what we can do to stop the spread of the disease. We’ve learned what we can do to extend the lives of people living with it. And we’ve been reminded of our obligations to one another -– obligations that, like the virus itself, transcend（胜过，超越） barriers of race or station or sexual orientation or faith or the question is not whether we know what to do, but whether we will do it. (Applause.) Whether we will fulfill those obligations; whether we will marshal（整理，引领） our resources and the political will to confront a tragedy that is of us are here because we are committed to that cause. We’re here because we believe that while HIV transmission rates in this country are not as high as they once were, every new case is one case too many. We’re here because we believe in an America where those living with HIV/AIDS are not viewed with suspicion, but treated with respect; where they’re provided the medications and health care they need; where they can live out their lives as fully as their health we’re here because of the extraordinary men and women whose stories compel（强迫，迫使） us to stop this scourge（鞭，灾祸） . I’m going to call out a few people here -- people like Benjamin Banks, who right now is completing a master’s degree in public health, planning a family with his wife, and deciding whether to run another half-marathon. Ben has also been HIV-positive for 29 years -– a virus he contracted during cancer surgery as a child. So inspiring others to fight the disease has become his ’re here because of people like Craig Washington, who after seeing what was happening in his community -– friends passing away; life stories sanitized（消毒，使清洁） , as he put it, at funerals; homophobi（对同性恋的恐惧） , all the discrimination that surrounded the disease –- Craig got tested, disclosed his status, with the support of his partner and his family, and took up the movement for prevention and awareness in which he is a leader ’re here because of people like Linda Scruggs. (Applause.) Linda learned she was HIV-positive about two decades ago when she went in for prenatal care. Then and there, she decided to turn her life around, and she left a life of substance abuse behind, she became an advocate for women, she empowered them to break free from what she calls the bondage（奴役，束缚） of secrecy. She inspired her son, who was born healthy, to become an AIDS activist ’re here because of Linda and Craig and Ben, and because of over 1 million Americans living with HIV/AIDS and the nearly 600,000 Americans who’ve lost their lives to the disease. It’s on their behalf -– and on the behalf of all Americans -– that we began a national dialogue about combating AIDS at the beginning of this recent months, we’ve held 14 community discussions. We’ve spoken with over 4,200 people. We’ve received over 1,000 recommendations on the White House website, devising an approach not from the top down but from the bottom today, we’re releasing our National HIV/AIDS Strategy, which is the product -- (applause) -- which is the product of these conversations, and conversations with HIV-positive Americans and health care providers, with business leaders, with faith leaders, and the best policy and scientific minds in our , I know that this strategy comes at a difficult time for Americans living with HIV/AIDS, because we’ve got cash-strapped states who are being forced to cut back on essentials, including assistance for AIDS drugs. I know the need is great. And that’s why we’ve increased federal assistance each year that I’ve been in office, providing an emergency supplement this year to help people get the drugs they need, even as we pursue a national strategy that focuses on three central goal: prevention. We can’t afford to rely on any single prevention method alone, so our strategy promotes a comprehensive approach to reducing the number of new HIV infections -– from expanded testing so people can learn their status, to education so people can curb risky behaviors, to drugs that can prevent a mother from transmitting a virus to her support our new direction, we’re investing $30 million in new money, and I’ve committed to working with Congress to make sure these investments continue in the future.
克隆技术 克隆技术即无性繁殖技术。通常的有性生殖是由雌雄交配，精子和卵子结合发育成胚胎，经妊娠后产出新的个体。克隆技术不需要雌雄交配，不需要精子和卵子的结合，只需从动物身上提取一个单细胞，用人工的方法将其培养成胚胎，再将胚胎植入雌性动物体内，就可孕育出新的个体。这种以单细胞培养出来的克隆动物，具有与单细胞供体完全相同的特征，是单细胞供体的“复制品”。英国英格兰科学家和美国俄勒冈科学家先后培养出了“克隆羊”和“克隆猴”。克隆技术的成功，被人们称为“历史性的事件，科学的创举”。有人甚至认为，克隆技术可以同当年原子弹的问世相提并论。 克隆技术可以用来生产“克隆人”，可以用来“复制”人，因而引起了全世界的广泛关注。对人类来说，克隆技术是悲是喜，是祸是福？唯物辩证法认为，世界上的任何事物都是矛盾的统一体，都是一分为二的。克隆技术也是这样。如果克隆技术被用于“复制”像希特勒之类的战争狂人，那会给人类社会带来什么呢？即使是用于“复制”普通的人，也会带来一系列的伦理道德问题。如果把克隆技术应用于畜牧业生产，将会使优良牲畜品种的培育与繁殖发生根本性的变革。若将克隆技术用于基因治疗的研究，就极有可能攻克那些危及人类生命健康的癌症、艾滋病等顽疾。克隆技术犹如原子能技术，是一把双刃剑，剑柄掌握在人类手中。人类应该采取联合行动，避免“克隆人”的出现，使克隆技术造福于人类社会。 ——《素质教育新学案》 克隆技术的危害？ ...尽管如此，克隆技术的巨大理论意义和实用价值促使科学家们加快了研究的步伐，从而使动物克隆技术的研究与开发进入一个高潮。 ... ...这些成果说明克隆技术有可能成为保护和拯救濒危动物的一条新途径。 四、克隆技术的应用前景 克隆技术已展示出广阔的应... 寒冰163 - 2005-12-7 19:38 - 最佳回答者: 十字军刀客 - 教育/科学 > 自然科学 克隆技术是怎么回事？ 克隆技术 克隆技术即无性繁殖技术。通常的有性生殖是由雌雄交配，精子和卵子结合发育成胚胎，经妊娠后产出新的个体。克隆技术不需要雌雄交配，不需要精子和卵子的结合，只需从动物身上提取一个单细胞，用人工的方法将其培养成胚胎，再将胚胎植入雌性动... sfn123 - 2005-12-19 17:52 - 最佳回答者: 272928861ml - 教育/科学 克隆技术有关资料 ...科学家把人工遗传操作动、植物的繁殖过程叫克隆，这门生物技术叫克隆技术。 克隆技术的设想是由德国胚胎学家于1938年首次提 出的，1952年，科学家首先用青蛙开展克隆实验，之后不断有人利用各种动物进行克隆技术研究。由于该项技术几乎没有取得进展，研究... jywjyw333 - 2006-3-5 13:42 - 最佳回答者: leijunyu - 教育/科学 > 学习帮助 我国的克隆技术是世界前列吗? ... 动物克隆技术被生物科学家誉为“生物原子弹”，各国都在竞相发展。动物克隆技术分胚胎克隆和体细胞克隆。相比而言，体细胞克隆... ... 西北农林科技大学动物克隆技术科研群体，在1990年就掌握了胚胎克隆技术，繁育出世界首批克隆山羊。1995年又利用胚胎克隆技术，... 仙人指3 - 2005-9-21 13:01 - 最佳回答者: 我字不帅 - 教育/科学 > 自然科学 以现在的克隆技术能把一个死去的人克隆出来吗???? 只有有这个人的活细胞。提取这个细胞的DNA，然后通过RNA复制出千千万万个细胞。以现在的克隆技术是可以做到的。以前这个人某处... ...目前的克隆技术，只能克隆生命的肉体而已，并不能克隆生命的“灵魂”。也就是说，克隆出来的人无感情，以前学过的东西、遇过的... shundechaoren - 2006-2-20 18:10 - 最佳回答者: kingkongs - 教育/科学 > 自然科学 克隆技术和第一只克隆羊的情况 ...它的诞生被视为20世纪末最重要的科学成就之一，它引发了全世界科学家研究克隆技术的热潮，也导致了大量技术和伦理方面的争论。 ... ...当时，曾领导克隆多利的研究的伊恩·威尔穆特教授曾表示，多利患有关节炎可能意味着克隆技术“效率低”，需要进一步研究。(完) ... 5072159 - 2005-10-9 20:36 - 最佳回答者: 晋山河 - 社会/文化 克隆技术是什么东西 克隆技术其实就是从动物A上拿一个细胞，取出细胞核！再到同种动物B的身上拿一个细胞，去掉细胞核！把取出来的细胞核放到另一个去掉细胞核的细胞中！再把它放到同种动物母体C的子宫中！这样将C将会生出一个和A一模一样的动物来！还有就是直接拿一种动物的细胞... wasong - 2005-10-7 16:18 - 最佳回答者: 紫色残云 - 教育/科学 > 入学信息 能不能用克隆技术增加大熊猫的数量?为什么? ...而克隆技术则不能增加大熊猫的进化过程。 自上世纪90年代以来，北京动物园、四川大熊猫繁育中心、卧龙自然保护区的大熊猫繁育中心等几个地方都比较成功地繁殖了大熊猫；而在秦岭650平方公里的地方，大约150只大熊猫在13年的时间内始终处于相对稳定的状... 小小花生 - 2005-12-28 21:42 - 最佳回答者: 我是张楚 - 教育/科学 > 自然科学 克隆技术会在生活中应用吗？为什么？ 看运用在什么地方因为现在的克隆技术还不是很发达，掌握得也不是很到位，所以容易出些差错。如果运用得好的话，可以运用到人体重要器官的移植以及对稀有动物的繁衍但对人的克隆还在争论中，因为这样不利于人的辨认与管理。容易出现政治问题 409257127 - 2005-11-4 20:39 - 最佳回答者:匿名 - 教育/科学 > 自然科学 法律更有利于控制克隆技术的恶性发展 不是法律有利于干吗，而是制定相应规制的法律更有利于控制克隆技术恶性发展。 克隆”是从英文“clone”音译而来，在生物学领域有3个不同层次的含义。 1．在分子水平，克隆一般指DNA克隆(也叫分子克隆)。含义是将某一特定DNA片断通过重组DNA技术插入到一个载体(如质粒和病毒等)中，然后在宿主细胞中进行自我复制所得到的大量完全相同的该DNA片断的“群体”。 2．在细胞水平，克隆实质由一个单一的共同祖先细胞分裂所形成的一个细胞群体。其中每个细胞的基因都相同。比如，使一个细胞在体外的培养液中分裂若干代所形成的一个遗传背景完全相同的细胞集体即为一个细胞克隆。又如，在脊椎动物体内，当有外源物(如细菌或病毒)侵入时，会通过免疫反应产生特异的识别抗体。产生某一特定抗体的所有浆细胞都是由一个B细胞分裂而成，这样的一个浆细胞群体也是一个细胞克隆。细胞克隆是一种低级的生殖方式－无性繁殖，即不经过两性结合，子代和亲代具有相同的遗传性。生物进化的层次越低，越有可能采取这种繁殖方式。 3．在个体水平，克隆是指基因型完全相同的两个或更多的个体组成的一个群体。比如，两个同卵双胞胎即为一个克隆！因为他（她）们来自同一个卵细胞，所以遗传背景完全一样。按此定义，“多利”并不能说成是一个克隆！因为“多利”只是孤单的一个。只有当那些英国胚胎学家能将两个以上完全相同的细胞核移植到两个以上完全相同的去核卵细胞中，得到两个以上遗传背景完全相同的“多利”时才能用克隆这个词来描述。所以在那篇发表于1997年2月出版在《Nature》杂志上的轰动性论文中，作者并没有把“多利”说成是一个克隆。 另外，克隆也可以做动词用，意思是指获得以上所言DNA、细胞或个体群体的过程。 二、克隆技术 1．DNA克隆 现在进行DNA克隆的方法多种多样，其基本过程如下图所示(未按比例) 可见，这样得到的DNA可以应用于生物学研究的很多方面，包括对特异DNA的碱基顺序的分析和处理，以及生物技术工业中有价值蛋白质的大量生产等等。 2．生物个体的克隆 (1)植物个体的克隆 在20世纪50年代，植物学家用胡萝卜为模型材料，研究了分化的植物细胞中遗传物质是否丢失问题，他们惊奇地发现，从一个单一已经高度分化的胡萝卜细胞 可以发育形成一棵完整的植株!由此，他们认为植物细胞具有全能性。从一棵胡萝卜中的两个以上的体细胞发育而成的胡萝卜群体的遗传背景完全一样，故为一个克隆。如此的植物的克隆过程是一个完全的无性繁殖过程! (2)动物个体的克隆 ① “多利”的诞生 1997年2月27日英国爱丁堡罗斯林(Roslin)研究所的伊恩·维尔莫特科学研究小组向世界宣布，世界上第一头克隆绵羊“多利”(Dolly)诞生，这一消息立刻轰动了全世界。 “多莉”的产生与三只母羊有关。一只是怀孕三个月的芬兰多塞特母绵羊，两只是苏格兰黑面母绵羊。芬兰多塞特母绵羊提供了全套遗传信息，即提供了细胞核（称之为供体）；一只苏格兰黑面母绵羊提供无细胞核的卵细胞；另一只苏格兰黑面母绵羊提供羊胚胎的发育环境——子宫，是“多莉”羊的“生”母。其整个克隆过程简述如下： 从芬兰多塞特母绵羊的乳腺中取出乳腺细胞，将其放入低浓度的营养培养液中，细胞逐渐停止了分裂，此细胞称之为供体细胞；给一头苏格兰黑面母绵羊注射促性腺素，促使它排卵，取出未受精的卵细胞，并立即将其细胞核除去，留下一个无核的卵细胞，此细胞称之为受体细胞；利用电脉冲的方法，使供体细胞和受体细胞发生融合，最后形成了融合细胞，由于电脉冲还可以产生类似于自然受精过程中的一系列反应，使融合细胞也能象受精卵一样进行细胞分裂、分化，从而形成胚胎细胞；将胚胎细胞转移到另一只苏格兰黑面母绵羊的子宫内，胚胎细胞进一步分化和发育，最后形成一只小绵羊。出生的“多莉”小绵羊与多塞特母绵羊具有完全相同的外貌。 一年以后，另一组科学家报道了将小鼠卵丘细胞(围绕在卵母细胞外周的高度分化细胞)的细胞核移植到去除了细胞核的卵母细胞中得到20多只发育完全的小鼠。如呆“多利”因为只有一只，还不够叫做克隆羊的话，这些小鼠 就是名副其实的克隆鼠了。 ② 通过细胞核移植克隆小鼠的基本过程 在本实验中，卵丘细胞是经如下过程得到的：通过连续几次注射绒毛膜促性腺激素，使雌鼠诱导成高产卵量状态。然后从雌鼠输卵管中收集卵丘细胞与卵母细胞的复合体。经透明质酸处理使卵丘细胞散开。选择直径为10－12微米的卵丘细胞用作细胞核供体（前期实验表明，若用直径更小或更大的卵丘细胞的细胞核，经过细胞核移植的卵母细胞很少发育到8细胞期）。所选择的卵丘细胞保持在一定的溶液环境中，在3小时内进行细胞核移植（与此不同的是，在获得“多利”时用作细胞核供体的乳腺细胞先在培养液中传代了3－6次） 卵母细胞（一般处于减数分裂中期 II ）通过与上面描述类似的方法，从不同种的雌鼠中收集。在显微镜下小心地用直径大约7微米的细管取出卵母细胞的细胞核，尽量不取出细胞质。同样小心取出卵丘细胞的细胞核，也尽量去除所带的细胞质（通过使取出的细胞核在玻璃管中往复运动数次，以去除所带的少量的细胞质）。在细胞核被取出后5分钟之内，直接注射到已经去除了细胞核的卵母细胞中。进行了细胞核移植的卵母细胞先放在一种特制的溶液中1－6小时，然后加入二价的锶离子（Sr2+）和细胞分裂抑素B。前者使卵母细胞激活，后者抑制极体的形成和染色体的排除。再取出处理过的卵母细胞，放在没有锶和细胞分裂抑素B的特制的溶液中使细胞分裂形成胚胎。 不同阶段的胚胎（从2细胞期到胚泡期）被分别植入几天前与已经结扎雄鼠交配过的假孕母鼠的输卵管或子宫中发育。发育完全的胎儿鼠在大约19天后通过手术取出。 目前胚胎细胞核移植克隆的动物有小鼠、兔、山羊、绵羊、猪、牛和猴子等。在中国，除猴子以外，其他克隆动物都有，也能连续核移植克隆山羊，该技术比胚胎分割技术更进一步，将克隆出更多的动物。因胚胎分割次数越多，每份细胞越少，发育成的个体的能力越差。体细胞核移植克隆的动物只有一个，就是“多利”羊。 三、克隆技术的福音 1． 克隆技术与遗传育种 在农业方面，人们利用“克隆”技术培育出大量具有抗旱、抗倒伏、抗病虫害的优质高产品种，大大提高了粮食产量。在这方面我国已迈入世界最先进的前列。 2． 克隆技术与濒危生物保护 克隆技术对保护物种特别是珍稀、濒危物种来讲是一个福音，具有很大的应用前景。从生物学的角度看，这也是克隆技术最有价值的地方之一。 3． 克隆技术与医学 在当代，医生几乎能在所有人类器官和组织上施行移植手术。但就科学技术而言，器官移植中的排斥反应仍是最为头痛的事。排斥反应的原因是组织不配型导致相容性差。如果把“克隆人”的器官提供给“原版人”，作器官移植之用，则绝对没有排斥反应之虑，因为二者基因相配，组织也相配。问题是，利用“克隆人”作为器官供体合不合乎人道？是否合法？经济是否合算？ 克隆技术还可用来大量繁殖有价值的基因，例如，在医学方面，人们正是通过“克隆”技术生产出治疗糖尿病的胰岛素、使侏儒症患者重新长高的生长激素和能抗多种病毒感染的干挠素，等等。 克隆技术即无性繁殖技术。通常的有性生殖是由雌雄交配，精子和卵子结合发育成胚胎，经妊娠后产出新的个体。克隆技术不需要雌雄交配，不需要精子和卵子的结合，只需从动物身上提取一个单细胞，用人工的方法将其培养成胚胎，再将胚胎植入雌性动物体内，就可孕育出新的个体。这种以单细胞培养出来的克隆动物，具有与单细胞供体完全相同的特征，是单细胞供体的“复制品”。英国英格兰科学家和美国俄勒冈科学家先后培养出了“克隆羊”和“克隆猴”。克隆技术的成功，被人们称为“历史性的事件，科学的创举”。有人甚至认为，克隆技术可以同当年原子弹的问世相提并论。 克隆技术可以用来生产“克隆人”，可以用来“复制”人，因而引起了全世界的广泛关注。对人类来说，克隆技术是悲是喜，是祸是福？唯物辩证法认为，世界上的任何事物都是矛盾的统一体，都是一分为二的。克隆技术也是这样。如果克隆技术被用于“复制”像希特勒之类的战争狂人，那会给人类社会带来什么呢？即使是用于“复制”普通的人，也会带来一系列的伦理道德问题。如果把克隆技术应用于畜牧业生产，将会使优良牲畜品种的培育与繁殖发生根本性的变革。若将克隆技术用于基因治疗的研究，就极有可能攻克那些危及人类生命健康的癌症、艾滋病等顽疾。克隆技术犹如原子能技术，是一把双刃剑，剑柄掌握在人类手中。人类应该采取联合行动，避免“克隆人”的出现，使克隆技术造福于人类社会。 克隆（clone）是指通过无性生殖而产生的遗传上均一的生物群，即具有完全相同的遗传组成的一群细胞或者生物的个体。克隆在希腊语中是“小树枝叶”的意思，用以指无性增殖物。现在则指个体、细胞、基因等不同水平上的无性增殖物。（1）个体水平：在植物的无性增殖中，植物的发芽、插条等由同一个体通过无性生殖而增长的个体群均被视为克隆。采用组织培养方法可使植物细胞培养发育成完全的个体（愈伤组织），采用这种方法得到的具有相同基因型的个体群，也被称为克隆；在动物的无性增殖中，典型的例子是采用核移植实验方法，把分化细胞的核移植到一个事先去核的蛙卵中，让其发育并得到克隆蛙。克隆动物具有均一遗传性质，在研究环境条件对发育、分化的影响以及药物的检测方面都是重要的实验材料。在哺乳动物中，由于细胞分化，核异质化的程度加剧，因此核移植尚无成功的例子。（2）细胞水平：由一个细胞经过有丝分裂生成的细胞群叫克隆。但如果培养细胞发生转化，则很容易引起染色体变异。（3）基因水平：利用基因重组操作技术，使特定的基因与载体结合，在细菌等宿主中进行增殖，有可能得到均匀的基因群。克隆基因在基因功能与精细结构的关系等基础研究及在有用物质的生产方面，均已得到应用。 在上述3种水平上，增殖并分离获得单一的克隆群称为克隆化。此时，克隆一词也可作为动词理解。克隆是重组DNA技术的核心部分。事实上，克隆技术现已被人们用来通过营养方式繁殖病毒等微生物和植物的纯种，从而保证了这些生物基因组的准确连续性。现在，克隆这个词还包括单个自主遗传因子的分离与保存。细胞生物的克隆只需要营养培养基，而基因的克隆则需要某种载体复制子、特定的寄主细胞和营养培养基。各种类型生物的克隆技术在生物工程中均有其重要作用。
World Aids Day According to UNAIDS（联合国艾滋病规划署）estimates there were million adults and million children living with HIV at the end of 2002, and during the year 5 million new people became infected with the virus. Around half of all people who become infected with HIV do so before they are 25 and are killed by AIDS before they are 35. 95% of the total number of people with HIV live in the developing world. But HIV still remains a threat to people of all ages and nationalities. Stigma and Discrimination is the theme of the 2003 World AIDS day. In many parts of the world, discrimination prevents people who are known to have HIV from securing a job or caring for their families. Discrimination can cause isolation and marginalizes（排斥）people who have HIV and AIDS. This can prevent people from being offered or seeking the treatment which could save their lives. In order for HIV to be effectively tackled on an international level, efforts need to be made to End the discrimination against people with HIV and AIDS. Educate people in safer sex and drug use, using appropriate media. Provide condoms freely to people in the developing world. Provide financial and medical assistance so that people with HIV and AIDS can be treated. Started in 1988, World AIDS Day is not just about raising money, but also about raising awareness, education and fighting prejudice. World AIDS Day is also important in reminding people that HIV has not gone away, and that there are many things still to be done. Themes for World Aids Day The theme for world AIDS day 2003 is Stigma and Discrimination. Each year there is a particular theme chosen for World AIDS Day, and for the last fourteen years the themes have been as follows: 2004 Women and AIDS 2003 Stigma and Discrimination 2002 Stigma and Discrimination 2001 I care. Do you? 2000 AIDS : Men make a difference 1999 Listen, Learn, Live: World AIDS Campaign with Children and Young People 1998 Force For Change: World AIDS Campaign With Young People 1997 Children Living in a World with AIDS 1996 One World, One Hope 1995 Shared Rights, Shared Responsibilities 1994 AIDS and the Family 1993 Time to Act 1992 Community Commitment 1991 Sharing the Challenge 1990 Women & AIDS 1989 Youth 1988 Communication The Red Ribbon The Red Ribbon is an international symbol of AIDS awareness that is worn by people all year round and particularly around world AIDS day to demonstrate care and concern about HIV and AIDS, and to remind others of the need for their support and commitment. The red ribbon started as a "grass roots" effort, and as a result there is no official red ribbon, and many people make their own. To make your own ribbons, get some ordinary red ribbon, about cms wide and cut it into strips about 15 cms long. Then fold at the top into an inverted "V" shape and put a safety pin through the centre which you use to attach the ribbon to your clothing.
但没有行动艾滋病毒品系,种能容忍,甚至most-sophisticated most-expensive药物疗法可以很可能出现和移动这个世界仅仅是作为第一株所做的。因此,艾滋病在西方,可以证明是确定的杀手,它曾经是,再来。疟疾,尽管不一样贵艾滋病的地址,已经加入了等级的疾病被处理在一盛大等级。全球基金31亿美元所犯的疟疾的战斗,美国已经发起了一项大胆的新疟疾倡议”。通过使用杀虫剂的蚊帐和新药物治疗,很多国家已经实现了疟疾大幅下跌之后的发病率和死亡率,其中的一员卢旺达。2000年,卢旺达看见估计约有100万例疟疾病人。今天,由于蚊帐很大程度上,这一数字已经下降了超过60%。在2000年,一个惊人的10%的所有的五岁以下的儿童死于疟疾;今天,人命几乎没有消失了。几十年来第一次,进行严肃的辩论和行动都有共同的利益来消除或降低这种疾病。比尔和梅林达盖茨已经建立世界的目光投向完成根除疟疾,一壮举,就需要大量突破技术。然而,这是一个必须采取的战斗的偏远坚决地和其中所致力于不断的努力。今天人们普遍猜测,非凡的疾病所造成的疟疾的失败继续推动疾病在20世纪60年代了DDT。相反的,由于一些显著的成就,努力的蒸发,失去了他们的个人和人口的自然免疫,而这种疾病回了一个复仇。如果少于固执,批发控制和消除疾病加重,努力风险。在最坏的情形,疟疾可以消除许多非洲大陆,保持在低水平,在一些地方发展抗最好的药品,可提供的,然后再看看会尽力控制它变得渺茫。什么是极具破坏性的跟随欧洲大陆。疟疾回到人口缺乏任何的天然免疫、药品可以证明效果不彰,数百万人的生命将会丧失了,每年children.问题补充——尤其在很年轻。肺结核折磨着人类四千年以来中的一年。而疾病最近才停止成为一个重要的公共卫生威胁在发达国家,肺结核仍然宣称在全球范围内每天五千人的生命,超过SARS,马尔堡与禽流感以往任何时候。9百万人发展成活动性结核每年。虽然唯一有效的治疗方式一直在过去几十年中,它已被均匀地应用的是,在很多情况下卫生设施没有保证病人接受治疗的全部课程,总的来说,那些最需要治疗没有收到。贫乏的治疗导致更凶猛,more-resistant血统的结核病。3%的新诊断的病人有multi-drug-resistant肺结核(肺结核病),使他们的治疗复杂、昂贵和不确定的。
爱滋病传播途径及预防方法 摘要:艾滋病的医学全称为:"获得性免疫缺陷综合症",英文缩写"AIDS",是由人体感染人类免疫缺陷病毒即艾滋病毒(HIV)引起的免疫缺陷综合症. 大多数感染了艾滋病病毒的人,仍然是健康的,并能在没有症状或只有轻微疾病的情况下生活多年.即使他们看起来健康,自己也感觉健康的时候,他们仍能够将艾滋病病毒传染给其他人,终生具有传染性. HIV 具有严格的宿主特异性,可感染人类并导致AIDS.在实验条件下,HIV-1可感染黑猩猩,HIV-2可感染恒河猴,可导致病血症及血清抗体转为阳性,但不能引起动物发病.从HIV感染者外周血,精液,乳汁,脑脊液,唾液,泪液和其他体液中均可分离到病毒,不过目前尚无经泪液,唾液和汁液等感染HIV的报道.HIV一般通过血液和精液和,其传播途径主要包括: (1)性传播,通过性行为在男同性恋者之间及异性间传播,也可通过人工授精传播; (2)血液传播,通过接受HIV感染者捐献的血液或器官,使用受HIV污染的血染液制品或与HIV感染者共用注射针头而被感染,此外,接触HIV感染者体液或HIV培养物的医务人员和实验人员存在感染HIV的职业危险性; (3)母婴传播,感染HIV者的母亲,可在子宫内或在分娩时将HIV传染给新生儿(Connor,1997).除此之外,人与人的一般接触并不会导致HIV的传播,对此不必过分敏感和恐惧. 在体外,HIV可感染CD4+T淋巴细胞(T4细胞)和单核-巨噬细胞,在其中增殖并引起细胞病变中,表明CD4+T淋巴细胞和单核-巨噬细胞是HIV主要的靶细胞.此外,HIV还可感染正常B淋巴细胞,经EB病毒转化形成的B淋巴母细胞系,小胶质细胞,神经胶质细胞,中幼粒细胞及多种细胞系 (O'Brien,1997) 在体内,HIV除感染结缔组织中的CD4+T淋巴细胞,单核-巨噬细胞,B淋巴细胞,中幼粒细胞和滤泡树突状细胞外,还可感染上皮组织中的朗格汉细胞(Langerhanscell)及神经组织中的小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞,星形胶质细胞和脑内皮细胞,其分布遍及骨骼,胸腺,脑,心,肺,肠,眼,肾,皮肤和性腺等器官(Dittmar,1997a).HIV具有如此广泛的细胞和组织嗜性,同它所引起的CD4+T淋巴细胞缺陷,淋巴腺病,卡波西肉瘤以及神经系统损伤等多脏器症状是相吻合的. 高度的变异性是HIV及其他反转录病毒所具有的显著特征.突变主要来自反转录过程,其中env和nef等基因变异幅度最大,而gag和pol等则相对保守,变异程度较低且多为沉默的点突变.根据env和gag等基因的变异, 至少可将HIV-1划分为2群,共11个亚型.其中M(main)群由10个亚型组成,即A-J亚型.欧美主要为B亚型,非洲流行A,C,D,E等亚型; 在我国B亚型占优势,其次为C亚弄和A亚型;此外,M群中还存在着各亚型之间的嵌合体(mosaic),如A/E,G/A等.O(outlier)群主要分布于西百和中非,由于成员较少,常被视为一个亚型(O亚型).根据同样的方法,可将HIV-2划分为A,B等亚型(UNAIDS,1997).不仅各地区或不同个体之间HIV存在很大的变异,即使在同一个体内部,差异同样明显.事实上,每个HIV感染者所携带的都是一个异质性的病毒群体,各种突变株共存于体内.高度变异性有助于HIV逃避宿主的免疫监视,同时也为HIV感染的预防,诊断和治疗设置了巨大的障碍. 怎样预防艾滋病 针对不同传播途径,科学家们建议应当采取以下措施: 1,预防艾滋病的性传播 洁身自爱,保持忠贞单一的性关系; 发生危险性行为时正确使用避孕套; 及时治疗性病. 2,预防艾滋病的血液传播 不使用未经检测的血液及血液制品. 不吸毒,不与别人共用针具吸毒. 穿耳或身体穿刺,文身,针刺疗法或者任何需要侵入性的刺破皮肤的过程,都有一定的艾滋病病毒传播危险. 3,母婴传播预防 艾滋病病毒可在怀孕,分娩或者孩子出生后的母乳喂养过程中传播. 感染艾滋病病毒的妇女应避免怀孕,如怀孕应人工流产. 孕,产妇在分娩前,后使用抗病毒药物,可降低母婴传播的几率. 采用人工喂养,也可减少艾滋病病毒感染的危险性.
HIV cannot survive outside of the body for long. In addition, not all body fluids carry the virus, including tears, sweat, and saliva. Therefore the virus is not transmitted by touching or other casual contact that occurs in day-to-day social experiences like hugging, kissing, shaking hands, or sharing food or beverages. The virus is not transmitted if there is no sexual contact and no exchange of blood. HIV also is not transmitted in households, even when uninfected persons share toilets, showers, and kitchens with infected all sexual transmission of HIV occurs by unprotected vaginal or anal sex; transmission of HIV by oral sex is very rare. A few cases of HIV transmission probably have occurred from an uninfected person performing fellatio (oral-penile sex) on an HIV-infected partner, but transmission from an infected oral partner to an uninfected penile partner, or by cunnilingus (oral contact with female genitals) is even more rare, if it occurs at all. Condoms or other barriers are considered optional for HIV prevention, and should be considered by persons who want to assure maximum protection.中文我懒得打了，你采纳，追加些分吧，我再给你。。累得很
但没有行动艾滋病毒品系,种能容忍,甚至most-sophisticated most-expensive药物疗法可以很可能出现和移动这个世界仅仅是作为第一株所做的。因此,艾滋病在西方,可以证明是确定的杀手,它曾经是,再来。疟疾,尽管不一样贵艾滋病的地址,已经加入了等级的疾病被处理在一盛大等级。全球基金31亿美元所犯的疟疾的战斗,美国已经发起了一项大胆的新疟疾倡议”。通过使用杀虫剂的蚊帐和新药物治疗,很多国家已经实现了疟疾大幅下跌之后的发病率和死亡率,其中的一员卢旺达。2000年,卢旺达看见估计约有100万例疟疾病人。今天,由于蚊帐很大程度上,这一数字已经下降了超过60%。在2000年,一个惊人的10%的所有的五岁以下的儿童死于疟疾;今天,人命几乎没有消失了。几十年来第一次,进行严肃的辩论和行动都有共同的利益来消除或降低这种疾病。比尔和梅林达盖茨已经建立世界的目光投向完成根除疟疾,一壮举,就需要大量突破技术。然而,这是一个必须采取的战斗的偏远坚决地和其中所致力于不断的努力。今天人们普遍猜测,非凡的疾病所造成的疟疾的失败继续推动疾病在20世纪60年代了DDT。相反的,由于一些显著的成就,努力的蒸发,失去了他们的个人和人口的自然免疫,而这种疾病回了一个复仇。如果少于固执,批发控制和消除疾病加重,努力风险。在最坏的情形,疟疾可以消除许多非洲大陆,保持在低水平,发展在一些地方可以抵抗最好的药品肺结核折磨着人类四千年以来中的一年。而疾病最近才停止成为一个重要的公共卫生威胁在发达国家,肺结核仍然宣称在全球范围内每天五千人的生命,超过SARS,马尔堡与禽流感以往任何时候。9百万人发展成活动性结核每年。虽然唯一有效的治疗方式一直在过去几十年中,它已被均匀地应用的是,在很多情况下卫生设施没有保证病人接受治疗的全部课程,总的来说,那些最需要治疗没有收到。贫乏的治疗导致更凶猛,more-resistant血统的结核病。3%的新诊断的病人有multi-drug-resistant肺结核(肺结核病),使他们的治疗复杂、昂贵和不确定的
今年12月1日是第16个“世界艾滋病日”。在全球纪念“世界艾滋病日”之际，联合国今天正式发起一项医治贫困艾滋病患者的全球行动计划。联合国同时利用今年“世界艾滋病日”的主题——消除羞辱与歧视，呼吁国际社会营造关心艾滋病患者的社会氛围。 向300万贫困患者伸出援手 “在2005年前为全球300万贫困的艾滋病患者提供治疗药物！”是联合国全球行动响亮的口号，也是简明的目标。联合国艾滋病防治署和世界卫生组织联合发起的这项全球行动，也因此简称为“五三”计划，今天起在全球几大城市启动。这一计划将具体通过简化抗艾滋病药物的配给、改善医疗服务等措施，确保发展中国家的艾滋病患者以最优惠的价格、更容易地获得他们需要的、高质量的药物。此外，计划还准备培训数千名新医疗人员和社区工作人员，以改善有关艾滋病患者的护理、治疗和诊断环境。 世界卫生组织对此表示，艾滋病是全球迄今为止最为急迫的健康问题。抗逆转录酶药物能够防止艾滋病毒携带者转化成艾滋病患者，而且相对来说可让他们过正常人的生活。但目前抗逆转录酶药物疗法仅在富裕国家获得广泛使用，贫穷国家因患者支付不起高昂的药费很难推广。目前全球约有600万艾滋病患者急需治疗。联合国的这项全球行动计划将用55亿美元为其中300万贫困患者提供药物。 每次只需一片，简化用药方法 为了切实执行联合国的全球行动计划，世界卫生组织今天同时推出了三种防治艾滋病非专利新药，分别是：合拉米夫定、司他夫定和奈韦拉平。与目前艾滋病组合疗法不同的是，三种新药帮助患者简化了复杂的用药问题，三种新药对于艾滋病患者来说，每次只需一片、一日两次，而不需要像目前组合疗法那样，患者一次需要吃十几片不同的药。 世界卫生组织称，三种新药对艾滋病的各种症状具有综合治疗作用，有利于在艾滋病重灾国家推广抗逆转录酶药物疗法。 “相互关爱，共享生命” 如果说“帮助贫困患者”的全球行动计划是从生理上帮助医治艾滋病人，那么“相互关爱，共享生命”的主题倡议则要求从社会心理上关心艾滋病患者。 “相互关爱，共享生命”是今年“世界艾滋病日”的主题，也是国际社会对艾滋病社会问题成因的深刻认识。艾滋病不仅是人类健康问题，而且涉及诸多社会因素。如何看待艾滋病和艾滋病患者已成为一大社会问题，关系到人类能否彻底根除艾滋病。 有关分析认为，某种程度上，人们对艾滋病普遍存在的误解，也是导致艾滋病毒新发感染者自1998年以来平均每年增长30％的原因。特别是，许多人至今仍然对艾滋病的传播途径一无所知，不少人则认为，艾滋病的流行是吸毒者、卖淫嫖娼者及男同性恋者等一些边缘化的少数群体造成的。殊不知，通过血液、不正当的性行为、吸毒和母婴传播等途径，已造成大量人感染艾滋病，如今艾滋病从脆弱群体向整个社会蔓延的势头未减，对艾滋病问题的畏缩、偏见、蔑视和自我保护等，将无助于艾滋病防治工作的推进。而全社会关注艾滋病，关心艾滋病患者，以及加大预防力度，这些措施比以往任何时候均显得更为重要。 正像联合国秘书长安南在“世界艾滋病日”呼吁的那样，国际社会需要提供必要的资源，采取必要的行动，将艾滋病列为政治议程与实际工作议程的头等大事。世界各国政府和人民需要一起继续公开讨论艾滋病问题，一起打破围绕艾滋病问题的沉默、蔑视和歧视。新华网德班（南非）8月5日电 在这里举行的南非艾滋病大会上，专家们5日说，预防、治疗和社会关爱是人类抵御艾滋病的“法宝”。会议代表用三个交叉在一起的圆来表示它们的重要意义。 开普敦大学的传染病和分子医学研究员乔安妮·哈梅伦博士领导的一个艾滋病疫苗研究小组被南非各界寄予厚望。当记者问她，在抵御艾滋病方面最重要的措施是什么时，她毫不犹豫地说：“预防。”她说，全世界有4200万艾滋病患者，南非超过10％的人口成为患者，这种疾病已经对全人类构成了切实的威胁，应该告诉大众特别是年轻一代，什么是艾滋病，它的传播途径有哪几种，怎样保护自己不受侵袭。 哈梅伦说，在另一个非洲国家乌干达，社会各界积极采取措施告诉人 们怎么预防艾滋病，整个国家的艾滋病感染率正在大幅度降低。其他专家还提出，现在应该把预防重点转移到保护女性上来。 参加会议的专家们还说，在艾滋病的治疗领域，人类已开发出不少药物，它们能抑制人体内的艾滋病病毒，使患者长时间保持健康状态，但这些药物都无法完全消灭人体内的病毒。此外，艾滋病病毒具有变异性，科学家目前很难研制出适用的疫苗，而且一种疫苗从开始实验到真正确定有效至少需要10年的时间。 在这次大会上引起普遍关注的问题是，发展中国家大量艾滋病患者失去劳动力或失去工作，或者本来就十分贫困，因而无力购买必需的药物。代表们在各种场合呼吁，以合理的价格向艾滋病患者提供药物，挽救宝贵的生命。 对艾滋病患者，歧视和隔绝是一场恶梦，而社会的理解和接纳才能支持他们。南非副总统祖马曾说：“在艾滋病病毒杀死他们（艾滋病患者）之前，社会的歧视已经毁了他们。”与会的一名艾滋病患者代表也说，家人的爱、同事的理解和社会的接纳是他能走到现在的重要动力。 除了艾滋病患者本人，他们遗留下的孤儿、父母也都需要人们的关爱。在南非的乡村，不少成年男子因艾滋病而去世，留下了由爷爷奶奶和孙子孙女组成的特殊家庭，没有社会的支持，他们很难生存下去。 本次大会主席库瓦迪亚教授3日在开幕式上说，艾滋病是南非面临的最具灾难性的疾病，但是凭着人类的智慧、勇气和正确的方法，最终一定能制服艾滋病。民间NGO。“可以说，防治艾滋病，帮助病人和病毒携带者，必须有NGO。在艾滋病防治上，如同环境保护一样，政府不可能将所有工作包下来。首先资源有限，现在政府已经从许多领域撤退下来，政府没有足够的精力将艾滋病的工作全部包下来。比方说心理关怀，政府不会有那么多人力一对一地去做劝解、开导，就需要民间人士来做些工作。比如对高危人群的辅导，向同性恋团体做宣传，政府官员不适合去，就需要民间人士去。NGO还可以利用它的优势，在国内外申请资助，获得为防治艾滋病所必需的补充资源。我们可以看到，在世界上，凡是在艾滋病问题上发挥NGO作用好的国家，那里的艾滋病蔓延的势头就得到了控制。” 每一个人。“把你知道的科学知识宣传出去。对艾滋病的认识是很简单的，可是现在大众的成见太深，需要一点点地化解。我没法预期什么时候情况会得到改善，只能说，如果各个方面都做好的话——这是假设——5年的时间有可能会改善。艾滋病防治是全民的责任，应该让老百姓起来参与，在参与中提高认识。首先，我们不能只在每年的12月1日艾滋病日关怀他们，媒体宣传一下，相关人士走访一下。对艾滋病的重视，对病人和HIV感染者的关怀，应该成为人们的日常工作的内容了。”
爱滋病传播途径及预防方法 摘要:艾滋病的医学全称为:"获得性免疫缺陷综合症",英文缩写"AIDS",是由人体感染人类免疫缺陷病毒即艾滋病毒(HIV)引起的免疫缺陷综合症. 大多数感染了艾滋病病毒的人,仍然是健康的,并能在没有症状或只有轻微疾病的情况下生活多年.即使他们看起来健康,自己也感觉健康的时候,他们仍能够将艾滋病病毒传染给其他人,终生具有传染性. HIV 具有严格的宿主特异性,可感染人类并导致AIDS.在实验条件下,HIV-1可感染黑猩猩,HIV-2可感染恒河猴,可导致病血症及血清抗体转为阳性,但不能引起动物发病.从HIV感染者外周血,精液,乳汁,脑脊液,唾液,泪液和其他体液中均可分离到病毒,不过目前尚无经泪液,唾液和汁液等感染HIV的报道.HIV一般通过血液和精液和,其传播途径主要包括: (1)性传播,通过性行为在男同性恋者之间及异性间传播,也可通过人工授精传播; (2)血液传播,通过接受HIV感染者捐献的血液或器官,使用受HIV污染的血染液制品或与HIV感染者共用注射针头而被感染,此外,接触HIV感染者体液或HIV培养物的医务人员和实验人员存在感染HIV的职业危险性; (3)母婴传播,感染HIV者的母亲,可在子宫内或在分娩时将HIV传染给新生儿(Connor,1997).除此之外,人与人的一般接触并不会导致HIV的传播,对此不必过分敏感和恐惧. 在体外,HIV可感染CD4+T淋巴细胞(T4细胞)和单核-巨噬细胞,在其中增殖并引起细胞病变中,表明CD4+T淋巴细胞和单核-巨噬细胞是HIV主要的靶细胞.此外,HIV还可感染正常B淋巴细胞,经EB病毒转化形成的B淋巴母细胞系,小胶质细胞,神经胶质细胞,中幼粒细胞及多种细胞系 (O'Brien,1997) 在体内,HIV除感染结缔组织中的CD4+T淋巴细胞,单核-巨噬细胞,B淋巴细胞,中幼粒细胞和滤泡树突状细胞外,还可感染上皮组织中的朗格汉细胞(Langerhanscell)及神经组织中的小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞,星形胶质细胞和脑内皮细胞,其分布遍及骨骼,胸腺,脑,心,肺,肠,眼,肾,皮肤和性腺等器官(Dittmar,1997a).HIV具有如此广泛的细胞和组织嗜性,同它所引起的CD4+T淋巴细胞缺陷,淋巴腺病,卡波西肉瘤以及神经系统损伤等多脏器症状是相吻合的. 高度的变异性是HIV及其他反转录病毒所具有的显著特征.突变主要来自反转录过程,其中env和nef等基因变异幅度最大,而gag和pol等则相对保守,变异程度较低且多为沉默的点突变.根据env和gag等基因的变异, 至少可将HIV-1划分为2群,共11个亚型.其中M(main)群由10个亚型组成,即A-J亚型.欧美主要为B亚型,非洲流行A,C,D,E等亚型; 在我国B亚型占优势,其次为C亚弄和A亚型;此外,M群中还存在着各亚型之间的嵌合体(mosaic),如A/E,G/A等.O(outlier)群主要分布于西百和中非,由于成员较少,常被视为一个亚型(O亚型).根据同样的方法,可将HIV-2划分为A,B等亚型(UNAIDS,1997).不仅各地区或不同个体之间HIV存在很大的变异,即使在同一个体内部,差异同样明显.事实上,每个HIV感染者所携带的都是一个异质性的病毒群体,各种突变株共存于体内.高度变异性有助于HIV逃避宿主的免疫监视,同时也为HIV感染的预防,诊断和治疗设置了巨大的障碍. 怎样预防艾滋病 针对不同传播途径,科学家们建议应当采取以下措施: 1,预防艾滋病的性传播 洁身自爱,保持忠贞单一的性关系; 发生危险性行为时正确使用避孕套; 及时治疗性病. 2,预防艾滋病的血液传播 不使用未经检测的血液及血液制品. 不吸毒,不与别人共用针具吸毒. 穿耳或身体穿刺,文身,针刺疗法或者任何需要侵入性的刺破皮肤的过程,都有一定的艾滋病病毒传播危险. 3,母婴传播预防 艾滋病病毒可在怀孕,分娩或者孩子出生后的母乳喂养过程中传播. 感染艾滋病病毒的妇女应避免怀孕,如怀孕应人工流产. 孕,产妇在分娩前,后使用抗病毒药物,可降低母婴传播的几率. 采用人工喂养,也可减少艾滋病病毒感染的危险性.
艾滋病的保健教育 你可以把它简化， 把要点抽出AIDS Education One important aspect of a comprehensive AIDS policy is education. Many in our society are ignorant of the facts and need more information. A study of young people in San Francisco revealed that 30 percent believed AIDS could be cured if treated early, and one-third did not know that AIDS cannot be transmitted merely by touching someone with AIDS activists, however, have seen education as the primary or even the sole means of fighting the AIDS epidemic. And while education is certainly important, information alone is not a sufficient means of fighting AIDS. Indeed, there are some serious concerns surrounding AIDS problem is that AIDS information is often dispensed in a so- called value neutral environment. Educators and counselors try to discuss AIDS and human sexuality in an amoral framework. But in attempting to be amoral, they often end up being immoral. Teaching the facts about subjects like condoms and homosexuality without teaching the moral values associated with them is tantamount to encouraging second concern about AIDS education is that it sometimes misrepresents the facts. Various medical and governmental reports, for example, have touted the condom as an effective means of reducing the risk of contracting AIDS. But while it is true that condoms reduce the risk of contracting AIDS, they by no means eliminate used for contraceptive purposes fail about 10 percent of the time over the course of a year. Former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop warned of the "extraordinarily high" failure rate of condoms among homosexuals. And a study done at the University of Miami Medical School showed that 17 percent of women married to men with AIDS became infected within a year despite the use of , AIDS education is frequently used to promote the homosexual lifestyle. While AIDS is not exclusively a gay disease, it has often been used by gay activists to promote acceptance of homosexuality. Although we should reach out to AIDS victims with compassion, we should not compromise the biblical teaching that homosexuality is unnatural (Rom. 1:26-27) and an abomination (Lev. 18:22).Fourth and last, there is some question about the general effectiveness of AIDS education. While educating people about AIDS may provide them with the basic facts, we should not be so naive as to believe that information alone will necessarily change their behavior. If it did, then our country's massive anti-smoking education programs would have been followed by a precipitous drop in smoking and lung cancer, and the numerous venereal-disease education programs would have substantially reduced the number of sexually transmitted inadequacy of education became evident through a survey that asked students at the University of Maryland about their knowledge of AIDS and their subsequent sexual behavior. Seventy-seven percent said they knew condoms can be used to limit the risk of infection of AIDS, but only 30 percent reported increased use of condoms. Eighty-three percent of the male students who said they have homosexual relations said they had made no change in their hasn't AIDS education been more effective? One reason is that people use selective perception to screen out most of the messages they receive. We do not, for example, pay much attention to lawnmower commercials unless we are in the market for a lawnmower. If people do not think they are at risk for AIDS, AIDS information may not get through their perceptual the problem of selective perception is emotional denial. High-risk groups often ignore messages they do not want to hear, and those at risk for AIDS are no and perhaps most important, human sin nature frequently keeps us from doing what is right and leads us to practice evil (Rom. 7:15-19). All have sinned (Rom. 3:23) and fall short of the glory of God, so we should not be surprised that people engage in dangerous sexual behavior even when they are armed with the facts.
让我们一起携手对坑艾滋病。下面是由我为大家整理的“艾滋病的英语作文”欢迎阅读，仅供参考，希望对你有所帮助。
AIDS is the world recognized refractory disease, it is spreading at an alarming rate, seriously endangering the health of human beings, so-called "the plague of the century", "human killer", etc., to explain its arrival's impact on humans.
AIDS though terrible, but as long as the correct understanding of AIDS, understand the HIV/AIDS, is completely can prevent the publicity, education has a far-reaching significance.
In accordance with the superior file spirit, to a large number of students in our school publicity and education activities, using the class meeting, the flag-raising ceremony, seminars, group discussion and other forms take the way of combining centralization and decentralization, multi-angle, multi-channel, make students understand AIDS prevention knowledge, effect is significant.
At the beginning of this period, under the support of the global fund, plain AIDS project office, in a timely manner for the junior middle school students in our school for free a batch of the text.
In accordance with the relevant spirit of the county AIDS project office in our school, combining the reality of our school, through health education, includes forms again presented a new AIDS knowledge education.
艾滋病是世界公认的难治性疾病，它以惊人的速度传播，严重危害人类的健康，即所谓的“世纪瘟疫”、“人类杀手”等，来解释它的到来对人类的影响。
艾滋病虽然可怕，但只要正确认识艾滋病，了解艾滋病毒/艾滋病，完全可以防止宣传，教育意义深远。
按照上级文件精神，大量的在我们学校的宣传教育活动，学生上课使用，升旗仪式、讲座、小组讨论等形式，采取集中与分散相结合的方式，多角度、多渠道，使学生了解预防艾滋病知识，效果显著。
在这一时期开始，在全球基金资助下，平原艾滋病项目办公室，及时为我校的初中生免费提供一批课文。
根据我县艾滋病防治项目办公室的有关精神，结合我校实际，通过健康教育，包括形式，再次提出了新的艾滋病知识教育。
AIDS has become a topic of common concern to the people of the world. How to prevent AIDS has become a topic of attention. Everyone knows the horror of AIDS, which is called the "devil". So, what is a "devil" in the end?
Generally speaking, AIDS is the human immune system was damaged by a virus called "HIV", so the body loses resistance, not with those of life-threatening bacteria fighting, so that the body has a variety of incurable infections and tumors, eventually lead to a severe infection of infectious disease deaths.
It is understood that about 39 million 500 thousand people worldwide are infected with AIDS, increasing 4 million 300 thousand people every year. That is to say, every 8 seconds in the world, 110 thousand people will be infected with AIDS, and 8000 infected people will be killed every day. What an amazing number this is.
So, how can AIDS be contagious? It is caused by blood, unclean sexual intercourse, drug use or intravenous injection and mother to child transmission. Some people ask whether AIDS is very serious? This is of course, because the HIV - induced infectious disease is a very high death rate, and its mortality rate is second in all diseases. AIDS is like a sudden wind, "Shua" all of a sudden in you did not know the situation has spread rapidly.
In our country, what is the epidemic of AIDS? Since 1985, only a few people have been infected each year, most of them are people who come to China abroad, or people from our country. It lasted about four or five years. By the end of the 80s of the last century, the first pandemic appeared: China began the epidemic of AIDS on the Yunnan border. Since the middle of the 90s, a rapid growth period has been developed, which is characterized by a rapid spread of the whole country. From 1994 to now, nearly 10 years have been growing at a rate of more than 40%.
艾滋病，已成了全世界人民共同关心的一个话题。怎样预防艾滋病，也就成了大家更为关注的话题。大家都知道艾滋病的可怕，都称它为“魔鬼”。那么，艾滋病到底是怎样的一个“魔鬼”？
通俗的讲，艾滋病是人体免疫系统被一种叫做“HIV”的病毒所破坏，因此身体丧失了抵抗力，不能与那些对生命威胁的病菌战斗，从而使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤，最后导致被感染者死亡的一种严重传染病。
据了解现全球约有3950万人感染艾滋病，每年都会增加430万人，也就是说世界上每隔8秒钟就会有11万人被感染艾滋病，而全球每天都有8000名感染者丧命。这是多么惊人的数字。
那么，艾滋病是怎样传染的呢？是血液、不洁性交、吸毒或静脉注射和母婴传播而引起的。有人问艾滋病是不是很严重？这是当然的，因为艾滋病毒引起的传染病，是一种死亡率极高的病，它的死亡率在所有的病中排名第2。艾滋病就像一股突如其来的风，“唰——”一下子在你完全不知道的情况下降临并迅速蔓延。
在我国，艾滋病的流行情况又是怎样呢？从1985年开始，每年只有几例感染者，多数是国外来华的人士，或者是我们出国的人士。这样大概持续了四、五年。到了上世纪八十年代末，出现了第一个流行期：在云南边境，中国开始了艾滋病的流行。从九十年代中期开始，出现了快速增长期，其特点就是以很快的速度波及全国。从1994年到现在，将近10年的时间，一直都是在以40%以上的速度增长。
AIDS is not only harmful to the AIDS patients, bring heavy burden to the family, but also directly affect the development of the national economy, social stability, national prosperity, national prosperity of survival, it seems that AIDS is not only a threat to every person, every family, but also threaten the whole country, the social influence development and stability, visible AIDS prevention is the responsibility of the whole society.
AIDS is indeed very scary, but HIV infected people and AIDS patients are still our good friends. They should not get prejudice and discrimination, but from social and personal care.
The AIDS virus is highly contagious, but some daily behavior can not spread AIDS, such as hugging, shaking hands, a public toilet, eat together, talk, share of labor supplies, school supplies and so on, so we should have a correct understanding of AIDS transmission, to treat HIV with the correct attitude of the infected people and AIDS patients.
艾滋病不仅对艾滋病病人本身造成危害，给家庭带来沉重的负担，而且还直接影响国家经济的发展，社会的稳定，国家的兴衰，民族的兴存亡，由此看来，艾滋病不仅威胁着每一个人，每一个家庭，而且威胁着整个国家，影响社会的发展和稳定，可见预防艾滋病是全社会的责任。
艾滋病的确非常可怕，但艾滋病病毒的感染者和艾滋病病人仍然是我们的好朋友，他们应当得到的不是偏见和歧视，而是来自社会和个人的关爱。
艾滋病病毒的传染性极强，但是一些日常行为不能传播艾滋病，如拥抱，握手，公用厕所，一起吃饭，谈话交流，共用劳动用品，学习用品等，所以，我们应该正确认识艾滋病的传播途径，用正确的态度对待艾滋病病毒的感染者和艾滋病病人。
关爱艾滋病患者生活里有很多人都患有艾滋病。许多人都以为艾滋病会传染，连拥抱、握手这种动作都会传染。那我要告诉你们，你们错了，你们错的太离谱了。和艾滋病病人做这种动作，是不会传染的，即使你们知道不会传染，也不愿意去和他们做这种动作，你们在心里排斥他们，在生活上排斥他们。有些人甚至连靠近他们，都不愿意去靠近。患有艾滋病病人知道这种病不会传染，但是，在他们身边人不知道他们患有艾滋病的情况下，尽量不让自己被别人碰触自己身体的每一处。他们这么做是为什么？为的是不想让别人也感染到，尽管自己知道不会传染，但还是这么做了。艾滋病患者一直都在保护着我们，不让我们受到感染。我们却连句话都不和他们说，连一句温暖的话也不和他们说一句。艾滋病患者需要的是我们更多的关爱和支持，他们也想和正常人一样，做着正常人能做的事。当患有艾滋病的人上学时，全校的家长和师生都在反对。他们不想让一个患有艾滋病的人和他们一起生活，一起上下学，没有一个人愿意和他们做朋友，没有人愿意接近他们，没有一个人能站在艾滋病患者的角度来想想，他们这时是最需要关爱和支持的。而我们，却没有一个人站出来为他们解说。世上有好人，有爱心的人。但这些人却不是很多，艾滋病患者同样是人。他们曾经也是和我们一样的人。曾经，他们有很多的朋友。可现在，却是自己一个人。我们应该多多关注他们，给他们需要的关爱和支持。关爱和支持，对于艾滋病者是很珍贵的。就算只剩一点的时间，能在这个世界上得到关爱和支持，在天堂的他们也没有什么遗憾了。请为艾滋病患者做出一点贡献。与其把心思花在没用的地方，还不如把心思花在帮助艾滋病患者的身上。就算他们走了，也要让他们知道，这个世界不只有他们一个人。这个世界的每一个人都是他们的亲人，都时时刻刻地陪在他们身边。这个世界的他们不再孤单，让他们觉得活这个世界上很值得。要在这个世界上坚强地活着，于艾滋病顽强抗争，不能被艾滋病屈服！
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昨天，第20个世界艾滋病日，一对男女举着“我是艾滋病人，请给我一个拥抱！”的牌子，在黄兴路步行街索拥抱。多数路人唯恐避让不及，有的则主动上前，与两人一一拥抱。这其实是湖南师范大学两位青年志愿者假扮的艾滋病人，以此宣传预防艾滋病，关爱艾滋病人。《来源网络》 关爱艾滋病患者，这个口号正在越来越广泛的被关注，每年的12月1日被定为“世界艾滋病日”，因此在这一天，总是有许许多多关于艾滋病的宣传活动，除了告诉大家“关爱生命，学会保护自己”之外，还会呼吁大家对艾滋病患者“消除岐视，关爱他们”。这对举着想要拥抱的男女大学生，正是想希望通过这种简单的关爱来消除大家对艾滋病患者的蔑视与恐惧，只是效果好不好，相信只有真正的艾滋病患者才能明白了。 这个世界是需要平等的，艾滋病患者需要得到大家的平等对待。可是为什么大家会岐视艾滋病患者？只有解开这个结才能够真正的解决这种岐视。在某种程度上，人们对于艾滋病普遍存在误解，大多认为患有这种病的人，都是一些吸毒者，卖淫嫖娼者，以及同性恋者等边缘化的少数群体，其实据有关方面统计，有相当一部分的人除了通过不正当性行为以及吸毒的途径感染艾滋病之外，通过血液以及母婴传染也成了艾滋病的传僠途径。也许有人会说前者是自作自受，可是后都却值得同情了。 艾滋病的可怕之处正在于它的无药可治，也正是人们的这种恐惧，偏见，岐视以及自我保护心理，将那些艾滋病患者推向无助及绝望的境界。可是光凭“关爱与消除岐视”的口号并不能真正的解决艾滋病给社会带来的危害，他们更加需要的是国际社会提供必要的资源，采取必要的行动，切切实实的将艾滋病列为工作议程的头等大事中，研发出可以抑制及治疗的药物出来。而在提倡消除岐视艾滋病的同时更应该加强宣传预防的力度，因为防范给治理更加重要。 消除岐视是好事，可是有必要当街假扮艾滋病患者来考验路人的承受能力吗？艾滋病患者需要关爱是真，可是这两位假扮艾滋病患者的男女大学生，他们其实对艾滋病也非常的恐惧，不只是刻意的找来口罩戴上，以示艾滋病患者的“与众不同”，还举着牌子大肆宣传。在通过记者的采访当中，他们也毫不掩饰内心对于艾滋病患者存在的隔膜，他们担心在大街上被熟人看到误解他们，会给他们以后的生活带来诸多的负面影响。所以说,此等行为无异于自相矛盾了. 所幸大街上行色匆匆的行人们大多能够真正的认识艾滋病，对于这种刻意要求的“拥抱”，很多人都能够坦然的去接受。当一位位的市民向这两位假艾滋病患者张开双臂时，可能真正受感动的是那些真正的艾滋病患者，因为正正需要理解与关爱的人是他们。所以这个活动或者来说是件好事，因为由此可见人们对于艾滋病患者已经越来越宽容，可是个人还是认为没有必要如此刻意的求证，因为能够理解的人自然能够理解，不能理解的人也不会通过几次拥抱就能够理解。相反，对于那些不能接受的人，对此方式反而会加深反感。 艾滋病患者在现实社会受到岐视是显而易见的，可是光凭喊喊口号不可能会消除这种岐视的，所以除了对于这些人群的理解与关怀之外，每个人都应该学会自重与自我保护，毕竟经过性乱感染此病的也不在少数。如今，艾滋病已经不仅仅是人类的健康问题了，而是涉及到了诸多的社会因素，因为有些染上艾滋病的患者，因为绝望而产生对社会的报复之心，刻意隐瞒自己的病情而加速此病的传播，这样的人是非常可怕的。所以在呼吁关爱与理解的同时，更应该加深艾滋病患者的社会责任感，不要将自己的不幸扩大开去。
世界携手，共同努力艾滋病的全名是“获得性免疫缺陷综合症”，它是由艾滋病病毒（人类免疫缺陷病毒HIV病毒）引起的一种病死率极高的传染病，HIV病毒侵入人体后，会破坏人体的免疫系统。虽然人体的免疫系统有一定的消灭病毒的反应，但产生的艾滋病病毒的抗体并不能完全杀死HIV病毒。HIV病毒一般在人体中潜伏7-10年，在此期间，艾滋病病毒感染者并没有很多异常反应，外表看上去一切正常，也能正常工作生活很多年。但潜伏期一过，艾滋病病毒就会严重破坏感染者的免疫系统，以至于感染者不能维持最低的免疫能力，艾滋病病人也会出现一些原因不明的长期低热，体重下降，慢性腹泻，咳嗽等症状。慢慢地，病人的体内就会出现多种难以治愈的感染和肿瘤，最终死亡。从出现到现在，艾滋病已在全球蔓延几十年，但至今没有治愈艾滋病的药物。所以，艾滋病被称为“史后世纪瘟疫”，也被称为“超级癌症”和“世纪杀手”，引起了全世界的关注。全世界第一例确诊的艾滋病病人死于1959年，病人是一位刚果男子。那时并没有引起全世界太多的关注，直到1981年在美国洛杉矶5名同性恋身上同时发现了HIV病毒后，这就意味着HIV病毒开始大规模传播，也引起了全世界其他国家的普遍关注。那时候美国报道的艾滋病死亡人数是121人。其后，艾滋病病毒广泛传播，以迅雷不及掩耳之势波及全世界。到1999年，全世界确诊的艾滋病患者和艾滋病病毒感染者就有3300万人，而死亡人数也达到2000万人。短短的20年，艾滋病引起了全世界的恐慌。为了遏制艾滋病的过快蔓延，1987年，世界卫生组织（WHO）正式启动了全球艾滋病防治计划。其后的一年，也就是1988年，世界卫生组织将每年的12月1日作为每年的世界艾滋病日。而我国的艾滋病现状也不容乐观。1985年，北京协和医院正报到中国境内第一例艾滋病患者，是一位外国游客。其后的几年间，在中国境内发现的艾滋病患者也都是来华外国人和海外华人。直到1989年，在云南吸毒人群发现正式确诊了艾滋病感染者146人后，这标志着艾滋病已从国外输入变为国内扩散。也是在短短的20年内，到2009年，世界卫生组织推测我国的艾滋病感染者和艾滋病病人78万人，我国的艾滋病流行也进入了快速增长期。因此，预防艾滋病传播迫在眉睫。我们都知道艾滋病主要通过性接触、血液和母婴三种途径传播。所以，预防艾滋病传播也应该从这三个方面着手。在世界范围内，性接触是传播艾滋病的最主要途径。艾滋病通过性交的方式在男女之间、男男之间传播，而且性交的次数越多，被感染的几率也就越大。所以，正确使用避孕套就是有效破坏这个途径的好方法。对于避孕套来说，可能大多数人认为其用来防止怀孕的，其实不然，避孕套也可以防止感染艾滋病和性病。虽然使用避孕套不是100%的安全，但总会起到很好的效果。另外，性病患者比没有性病的患者更容易感染艾滋病，因此有性病的患者应及早到正规医院或者性病防治机构检查、咨询和治疗。切忌不要找一些游医治疗，胡乱吃一些所谓的灵丹妙药，不但没有治疗病症，还会延误治疗的最佳时期，恶化病症。预防因性接触传播艾滋病的最根本措施是洁身自好，遵守性道德，树立健康积极的恋爱，婚姻，家庭和性观念。对于青年人来说，要学会克制性从动，过早的进行性行为，不但损伤彼此的友谊，还会影响身心健康；对于性自由来说，应该及早的改掉这种不良的生活习惯，接触的人越多，被感染的几率就更大不然就会过早的断送自己年轻的生命；对于夫妻来说，应该秉着忠诚的原则，最大程度的避免艾滋病在夫妻之间传播。血液传播也是艾滋病传播的重要途径。艾滋病在离开人体后，常温下只能存活数小时或者数天，高温、干燥以及常用的消毒剂都可以杀死HIV病毒。因此，共用不经消毒的注射器吸毒极易感染艾滋病。这对这一点，我们因该杜绝毒品，防微杜渐。吸毒不但是一种违法行为，也会对自己对家人甚至对社会带来危害。远离毒品，远离艾滋病。另外，献血和输血也有可能感染艾滋病。献血应到正规的医院或者有医疗卫生组织检疫合格的献血点，这样可以避免因使用不严格消毒的注射器而被HIV病毒感染。记得顾长卫导演的《最爱》，在一个偏远的乡村，有很多村民为了满足自己的金钱需要到一个小商贩那里集体卖血，由于使用的抽血机没有经过严格的消毒，使得那些卖血的人都感染上了艾滋病，这不是个个例，其实有很多时候，不幸就这么发生了，最后那些感染者都慢慢的死去了。这就是没有很好做到预防艾滋病的工作。总而言之，依法无偿献血，杜绝贩血卖血，加强血液检测是保证用血安全的重要措施。母婴传播也是一个不可忽略的途径。患有艾滋病的母亲会在怀孕期，分娩和产后母乳喂奶时将HIV病毒传向婴儿。如果母女患有艾滋病，应该防止她怀孕，即使是怀孕了也要人工流产，否则，孩子生下来也会夭折。有一点值得注意，婴儿出生后，人工喂奶会在一定的程度上降低被感染艾滋病的可能性。虽然艾滋病是一种不治之症，但也不要谈“艾”色变。与艾滋病患者正常接触如拥抱，握手等是不会感染艾滋病的，艾滋病病毒也不会经过马桶圈、电话机、餐饮具和卧具传播，也不会经过打喷嚏或者蚊虫叮咬传播。所以，我们应该关心、帮助而非歧视艾滋病患者和艾滋病感染者，因为他们的合作与参与也是防止艾滋病传播的有效途径，另外也可以降低他们成为社会不安定因素的可能性。艾滋病威胁每个人，每个家庭，预防艾滋病是全社会的责任。在各级政府部门的大力宣传下，我们应该相应号召，积极宣传预防艾滋病，让红丝带飘满世界。