经典医疗保险优秀论文参考文献

insuranceHealth insurance works by estimating the overall risk of healthcare expenses and developing a routine finance structure (such as a monthly premium or annual tax) that will ensure that money is available to pay for the healthcare benefits specified in the insurance agreement. The benefit is administered by a central organization, most often either a government agency or a private or not-for-profit entity operating a health it worksA Health insurance policy is a contract between an insurance company and an individual. The contract can be renewable annually or monthly. The type and amount of health care costs that will be covered by the health plan are specified in advance, in the member contract or Evidence of Coverage booklet. The individual policy-holder's payment obligations may take several forms[7]:Premium: The amount the policy-holder pays to the health plan each month to purchase health coverage. Deductible: The amount that the policy-holder must pay out-of-pocket before the health plan pays its share. For example, a policy-holder might have to pay a $500 deductible per year, before any of their health care is covered by the health plan. It may take several doctor's visits or prescription refills before the policy-holder reaches the deductible and the health plan starts to pay for care. Copayment: The amount that the policy-holder must pay out of pocket before the health plan pays for a particular visit or service. For example, a policy-holder might pay a $45 copayment for a doctor's visit, or to obtain a prescription. A copayment must be paid each time a particular service is obtained. Coinsurance: Instead of paying a fixed amount up front (a copayment), the policy-holder must pay a percentage of the total cost. For example, the member might have to pay 20% of the cost of a surgery, while the health plan pays the other 80%. Because there is no upper limit on coinsurance, the policy-holder can end up owing very little, or a significant amount, depending on the actual costs of the services they obtain. Exclusions: Not all services are covered. The policy-holder is generally expected to pay the full cost of non-covered services out of their own pocket. Coverage limits: Some health plans only pay for health care up to a certain dollar amount. The policy-holder may be expected to pay any charges in excess of the health plan's maximum payment for a specific service. In addition, some plans have annual or lifetime coverage maximums. In these cases, the health plan will stop payment when they reach the benefit maximum, and the policy-holder must pay all remaining costs. Out-of-pocket maximums: Similar to coverage limits, except that in this case, the member's payment obligation ends when they reach the out-of-pocket maximum, and the health plan pays all further covered costs. Out-of-pocket maximums can be limited to a specific benefit category (such as prescription drugs) or can apply to all coverage provided during a specific benefit year. Capitation: An amount paid by an insurer to a health care provider, for which the provider agrees to treat all members of the insurer. In-Network Provider: A health care provider on a list of providers preselected by the insurer. The insurer will offer discounted coinsurance or copayments, or additional benefits, to a plan member to see an in-network provider. Generally, providers in network are providers who have a contract with the insurer to accept rates further discounted from the "usual and customary" charges the insurer pays to out-of-network providers. Prescription drug plans are a form of insurance offered through some employer benefit plans in the US, where the patient pays a copayment and the prescription drug insurance part or all of the balance for drugs covered in the formulary of the , if not most, health care providers in the United States will agree to bill the insurance company if patients are willing to sign an agreement that they will be responsible for the amount that the insurance company doesn't pay. The insurance company pays out of network providers according to "reasonable and customary" charges, which may be less than the provider's usual fee. The provider may also have a separate contract with the insurer to accept what amounts to a discounted rate or capitation to the provider's standard charges. It generally costs the patient less to use an in-network plan vs. health insuranceHistorically, HMOs tended to use the term "health plan", while commercial insurance companies used the term "health insurance". A health plan can also refer to a subscription-based medical care arrangement offered through health maintenance organization, HMO, PPO, or POS plan. These plans are similar to pre-paid dental, pre-paid legal, and pre-paid vision plans. Pre-paid health plans typically pay for a fixed number of services (for instance, $300 in preventive care, a certain number of days of hospice care or care in a skilled nursing facility, a fixed number of home health visits, a fixed number of spinal manipulation charges, etc.) The services offered are usually at the discretion of a utilization review nurse who is often contracted through the managed care entity providing the subscription health plan. This determination may be made either prior to or after hospital admission (concurrent utilization review).[edit] Inherent problems with insuranceInsurance systems must typically deal with two inherent challenges: adverse selection, which affects any voluntary system, and ex-post moral hazard, which affects any insurance system in which a third party bears major responsibility for payment, whether that is an employer or the government. Some national systems with compulsory insurance utilize systems such as risk equalization and community rating to overcome these inherent problems.[edit] Adverse selectionInsurance companies use the term "adverse selection" to describe the tendency for only those who will benefit from insurance to buy it. Specifically when talking about health insurance, unhealthy people are more likely to purchase health insurance because they anticipate large medical bills. On the other side, people who consider themselves to be reasonably healthy may decide that medical insurance is an unnecessary expense; if they see the doctor once a year and it costs $250, that's much better than making monthly insurance payments of $40. (example figures).The fundamental concept of insurance is that it balances costs across a large, random sample of individuals (see risk pool). For instance, an insurance company has a pool of 1000 randomly selected subscribers, each paying $100 per month. One person becomes very ill while the others stay healthy, allowing the insurance company to use the money paid by the healthy people to pay for the treatment costs of the sick person. However, when the pool is self-selecting rather than random, as is the case with individuals seeking to purchase health insurance directly, adverse selection is a greater concern.[8] A disproportionate share of health care spending is attributable to individuals with high health care costs. In the US the 1% of the population with the highest spending accounted for 27% of aggregate health care spending in 1996. The highest-spending 5% of the population accounted for more than half of all spending. These patterns were stable through the 1970s and 1980s, and some data suggest that they may have been typical of the mid-to-early 20th century as well.[9][10] A few individuals have extremely high medical expenses, in extreme cases totaling a half million dollars or more.[11] Adverse selection could leave an insurance company with primarily sick subscribers and no way to balance out the cost of their medical expenses with a large number of healthy of adverse selection, insurance companies employ medical underwriting, using a patient's medical history to screen out those whose pre-existing medical conditions pose too great a risk for the risk pool. Before buying health insurance, a person typically fills out a comprehensive medical history form that asks whether the person smokes, how much the person weighs, whether the person has been treated for any of a long list of diseases and so on. In general, those who present large financial burdens are denied coverage or charged high premiums to compensate.[12] One large US industry survey found that roughly 13 percent of applicants for comprehensive, individually purchased health insurance who went through the medical underwriting in 2004 were denied coverage. Declination rates increased significantly with age, rising from 5 percent for individuals 18 and under to just under a third for individuals aged 60 to 64.[13] Among those who were offered coverage, the study found that 76% received offers at standard premium rates, and 22% were offered higher rates.[14] On the other side, applicants can get discounts if they do not smoke and are healthy.[15]Health insurance in CanadaMost health insurance in Canada is administered by each province, under the Canada Health Act, which requires all people to have free access to basic health services. Collectively, the public provincial health insurance systems in Canada are frequently referred to as Medicare. Private health insurance is allowed, but the provincial governments allow it only for services that the public health plans do not cover; for example, semi-private or private rooms in hospitals and prescription drug plans. Canadians are free to use private insurance for elective medical services such as laser vision correction surgery, cosmetic surgery, and other non-basic medical procedures. Some 65% of Canadians have some form of supplementary private health insurance; many of them receive it through their employers.[17] Private-sector services not paid for by the government account for nearly 30 percent of total health care spending.[18]In 2005, the Supreme Court of Quebec ruled, in Chaoulli v. Quebec, that the province's prohibition on private insurance for health care already insured by the provincial plan could constitute an infringement of the right to life and security if there were long wait times for treatment as happened in this case. Certain other provinces have legislation which financially discourages but does not forbid private health insurance in areas covered by the public plans. The ruling has not changed the overall pattern of health insurance across Canada but has spurred on attempts to tackle the core issues of supply and demand and the impact of wait times.[19]Health insurance in the NetherlandsIn the Netherlands in 2006, a new system of health insurance came into force. All insurance companies have to provide at least one policy which meets a government set minimum standard level of cover and all adult residents are obliged by law to purchase this cover from an insurance company of their new system avoids the two pitfalls of adverse selection and moral hazard associated with traditional forms of health the Dutch system, insurance companies are compensated for taking on high risk individuals because they receive extra funding for them. This funding comes from an insurance equalization pool run by a regulator which collects salary based contributions from employers (about 45% of all health care funding) and funding from the government for people whose means are such that they cannot afford health care (about 5% of all funding). Thus insurance companies find that insuring high risk individuals becomes an attractive proposition. All insurance companies receive from the pool, but those with more high risk individuals will receive more from the fund. The remaining 45% of health care funding comes from insurance premiums paid by the public. Insurance companies compete for this money on price alone. The insurance companies are not allowed to set down any co-payments or caps or deductibles. Neither are they allowed to deny coverage to any person applying for a policy or charge anything other than their nationally set and internet published standard policy premiums. Every person buying insurance from that company will pay the same price as everyone else buying that policy. And every person will get the minimum level of coverage. Children under 18 are insured for free (the funding coming from the equalization pool).In addition to this minimum level, companies are free to sell extra insurance for additional coverage over the national minimum, but extra risks for this are not covered from the insurance pool and must therefore be priced insurance in the United KingdomMain article: National Health ServiceGreat Britain's National Health Service (NHS) is a publicly funded healthcare system that provides coverage to everyone normally resident in the UK. The NHS provides the majority of health care in England, including primary care, in-patient care, long-term health care, ophthalmology and dentistry. Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used by less than 8% of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services. Recently the private sector has been increasingly used to increase NHS capacity despite a large proportion of the British public opposing such involvement.[20]. According to the World Health Organization, government funding covered 86% of overall health care expenditures in the UK as of 2004, with private expenditures covering the remaining 14%.[21] The costs of running the NHS (est. £104 billion in 2007-8)[22] are met directly from general National Health Service Act 1946 came into effect on 5 July 1948. The UK government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, headed by a Secretary of State for Health (Health Secretary), who sits in the British Cabinet. The NHS is the world's largest health service, and the world's third largest employer[23] after the Chinese army and the Indian insurance in the United States

标题中没有“不公平”，但是摘要或者关键词中有。序号 篇名 作者 刊名 年/期 1 2404例农民工急诊医疗现状调查与对策研究 蒋树源 医学与哲学(人文社会医学版) 2008/10 2 我国城镇卫生筹资公平性研究——基于医疗保健支出累进度的测算 吕文洁 财经研究 2009/02 3 医疗保险制度公平:国内近年研究的若干进展 张立 财经政法资讯 2006/04 4 我国当前城乡医疗保障制度的衔接问题探析 彭明春 科技信息(学术研究) 2008/36 5 我国医疗卫生服务体制改革问题分析——基于公平与效率视域的分析 罗娟 劳动保障世界 2008/11 6 中国农村医疗筹资公平性研究——基于全国八个农业县医疗筹资系统的实证研究 王晶 社会学研究 2008/05 7 中国农村医疗保险制度的现状和建议 李二曼 中国新技术新产品 2008/08 8 我国卫生保健服务不公平性的主要表现及对策 孙喜琢 中国医院管理 2008/08 9 从分散到统一:荷兰基本医疗保险制度改革对我国的启示 尹莉娟 中国卫生事业管理 2008/02 10 城镇职工基本医疗保险个人账户的公平性与效率分析 李跃平 中国全科医学 2008/05 11 台湾医疗健保制度之公平性:一个初步分析 李瑞全 医学与哲学(人文社会医学版) 2007/12 12 从社会和谐的角度看待现行的医疗保险制度 刘穗 中医药管理杂志 2007/09 13 试析我国医疗保障制度的公平性 张茂松 中州学刊 2007/05 14 我国社会保险制度公平性刍议 冉岚 中国经贸导刊 2007/17 15 新型农村合作医疗保险制度问题及建议 花俊 合作经济与科技 2007/19 16 用正义分配理论分析我国城镇职工基本医疗保险的公平性 刘平 中国全科医学 2007/13 17 浅析农村公共医疗卫生的公平性 何珩 农村经济与科技 2007/06 18 我国城乡贫困人口医疗保障研究 房莉杰 人口学刊 2007/02 19 我国医疗卫生服务如何不公平? 汪大海 中国社会导刊 2006/24 20 我国医疗保障公平性研究 刘玉恩 中国卫生法制 2006/05 序号 篇名 作者 刊名 年/期 21 突破自愿性的困局:新型农村合作医疗中参合的激励机制与可持续性发展 方黎明 中国农村观察 2006/04 22 社会保障制度的不公平对收入分配公平性的负效应分析 袁琳琳 商场现代化 2006/24 23 我国城镇职工基本医疗保险公平性存在的问题及原因分析 刘平 中国全科医学 2006/09 24 我国卫生服务公平性探析 刘玉恩 医院管理论坛 2006/04 25 对医疗卫生改革与发展的若干思考 郭宝才 中国卫生资源 2006/02 26 政策导向、汲取能力与卫生公平 王绍光 中国社会科学 2005/06 27 我国医院实行三级价格歧视的理论研究 王文祥 卫生经济研究 2005/10 28 社会医疗保险公平性与政府保险政策建议研究 吴传俭 中国卫生经济 2005/04 29 现行医疗保险制度的缺失及对策 李凯峰 中国卫生经济 2005/06 30 重视贫困问题和不公平性的研究 胡善联 卫生经济研究 2004/08 号 篇名 作者 刊名 年/期 1 我国现行三种医疗保险制度的现状及并轨的框架研究 唐尧根 中国医药技术经济与管理 2008/09 2 我国城镇基本医疗保险改革现状的分析 钱秋华 现代商业 2008/33 3 农村医疗保险现状与对策 马侠 现代经济信息 2008/08 4 浅谈灵活就业人员医疗保险现状与对策 张炜 内蒙古科技与经济 2008/14 5 长春市老年人医疗保险制度的现状及改革措施 李柏昌 中国老年学杂志 2008/14 6 浅谈基本医疗保险制度现状及存在的主要问题 孙晓谦 内蒙古统计 2008/04 7 中国农村医疗保险制度的现状和建议 李二曼 中国新技术新产品 2008/08 8 从老年人的卫生服务利用现状看社会医疗保险 张桂萍 中国实用医药 2008/25 9 灵活就业人员参加基本医疗保险的现状和对策 周静锋 卫生经济研究 2008/07 10 上海医疗保险现状问题和发展建议 鲍勇 中华全科医学 2008/08 11 国外医疗保险模式现状 庞浩 天津社会保险 2008/02 12 从水利事业单位医疗保险体系分析医疗保险现状 滕玉珊 黑龙江水利科技 2008/03 13 湘西州农村医疗保险现状、问题及对策研究 谢江 边疆经济与文化 2008/06 14 基于因子分析的我国城镇职工基本医疗保险现状的实证研究 周以林 中国卫生经济 2008/01 15 对我国社会医疗保险的若干思考——论我国社会医疗保险的现状、存在问题及完善思路 李琴 清江论坛 2008/01 16 昆山市流动人口医疗保险现状及其参保意愿分析 李存艳 中国全科医学 2008/09 17 浅议贫困农村医疗保险改革现状 阿木吉尔图 农业科技与信息 2008/10 18 青岛市医疗保险现状及发展策略 马涛 科技信息(科学教研) 2008/12 19 农村医疗保险的现状、问题及对策——以滁州市为例 黎娜 滁州学院学报 2008/01 20 福州市大学生医疗保险现状调查研究 王方刃 医学与社会 2008/01 序号 篇名 作者 刊名 年/期 21 医疗保险:中国现状、国际潮流及改革之路 杨宇霆 保险研究 2007/06 22 我国医疗保险现状分析及对策研究 王安红 华商 2007/24 23 浅析国内医疗责任保险发展现状 黄锐 中国卫生监督杂志 2007/06 24 大学生医疗保险制度现状、问题与对策 易建明 淮北煤炭师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版) 2007/05 25 我国大学生医疗保险制度现状及改革的探讨 蔡声霞 中国校医 2007/05 26 从老年人的医疗需求现状看社会医疗保险 王灿 科技广场 2007/08 27 我国医疗责任保险发展现状 张云林 中国医院 2007/09 28 我国学生医疗保险制度改革探索——北京大学学生医疗保险现状调查报告 江南 理论界 2007/10 29 我国医疗责任保险的现状及发展展望 冯华楠 沈阳工程学院学报(社会科学版) 2007/03 30 北京某三甲医院医疗保险自费项目的现状调查与分析 曾俊群 中国医院管理 2007/06 31 美国的医疗保险制度现状及引发的思考 张群 中国卫生经济 2007/06 32 商业医疗保险在我国城镇社会保障体系中的现状及完善对策 李丁页 海南金融 2007/05 33 医疗责任保险研究现状述评 王琬 湖北社会科学 2007/06 34 我国城镇职工基本医疗保险费用结算办法现状及对策研究 周钟进 中国卫生经济 2006/12 35 牡丹江市森工系统医疗保险现状分析 谷振春 中国卫生经济 2006/10 36 浅谈《国家基本医疗保险药品目录》使用现状与改进建议 高巍然 卫生软科学 2006/06 37 高校学生医疗保险制度改革的现状和方向探析 李均 经济师 2006/12 38 太原市城市低保人群医疗保险现状研究及对策建议 芦国庆 中共太原市委党校学报 2006/S1 39 我国医疗职业责任保险的现状及展望 郜玉珍 中国护理管理 2006/10 40 北京市大学生医疗保险现状调查及政策分析 赵永生 中国青年研究 2006/09 序号 篇名 作者 刊名 年/期 41 医疗责任保险保费测算现状及建议 严敏婵 卫生经济研究 2006/08 42 高校医疗保险现状及改革 李洁 医药世界 2006/06 43 美国医疗保险制度现状、改革及给我们的启示 冯国忠 上海医药 2006/07 44 关于医疗保险定点医疗机构管理现状及对策的研究 周丽 辽宁行政学院学报 2006/08 45 某市三所医院《国家基本医疗保险药品目录》使用现状分析 高巍然 第四军医大学学报 2006/13 46 大学生医疗保障现状与医疗保险需求的调查分析 陈丽娟 中国西部科技 2006/05 47 厦门市医疗保险现状及分析 肖玉梅 卫生经济研究 2006/04 48 农村医疗保险 理想和现实还有多远——中国农村医疗保障现状及其解决方法 刘冰 小城镇建设 2006/03 49 县级医疗保险工作的现状与发展对策 李青山 当代经理人(中旬刊) 2005/04 50 灵活就业人员医疗保险现状调查分析 毛瑛 卫生经济研究 2005/12 51 日本高龄者医疗保险制度:现状、困境、对策 林宪鹏 日本研究 2005/03 52 护理人员对医疗责任保险的认知现状分析及对策 王若乔 南方护理学报 2005/11 53 医疗保险参保现状的社会效应分析 唐蜜 国际医药卫生导报 2005/21 54 青岛市医疗保险管理的现状与对策 宋丽丽 现代医药卫生 2005/20 55 浅析黑龙江农垦医疗保险现状 周海英 农场经济管理 2005/05 56 上海市企业医疗保险定点内设医疗机构现状与发展 王拥庆 上海预防医学杂志 2005/09 57 我国医疗保险制度的现状及发展策略 赵艳红 中国科技信息 2005/14 58 北京市医疗保险基金运行的现状、问题与展望 高梦滔 卫生经济研究 2005/07 59 医疗保险个人账户现状与完善探讨 刘蓉 人口与经济 2005/04 60 日本医疗保险体制的现状与改革 宋金文 日本学刊 2005/03

基金就应该承担个人医疗消费的全部或绝大部分。这种要求医疗保险承担无限责任的观念，没有考虑社会医疗保险保障基本医疗需求的原则，也没有考虑到医疗保险权利与义务相对应的关系，它只会使新的医疗保险制度重返公费、劳保医疗制度的老路，最终将改革引向死胡同。医疗保险承担有限责任，就是以有限的医疗保险基金和卫生资源条件为人们提供适度的基本医疗。这种观念坚持权利与义务相对应的原则，强调了参保人要对医疗消费承担相应责任，明确了参保人履行义务与享受权利的责任范围，使医疗保险制度建立在一种可以预见的良性运行轨道上。 三、“全民医保”经常性的制度安排是解决大学生医疗保障问题的基本途径 大学生医疗保障制度主体应是社会医疗保险，由国家通过立法，强制执行。可以参照《城镇居民基本医疗保险试点方案》，对大学生医疗保障做出正式的制度安排。第一，大学生社会医疗保险要覆盖到每个学生，把二级学院、高职高专及民办高校的学生纳入制度范围里，体现医疗保险的公平性和互济性；第二，医疗保险基金由国家、学校和学生三方共同筹资，政府要加大承担比例，大学生是一个弱势群体，他们没有任何收入，政府应该根据目前的经济消费水平，提高国家负担标准；第三，社会医疗保险以学生的大病统筹为主，门诊医疗为辅：大学生是一个特殊群体，他们年轻，患病几率较小，但严重疾病或意外伤亡呈逐年上升的趋势，如恶性肿痛、乙肝、结核病等，我们还可以借鉴《新型农村合作医疗保险》的经验，将重点放在学生的大病经济风险上；第四，建立统一的社会化管理体制：大学生医疗保险应实行一定范围内的社会统筹，过小的统筹层次很难抵御大病医疗的冲击。因此，原则上以省为单位进行统筹，有条件的地方可进一步提高统筹层次，统筹地方的医疗保险经办机构负责基金的统一征缴使用和管理，保证基金的足额征缴、合理使用和及时支付。 在全世界卫生总花费用中，我国的只占2％，而我国的13亿人口，却占全世界人口的22％；在卫生总费用占ＧＤＰ 的比例中，我国只占5％，其他国家，尤其发达国家，如英国、日本是8％，加拿大为ｌ0％，美国近15％[5]。不少专家和学者指出，21世纪，我国经济高速增长，政府有能力加大全民医保资金的投入，“全民医保”不是钱的问题。2007年4月１日起上海市正式实施《关于完善本市普通高等院校学生医疗保障制度若干意见》，为全国大学生医疗问题的解决提供了范例。 四、补充医疗保障是解决大学生医疗保障问题的必要措施 大学生补充医疗保障包括补充医疗保险和社会医疗救助两个部分。 补充医疗保险指不同层次的商业医疗保险，满足大学生的不同层次的医疗保障需求。通过鼓励个人参加商业医疗保险，解决超过基本医疗保险封顶线以上的医疗费用负担，以弥补基本医疗的不足。社会医疗保险制度是大学生医疗保障体系的主要部分和基石，属于政府行为。商业医疗保险属于大学生个人行为，目的在于适应不同经济条件大学生的医疗需求。高校要加大宣传力度，加强大学生的保险意识，使得经济状况较好的学生购买商保；社会统筹基金也可以拿出一部分到商业医疗保险公司再投保，大额封顶线以上的医疗费用可由保险公司承担一部分，以减轻统筹基金的风险压力。 建立以互助互济为主体面向社会多元化资金来源的社会医疗救助机制，解决贫困大学生和重大疾病大学生的医疗需求。高校应设立专项医疗救助基金，医疗救助基金可以从下列渠道筹集：一是由各地医疗保险机构每年从医疗统筹金中划出一定的比例；二是由财政拨付的资金；三是其他由个人、单位或慈善机构捐助的资金。社会医疗救助的救助对象为：一是交不起医保费的；二是贫困学生患大病、重病后的医疗费个人自付部分给予救助；另外，部分自幼患病的学生由于不符合保险公司投保条件不在投保范围内的，一旦病情加重或恶化，只有求助于社会捐款，更多的人由于缺乏渠道，甚至连向社会救援的机会都没有，因此他们也应该得到社会的救助。 将大学生纳入“全民医保”体系是一项复杂的系统工作，需要逐步推进。在吸收“全民医保”形势下的医疗保障经验和研究成果后，中国特色的大学生医疗保障制度即将建立起来。它是建立以社会基本医疗保险为主，商业保险为辅，救助基金为补充的大学生医疗保障体系。这样的医疗保障可以满足大学生医疗卫生的需要，有利于大学生的全面顺利完成学业，有利于学校发展，有利于国家建设。