关于老人与海的研究论文

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《老人与海》中人物分析论文

一、语言风格与老人形象塑造

1.独特的语言风格

正是基于“这种创作上的保留态度，要求他在语言上的适应。正如海明威所说，好的散文就像一座冰山，它只能有一小部分露出在海面上。但冰山一定要停留在寒冷的北极海水里——否则，就要融化”的所谓创作理论，也正是基于深厚扎实的生活积累，海明威万中取一，以少胜多，以流畅、清澈、坚实、凝练的叙述语言和手法来塑造桑提亚哥这一鲜明丰满、情感丰富、内心刚毅的“硬汉子”形象，并把自己的情感和思想深蕴在这个富有多重象征意义的艺术形象之中。

2.体现语言风格的一位年迈而自信的老渔夫在故事的发展演绎中，作者通过桑提亚哥与小男孩的对话、在海上的内心独白、回忆、思索，以及熟练的捕鱼动作和惊心动魄的战斗场面等生动细致的描写，刻画出一位年迈体弱，在既定的失败和死亡面前毫不气馁、英勇无畏、不屈服于命运的渔夫形象。不仅从正面形象勾勒出老人独有的外貌特征，而且从老渔夫那“那海水一般蓝”的眼睛里折射出老人老而不衰、充满自信的性格特征。随着时间的延续，发现鱼、与鱼斗智斗勇、与鲨鱼的殊死搏斗等故事情节逐步展开，作者运用对比手法，借助于大马林鱼之狡诈、鲨鱼之凶残、搏斗之血腥“显出主体性格的深厚坚强”(黑格尔语)。即使是面对强大的敌人和死亡的威胁，他的意志也最终战胜了恐惧心理，对老人而言，生命的存在并不是第一位的;只有伟大人格的存在，只有保持男子汉的尊严才是第一位的。正如老人所说：人不是为失败而生的，一个人可以被毁灭，但不能给打败。这就是作者寄托桑提亚哥这一艺术形象向读者昭示的硬汉子精神。同时也是海明威的人生宣言。

3.语言风格与性格特征

纵观整个作品，海明威似乎还是以新闻记者的身份，躲在“舞台侧翼”，极其平淡无奇、简约冷竣的“电报式”语言介绍桑提亚哥其人其事，叙述一件与己无关的捕鱼故事。一方面，作者让读者直接面对书中人物，亲自观察他们如何作为;另一方面，更为重要的是，这种语言风格很适宜表现老人那种孤高自傲、刚强无比的性格，因此也就越能够震撼读者的心灵和发挥理性的思考，越能突出老人的硬汉子形象和性格，越能深入地把读者拖入书中人物境界中，去作切身的感受。由此可见，桑提亚哥，这一体现“冰山理论”的艺术形象，正是海明威独特创作风格的生动展现。

二、体现海明威式的“硬汉子”形象

作为《老人与海》中的主角，桑提亚哥这条硬汉子，又是海明威一生坎坷的经历和自身 桀 骜不驯的性格在艺术上的折射反映。老人的身上无时不刻地有着海明威的影子。作为“迷惘的一代”的代表，海明威一生有着传奇般的经历。他曾参加过两次世界大战和西班牙战争，酷爱斗牛、打猎及各种各样的冒险活动。他的躯体伤痕累累(身上曾取下237块弹片)，精神上的屡屡创伤尽管像梦魇一般时时给他带来巨大的折磨和痛苦，但他仍然像个男子汉顽强地生活着，孜孜不倦地创作着，永不停止地探索着人生价值和人生轨迹……这些生活经历为海明威创造“老人”这样一个有血有肉、内心刚毅的硬汉子形象提供了多姿多彩的生活原型和创作素材。

这正如作者的儿子格雷戈里·海明威所说：“海明威笔下的主人公就是海明威本人，或者说是他身上最好的东西。他总是赢、输，他是受不了的。”难怪，海明威，这位美国文学史上的“老人”性格上的孤傲、自信、好斗、刚强的男子汉气概同桑提亚哥的性格和脾气如出一辙。从某种意义上讲，桑提亚哥是海明威的化身。

这里，还应该指出的是，桑提亚哥的形象之所以感人至深，另一个重要的理由是：海明威偏偏选择了一位体力衰竭、风烛残年的老渔夫作为硬汉子代表，而没有选择一个体格健壮、精力旺盛的年轻渔民充当作品的男主人公。这种出人意料的年龄选择，自有作者道理所在，也正是作者在人物塑造上独具匠心之处。

三、硬汉子的另一面：一位善良、质朴的老人

谈及作品中的桑提亚哥，人们常常注重于性格上“硬”的一面，却忽略了他在性格上所表露出来的温柔体贴的另一面。

处身于恶劣的自然环境，老人将无边无 垠 的大海比作一个女人，美丽又可爱;当作一位母亲，仁慈而体贴;他将自己的对手马林鱼称做“兄弟”，甚至想亲手喂喂它;老渔夫同情弱不禁风的小海燕，即使在海上紧张的搏斗中，也要同歇脚于船艄的“小鸟朋友”友好交谈。这种对弱者的同情、对对手的尊重与对凶恶的鲨鱼的憎恶形成了鲜明的对比。处身于复杂的社会环境，面对连续八十四天出海捕鱼一无所获的背运，面对小男孩父母的蔑视，老人却十分和善;即使拼死决斗而挣得的一副鱼骨架，也不忘了把鱼头送人钓鱼用;作品中老人与小男孩马诺林之间真挚友谊和交往，也正是体现老人纯洁、善良、慈爱的人生情感。

结语

尽管《老人与海》的故事外壳脱胎于一位古巴渔夫真实的海上经历，但是海明威借助于桑提亚哥这个普通劳动者的躯壳表达了一位年迈、孤单又迷惘的知识分子对人与自然关系、人与社会关系更深层次的思考和探索。并且，作者在硬汉形象的心灵世界融入善良的人性内涵，使得这一形象富有更强的精神魅力，使得艺术形象的感染力和内涵得到强化和充实;也正是来源于道德情感的精神魅力“作为一种心理力量撞击着人们的心灵”。

参考文献：

[1]余立三.海明威究竟是什么样的作家[J].外国文学研究，1986(2).

[2]游嘉胜.论《老人与海》形象主体的精神结构[J].河南师范大学学报，1994(5).

《老人与海》中象征主义分析

摘要 ：海明威在《老人与海》中运用其“冰山理论”的创作原则，处理人与自然斗争的这一重大题材，颂扬了人类“可以被摧毁、不能被打败”的伟大精神。论文通过对老人、大海、小男孩、大马林鱼等蕴涵的象征意义挖掘，全面深刻地把握海明威文学创作思想的精髓――象征手法。

关键词 ：老人与海;象征主义;冰山理论;海明威

Abstract : Hemingway used in the "Old Man" in its "iceberg theory" creative principle, the major themes deal with the struggle between man and nature, celebrate the human "can be destroyed, it can not be beat," the great spirit. Thesis for the elderly, the sea, the little boy, marlin and other big mining symbolic implication, comprehensive and profound grasp of the essence of the creative thinking of Hemingway - symbolism.

Keywords: Old Man; symbolism; iceberg theory; Hemingway

一、引言

欧内斯特・米勒尔・海明威(Ernest Hemingway，1899―1961)，美国小说家，“迷惘的一代”代表人物。《老人与海》塑造了以圣地亚哥为代表的“可以被毁灭，但不能被打败”的硬汉形象。文学评论家认为《老人与海》中的“硬汉”形象与文中描述的事件是海明威生活经历的真实再现。曾有评论家说“海明威的‘冰山’风格，即小说的创作手法就好比一座漂浮在海面上的冰山，有八分之一浮出水面，其余的则在水里。”① 我们读罢《老人与海》时，会发现这样的特点，浮出水面的那部分是象征手法的寓意，而剩下的八分之七则取决于读者的想象力。文中象征手法的纯熟运用充发展现了作者杰出的文学创作才华。

二、象征意义与冰川理论

(一)象征意义

象征的基本含义是用某种知觉或想象的图象标示来暗示某种不可见的意蕴，它可以通过意象来诱发欣赏者的经验和情感的表现，使文学作品产生强盛的生命力和永久的艺术魅力。作为现实主义作家，海明威深知此道，运用象征手法将抽象的思想变成具体的物象，再让读者从具体的物象激发经验想象和情感的表现，去挖掘其中的意蕴。

(二)冰川理论

1932年，海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中，提出著名的“冰山原则”。他以“冰山”为喻，认为作者只应描写“冰山”露出水面的部分，水下的部分应该通过文本的提示让读者去想像补充。他说：“冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。”文学作品中，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”，而情感和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。前两者是具体可见的，后两者是寓于前两者之中的。

三、故事情节的象征意义

《老人与海》讲述的故事是：老渔夫桑迪亚哥独驾孤舟在大海捕鱼。连续84天都一无所获.在第85天他遇到了一条比船还大的马林鱼。经过三天三夜的生死

搏斗，老人终于将其捕获。不料返航途中遭到了一群鲨鱼的进攻。他们围绕着绑在船弦边的马林鱼你争我夺。尽管老人奋力拼搏，也无济于事，最后老人拖着疲惫的身体，仅将光秃秃的马林鱼骨架带回了小茅屋。这就是小说《老人与海》的全部情节。然而就是这样一部“简单”的小说却能深深影响欧美文坛，震撼数亿读者心灵，重要原因之一就是小说看似简单的故事却包含着多层次、复杂而深刻的象征意义。老人桑迪亚哥是人类的缩影，海是老渔夫活动的舞台之一，出海捕鱼是与大海抗争、不屈于命运、积极奋争的象征。《老人与海》故事象征的是人类同大自然抗衡的故事。尽管大自然力大无比、坚无不催，人类凭借坚韧的意志力、自信、勇敢、不屈不挠、永不言弃、战胜自我的精神，不断向成功靠近，最终成为精神上的胜利者。《老人与海》颂扬的是“可以被摧毁，但不能被打败”的人类伟岸品质。

四、主人公圣地亚哥既是“生命英雄”的象征，也带有宗教的象征意义

老渔夫桑迪亚哥连续84天没钓到一条鱼，一直坚持到第87天终于降伏了一条比船还大的马林鱼。老人奋力与群鲨搏斗，而马林鱼只剩一副骨架。在与大海、大马林鱼和鲨鱼的较量中，老人身体的虚弱、疲惫、�小、年迈和他面对困难时表现出来的自信、勇敢、忍耐、执着、自控、强悍的英雄形象形成强烈对比，极其震撼人心。光秃秃的马林鱼骨架奏出了老人生命的硬度，也是精神的硬度。他敢于向人生的种种磨难宣战，向人的生命的极限挑战并超越它。

同时，桑迪亚哥的身上带有浓厚的基督色彩。桑迪亚哥以前曾87天出海一无所获。现在又遇到了84天捕不到鱼的“背运”，加上海上拼搏的3天又凑成了87的数字。这是一个非常有趣的数字，因为耶稣在旷野之地受魔鬼的考验，40天水米未进，之后的40天又遭遇了各种各样的苦难，在后来的一周便是被钉死在十字架上然后复活。前后加在一起恰恰也是87天。除了这隐藏的数字信息，海明威还在小说的后面部分描写老人回到小茅屋后的`情形时写道： “脸朝下躺在报纸上.手心朝下两只胳膊伸得直直的”，俨然一副基督受难的姿态。 这些描写似乎象征着“以耶稣的受难、复活暗示一切信仰宗教的人们都将蒙受巨大的灾难，但终将获得精神上的再生”。

五、小男孩曼诺林象征人类的智慧和精神将代代相传

由于老人一个人在小划艇里捕了八十四天鱼而无收获，小男孩的父母就迫使他离开老人。然而，当小男孩赚了一些钱之后，他又决定回到老人身边。每当老人黎明之前出海捕鱼时，他总会说：“Then if you look something truly big we come to your aid.”在捕杀大马林鱼和与鲨鱼的斗争过程中，老人总是一次又一次地叫喊着小男孩的名字。“How I wish the boy were here”这句话在这篇小说里出现了许多次，这表明了小男孩对老人是多么的重要。当老人从海上回来时，他没有带回一条鱼，而仅仅是一根大马林鱼的骨架，此时男孩并没有像其他渔夫那样嘲笑他，而是安慰老人：“We will fish together now for I still have much to learn”。这两个人的性格、兴趣爱好、斗志雄心是如此类似，以至于我们可以把他们当一个人来看待。“这个老人的过去和未来一幕幕全反映在小男孩的身上，并用一种不可比拟的精神力量使他精力充沛。”②男孩决定陪着老人一而再、再而三出海捕鱼，象征着人类的智慧和精神力量将会代代相传，小男孩也象征着将来人类一定会取得最终的胜利。

六、马林鱼骨架象征伟大意志的胜利

圣地亚哥在海上捕鱼87天，杀死了巨大的大马林鱼。为保护大马林鱼，老人同疯狂的鲨鱼展开了殊死的搏斗。最后，大马林鱼还是被吃光了，仅留下一具巨大的骨架。老人又一次无功而返。然而这次几乎以他的生命为代价的搏斗显然已经超出了老人的本来意图，发展成为对一种精神的追求。虽然在一般人的眼里，这具骨架只是一堆有待清理的废物，对老人而言，却意味着巨大的成功――一种精神上的胜利。这种胜利是他不可动摇的意志的象征，是敢于面对并挑战失败和死亡的象征。

七、其他象征意义

在《老人与海》中，还有多处具有象征意义。大海象征人生的搏斗场，是人类社会的剪影。大马林鱼象征着老人理想的追求之物，而老人对大马林鱼的征服，则表明了人类要实现自己的理想必须克服许多困难和阻碍。鲨鱼主要代表一切破坏性的力量，是掠夺成性、制造灾难，阻止人们达到理想境界的各种破坏性恶势力的象征。老人魂牵梦萦的“那群狮子”表现出的无所畏惧的勇气和坚忍不拔的奋斗精神，代表旺盛的生命力和青春，象征老人对力量的追求和对强者的向往。

八、结语

《老人与海》象征手法的运用是海明威“冰山”风格的完整体现。小说以简洁的语言、短小的篇幅、简单的故事情节塑造一个硬汉的形象。老人圣地亚哥、小男孩、大海、马林鱼、鲨鱼、群狮等被赋予丰富的象征和寓意，所谓“言犹尽而意无穷”。整部作品内涵丰富、寓意深刻。颂扬了“可以被摧毁，但不能被打败”的人类伟岸品质。为人类文学宝库增添了新的具有积极意义的形象。

参考文献：

[1] Ernest Hemingway. 南京: 译林出版社，2001.

[2]Highlights of American Literature，United States Information Agency Washington， 1971 Book Ⅳ.

[3] Ni Fang. Symbolic Means of the Author “The Old Man and the Sea”, Journal of Shanghai University of Electric Power, 2004-20(4): 103-104.

永不屈服的灵魂——《老人与海》赏析 风吹向空寂的海面，一个孤独的老人拖着疲惫不堪的身子漂泊在茫茫的海面上活像个大战后的勇士。为了治服那条庞大的马林鱼，他已经费下了自己近乎所有的力气。而今，他带着自己捕获的大鱼航行回家，他希望运气的眷顾，可那些不断袭来的鲨鱼却让这个老人在疲累中一次又一次的奋力作战。他什么也顾不得了，他只是想保住他的鱼，哪怕剩下的再少。 海明威让这个老人具有了一种不可征服的精神力量。他一次又一次地用他那双伤痕累累的手将粗陋的武器刺进鲨鱼的头颅。即使最终的结果仍是只剩下那十八英尺的鱼骨架。从老人的身上，我们不难看出海明威想要传达给我们的那种灵魂的尊严。 曾经看过海明威笔下这位老人的原形——他在古巴的好朋友佛恩特斯的照片。他活到104岁，叼着雪茄的手宽大而沧桑，脸上皱缩而斑驳，但深邃的眸子却依然透露着硬朗与坚忍。书中的老人曾说：“人不是为失败而生的，一个人可以被毁灭，但不能给打败。”这正是海明威借老人的口告诉读者的本书的主题吧，我想，从此看来这本书并不是什么寓言而是一部令人折服的现实主义佳作。 书中告诉了我们一个人的极限可以到达如此的程度，但海明威至始至终没有提醒我们他在表现渔夫的精神，赞美渔夫面对挑战从不屈服的灵魂，他是让我们自己去读懂他。或许每个人对这篇文字见解不同，就好像“一千个读者就有一千个哈姆雷特”一样，但当我们翻开书的扉页，就好像打开一个尘封已久的木箱，里面尽藏着珍贵的古器，诉说着曾经的伟岸勇毅，使灵魂洗礼在充满力与美的殿堂中。 海明威曾说：“我总是试图根据冰山原理去写作。关于显现出来的每一部分，八分之七是在水面以下的，你可省略去你所知道的任何东西，这只会使你的冰山深厚起来。这是并不显现出来的部分”。 这是个讲述发生在海洋上的故事，你不免会问，书中的老人，海洋，马林鱼又是代表什么呢？忖度你自己的那个冰山吧，我们每个人都在不断积累着水面以下那八分之七的冰山。随着年龄的增长阅历的增加我们逐渐体味着老人的故事，而今想来，或许我也像是那个漂泊在茫茫海上的老人，我的大海便是那无穷尽的知识的海洋，航行在课堂与图书馆间，而我所捉捕的马林鱼正是那一本本的书吧。有时有着孤立无助的悲凉，有时也有着孤身奋斗的快感。...《老人与海》写的是一个老人,却展现了一个世界。小说内容十分丰富,含义深刻,是一部现实主义的杰作,读后令人回味... 我不知道未来会怎样，我的航行究竟结果如何，但作为一个不被击败的人，你看那太阳总是要落下去的，但是明天——太阳照常升起！评《老人与海》中海明威写作风格和手法Contents Abstract Abstract (Chinese). Ⅰ Outline Topic: Through The Old Man and the Sea display Hemingway unique writing style and technique. < Ⅰ > Introduction < Ⅱ > Language Style 1. Analyses of the language Style 2. The forming of the Language Style 3. The influence of the Language Style < Ⅲ > The Way to Use Facts < Ⅳ > Conclusion Note Bibliography Abstract Being distinguished from many greatest American writers, Hemingway is noted for his writing style. Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is a typical one to his unique writing style and technique. The language is simple and natural on the surface, but actually deliberate and artificial. Sometimes the simple style is made a little different. The dialogue is combined with the realistic and the artificial. The simplicity is highly suggestive, and often reflects the strong undercurrent of emotion. Occasionally, the author uses some figures of speech. Hemingway’s style is related to his experience as a journalist, his learning from many famous writers, and most importantly, his conscientious effort in looking for a style of his own. The influence of his style is great all over the world. The Old Man and the Sea is full of facts, most of which comes from Hemingway’s own experience. So the way to use facts is a very important writing technique in this novel. The facts in the novel are selected and used as a device to make the fictional world accepted. In the forepart of the novel, they are used to show the quality of Santiago’s life, and are narrated simply and naturally; while in the latter part of the novel, they are used from inside Santiago’s own consciousness and form part of a whole scheme of the novel. Keywords: Facts; Simplicity; Artificial; Iceberg Theory 中文摘要 在众伟大的美国作家中，海明威以独特的写作风格而著称。在他所有的作品中，《老人与海》最能体现他独特的写作风格和手法。这部小说语言看似简洁自然，其实包含了作者的精心揣摩和润色加工。有时为了突出某一部分，作者会采用长句代替短句。文中的对话内容真实、贴近生活，而表达形式则经过了艺术加工。小说简洁自然的语言背后隐藏了深刻的意义和感情。文中还运用了比喻、拟人等修辞手法.还名位的这种独特风格与他当过新闻记者的经历有关,同时他兼菜各家之长,自成一体,形成了自己独特的创作方法和艺术风格。这种风格对整个世界文坛产生了重要的影响。 《老人与海》这部小说中运用了大量的事实,他们大多来自于作者亲身经历。海明威对这些事实精心选择,从而吸引读者的兴趣并使读者有一种身临其境的感觉。小说一开始用大量事实描写了主人公生活的环境,叙述风格简洁自然,未加任何感情色彩。随着情节的发展,大量的事实主要被运用于主人公的心理活动之中,而不是主要由作者来叙述。同时,这些事实构成了整个小说体系中不可缺少的一部分。 关键词： 事实；简洁；加工；冰山理论 Hemingway’s Writing Style and Techniques in The Old Man and the Sea Introduction The Old Man and the Sea (1952) comes round at the finish of Hemingway’s writing career. With its vivid characterization, its simple language, and the profound implicating it carries, it stands out as one of the excellent books Hemingway’s former stature as the word’s preeminent novelist after Hemingway’s unsuccessful novel Across the River and into the trees (1950). The Old Man and the Sea earned its author the Pulitzer Prize in fiction for 1952, and was instrumental in winning him the Nobel Prize for Literature two years later. It is a short novel about Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman who has gone for 84 days without catch. Therefore the boy, Mandolin, who used to sail with him, is forced to leave him and catch in another ship. The old man insists on fishing alone and at last, he hooks an eighteen-foot, giant marlin, the largest he has ever known. But the fish is very powerful and disobedient. It tows the old man and his boat out to sea for 48 hours, with the old man bearing the whole weight of the fish through the line on his back. The old man, with little food and sleep, has to endure much pain and fights against his treacherous hand cramp. To his great excitement, on his third day at sea, he succeeds in drawing the weakened marlin to the surface and harpoons it. On his way home, he lashes marlin alongside his boat because it is too big to be pulled into the boat. But, unfortunately, the come across sharks in different numbers for four times. The old man fights to kill the sharks with as much might and many weapons as he can summon, but only to find a giant skeleton of his marlin left after his desperate defense. At last, Santiago, having lost what he fought for, reaches the shore and struggles to his shack. He falls into sound sleep, dreaming of Africa, and the lions again. His struggle wins him much respect. Among many great American writers, Hemingway is famous for his objective and terse prose style. As the last novel Hemingway published in his life, The Old Man and the Sea typically reflects his unique writing style. This paper aims to discuss the writing style and techniques in The Old Man and the Sea. Of course, Hemingway has used many techniques in this novel, such as realism, the creation of suspense, monologue, etc. And this paper focuses especially on the language style and one of the important techniques-the way to use facts in this novel. Hemingway is famous for his language. With much care and effort, he created a very influential and immediately recognizable style. “The style he created in his early work, such as In Our Time and The Sun also Rises, was almost too good. Like the style of certain painters, it tended to become a manner, rather than a flexible way of responding to experience and conveying fresh insights through words.”1 Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is the most typical one to his unique language style. Its language is simple and natural, and has the effect of directness, clarity and freshness. This is because Hemingway always manages to choose words “`concrete, specific, more commonly found, more Anglo-Saxon, casual and conversational.” 2 He seldom uses adjectives and abstract nouns, and avoids complicated syntax. Hemingway’s strength lies in his short sentences and very specific details. His short sentences are powerfully loaded with the tension, which he sees in life. Where he does not use a simple and short sentence, he connects the various parts of the sentence in a straightforward and sequential way, often linked by “and”. In his task of creating real people, Hemingway uses dialogue as an effective device. It is presented in a form “as close to the dramatic as possible, with a minimum of explanatory comment.”3 Here is an example chosen from The Old Man and the Sea: ‘What do you have to eat?’ the boy asked. ‘No, I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?’ ‘No, I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.’ Here we can see that such interpolations as “he said” have frequently been omitted and the words are very colloquial. Thus the speech comes to the reader as if he were listening. Hemingway has captured the immediacy of dialogue skillfully and has made the economical speech connotative. But it is good to note that Hemingway’s style is deliberate and artificial, and is never as natural as it seems to be. The reasons are as follows. Firstly, in some specific moments, in order to stand out by contrast and to describe an important turning point or climax, the style is made a little different: He took all his pain and what was left of his long gone pride and he put it against the fish’s agony and the fish came over on to his side and swam gently on his side, his bill almost touching the planking of the skiff, and started to pass the boat, long, deep, wide, silver and barred with purple and interminable in the The language in this one-sentence paragraph is different from other parts of the novel. Kenneth Graham has commented that the sentence builds up its parts in a carefully laborious sequence-“all his pain and what was left of his strength and his long gone pride”. It emulates the movement of the exhausted marlin and the physical strain of the old man. And it mounts to a heavy crescendo in the very un-prosaic inversion of adjectives-“long, deep, wide”-ending in the virtually poetic cadence, “interminable in the water.”6 The dialogue, too, is combined with the realistic and the artificial. Usually the content contains and the expression contains the artificial. In The Old Man and the Sea, the language style is very peculiar from Hemingway’s other writings. This is because the novel is an English version of the Spanish that Santiago and Mandolin would speak in real life. “Since we are meant to realize that Santiago and Mandolin could not possibly speak like this, since English is not his tongue anyway, we are more likely to accept other artificialities of the dialogue. Using the device of a pretended ‘translation’, which would be bound to stilt in any case, Hemingway can ‘poetize’ the dialogue as he wishes.”7 The speakers are distanced from readers to a certain degree. And while their language taking on a kind of epic dignity, it does not lose its convincingness. Even slightly strange exchanges like the following become fairly acceptable. For example: ‘You’re my alarm clock’, the boy said. ‘Age is my alarm clock’, the old man said. ‘Why do old man wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?’ ‘I don’t know’, the boy said. ‘All I know is that young boys sleep late and hard’. ‘I can remember it’, the old man said. ‘ I’ll waken you in time.’8 The simple sentences and the repeated rhythms hit at the profundities that the surface of the language tries to ignore. Its simplicity is highly suggestive and connotative, and often reflects the strong undercurrent of emotion. Indeed, the more closely the reader watches, the less rough and simple the characters appear. In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway uses an effective metaphor to describe his writing style: If a writer of the prose knows enough about what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above Among all the works of Hemingway, the saga of Santiago is thought as the most typical one to this Iceberg Theory. The author seldom expresses his own feelings directly, nor does he make any comments or explanations. On the contrary, he tries to narrate and describe things objectively and blend his own feelings harmoniously to the natural narration and description this gives readers a pictures compression, from which-the 1/8 of the iceberg above water, they can learn the implying meaning and feelings of the author- 7/8 of the iceberg under water. When Hemingway said of this story, “I tried to make a real old man, a real sea and real sharks”, he then went on to say, “But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things.”10 So this novel has a great and significance conveyed by a compressed action. The core of the novel’s action is fishing. To the hero, fishing is not simply of contest in life. It contains profound philosophic meaning. In addition, two details-the baseball match and the hand wresting with the Negro, like fishing, symbolize the contention in life. They compensate and enrich the inner meaning of the main plot of fishing. So the simplicity of the novel is highly suggestive.

第一次读《老人与海》，便觉得体内有一股冲动，有一种被长期束缚之后获得自由的快感。老渔夫圣地亚哥的硬汉子形象在我的心中留下了不可磨灭的印象。他出海连续84天没有捕到鱼，后来斗智斗勇，终于捕到了一条大马林鱼，返航途中又一路与鲨鱼搏斗，结果，大马林鱼还是被鲨鱼吃掉了，最后只剩下一副鱼骨架——“足有18英尺长”。《老人与海》不是一般意义上的情节小说，更像是一部寓言小说。作者借助老人圣地亚哥的故事，表现的是在生与死的搏斗中的硬汉子精神。作者用富于象征的笔法将他的“硬汉子”送到大自然中，让他在海上与大马林鱼和凶恶的鲨鱼群进行惊心动魄的搏斗，以表现主人公“在重压下的优美风度”。“打不垮”是硬汉圣地亚哥的表现，也是小说的主题之一。譬如说，他与大马林鱼相持一天半的时间，左手一直抽筋，像蜷曲的鹰爪，右手被绳子勒得出了血。他把手浸在海水里说：“不坏，痛苦对一个男子汉来说不算什么。”在与大马林鱼搏斗到最后关头，他头晕目眩，仍自言自语：“不过你吗，你是永远不会垮的。”海明威把世界看成一个竞技场，任何英雄的行为都是可以实现的。正如作品所说，人可以被消灭，但就是不能被打败。真正的硬汉是敢于向命运、向自然、向失败挑战的人。他可能在拼搏中一次次地失败，但他的精神是永远不会垮的。这就是人的尊严所在。人也只有在这种英勇的拼搏中超越自我，才能证明自身的价值。读完小说，让我们回到现实中来。常听人说：现在的学生很累。不错，升学压力，社会压力，甚至还有家庭压力，被压得喘不过气来。因此，有人逃避了，退缩了，他们不是硬汉；有人在失败后痛哭流涕，甚至自寻短见，他们也不是硬汉；有些人侥幸成功了，便沾沾自喜，目空一切，他们更不是硬汉。真正的硬汉子是跌倒了爬起来，爬起来后更想跳起来的人。在小说的结尾，作者故意安排了一个情节：老渔夫的孤独与失败被一个孩子所理解，老人留给孩子的是“打不败”的精神。这个结尾似乎有点儿凄凉，但小说带给我的那股冲动是抹不去的。做一个硬汉，我对自己说。