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首页 > 学术期刊 > 关于人的起源的英文论文范文

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您好 有人认为,只有发现人科化石的地方,才能称作人类远祖的发祥地。目前已发现的几种人科化石,都是在非洲。从这个意义上来理解,人类的故乡依然在非洲。 然而,曙猿化石的发现毕竟为我们提出了这样一种可能:也许将来有一天,人们会在中国发现更多人类远祖留下的踪迹,从而让我们能更明白地推断,在数百万及至数千万年以前中国大陆上发生过的事情。 发现的过程也是探索的过程,这是一条充满艰辛的漫长的路。但相对于千百万年的人类进化史来说,这过程是非常短暂的。 相关资料·人类是如何起源的? 简单地说,人类起源就是人的历史渊源,即人是从何而来的,怎样来的。考古发现已证明,人是从古猿进化来的,或者更确切地说,是从猿的系统中分化出来的独立进化的一支。因此,人类起源研究也就是追溯人这一支是在什么时间、什么地区以及怎样从猿的系统分化出来并如何进化成现代人的问题。这个问题主要涉及到(1)人类起源理论;(2)过渡阶段;(3)两足直立行走;(4)使用和制造工具等方面。下面主要谈人类起源理论。 18世纪林奈在进行动物分类时,把人和猿、猴归入一类,称之为灵长目,意思是它们都是灵敏的高等动物。1809年J.-拉马克提出人是从猿进化来的,但证据还不够充分。半个世纪以后(1859).达尔文发表《物种起源》,在该书的结尾部分暗示了人类是由动物起源的。在达尔文的启示下,.赫胥黎以进化论的观点研究人类起源问题,1863年发表《人类在自然界的位置》,提出人类是和猿类由同一祖先分支而来的,这就是“人猿同祖论”。1868年E.海克尔在《自然创造史》一书中进一步用事实论证了人猿同祖论。1871年达尔文发表《人类的由来及性选择》,以大量事实论证了人类并非亘古就存在的,也不是“分别创造作用的产物”,论证了人类也是进化的产物,是通过变异、遗传和自然选择从古猿进化来的;并且在当时科学发展水平所许可的情况下,讨论了关于人类起源的一系列问题。1876年恩格斯写了《劳动在从猿到人转变过程中的作用》一文,强调了劳动对于人类的重要意义:“它是整个人类生活的第一个基本条件,而且达到这样的程度,以致我们在某种意义上不得不说:‘劳动创造了人本身。’”(《马克思恩格斯选集》第三卷第508页) 自从那时以来的100多年中,古人类学和旧石器考古学的发现提供了大量有关人类进化的实物证据,大大地推进了关于人类起源的认识,也推动了人类起源理论的发展。 100年以前,一般认为人类的历史不过几千年之久。19世纪后半叶,在欧洲许多地点都有尼安德特人类型的化石发现,因而把人类历史向前推到10万年以上。从19世纪末到20世纪的前三分之一时间内,首先在印度尼西亚爪哇,随后在中国北京周口店都发现了猿人化石,这就把人类历史向前推进了几十万年。从1924年起在南非几个地点发现了形态特征比猿人更原始的南方古猿化石,经过一段时间的争论,到50年代确立了它在人科中的地位,使人类进化的历史延长到了200—300万年前。1965年西蒙斯等对庞杂的森林古猿化石(总共28个属50多个种)重新进行研究,加以整理归纳,分为猿类和人类两大类,认为应把腊玛古猿归入人科,作为人科的早期代表。 基于上述资料,西蒙斯和皮尔比姆在20世纪60年代末提出了一套人类起源的理论,认为人和猿是在新第三纪的中新世(距今1800万至600万年间)开始分化的,那时人和猿就已有了明显的区别,人猿超科中的各种成员就和现生的各种猿和人有着明显的祖先-后裔的系统关系。其中森林古猿属里的几个种是各种现生猿的祖先,而腊玛古猿是由一种森林古猿演化而来的,它是最早的人科(人的分类系统)代表,以后由腊玛古猿演化成距今200万年前的南方古猿,再经过直立人(猿人)、早期智人(尼安德特人)、晚期智人(克鲁马农人)而进化成现代人。在一段时间里这种理论在学术界有相当大的影响。 但是,近些年来,一系列新的重要的发现以及对已有材料的进一步研究使情况发生了一些变化:有人对腊玛古猿的似人科的形态特征提出了疑问,有人提出腊玛古猿和西瓦古猿可能是同一个种的性别的差异,它们可能是现生猩猩的支系的祖先;自1961年以来在肯尼亚、希腊、土耳其、匈牙利、巴基斯坦和中国等地,先后发现了更多的中新世的人猿超科化石,特别是在中国云南禄丰发现了世界上第一个腊玛古猿头骨;在过去的十几年内,分子生物学的研究结果认为,人和猿最早分异的时间距今不过500万年左右;20世纪70年代,在坦桑尼亚的莱托利和埃塞俄比亚的哈达地区发现了距今300—400万年前的南方古猿类的原始类型——南方古猿阿法种,它是迄今所知能肯定的最早的人科代表,具有意想不到的不少与黑猩猩相似的性状而与腊玛古猿不同,从而认为后者可能不是人科成员,而且人和猿可能是在较晚的时期才开始分异的。基于上述情况,到20世纪70年代后期,C.皮尔比姆对人类起源提出了新的解释或新的概念,认为中新世的人猿超科成员是人和猿的共同祖先,它们与现代猿或人的关系不像原来认为的那样清楚,究竟哪一种是人的祖先,哪一种是某种现生猿的祖先,现在都还无法确定;人的系统树既不是一条阶梯,也不是祖先后裔的简单直线关系,而是更为分散的、灌丛式的进化系统。 现在看来,人类起源的过程远比过去的理解要复杂得多。人类进化实际上包含了非常复杂而又互相有关的解剖的、心理的、技术的、经济的以及文化的因素,人类起源研究不仅要阐明人的生物机体本身的起源,而且还要阐明人的物质文化、语言和意识以及人类社会等的起源,这仍是古人类学需要解决的一个重大课题。因此人类起源理论也还在不断发展之中

284 评论

米米狗狗

Why does anyone wear makeup? Because we don't feel confident enough. That's why. Speaking for myself and clas *** ates, if a few of us wear makeup and teachers will be targeting us and shaming us. In class they will call us to the front and make us take it off, this will ruin our self-esteem and is embarrassing. For us girls with imperfect skin, we make ourselves presentable through wearing makeup (light, not caked on) and when we are made to take it all off, it makes us feel ugly and worthless and it seems like everyone is looking at you and thinking 'she had bad skin'. Wearing makeup is a way to boost confidence and feel good about yourselves inside. Its not a beauty contest...We simply want to feel pretty and like we are worth something. When girls feel ugly and worthless it can lead to more serious things like depression or anorexia.

下面列举了100句高考及大学英语作文中常用的高级句型,如果大家把这些句型牢记并用活,作文拿高分不是问题。

英文议论文范文On online chatting ① 网上聊天越来越流行 ② 有人反对它,有人赞同。

③ 我的看法 With the development of IT, online chatting is being increasingly popular with many people. However, people's opinions about it vary from person to person. Some think that it has more problems than benefits. First, it is a waste of time, energy and money as it doesn't produce any useful information and products. Second, it is misleading to its users because cyberspace is actually an imaginary space where things are unreal or fictional. But the advocates of online chatting support it because it is another way of recreation which is both exciting and relaxing. Besides, it helps them release their emotions and worries freely and safely. To them, it is very useful and wonderful. As far as I am concerned, whether online chatting is good or bad depends on the person who does it. So long as we can keep ourselves under good control, we can use it scientifically and properly without its bad effects. 议论文范文 2 As students, we always have a lot of exams/tests every term. Tests are used nowadays to check/examine/measure how well /effectively students study. Exams are a very useful and important educational tool of measurement. However, exams have some side effects of their own. First, some exams can't reflect the real progress students make. Second, too difficult or too many exams force students to cheat in exams. Too many exams force students to study for the sake of exams only, to name just a few. In my opinion, advantages of exams far oueigh their disadvantages. Despite their side effects, exams can on the whole check and show how well students study scientifically and accurately. At least so far there has been not any method that take their place in education. Besides, exams seem to be fair to all students as they are objective and everyone is equal before test results. To conclude, exams may continue to exist in our education for a long time before they are replaced by some better measurement methods.

展开全部 Why does anyone wear makeup? Because we don't feel confident enough. That's why. Speaking for myself and clas *** ates, if a few of us wear makeup and teachers will be targeting us and shaming us. In class they will call us to the front and make us take it off, this will ruin our self-esteem and is embarrassing. For us girls with imperfect skin, we make ourselves presentable through wearing makeup (light, not caked on) and when we are made to take it all off, it makes us feel ugly and worthless and it seems like everyone is looking at you and thinking 'she had bad skin'. Wearing makeup is a way to boost confidence and feel good about yourselves inside. Its not a beauty contest...We simply want to feel pretty and like we are worth something. When girls feel ugly and worthless it can lead to more serious things like depression or anorexia....

精还是泛?Every one is faced with the option of reading method. Some think that we should read extensively. It is their conviction that, reading extensively could easily enlarge knowledge, widen interests and enrich lives. On the other hand, with the sharp increase in information today, we are not allowed to read word by word. It seems an impossible mission to acplish digesting carefully every material. Therefore, what we need nowadays is to read extensively. However, some people, on the contrary, hold the opposite point of view. In their eyes, we benefit much more from reading intensively. Only by following every word are we able to prehend the hidden meanings. Besides, without intensive reading, we are likely to miss a good many wonderful expressions, thoughtful words and even truths. Thus, they suggest chewing a book mouth by mouth rather than simply swallowing it at a time. As far as I am concerned, we ought to learn to read extensively as well as intensively. It is not often possible, to read in merely one way. Instead of trying to read every line and word in newspapers and magazine, we'd better summarize the main idea. And when it es to literature, art, science articles and others like these; it is wise to read them intensively。

Students can use the holiday to do odd jobs. High school students to work 's purpose is not to make money, but to integrate into the reality of society, their ability to exercise, to broaden our horizons, increase of knowledge and experience, obtain valuable social experience, experience another kind of out of the ordinary life in school students to work not only exercise the courage and insight, but also cultivate patience and carefulness. " Hard to know life, learn ", by taking a part-time job, so that students can understand the parents work hard, found their own inadequacies, on their own to the value of objective evaluation. This in effect also to enable the students to have a correct position, enhance the students to learn confidence and perseverance.

remended in the past, as a matter of military urgency, that under no circumstances must Formosa fall under Communist control. Such an eventuality would at once threaten the freedom of the Philippines and the loss of Japan and might well force our western frontier back to the coast of California, Oregon and understand the changes which now appear upon t

但一定要尊重历史,尽量还原本来的面貌呀参考这个思路 首先要看这是什么古迹。

像圆明圆都已经成为废墟了也有被人们重建的价值。

如果这古迹有警醒世人的作用,立一块碑提示世人就可以了。

如果这古迹就是供观赏的,像绍兴的沈园,当然可以翻修重建

怎么写呢?...

我,一个自信的孩子,在成长的海洋中,我享受成功的快乐与失败的痛苦,他们总是时不时,陆续地敲着我的门,在它们的伴随下成就了一个自信的我,接受着风雨的洗礼。

紧张忙碌的期中考试过去了,一切暂时都回到了往日的平静,而我那颗心却依然跳个不停,还没忘却考试时的紧张。

我永远也忘不了那一天,那场生平以来第一次让我心跳加速的语文考试。

至今回想起来,我的手还是凉的,不断的冒着冷汗。

当天十一点,当我将语文考试卷全都做完时,心中的石头算是落地了,愉悦地检查着题目,然而,当我读到作文是,我仿佛是在大冬天又被猛地泼了盆冷水,心都凉了。

天啊!我的作文离题了。

也许是我看错了,太紧张了,怎么可能呢?然而,我的直觉,我眼前的事实告诉我,确实偏题了。

顿时,我惊呆了。

怎么?重写一篇吗?可是,时间一定不过。

我不是地看着手表。

一定不够,怎么会这样呢?我好象看到时间悄悄的在我的指间流失。

不行,不行,你们回来啊!眼泪涌上眼眶。

为什么怎么倒霉的事情偏偏会轮到我?我的两只手在相互不断的摩擦着。

我多么希望时间可以重来!不行!还有半个小时多,还是有可能的,否则这些时间我一定会在焦虑中痛苦下去的。

不管了,痛苦就痛苦吧!那个重要的时刻,我觉得。

我在写与不写中徘徊,最后,理智终于让我决定去拼一拼。

坚信,自信的想,我能行,我是个自信的人,我努力做的事一定能成功,有志者事竟成。

十一点十分,离考试结束还剩半小时。

我拿了作文稿纸,坐下,一拿到笔,我就已经开始飞快地书写起来。

《遗憾是可以挽回的》,我写着,想起了英语等级考试时的失败与成功,我飞快地构造起了一篇文章。

慢点,慢点,时间别过得那么快。

我的内心暗暗祈祷着。

我的手在抖,我的心在抖,我觉得我全身都在努力。

终于,这篇盼望许久的文章终于出炉了。

现在十一点三十七分,我真觉得自己太伟大了,在这么短的时间里,竟然成功了,我觉得自己简直制造了一个奇迹。

试卷上交了,虽然是短时间内的作品,我依然自信满满地相信它,相信自己,这次不会考砸。

第二个星期,分数出来了,90分,虽然不是最好,虽然作文也扣了很多,然而我依然兴高采烈,那时我第一次在极度紧张的短时间内完成的作文试题。

它证实了我的自信没有错,见证了我那次可怜的经历。

世上没有不可能,不可能只是不敢做,而不是不能做。

相信自己,去做那些“不敢做”的事情,我们会看到成功在向我们招手。

Women are Demanding Equality With Men Where was a time when, if a lady got into a crowded bus or train, a gentleman would immediately stand up and bring to offer his seat. But now, things are different. Today a gentleman will probably look out of the window,or if he feels a bit shy, hide behind his newspaper. Either way,the lady will have to stand until someone else gets off. You can't entirely blame men for this change in manners, though. Gone are the days when women could be referred to as the weaker ones without causing trouble. A whole generation of women has grown up demanding equality with men, not just equality in jobs or education, but in social life. Hold a door open for some women and you are likely to get an angry lecture on treating women as weaker ones unable to open doors for themselves. Take a girl out for a meal and she'll probably insist on paying her share of the bill. On second thought, that is perhaps not a bad idea. II63﹒ It's no wonder, then that men have given up some ways of politeness and consideration which they used to show towards women. On the other hand, the man's active politeness is perhaps slowly being replaced by true consideration for the needs and feelings of women, so that men can see women as equal human beings, rather than as weaker ones or something that can be used to please men. Maybe it is worth women's while to stand in the bus or train. 妇女要求男女平等 曾经有一个时期,假如女士上了拥挤的公共汽车或火车,绅士们就会立即起身让座。

但现在情况完全不同了。

现在,男士们可能会看着窗外,或者,假如他感到有点不好 意思,就会藏在报纸后面。

这两种情况不管是哪种,女士们只能站着等到有人下车。

但是这种礼貌行为的变化不能完全归咎于男士。

女士们被当作弱者而不会引起麻烦的日子一去不复返了。

新一代的女性成长起来,不仅在工作或教育上,而且在社会生活 中都要求男女平等。

假如你为某些女士开门,就可能得到怒气冲天的说教,觉得你把女士当成连门都不能自己开的弱者。

带一个女孩子外出吃饭,她可能会坚持付自己的那份账单。

仔细想想这也许不是什么坏事。

所以男士放弃了他们过去对女士的某些礼貌和体谅也就不足为奇了。

另一方面,男士们主动的礼貌也许正在渐渐地被处于对女士需求和情感方面的真正考虑所取代,所以男士可以把女士当成平等的人类,而不是弱者或是用来取悦男人的工具。

也许女士们在公共汽车或火车上站一会儿是值得的。

英文议论文范文On online chatting ① 网上聊天越来越流行 ② 有人反对它,有人赞同.③ 我的看法 With the development of IT,online chatting is being increasingly popular with many 's opinions about it vary from person to think that it has more problems than is a waste of time,energy and money as it doesn't produce any useful information and is misleading to its users because cyberspace is actually an imaginary space where things are unreal or the advocates of online chatting support it because it is another way of recreation which is both exciting and helps them release their emotions and worries freely and them,it is very useful and far as I am concerned,whether online chatting is good or bad depends on the person who does long as we can keep ourselves under good control,we can use it scientifically and properly without its bad effects.议论文范文 2 As students,we always have a lot of exams/tests every are used nowadays to check/examine/measure how well /effectively students are a very useful and important educational tool of have some side effects of their exams can't reflect the real progress students difficult or too many exams force students to cheat in many exams force students to study for the sake of exams only,to name just a my opinion,advantages of exams far oueigh their their side effects,exams can on the whole check and show how well students study scientifically and least so far there has been not any method that take their place in seem to be fair to all students as they are objective and everyone is equal before test conclude,exams may continue to exist in our education for a long time before they are replaced by some better measurement methods.

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230 评论

生鱼旺旺

关于人的起源,有无数神奇的传说,各民族、各种宗教对此也有着不同的解释。西方基督教认为是上帝创造了人:根据英国厄谢尔大主教的年历,世界上第一个人是在公元前4004年被造出来的;牛津大学圣约翰学院的日历甚至标示此人出于4004年3月23日这一天。而在中国古老神话中,造人的是神仙女娲。 达尔文在《人类起源和性的选择》这本书里推测人类是从旧大陆的某种古猿演化而来的。这种观点是有一定科学依据的。20世纪20年代开始,在非洲陆续发现了一些猿类化石和古人类遗骸。丰富的 历史 遗存足以证明人类祖先的起源在非洲地区。另外,人类学家认为,人类的近亲是现存的三种类人猿——大猩猩、普通黑猩猩和矮脚黑猩猩;这三种猩猩只生活在非洲,由此也可证明人类初始阶段的演化是在非洲完成的。 人类与动物分道扬镳约在700万年前,非洲猿的一支演化成人类。19世纪后半期,随着科学技术的发展,在欧洲一些地方发现了尼安德特人或古人类型的化石,以及一些旧石器。从19世纪末到20世纪的前30年,科学家先后在印度尼西亚的爪哇、我国北京的周口店发现了猿人化石;1959年后,又在非洲坦桑尼亚发现了南方古猿鲍氏种。随着分子生物学的发展以及越来越多的人类化石被发掘,围绕人类起源问题,学界又提出了“多区进化论”、“亚洲起源说”等新的观点。 总的来说,根据对早期人类化石和猿类化石的研究,综合现代高等猿类的地理分布及其生存环境、气候等各种因素的分析,学界认为人类大致起源于非洲、亚洲南部和欧洲南部的广大地区;至于更具体的区域,由于还没有掌握充分的根据,至今尚不能作出判断。

283 评论

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