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Wine is an alcoholic beverage made of fermented grape juice.[1] The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients.[2] Wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of yeast which consume the sugars found in the grapes and convert them into alcohol. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are used depending on the types of wine being produced.[3]Although other fruits such as apples and berries can also be fermented, the resultant wines are normally named after the fruit from which they are produced (for example, apple wine or elderberry wine) and are generically known as fruit wine or country wine (not to be confused with the French term vin du pays). Others, such as barley wine and rice wine (. sake), are made from starch-based materials and resemble beer and spirit more than wine, while ginger wine is fortified with brandy. In these cases, the use of the term "wine" is a reference to the higher alcohol content, rather than production process.[4] The commercial use of the English word "wine" (and its equivalent in other languages) is protected by law in many jurisdictions.[5]Wine has a rich history dating back to around 6000 BC and is thought to have originated in areas now within the borders of Georgia and Iran.[6][7] Wine probably appeared in Europe at about 4500 BC in what is now Bulgaria and Greece, and was very common in ancient Greece, Thrace and Rome. Wine has also played an important role in religion throughout history. The Greek god Dionysos and the Roman equivalent Bacchus represented wine, and the drink is also used in Christian and Jewish ceremonies such as the Eucharist and word "wine" derives from the Proto-Germanic "*winam," an early borrowing from the Latin vinum, "wine" or "(grape) vine," itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European stem *win-o- (cf. Hittite: wiyana ,Lycian: Oino, Ancient Greek οῖνος - oînos, Aeolic Greek ϝοίνος - woinos).[8][9] Similar words for wine or grapes are found in the Semitic languages (cf. Arabic ﻭﻳﻦ wayn) and in Georgian (ğvino); some consider the term to be a wanderwort, or "wandering word".[10]Contents [hide]1 History 2 Grape varieties 3 Classification Europe classification Outside of Europe 4 Vintages 5 Tasting 6 Collecting 7 Production Exporting countries 8 Uses Religious uses 9 Health effects 10 Packaging 11 Storage 12 Film and television 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links pls contact me for the url,which is banned on baidu.

175 评论

刹那恍惚28

这个体会怎么样~~~~~~楼主品读~~~~ 葡萄从青涩的果实,经过磨砺的岁月,变成一杯香醇的陈酿。我眯起眼睛看着杯中那红宝石一样的液体轻轻荡漾。这是红酒,带着微微的果香,有点迷人。从舌尖轻轻抿一口,让它缓缓地流过味蕾,感觉那浓郁的醇香和丰富的层次,一点点草莓味,若有若无的苔藓夹杂着林中鲜蘑菇的味道......上等的葡萄酒就像极为完美和谐的交响乐一样,其中每个音符、每个音调的精妙神韵都清晰可辨。 一瓶好的红酒,在一个懂酒的理性的人面前,除了可以品出是什么葡萄酿的,哪一年储藏的,还可以品出酿酒师的爱好与性格。品饮红酒是从"欣赏"开始的,酒瓶的木塞有许多极小的细孔,适量的空气渗进去,会促进酒的成熟。红酒是有生命的,从酒瓶里的高度,可以看出一瓶酒的生命状态。读酒、检视瓶塞、握酒......欣赏红酒的历史和人类的历史同样漫长。美酒在飘,时尚在变,不变的是葡萄酒的性格。 她终于明白,红酒是什么。你唯有将红酒看作是有生命的,红酒才会为你展示瞬间的完美。比酒是潇洒,玩人是痛苦。品酒讲品位,亲情讲深度,友情讲广度,爱情讲纯度。她很动情地对我说:我记住了,喝一小口,含在嘴里,是凉凉的甜甜的酸酸的味道,会变成暖暖的醇醇的厚厚的甘香。 一杯红酒,让人懂得红酒是文化、是经典、是时尚、是格调、是心情、是健康、是品位、是氛围......让我们在红酒生活中,一下子会更成熟、更美丽、更精彩。 一直以来,我对红酒是情有独钟。早在唐代,葡萄酒已超越了人们日常饮用范围而成为一种优雅的生活艺术和精神文化。而现今传统文化和外来西方文明的汇集,造成既有时代特征又有全球特色的红酒文化在这一深厚的物质与文化基础的东方,被各种各样的流行时尚所覆盖。保龄球热、高尔夫球热、咖啡文化、服饰文化、旅游文化等层出不穷。但流行的东西未必都经受得住时间的考验,轰轰烈烈之后往往是悄然引退。然而有一样事物却能凭借自己悠久的历史和品位,在与各种流行时尚的相容相争中保持长盛不衰。它就是历代以至今日的酒文化。 在我观念里,品酒是一种享受,也是一种熏陶,犹如享受着带音乐的日光浴。那是一种诗意、一种对生活的体味以及对生命的领悟。葡萄美酒夜光杯,欲饮琵琶马上催。品味红酒、品味人生的真谛,感受生活给予的美好享受。以审美的态度来对待人生,这是一种超越了物质需求的精神升华。在甘美醇厚的酒香中,我们的心境趋于平和;我们的情感得到了净化。那是一种对生命的参悟,回味的是从艰难足迹寻得人生哲理。这就是常人所说的一种叫红酒文化。 我深信"适口者珍",又能够"知足者常乐"。我们在茫茫尘世中,生命就在呼吸之间,短暂而无法预知,与其挥霍看着为看而看电影,为听而听歌,为喝而喝茶,不如试着端杯红酒 慢慢啜一口,在入喉前百转千回一番,抛开外界的眼光,享受红酒浓郁丰厚醇香,为自己和自己所爱的人饮一杯,慰多少心灵创伤,消却多少胸中块垒;又能消弭几多剑拨弩张、家和万事兴;品味红酒即有口感的享受,又能维系亲情、友情、爱情,何乐而不为? 不过,品酒的品位不在于喝不喝得惯红酒。品位,应该是学识、是气魄、是酒品、是素质,是生活困苦中的乐观,是惊涛骇浪中的坚强,是努力奋发中的进取,因而能为我们的生活带来如此丰富的色彩,如此无限的欢乐。 又想起夜奔相如的卓文君,从千金小姐降为卖酒女子,依然神情自若,谈笑风生。这是我所知道的关于女人与酒的最动人故事。但我更愿记住酒香流唇间、人生五味足的生活的真味。 干杯!据说还是源于三千年前的古希腊留下的敬酒传统,当举杯祝福时,他的含义是:祝君健康!这一切都体现了浪漫和时尚的结合,红酒和文化的经典,中国和世界的融合,才会明白红酒和隐藏在红酒后面的酒文化是一条流淌了千百年的环球大河,我们只是到它的岸边湿了湿脚。

92 评论

潘潘大小J

大家说的很全了!

288 评论

蓝莓嘉人

China's wine culture has 5000 years of history, has a long history of wine in our wine culture, the development of long-term process, making many as the "Shen Pin" 'Qiongjiang "wine treasures. I am the principal of Liquor comparison of Chinese and Western culture, and focus on understanding the culture of wine in China history of the development. I think in a different cultural background and different walks of life, different people, and even different frame of mind which was to understand the extent of different ways. For Chinese and Western culture, a different understanding of wine, the key is to make the best wine culture development, better for our services, which require the integration of Chinese and Western cultures of wine. Today, the West's wine culture to a large extent, the impact of China's wine culture, particularly in the tasting the mood in the West tend to be more, can hope to make more Westerners to understand China's fine tradition of wine culture. Talking about China's fine tradition of wine culture, wine and poetry had mentioned the close relationship between the poetry of wine is given a new interpretation of the source of origin so that the culture of wine in a long, and is deeply rooted. From ancient times people do not know the number of Jie Jiu literati ink to write a good poem passed down until today, to express his or hi or bad feelings, a lot of people describe the beauty away. Such as: "grape wine Remanbar" scenery, "Doujiu 100 poems," the passion, "Jiejiuxiaochou worry even more unhappy" analogy, "When the wine song, geometry of life?" Free and easy, "Do not make Jinzun Air-to-month "spirit,"酒逢知己千杯少"the joy of" non-intoxicating liquor drunk people from "conception," ulterior motives "of the Miao Yu," live for today "no alternative , "Yao Zhi Heng Fa Chuen shepherd boy" sad, "hand-crisp red, yellow wine tie up" suffering "Yizuifangxiu" happy, as well, "Zhu Jiuge" Bold, "The Divine Comedy wine," the rough ... ... Liquor heroes were also given to the extraordinary feat, given the strong cultural flavor of life, Cao Cao Quiz cooking wine, toast the invitation of Li Bai's moon, burning the midnight oil to see Zuili Xin Jian, Su asked the Liquor blue sky, Li Qingzhao sleep of course, very strong residual liquor, Huang Fei determined to swig (Southern Song Dynasty in the early years of anti-gold star, and Yue Fei was drinking too much at fault, Emperor Zhao Gou and his mother have let him quit drinking, he listened to the advice immediately broken wine However, he has made under the vows: "Huang Zhi Dao House (the capital of the Jin), and those who swig ears!" In which "those who swig and ears" Hero is full of pride.), In fact, no matter Beixi, those who drink In the wine in the pursuit of life is freedom, forget the life and death for whom the honor easily, in the wine itself to be a real, I think this is what most people understand the essence of the spirit of wine in it! In Europe, especially in the wine and romance to that of France, drink what kind of wine samples with what the wine glass, is the Yidingzhigui. General with a complete set of wine should include a Jiuzun, a set of glass, a set of red wine, a set of champagne glasses, a white wine cup, a liquor glasses. In the glass on the table are also placed special attention. From left to right, the largest number in the cup on the left side, the smallest number in the right side of the cup. So far the most popular European wine is still visible pure crystal cup. Each of the different cup mouth and body shape of the Cup, Cup of different thickness and different designs and different floriation family of Crystal Cup, seemed to represent a beautiful feeling. China in the table, we usually drink the wine of beer, such as Hapi, Qingdao beer, beer and so on snow, or white wine, such as Maotai, Wuliangye, Beijing Wotou II, and so on. In the United States, a lot of people who drink beer. However, I see very few Americans have a direct high concentrations of fine drinking wine, and this is very different from China. Also, I see very few Americans are on the table in a toast each other, we usually drink all of the. Only in certain occasions, we will toast together. This time is usually in a person after the speech, we cross a toast, a person wishing for a person something to celebrate. Think carefully, can be found: the Chinese people are drinking seriously, and look who drink to drink is the atmosphere; in the West attaches great importance to drink wine, depends on what wine to drink, it is necessary to the full enjoyment of wine The delicious. China's ceremonial drinking of alcohol reflects the respect for human beings. Masters of the guests have a fixed seat, have a fixed order of toast. When a toast from the beginning of the master King, owner of disrespect End, is not eligible for other people's respect, if the order of the chaos to deserve to be punished. And a toast from some of the most distinguished guests began to King, a toast to wine full time, that the toast was also a respect for human beings. The younger generation of elders, the lower a toast to the higher authorities to take the initiative to propose a toast, but also pay attention to the first King to do. The Hang Jiuling, Hua Quan, such as drinking etiquette, but also to allow people to drink more alcohol and enjoy the came into being. It is clear that the Chinese wine culture by young and old hierarchy of traditional Chinese culture, ethics, in the course of drinking alcohol on the respect for human beings on the most important position. The rituals of wine drinking in the West, reflect the respect for alcohol. Kam goods to wine and watch their color, smell their fragrance, flavor of their products, to mobilize all kinds of sensory enjoyment of wine. Goods in order to drink, pay attention to drink white wine after drinking red wine, the first products of light and then liquor products of the rich wine, to drink young wine to drink in the long years of wine, in accordance with the laws of taste changes gradually and in-depth Enjoy the taste of wine. The wine's choice, but also around how to fight the full enjoyment of those who drink wine to the requirements of choice. Aroma Cup together so that the tulip-mouth goblet, so full of wine-Shu start of the wine decanter, as well as to master the temperature of wine and drink products specially designed for the thermometer, all in the West reflect on the respect for alcohol, and their Ceremonial drinking, drinking culture is better to appreciate the delicious have been made. In China, wine is often used as a tool, the so-called ulterior motives. Qingmeizhujiu as to demonstrate who is a hero; Cup Mo Jiang Jinjiu stop in order to eliminate forever the same and Seoul worry; bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages, in order to Jiejiu asylum. Wine in the eyes of the Chinese people more as a communication tool in China's wine culture of wine for their own lack of scientific and systematic analysis and evaluation, but also about drinking after he brought a wonderful role . In the West, often drinking purpose is very simple, in order to enjoy the wine and alcohol, in order to enjoy the wine and alcohol. Of course, wine in the West also has the function of communication, but it's more pursuing is how much of the flavor of wine to enjoy. Comparison of wine culture in the West, can be found, the difference between the culture of wine is actually a way of thinking in the West differences. Whether China is the booze or the West tasting, wine culture can all hope that the next time a relatively more and better wine, wine culture can be developed and inheritance, so that more people understand the culture of wine, Enjoy the wine culture! 中译: 中国的酒文化有着5000多年的历史,悠久的酿酒历史使我国酒文化在长期的发展过程中,酿造出许多被誉为“神品”、‘琼浆”的酒类珍品。我这次主要对中西酒文化进行比较,并侧重理解中国酒文化的发展历史。 我觉得一种文化在不同的时代背景,不同的阶层,不同的人们,甚至不同的心情当中被理解的程度,方式也不同。对于中西酒文化的不同理解,关键在于能够使酒文化得到最充分的发展,更好的为我们服务,这就需要中西酒文化相互融合。如今,西方的酒文化很大程度上影响了中国酒文化,尤其在品酒的意境方面更趋向于西方,希望也可以使更多的西方人了解中国酒文化的优良传统。 说到中国酒文化的优良传统,就不得不提到酒与诗的密切关系,诗赋予酒的是全新的诠释,使酒文化源源流长,根深叶茂。从古至今不知多少文人墨士借酒写出流传至今的好诗篇,抒发了自己或喜或忧的感情,描绘了很多让人流连忘返的美景。如:“葡萄美酒夜光杯”的景色,“斗酒诗百篇”的激情,“借酒消愁愁更愁”的比喻,“对酒当歌,人生几何?”的洒脱,“莫使金樽空对月”的气概,“酒逢知己千杯少”的喜悦,“酒不醉人人自醉”的意境,“醉翁之意不在酒”的妙喻,“今朝有酒今朝醉”的无奈,“牧童遥指杏花村”的悲伤,“红酥手,黄縢酒”的苦痛,“一醉方休”的痛快,还有《祝酒歌》的豪放,《酒神曲》的粗犷…… 酒也赋予英雄豪杰们以不凡的壮举,赐予文化浓厚的生活气息,曹操煮酒论英雄,李白举杯邀明月,辛弃疾醉里挑灯看剑,苏东坡把酒问青天,李清照浓睡不消残酒,岳飞立志痛饮黄龙(南宋初年的抗金名将,岳飞曾因饮酒过多而过失,其母及高宗赵构都让他戒酒,他也听从了劝告,立即断了酒,但他却发下誓愿:“直捣黄龙府(金国的都城),与诸君痛饮耳!”其中“与诸君痛饮耳”充满英雄豪情。),其实无论悲喜,醉酒者在酒中所追求的是生活的自由、忘记生死利禄荣辱的轻松,在酒中做一个真正的自己,我想这也是大多数人对酒精神的精髓理解吧! 在欧洲,尤其是在以美酒和浪漫著称的法国,饮什么样品类的美酒,配用什么样相应的酒杯,是有一定之规的。一般一套完整的酒具应包括一只酒樽,一套水杯,一套红酒杯,一套香槟杯,一套白葡萄酒杯,一套烈性酒酒杯。酒杯在餐桌上的摆放也有特别的讲究。从左到右,最大号杯在最左边,最小号杯在最右边。至今最受欧洲人喜爱的酒杯依然是纯净剔透的水晶杯。每一只不同杯口及杯身形状,不同杯壁厚度,不同花饰及不同设计家族的水晶杯,似乎都代表一份美丽的心情。 在中国的餐桌上,大家喝的酒一般是啤酒,如哈啤,青岛啤酒,雪花啤酒等等,或是白酒,如茅台,五粮液,北京二窝头等等。在美国,喝啤酒的人很多。但是,我很少见到美国人有直接喝酒精浓度很高的白酒,这和中国很不同。还有,我极少见到美国人在餐桌上互相敬酒,大家通常都是各喝各的。只有在某些特定场合,大家才会一同举杯。这样的时刻通常是在某人致辞之后,大家交相举杯,祝福某人,为某人某事庆贺。仔细想想,可以发现:中国人饮酒重视的是人,要看和谁喝,要的是饮酒的气氛;西方人饮酒重视的酒,要看喝什么酒,要的是充分享受酒的美味。 中国的饮酒礼仪体现了对饮酒人的尊重。主人,客人都有固定的座位,都有固定的敬酒次序。敬酒时要从主人开始敬,主人不敬完,别人是没有资格敬的,如果乱了次序是要受罚的。而敬酒一定是从最尊贵的客人开始敬起,敬酒时酒杯要满,表示的也是对被敬酒人的尊重。晚辈对长辈、下级对上级敬酒要主动敬酒,而且讲究的是先干为敬。而行酒令、划拳等饮酒礼仪,也是为了让饮酒人喝的更尽兴而应运而生的。显然,中国酒文化深受中国尊卑长幼传统伦理文化的影响,在饮酒过程中把对饮酒人的尊重摆在最重要的位置上。而西方人饮用葡萄酒的礼仪,则反应出对酒的尊重。品鉴葡萄酒要观其色、闻其香、品其味,调动各种感官享受美酒。在品饮顺序上,讲究先喝白葡萄酒后喝红葡萄酒、先品较淡的酒再品浓郁的酒、先饮年轻的酒在饮较长年份的酒,按照味觉规律的变化,逐渐深入地享受酒中风味的变化。而对葡萄酒器的选择上,也是围绕着如何让拼饮者充分享受葡萄酒的要求来选择的。让香气汇聚杯口的郁金香型高脚杯、让酒体充分舒展开的滗酒器、乃至为掌握葡萄酒温度而为品饮专门设计的温度计,无不体现出西方人对酒的尊重,他们的饮酒礼仪、饮酒文化都是为更好的欣赏美味而制定的。 在中国,酒常常被当做一种工具,所谓醉翁之意不在酒。如青梅煮酒是为了论证谁是英雄;杯莫停的将进酒,为的是与尔同消万古愁;竹林里狂歌的七贤,为的是借酒避难。酒在中国人眼里更多的是当作一种交际的工具,所以在中国的酒文化中缺乏对于酒本身进行科学而系统的理论分析和品评,更在意饮用他后带来的美妙作用。在西方,饮酒的目的往往很简单,为了欣赏酒而饮酒,为了享受美酒而饮酒。当然,在西方葡萄酒也有交际的功能,但人们更多的是追求如何尽情的享受美酒的味道。 比较中西方酒文化,可以发现,酒文化之间的差异其实就是中西方思维方式的差异。 无论是中国的豪饮,还是西方的品酒,都希望酒文化能够在以后的时间里比较出更多更好的酒,也可以是酒文化得到发展和继承,让更多的人了解酒文化,欣赏酒文化!

224 评论

Smile丶燚

学习葡萄酒鉴赏体会可以写学习所收获的思考、关于葡萄酒品鉴的知识。

范围如下:

通过学习,让我知道了葡萄酒具有悠久的历史,并非近代才有的新品种。而今能够流行到全世界,并且形成了一定的文化,确实值得我们国人思考。

其次,葡萄酒有一整套的管理体系,其中包括产地、葡萄品种、酒的品质、储藏、包装、销售等,都有严格的要求和严谨的生产,光是葡萄酒的生产就让人感觉其品质的保证。

通过学习,葡萄酒鉴赏可以根据葡萄酒体颜色的深浅,可判断出葡萄酒的成熟度,通常红葡萄酒愈老颜色愈浅,愈年轻颜色愈深。还可以通过观察葡萄酒在酒杯中的挂泪来判断葡萄酒的品质和酒精度数。

葡萄酒鉴赏常识

闻香是葡萄酒品鉴的一大重要环节,为了让葡萄酒与空气的接触面积大一些,以便打开酒款隐藏的香气,在闻之前可以旋转酒杯,然后让鼻子靠近杯口边缘,与酒杯保持一厘米左右的距离,感受酒款的香气。

闻香一定程度上可以判断葡萄酒是否有缺陷,常见的缺陷有氧化、橡木塞污染和酒香酵母菌污染等。一瓶氧化的红葡萄酒会散发出过多的果干或蔬菜的香气,而极少呈现出别的香气。

氧化的白葡萄酒则呈现出明显的烂苹果气息。受木塞污染的葡萄酒会带有发霉的湿报纸或潮湿地下室的气味。而受到酒香酵母污染的葡萄酒会释放出明显的塑料或者动物的气息。

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飞翔25874325

可以去中国期刊全文数据库 找找

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Zzzz将将将

‍1.葡萄酒的历史2.葡萄酒的酿造工艺3.葡萄酒的营养价值4.葡萄品种分析5.各大葡萄酒产区分析6.品酒师、侍酒师职业分析7.葡萄酒的行销、收藏8.本国葡萄酒的现状以及可能的发展趋势制作方法 1.破碎。将成熟的红葡萄用清水冲洗干净后,除去果梗及青粒、霉粒、破粒等,放入经过消毒容器(小缸)里,用手挤碎或捣碎,但操作前须将手、木棒、容器等先用高锰酸钾水洗一次,再用清水冲一次,然后再去操作,以防止杂菌污染,同时要注意不要使用铁、铜等金属的工具和容器(或用干净铝勺在杯中经消毒)将葡萄捣碎。 2.发酵。发酵是将葡萄皮汁中的糖分经酵母的作用产生酒精和二氧化碳,红葡萄酒的前发酵过程是皮汁混在一起的,酵母在葡萄破碎时已接入汁中,因为葡萄皮上的白霜存在有酵母,所以自制葡萄酒在发酵时可以不另外加入酵母。发酵的温度最好在15~25℃,不应超出35℃,但用小型容器发酵,散热较容易,一般可以达到不超过32℃。当皮汁装入容器后,一般经过一天即可开始发酵。液面开始是平静,这时已有微弱的二氧化碳气泡产生,表示酵母已开始繁殖,经过2~3天有大量二氧化碳放出,皮渣上浮结成一层帽盖,口尝果汁,甜味渐减,酒味渐增。发酵时每天应将上浮的葡萄皮用消毒筷子压到汁内两次,这样做一方面防止葡萄皮生霉,变酸,同时可将皮上的色素浸入汁中,且排出CO2,使酵母得到氧气,发酵更旺盛。高潮后,发酵势头开始减弱,此时可以进行加糖,加糖是用葡萄原酒来溶解,而不要用水化糖后再加入,等白糖完全溶解后,继续在容器中进行发酵,最后二氧化碳放出至微弱而接近平静,酒精味很浓、糖分减少至1%以下,汁液开始清晰,即为发酵结束,进行压榨,将皮汁分离。 3.压榨。压榨的方法是用洁净的布袋或纱布,进行挤压或扭压,红葡萄酒液即流出来,称为元酒。 4.加鸡蛋清澄清。30毫升葡萄原酒约加鸡蛋清一个。方法是将鸡蛋清打成泡沫状,用少量酒充分搅拌混合,然后加入酒中,再充分搅拌和静置,至酒液清透明,将沉淀物弃掉。 5.葡萄酒的加糖。大多数人的习惯是觉得葡萄酒应该是甜的,因此,需将葡萄酒进行加糖调配,加糖量约12~14%,溶解糖时要用原酒搅拌溶解。这样,具有浓厚的“玫瑰”香味,酸甜适口的红葡萄酒制成了,但如果在容器中密闭贮存2个月,则酒的风味更加醇厚。葡萄酒的酿制 1.第一道是所谓的去梗,也就是把葡萄果粒从梳子状的枝梗上取下来。因枝梗含有特别多的单宁酸,在酒液中会造成一股令人不快的味道。 2.不管有无经过去梗的手续,接下来的步骤是压榨果粒。如果酿制白酒,则榨汁的过程要迅速一点,因酿制白酒所用的葡萄浆若放置太久,即使葡萄已经去梗,余下的果皮和果核仍然释放出大量的单宁酸。反之如打算酿制红酒,则葡萄浆发酵的过程就绝对必要。因果酸中所含的红色色素就是在这段时间释放出的。就因为这样,所有红酒的色泽才是红的。 3.接下来是榨汁和发酵。经过榨汁后,就可得到酿酒的原料——葡萄汁。有了酒汁就可酿制好酒。葡萄酒是透过发酵作用而得的产物。由此可见发酵在葡萄酒酿制过程中扮演极重要的角色。发酵是一种化学过程,透过酵母而起作用。经过此化学作用,葡萄中所含的糖分会逐渐转成酒精和二氧化碳。因此,在发酵过程中,糖分越来越少,而酒精度则越来越高。通过缓慢的发酵过程,可酿出口味芳香细致的葡萄酒。 4.虽然已做到此,但酿酒师的工作仍未完成。要想保持葡萄酒的果味和鲜度,就必须在发酵过程后立刻添加SO2处理。二氧化硫可以阻止由空气中的氧使葡萄酒所引起的氧化作用。新酒在发酵后大约3周左右,必须进行第一次沉淀与换桶。第二次沉淀要4至6周。沉淀的次数和时间上的顺序,完全就是所要达到的口味。 5.葡萄酒在桶中存了3至9个月以后,就要装瓶了。葡萄酒瓶以软木塞来封口,因葡萄酒是有生命的东西。 自制葡萄酒做法非常简单,具体如下: ●第一步:买葡萄 选购葡萄时,可以挑选一些熟透的葡萄,哪怕是一颗颗散落的葡萄也不要紧。这些葡萄一是容易发酵,二是价位相对较低。常见的葡萄、提子、马奶子等,都是可以用来制作葡萄酒的。 ●第二步:洗葡萄 由于葡萄表皮很可能残留农药,清洗葡萄的环节就相当重要,最好能够逐颗清洗,再用自来水反复冲洗,同时剔除烂葡萄。一些爱干净的人,喜欢把葡萄去皮后酿酒,这也未尝不可,但是少了一些葡萄皮特有的营养。 ●第三步:晾干葡萄 把葡萄盛在能漏水的容器当中,等葡萄表面没有水珠就可以加白糖了。 ●第四步:选择容器 酒坛子可以是陶瓷罐子,也可以是玻璃瓶,但不主张用塑料容器,因为塑料很可能会与酒精发生化学反应,并产生一些有毒物质,危害人体健康。 ●第五步:捏好葡萄放进容器 双手洗净后,将白糖倒入葡萄内,用手捏葡萄,操作办法是抓起一把葡萄使劲一握,捏破葡萄,使白糖充分浸入葡萄。然后放入酒坛(那种用于泡药酒的酒瓶也行)中。葡萄和糖的比例是10∶3,即10斤葡萄放3斤糖(不喜欢吃甜的朋友,可以放2斤糖,但是不能不放糖,因为糖是葡萄发酵的重要因素)。 ●第六步:加封保存 将酒坛子密封,如果是陶瓷罐的话,可以到买黄酒的小店要点酒泥,加水后糊住封口。如果是泡药酒的酒瓶注意把瓶盖盖紧,再在瓶盖处加盖紧塑料簿膜。加封后,酒坛(瓶)子需放在阴凉处保存,平时不要随意去翻动或打开盖子。 ●第七步:启封 天热时,葡萄发酵时间需要20天至一个月左右,现在这个季节做葡萄酒,发酵时间需要40天左右。启封后,用两层纱布过滤浮在上面的葡萄皮,就可以直接喝葡萄酒了。注意,如果喜欢酒劲足一点,只需延迟启封时间就行了。启封后,每一次舀出葡萄酒后,别忘盖好酒坛的盖子,以免酒味挥发。 还有一些不同的做法与大家分享: ●葡萄要买好的,葡萄的颜色越紫越好,而且颗粒要大。洗干净葡萄后,可用纱布或干净的毛巾擦干葡萄,在晾干的玻璃瓶底放一层白糖,然后再是一层白糖一层葡萄,装满后密封,封口处再用白糖浇一圈,然后把瓶子放在太阳下,一个月后就能享用美味葡萄酒了。 ●酒坛子要放在阴暗潮湿的地方,放置3个月以上,这样酒味比较醇厚。另外,用红葡萄做葡萄酒,这样酒的颜色会很好看。 ●只要看到瓶子里的葡萄浮起来,就说明葡萄酒做好了。 ●葡萄发酵3天后,将葡萄拿出来捣烂,再放进瓶子里发酵,瓶盖不需盖紧,5天后即可食用葡萄酒。 ●把每一颗葡萄切成两半放入酒坛,加糖后密封,经历半个月发酵的葡萄酒吃起来很不错的 ●在葡萄酒制作过程当中,可将白糖换成红糖或冰糖。也可以将葡萄换成苹果或橘子,参照上述“工艺”制作“苹果酒”或“橘子酒”。 葡萄酒的种类非常多,而且有许多种不同的分法。 最常见的是以颜色来分,主要分为: 红葡萄酒red wine ( 法vin rouge ) 白葡萄酒white wine ( 法vin blanc ) 桃红葡萄酒rosé wine ( 法vin rosé ) 也有以是否有气泡分成: 不起泡葡萄酒 still wine ( 法 vin tranquille ) 起泡葡萄酒sparkling wine ( 法 vin effervescent ) 也有以葡萄酒的甜度分成: 干型葡萄酒dry wine( 法vin sec ) 半干型葡萄酒semi-dry wine( 法vin demi-sec ) 甜型葡萄酒sweet wine ( 法 vin doux ) 在葡萄酒中以人工的方式添加酒精则成为: 强化葡萄酒 fortified wine ( 法 vin fortifié ) 采用单葡萄品种酿成称为: 单一葡萄品种葡萄酒 varietal wine ( vin de cépage ) 毕业论文的结尾,是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总括全文,加深题意。这一部分要对绪论中提出的、本论中分析或论证的问题加以综合概括,从而引出或强调得出的结论;或对论题研究未来发展趋势进行展望;或对有关论题进行简要说明。结论切记草草收兵,虎头蛇尾,或画蛇添足,拖泥带水。 在毕业论文末尾要列出的参考文献是指在论文中使用过的,包括专著、论文及其他资料。如果是非正式出版物则不必列出。所列的参考文献应按论文参考或引证的先后顺序排列,不能以文献的重要程度或作者知名度为排列的顺序标准。列出参考文献的目的在于:一是表示言之有据;二是对他人研究成果的真正尊重;四是方便他人查找、使用。 2、内容结构安排的其他问题 (l)段落和层次 段落和层次是毕业论文结构的核心。 ①段落。段落是文章结构的单位标志,一段一个意思。段落还有一些特殊的作用,如过渡。转折或强调等各分论点等。层次以1做“意义段”,段落叫做“自然段”。 段落表示行文的停顿。论文的段落一般应包含论点、论据和论证过程,完整地表达一个中心意思。一般来说,每段都有自己的“段意”,正如全文有一个中心思想(主题)一样。全段围绕一个中心论点展开,这个论点一定要用精炼的语言概括出来,我们称它为段中主句。为了突出重点,段中主句通常放在段首;也有的放在段尾,起归纳总结的作用。 段落划分的长短,没有一定的标准。段落的长短同文章篇幅长短有关。长文章的段落可以相对长些;短文章,节奏快,段落可以相对短些,总之,段落的长短要适度。一般说来,论文的段落,相对其他文体要长一些。如果段落过短,会影响对某一论点论证的展开。但若段落过长,议论分散,势必造成论文结构失衡,同时,也会给读者的理解造成困难。有些大学生的论文,在结构方面很明显的缺点是段落过长,一个自然段占了几页稿纸,读起来一大段,不仅费力,有时还不知所云。从技巧上说,这是不善于划分段落,该另起一段的时候,没有另起一段;从思路上说,是说理层次不够清楚,几个意思纠缠在一起,理不清头绪。 ②毕业论文的层次是指论文内容安排上的先后次序,也是毕业论文展开的步骤。它是作者写作思路的直接反映。它表现出事物发展的阶段性,或客观矛盾的各个侧面,或 某一论断所包含的几个方面,或人们表达思想的先后步骤。 在毕业论文中,最常见的安排层次的方式有三种:一是层进式,即论文的各层意思之间是层层推进的关系。各个分论点作为中心论点的论据,呈现出一种纵向联系的层次关系。二是总分式,即采用“总题分述”的方式,先总括起来说,然后分开说;或者先分开说,最后再总结。三是并列式,即论文各层意思之间是并列关系,各分论点的段落相互平行,从各个不同的角度论证中心论点,各个分论点呈现出一种横向的内在联系。 正文中的各个层次如果用数字表示,一般要用不同类型或种类的数字。第一层次为:一、二、三、四、……;第二层次为:(一)(二)(三)(四)……;第三层次为:l、2、3、4……;第四层次为:(l)(2)(3)(4)……;第五层次一般用一是、二是、三是、四是……或首先、其次、再次、最后等序列词,以标明几层意思、几个方面之间的联系,或者用词语的重复来表示思路的层次。 层次和段落有着密切的关系。层次,着眼于文章内容的划分;段落,侧重于文字表达的需要。它们之间,有时是一致的关系,即文章段落的划分正好反映内容的层次;有时,层次大于段落,即几个自然段表达同一个层次的内容;有时,段落大于层次,在一个大的自然段里,又可以划分为若干个小层次。 (2)过渡和照应 文章是一层一层递进,一段一段展开的。为了使它脉络贯通,线索分明,上下前后浑然一体,经常需要在某些部位安排“过渡”和“照应”。过渡,是上下文之间的衔接和转移。没有必要的过渡,文章各个部分、各个层次之间可能脱节以至于松散。一般地,在论文由总到分、由分到总的开合关键处,或者论文内容一层意思到另一层意思的转移处,需要过渡,从而起到承上启下的作用。过渡的形式有过渡段、过渡句或联接词语等。照应,是前后文之间的相互关照、呼应。前有交代,后有照应,或前有“伏笔”,后有照应。 ‍

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