七月的尾巴
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下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料,供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文
How to Write a Literature Review ?
I. The definition of Literature Review
文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components
A. The Purposes
On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.
On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused
research question.
B. Its Components
There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.
标题与作者(title and author)
摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)
引言(introduction)
述评(review)
结论(conclusion)
参考文献(references)
III. Classification of Source Materials
How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.
A: Background sources:
Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and
encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.
B: Primary sources
Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,
biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too
many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.
C: Secondary sources
Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book
reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or
writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing
in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,
but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and
will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you
need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to
analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.
D: Web sources
The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent
resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web
sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You
may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a
good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its
own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the
authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use
information. The currency of website information should also be taken into
account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.
IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review
A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources
If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and
the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper
on a topic without reading the original source.
B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis
Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.
Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.
C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth
Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William
Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic
in depth. Choose those.
D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts
If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on
Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,
Choose the article by the expert.
E. Choosing the most current sources
If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a
scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the
books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in
periodicals.
V. Writing a literature Review
A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:
1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.
2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.
3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.
4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.
5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.
6. Criticism of the work in the area.
B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:
1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.
2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.
C. Some tips for writing the review:
1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.
2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most
related references last.
3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.
4. Start writing your review early.
VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项
英文文献主要部分细节提示:
引言(Introduction)
引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围
和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和
分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要
的语句加以概括。
引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:
(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和
范围;
(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一
般现在时简介本文内容;
(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;
(4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。
述评(Review)
述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,
作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的
所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间
为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、
究其不足。
分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测
的语言形式。
综述的结论(Conclusion)
结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或
Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To
conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问
题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。
二.注意事项
⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。
⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。
⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。
⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而 且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。
5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。
6.文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。
7. 文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。
8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。
VII. A Sample of Literature Review
A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations
Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).
Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity
and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).
After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.
References
[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999
[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007. 226
[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210~231
[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.283
[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:
Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223
[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010
[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268
[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994
[10]陈原. 社会语言学. 北京:商务印书馆,2000
[11]陈原. 新词语. 北京: 语文 出版社,2000:1
[12]丁加勇. 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景. 华中 科技 大学学报,
2004,(6):160~164
[13]郭 熙,中国社会语言学. 南京:南京大学出版社, 1999.151
[14]韩李. 当代汉语流行语探析. 河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,
(3):181
[15]黄平飞. 浅论流行语——透过央视春晚来看流行语.科教文汇(下旬刊),
2009,(3):237
[16]姜红. 试论 当代中国 的社会流行语. 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版),
2005,(11):108~112
[17]劲松.流行语新探.语文建设,1999,(3):22~26
[18]李娜. 近十年流行语研究述评. 鞍山师范学院学报,2007-06,9(3):35~[39]赵丽薇,袁
晓雪. 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目
为例. 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15~16
References
李丽君. 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M]. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社.
2006.
刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社. 2009
小布丁儿0126
英语文献常用词及其缩写 英文全称 缩写 中文 Abstracts Abstr. 文摘 Abbreviation 缩语和略语 Acta 学报 Advances 进展 Annals Anna. 纪事 Annual Annu. 年鉴,年度 Semi-Annual 半年度 Annual Review 年评 Appendix Appx 附录 Archives 文献集 Association Assn 协会 Author 作者 Bibliography 书目,题录 Biological Abstract BA 生物学文摘 Bulletin 通报,公告 Chemical Abstract CA 化学文摘 Citation Cit 引文,题录 Classification 分类,分类表 College Coll. 学会,学院 Compact Disc-Read Only Memory CD-ROM 只读光盘 Company Co. 公司 Content 目次 Co-term 配合词,共同词 Cross-references 相互参见 Digest 辑要,文摘 Directory 名录,指南 Dissertations Diss. 学位论文 Edition Ed. 版次 Editor Ed. 编者、编辑 Excerpta Medica EM 荷兰《医学文摘》 Encyclopedia 百科全书 The Engineering Index Ei 工程索引 Et al 等等 European Patent Convertion EPC 欧洲专利协定 Federation 联合会 Gazette 报,公报 Guide 指南 Handbook 手册 Heading 标题词 Illustration Illus. 插图 Index 索引 Cumulative Index 累积索引 Index Medicus IM 医学索引 Institute Inst. 学会、研究所 International Patent Classification IPC 国际专利分类法 International Standard Book Number ISBN 国际标准书号 International Standard Series Number ISSN 国际标准刊号 Journal J. 杂志、刊 Issue 期(次) Keyword 关键词 Letter Let. 通讯、读者来信 List 目录、一览表 Manual 手册 Medical Literature Analysis and MADLARS 医学文献分析与检索系统 Retrieval System Medical Subject Headings MeSH 医学主题词表 Note 札记 Papers 论文 Patent Cooperation Treaty PCT 国际专利合作条约 Precision Ratio 查准率 Press 出版社 Procceedings Proc. 会报、会议录 Progress 进展 Publication Publ. 出版物 Recall Ratio 查全率 Record 记录、记事 Report 报告、报导 Review 评论、综述 Sciences Abstracts SA 科学文摘 Section Sec. 部分、辑、分册 See also 参见 Selective Dissemination of Information SDI 定题服务 Seminars 专家讨论会文集 Series Ser. 丛书、辑 Society 学会 Source 来源、出处 Subheadings 副主题词 Stop term 禁用词 Subject 主题 Summary 提要 Supplement Suppl. 附刊、增刊 Survey 概览 Symposium Symp. 专题学术讨论会 Thesaurus 叙词表、词库 Title 篇名、刊名、题目 Topics 论题、主题 Transactions 汇报、汇刊 Volume Vol. 卷 World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO 世界知识产权 World Patent Index WPI 世界专利索引 Yearbook 年鉴 基础英语》参考文献 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 大学英语外报外刊阅读教程,主编端木义万,2003; 2. Reading course for college English Science and Technology, 主编王勇,2000; 3. Reading course for college English Literature,主编王勇,2001; 4. 大学英语新编泛读教材(二至六级统考必备),侯梅雪主编,1994; 5. 大学英语阅读分类技能教程, 庄恩平主编,1994; 6. College English reading comprehension, 王镁主编,李年祥等编, 1990; 7. 大学综合英语系列教程•基础阅读:(21世纪高等院校教材),王健主编,2003; 8. Active English Enrichment reading 总主编顾曰国, 黄国文,2000; 9. Active English Enrichment reading (英) Neville Grant, 顾曰国主编,2000; 10. Modern American Society and Culture 吴玉伦编著,1998; 11. 当代英国概况(修订本) 肖惠云主编,2003; 12. 当代国际商务英语阅读 电子资源 于晓言编著 著 汪会武 编1999; 13. The active reader Reading for meaning. Sandra Allen [等] 改编王慧莉, 高桂珍,2001; 14. 管理专业英语阅读教材, 冯允成等编,1993; 15. Advertising and the Promotion Industry Maggie-Jo,St John编写 刘宁译注,1998; 16. 计算机专业英语 电子资源 俞光昀,2001; 17. In Print Reading Business English (英) Rod Revell, Simon Sweeney著 陈荣译注,2000; 18. 金版大学英语四级考试综合阅读成功教程(社会篇),毛荣贵编著,2001; 19. A comprehensive reading course in international trade and economics 龚龙生主编,1998; 20. 科技英语阅读教程,秦荻辉选注,1996; 21. Thirty-nine steps,Buchan,J.原著,中国人民大学英语教研室注释,1984; 22. 《国际金融英语》,主编冯肇伯,1999; 23. 《金融手册》,刘金章主编,2001; 24. 《金融业务英语》,刘伟等主编,1998; 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 以下是些英语论文,你可以参考下:)~~ 英语毕业论文 英语论文类文章1001篇,里面有很多的:)~ 英文的毕业论文 或:) 英语毕业论文[1829] 毕业论文的引文[208] 毕业论文选题和观点方面的…[139] 毕业论文的评价[83] 朋友,去这里找找,希望能帮到你!!祝你好运 英语文献常用词及其缩写 基础英语课程参考文献
蹦蹦跳跳321
论文文献综述写法如下:
内容要求:文献综述是在研究选题确定后并在大量搜集、查阅相关文献的基础上,对相关课题或相关领域已有研究成果进行的综合性介绍,目的是理清本课题已有的研究基础及尚存的研究空间,它既可以给研究者在充分借鉴前人已有成果的基础上如何进一步深化本课题的研究指明方向,还可以帮助读者(或论文审阅者)明确本研究的新意所在。
文献综述的结构一般由下列成份构成:1、标题。文献综述的标题一般多是在论文选题的标题后加“研究综述”或“文献综述”字样。
2、提要或前言。此部分一般不用专设标题,而是直接作为整个文献综述的开篇部分。内容是简要介绍本课题研究的意义;将要解决的主要问题;如果本课题涉及到较前沿的理论,还应对该理论进行简要介绍;
最后要介绍研究者搜集的资料范围及资料来源,其中要讲清查阅了哪些主要着作、在网络中查询了哪些资料库(如中国期刊网全文数据库、学位论文全文数据库等)、并以怎样的方式进行搜索(如通过输入“关键词”或“作者名”或“文章名”进行搜索,一般用精确匹配),共搜索到的相关论文的篇目数量多少,对自己有直接参考价值的论文有多少等信息。
3、正文。这是文献综述的核心部分。应在归类整理的基础上,对自己搜集到的有用资料进行系统介绍。撰写此部分时还应注意以下两点:
其一、对已有成果要分类介绍,各类之间用小标题区分。以下是常见的分类线索:按时空分类(如:本课题的研究历史与研究现状、国外研究现状与国内研究现状)按本课题所涉及的不同子课题分类;按已有成果中的不同观点进行分类,等等。
其二、既要有概括的介绍,又要有重点介绍。根据自己的分类,对各类研究先做概括介绍,然后对此类研究中具有代表。
陳奕婷3144
文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文,它是科学文献的一种。格式与写法文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,特别是阳性结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,在根据提纲进行撰写工。前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。主题部分,是综述的主体,其写法多样,没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述,主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。总结部分,与研究性论文的小结有些类似,将全文主题进行扼要总结,对所综述的主题有研究的作者,最好能提出自己的见解。参考文献虽然放在文末,但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据,而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此,应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚,查找方便,内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法,录著项目及格式与研究论文相同,不再重复。
申请英国留学的论文中Reference应该怎么写?List(文后参考文献列举)两大部分。下面分条来写。(以下内容参考Publication manual of
1、首先是封面,它要求要有一定的格式字体大小的要求,各个学院要求可能不一定相同,需要大家按照学校要求来。 2、标题。文献综述的标题一般多是在设计(论文)选题
文献综述是在毕业论文(设计)开题前针对某一研究领域或专题搜集大量文献资料的基础上,就国内外在该领域或专题的主要研究成果、最新进展、研究动态、前沿问题等进行综合分
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英语文献综述怎么写的方法如下: 1、年代顺序 在研究领域内,从最早的信息开始,按照发表的时间顺序讨论文献,对其历史演变、目前状况、未来趋势做纵向描述,可以清楚地