金融类毕业论文外文翻译

2"STOCKM ARKETD EVELOPMENAT NDL ONG-RUNG ROWTH"BYROSS LEVINE AND SARA ZERVOSWorld stock markets are booming. Developing country stock markets compose adisproportionately large amount of this growth. Over the past 10 years, world stock marketcapitalization rose from $4.7 trillion to $15.2 trillion, and emerging market capitalization jumpedfrom less than 4 percent to almost 13 percent of total world capitalization. Similarly, over thisdecade, the trading of shares on emerging stock exchanges rose from less than 3 percent to 17percent of the total value of transactions on the world's stock exchanges. Further, Korajczyk(1996) shows that emerging markets have become more integrated with world capital marketsduring the past seven years. The blossoming of emerging stock markets has attracted theattention of international investors. Portfolio equity flows to emerging markets jumped from$150 million in 1984 to over $39 billion in 1995. Yet, there exists very little empirical evidenceon the relationship between stock market development and long-run economic growth.

毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper

A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B. A./B. S. in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法，B.A.代表文学学士，B.S.代表理学学士，***处填上专业。

（最好）不要某宝，不要个人，一定要选一个正规的润色机构——服务有保障，有售后，北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下 终身满意。

Thesis For Graduation毕业论文Thesis For Academic Degree学位论文Thesis表示比较严肃的文章，是带有一定目的的，研究性的文章。学位论文，研究报告。

Online banking (or Internet banking) allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by their retail or virtual bank, credit union or building society. Features Online banking solutions have many features and capabilities in common, but traditionally also have some that are application specific. The common features fall broadly into several categories Transactional (e.g., performing a financial transaction such as an account to account transfer, paying a bill, wire transfer... and applications... apply for a loan, new account, etc.) Electronic bill presentment and payment - EBPP Funds transfer between a customer's own checking and savings accounts, or to another customer's account Investment purchase or sale Loan applications and transactions, such as repayments Non-transactional (e.g., online statements, check links, cobrowsing, chat) Bank statements Financial Institution Administration - features allowing the financial institution to manage the online experience of their end users ASP/Hosting Administration - features allowing the hosting company to administer the solution across financial institutions Features commonly unique to business banking include Support of multiple users having varying levels of authority Transaction approval process Wire transfer Features commonly unique to Internet banking include Personal financial management support, such as importing data into a personal finance program such as Quicken, Microsoft Money or TurboTax. Some online banking platforms support account aggregation to allow the customers to monitor all of their accounts in one place whether they are with their main bank or with other institutions... [edit] History The precursor for the modern home online banking services were the distance banking services over electronic media from the early '80s (the term online became popular in the late '80s). These services used the videotex system. In the US the first bank to offer these services did so in 1981 and by 1985 at least 37 banks offered videotex banking services. Because of the commercial failure of videotex these banking services never became popular except in France where the use of videotex (Minitel) was subsidised by the telecom provider. Security Protection through single password authentication, as is the case in most secure Internet shopping sites, is not considered secure enough for personal online banking applications in some countries. Basically there exist two different security methods for online banking. The PIN/TAN system where the PIN represents a password, used for the login and TANs representing one-time passwords to authenticate transactions. TANs can be distributed in different ways, the most popular one is to send a list of TANs to the online banking user by postal letter. The most secure way of using TANs is to generate them by need using a security token. These token generated TANs depend on the time and a unique secret, stored in the security token (this is called two-factor authentication or 2FA). Usually online banking with PIN/TAN is done via a web browser using SSL secured connections, so that there is no additional encryption needed. Signature based online banking where all transactions are signed and encrypted digitally. The Keys for the signature generation and encryption can be stored on smartcards or any memory medium, depending on the concrete implementation. Attacks Most of the attacks on online banking used today are based on deceiving the user to steal login data and valid TANs. Two well known examples for those attacks are phishing and pharming. Cross-site scripting and keylogger/Trojan horses can also be used to steal login information. A method to attack signature based online banking methods is to manipulate the used software in a way, that correct transactions are shown on the screen and faked transactions are signed in the background. Countermeasures There exist several countermeasures which try to avoid attacks. Digital certificates are used against phishing and pharming, the use of class-3 card readers is a measure to avoid manipulation of transactions by the software in signature based online banking variants. To protect their systems against Trojan horses, users should use virus scanners and be careful with downloaded software or e-mail attachments. In 2001 the FFIEC issued guidance for multifactor authentication (MFA) and then required to be in place by the end of 2006. -------------------- 网路银行 (或称 线上银行、电子银行) 常用转帐或付费功能上的银行服务。透过银行的网路安全机制，让客户可以在银行以外的地方使用金融服务。 大部分式透过网路浏览器，无须使用其他的软硬体。然而，许多银行皆限制只能使用微软IE的设计，使得非Windows的用户得到不少的限制。 特色 网路银行有下面几个特点: 帐户资料查询，可以透过一些软体汇入，如Quicken或Microsoft Money。 电子帐单付费 转帐 功能 股票买卖 贷款申请 帐户整合功能 网路银行有成长的趋势。因为网路银行不但可以让银行省下不少人力成本，也可以提供更高的存款年息率。 台湾的网路银行常见服务项目 查询 查询存款余额 查询放款余额 查询信用卡余额 查询待缴款项 查询帐户交易往来明细 查询特定金钱信托基金投资绩效 转帐、缴费 转帐至事先约定之本行转入帐户 转帐至事先约定之他行转入帐户 转帐至非事先约定之本行转入帐户 转帐至非事先约定之他行转入帐户 转帐至国外帐户 投资 投资特定金钱信托基金 投资黄金存摺帐户 转开定期存款 转开定期存款 外汇兑换 本位币存款帐户与外汇存款帐户相互兑换 安全机制 有些人非常的排斥网路银行，因为他们觉得很容易。银行提供的安全机制并非百分之百的安全，但是实际上因为使用网路银行的例子却非常的少。事实上，在传统银行实际上比网路银行的还要多。离线的信用卡盗用、伪造签名和身份盗用的罪犯远超过恶毒的骇客。银行的交易是可以查询的，而且银行案的惩处非常的高。网路银行可能因为使用者的不小心、、和对电脑的不了解而更不安全。网路钓鱼的犯罪有增加的趋势，使用者可能因为某些原因而不小心把密码泄漏给者。 我也是抄袭的，希望能帮到你