关于校园咖啡馆的文献论文

这是个啥题目。。。议论个啥东西。。。

故宫是中国的传统文化与建筑艺术的承载体！我们不是在批判星巴克，也不是在反对星巴克。故宫是中国文化的圣地，其环境应该和谐，把星巴克开在故宫就像一个穿长袍马褂的儒士身上再加一件西装看上去有些不伦不类！ 如果故宫真的需要咖啡店，那就请把中国的有势力的咖啡馆请进去！其实，到故宫来旅游的中外朋友们，他们不是来喝咖啡，不是来休闲的！是来体会中国的艺术与文化。我们何不把我们的茶文化请进故宫，更可把我们的国粹——京剧请进故宫。因为这样才能使大家真正体会到中国的文化与中国的韵味！星巴克大可请它搬到商业区，那里会使它真正得到它所需要的——金钱。皇宫，是以前中国人的政治权力中心，同时也是当时人民的为精神支柱。当然现在的体制不同了，你可以反对皇权制度，但你不能否认皇宫在当时的历史作用！很难想象，故宫里的星巴克，与社会上的恶搞有什么不同。所不同的是文字恶搞、图画恶搞、实物恶搞的一点形式上的差别而已。你看到罗浮宫里的中国餐馆吗？你看到克是姆林宫里的中国餐馆吗？你看到白宫里的中国餐馆吗？你看到日本皇宫中的中国餐馆吗？时下有人恶搞，故宫管理部门在干着实物恶搞，利益驱使然？什利益驱使有关部门去破坏如此珍贵的历史文物？客观地讲，星巴克代表的是美国饮食文化，而故宫却是传统文化的最权威象征，对外则是为中国的代名词，是当代最为中国化的符号。当两者相联系到一起的时候，除了经济利益之外，也的确应该考虑到文化是否能够融合。当然对于商家而言，利润是最大的追求目标，也正是因为故宫每天接待数亿万计的外国游客，才使得星巴克在故宫内部拥有了一定市场的基础，进而才可以经营下去。但故宫毕竟不是商业经营场所，不能完全依靠市场需求来制定经营发展道路，故宫更重要的意义还在于它是中华传统民族文化的重要载体，是无法重现的文化遗产。如此说来，把星巴克放在故宫里，这完全是本末倒置。

咖啡的起源 咖啡树和咖啡食用的起源地公认在非洲，其具体地区说法不一，但多数人认为在东非的文明古国埃塞俄比亚。关于咖啡起源的时间则莫衷一是。 在咖啡的发现、起源和利用史上，有一个神奇的故事非常流行，我以为也较为符合实情。很久很久以前，埃塞俄比亚西南部咖法(Keffa)地区的牧羊少年卡尔迪(Kaldi)一次赶羊经过一片树林时，他的山羊群啃食路边大型灌木丛上的红果子。①卡尔迪无意中发现，山羊吃了红果子后异常兴奋，即使是老山羊也像小山羊一样奔跑跳跃。牧羊少年觉得奇怪，便也摘下一些果实品尝。结果自己也变得非常兴奋、精神，不由得手舞足蹈起来。咖啡(果可食用并能提神)就这样被人发现了。②人们把这种果子就叫成当地的地名“咖法”(keffa)，以后经过长期地传递和演变就成了今天的“咖啡”(coffee)。咖啡被发现后人们最初只是采摘野生的果子食用，③后来才慢慢开始人工栽培。在食用方式上，最初是连肉带核(即咖啡种子—咖啡豆)一起嚼食，后来进步为把咖啡果泡水或煮水喝。④在用途上，最初主要用于宗教界的宗教活动和医生治病及病人恢复。埃塞俄比亚—红海一带基督教、犹太教都有，后来还有伊斯兰教。各种宗教的教士、修士、教徒嚼了咖啡果或喝了咖啡水后，在彻夜进行的宗教法事活动时便很有精神不打瞌睡。病人们嚼了它或喝了它也能恢复一些精神。 咖啡的食用、采摘渐渐跨过非常狭窄的红海传入阿拉伯半岛。《中国大百科全书·农业卷·咖啡条》和《中国农业百科全书·农作物卷·咖啡条》说公元前6世纪阿拉伯人已开始栽种咀嚼食用咖啡，但它们没有例证和文献出处，不大可信。而且，从社会发展史角度审视，公元前6世纪阿拉伯半岛上的阿拉伯人(假如当时已有“阿拉伯人”的话)还处于原始社会的野蛮时代。如果那时他们已有了农耕种植，那也只可能种植椰枣、麦子、瓜菜等粮食、蔬菜、多用途作物，而不可能栽培药用类、嗜好类、消闲类作物咖啡。因为当时的生产力水平只允许他们种植那些作物，以保证自己少挨饿，生存下去。新版《美国百科全书·咖啡条》认为，公元后6世纪阿拉伯人开始栽种食用(咀嚼)咖啡。⑤有的学者还把栽培利用咖啡的时代地点精确到公元575年在也门开始栽种。⑥我认为公元后6世纪开始栽培咖啡相对较为可信。由此推断，埃塞俄比亚人发现利用咖啡当在此前好长一段时期，或者在此前两三个世纪，即约公元3世纪。公元9—10世纪的阿拉伯医学家拉吉斯(Rhazes，865—932)在文献中首次明确提到了咖啡，即记载下有人将干咖啡果研碎后用水煎服当药喝 First, coffee origin Coffee-tree and coffee edible origin recognition in Africa, itsconcrete local view not one, but the most people think in EastAfrica's ancient nation Ethiopia. Time origins which about the coffeethen unable to agree. In in the coffee discovery, the origin and the use history, somemysterious story is extremely popular, I thought also conforms to thetruth. Before very long very long time, the Ethiopian north west 咖law (Keffa) the area tends sheep young Cull to enlighten (Kaldi) timeto catch up with when the sheep passes through woods, his mountainflock of sheep gnaws on the food roadside large-scale shrubbery thered fruit. (1) Cull enlightens accidentally discovered that, after thegoat ate the red fruit exceptionally to be excited, even if were theold goat also likes the small goat equally to run jumps. Tends sheepthe youth to think strangely, then also takes off some fruits totaste. Result also change extremely excitedly, the spirit, cannot helpbut dances with joy. The coffee (fruit might edible and can stimulate)on is discovered like this by the person. (2) The people are calledthe locality the geographic name this kind of fruit "咖 the law"(keffa), later passes through for a long time the transmission and theevolution has become today "the coffee" (coffee). The coffee wasdiscovered the posterity only are at first pick the wild fruit edible,(3) afterwards only then slowly started artificially to cultivate. Inthe edible way, is at first Lian Roudai the nucleus (namely coffeeseed - coffee bean) chews the food together, afterwards progressed forsoaks in water the coffee fruit or 煮水 drinks. (4) In the use,mainly uses in at first religious circles' religious activities anddoctor treats an illness and the patient restores. Area the Ethiopian- red sea Christianity, the Judaism all have, afterwards also had theIslamism. After each kind of religious priest, the member of areligious order, the believer has chewed the coffee fruit or has drunkthe coffee water, in carries on all night when religious Buddhistceremony activity then very much has the spirit not to hit sleepily.The patients have chewed it or drink it also to be able to restoresome spirits. The coffee edible, picks gradually bridged over extremely narrow redsea to spread to the Arabian Peninsula. "Chinese Big EncyclopediaAgriculture Volume Coffee Strip" and "Chinese Agriculture EncyclopediaCrops Volume Coffee Strip" said the B.C.E. 6 centuries Arabs startedto plant chew the edible coffee, but they do not have the illustrationand the literature source, is not greatly credible. Moreover,carefully examined from the social development history angle, B.C.E.in 6 centuries Arabian Peninsula Arabs (at that time if had "Arab"speech) also is in primitive society the barbarism. If at that timethey had the agriculture to plough the planter, that also onlypossibly plants 椰枣, grain, the vegetables, the multipurpose cropsand so on wheat, melon vegetable, but is impossible to cultivate kind,the hobby class for medicinal purposes, whiles away the time the kindof crops coffee. Because then productive forces level only allowedthem to plant these crops, guaranteed oneself little starved, thesurvival got down. New edition "American Encyclopedia Coffee Strip"believed that, A.D. the latter 6 centuries Arab starts to plant edible(chews) the coffee. (5) Some scholars also precisely start thecultivation using the coffee time place until the A.D. 575 years inYemen to plant. (6) I thought the A.D. latter 6 centuries startrelatively to cultivate the coffee to be credible. From this theinference, the Ethiopian discovered using the coffee works as inbefore this good long section of times, or in before this 23centuries, namely approximately A.D. 3 centuries. A.D. 9 - 10centuries Arabic medical scientists pull lucky Si (Rhazes, 865 - 932)explicitly mentioned for the first time in the literature the coffee,after namely under the record some people will do the coffee fruit togrind the water used to fry the clothing when the medicine will drink 三、咖啡在全世界的传播和咖啡馆文化 欧洲人和其他国家的人接触到咖啡饮料后，有的人便很快喜欢上了。商人和资产者更垂涎于咖啡带来的效益和利润。但是在地理大发现时代(15世纪末—17世纪末)，欧洲或其他任何帝国对奥斯曼土耳其还不具有军事优势(须知土耳其甚至在1529年和1683年两次大举围攻维也纳)。还无法采取军事暴力手段来获取咖啡苗(诸如击败土军，占领某地，抢走当地的咖啡树和咖啡果)。面对土耳其的严厉控制政策，既不能合法进口，又无力武装抢夺；于是人们只好设法去“偷”，从而演绎出咖啡外传的诸多有趣故事。1616年，荷兰人从也门摩卡港躲过土耳其严格检查，偷运出一株咖啡树苗。②他们驾船走葡萄牙人开辟的新航路经阿拉伯海、印度洋、大西洋、英吉利海峡绕道回国。但欧洲的气候水土不适合热带亚热带植物咖啡树的生长，荷兰人只好把它作为实验树栽培在暖房里。1656年荷兰人侵入锡兰(斯里兰卡)。1658年荷兰人就在锡兰岛上进行咖啡树苗的大田种植并获成功。③1603年荷兰人在印尼爪哇岛上建立起第一个商站一殖民据点，1619年荷兰人侵占雅加达，并把它改名为巴达维亚。1696年荷兰人从印度西南部沿海的马拉巴尔(Malabar)地区运进咖啡树苗和种子把它们栽种在印尼爪哇巴达维亚的种植园。经过一点波折后终获成功，并很快获益赢利。④ 不过印度西南部的咖啡林却不是荷兰人或其他西欧人传去的，而是由当地的一位叫巴巴·布丹(Baba Budan)的人于17世纪30年代传入的。作为一个虔诚的穆斯林，巴巴·布丹去过伊教的圣城麦加朝圣。返回时他把七粒能发芽的咖啡豆(种子)紧贴在肚皮上，躲过了土耳其人的检查，成功地“偷”回了他在印度西南部的家乡。从此，咖啡开始在南亚生根栽培了。⑤ 综上可知，东非埃塞俄比亚人民发现了咖啡，阿拉伯人民栽培了咖啡，中国人民促进了咖啡从神饮药饮转变为大众饮料，土耳其人民发明了咖啡最正宗最科学的饮用法，南亚人民也参与了传播咖啡。可见，咖啡能成为世界三大饮料之一，非、亚、欧洲人民都为之做出了贡献。不过，对咖啡最钟爱，把咖啡馆(文化)发展得最繁荣，把咖啡传播得最远的是欧洲人民。 1615年威尼斯商人把进口的咖啡豆运回威尼斯开设咖啡馆经营。[3](P11)这大概是欧洲的第一家咖啡馆。不过，咖啡馆老板使用的是进口的土耳其咖啡而非在意大利种出来的咖啡。1650年，英国牛津出现英国的首家咖啡馆，1652年，伦敦出现咖啡馆。[4](n78-179)1643年，巴黎开设了首家咖啡馆，1650年，马赛也开设了咖啡馆……。[4](P161)1684年，维也纳出现首家咖啡馆。[4](P52)到17世纪末18世纪初，咖啡馆在欧洲特别是西欧各大中小城市已雨后春笋般出现，迅速普及。 从此欧洲(包括后来的北美)的社会生活和风俗习惯中多了喝咖啡这项内容，街头多了咖啡馆这道风景线。人们在咖啡馆里休闲，聊天，看简易的文艺表演，谈生意，议论国是，吃零食，谈情说爱，咖啡馆成了与中国茶馆媲美的一种西式休闲场所。一些文人、作家、艺术家在泡咖啡馆时构思了自己的作品；一些政客在咖啡馆里活动，一些罪犯在咖啡馆里策划犯罪，一些青楼女子也在咖啡馆里拉客……咖啡馆成了欧美人民的重要社交场所。 Third, coffee in world dissemination and cafe culture After the European and other national people contact the coffeedrink, some people then very quickly liked. The merchant and theproperty drool the benefit and the profit which brings to the coffee.But in the geography big discovery time (15 century's ends - 17century's ends), Europe or other any empires did not have the militarysuperiority to the Osman Turkey (notice Turkey even and in 1683 two ona large scale besieges Vienna in 1529). Also is unable to adopt themilitary violence method to gain the coffee seedling (such as todefeat 土军, seizes some place, snatches locality coffee-tree andcoffee fruit). Facing Turkey's severe control policy, both cannotlegitimately import, and incapably arms robs; Thereupon the peoplehave to try "to steal", thus deducts the coffee unauthorized biographymany interesting stories. In 1616, the Dutch hid Turkey from theYemenese 摩卡port strictly to inspect, smuggle a coffee seedling.(2) They harness the ship to walk the Portugese opening new routeafter the Arabic sea, Indian Ocean, Atlantic, the English Channeldetour to return to homeland. But Europe's climate water and soil doesnot suit the tropics subtropics plant coffee-tree the growth, theDutch has to take it the experimental tree cultivation in thegreenhouse. In 1656 the Dutch invaded Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka). In 1658the Dutch on carried on the coffee seedling on the Sri Lankan islandthe big field planter and attains successfully. (3) In 1603 the Dutchestablished the first business on the Indonesian Java island to standas soon as colonizes the foothold, in 1619 the Dutch invaded Jakarta,and changed name it as 巴达维亚. In 1696 the Dutch (Malabar) thearea transported the coffee seedling and the seed from Indian northwest coast Malabar plants them in the Indonesian Java 巴达维亚plantation. The end attains successfully after twists and turns, andvery quickly obtains benefits the profit. (4) But the Indian north west coffee forest actually is not the Dutch orother westerners passes on, but is calls anxiously the bhutan (BabaBudan) by local the person spreads to the 17th century 30's. As areverent Muslim religion, anxiously the bhutan goes to holy city Meccawhich Iraq teaches to go on a pilgrimage. Returns when he the coffeebean which can germinate seven grains (seed) tightly pastes on thebelly, has hidden Turk's inspection, the successful place "stole" hasreturned to him in the Indian north west hometown. From this time on,the coffee started in the South Asia to take root to cultivate. (5) In the synthesis may know, the East Africa Ethiopia people haddiscovered the coffee, the Arabic people cultivated the coffee, theChinese people promoted the coffee to drink the medicine from the godto drink transform into the populace drink, the Turkish peoplescientifically invent the coffee most orthodox school to drink theusage, the South Asia people also participated in the disseminationcoffee. Obviously, the coffee can become world one of three big drink,non-, Asian, the European people have all made the contribution forit. But, to the coffee most cherish, (culture) develops the cafeprosperously, disseminates far the coffee is the European people. In 1615 the Venetian merchant shipped back the import coffee beanVenice to open the cafe management. [ 3 ] (P11) this probably isEurope's first cafe. But, cafe boss uses is the import Turkish coffeebut non- the coffee which plants in Italy comes out. In 1650, theEnglish Oxford appeared English the first cafe, in 1652, Londonappeared the cafe. [ 4 ] (n78-179) in 1643, Paris has opened the firstcafe, in 1650, Marseilles has also opened the cafe... ... . [ 4 ](P161) in 1684, Vienna appeared the first cafe. [ 4 ] (P52) to 17century's ends the beginning of 18th century, the cafe in Europespecially was the Western Europe each major and medium small cityalready mushroom growth appearance, rapid popularization. From this time on Europe (including afterwards North America) in thesocial life and the manners and customs were many has drunk coffeethis content, the street corner many cafes this scenery line. Thepeople in the cafe the leisure, chat, looked the simple theatricalperformance, discusses business, discussed the country is, eats thebetween-meal snack, talks love, the cafe has become one kind ofwestern-style leisure place which compares favorably with with theChinese teahouse. Some writers, the writer, the artist when soaked thecafe has formed in one's mind own work; Some politicians move in thecafe, some criminals plan the crime in the cafe, some brothel femalesalso draw in customers in the cafe... ... The cafe has become theEuropean and American people's important public relations place. According to 16th century Arabic literature "Coffee Origin" records,in 13 centuries the leaf has a Muslim 阿訇 Austria Masurium you(Sheikh Omar) to convict, 摩卡(Mocha) exiles from Yemen to Ou Saba.On the way, he saw is eating on the roadside tree's red fruit to abird in merrily the calligraphy stroke, then also tried to pick some煮水 has drunk. The small fruit has one kind of marvelous flavor,after drank has been sleepy wearily, eliminates immediately. AustriaMasurium you thereupon drink the coffee fruit the usage instruction togive some big at the beginning of sickness the person. After AustriaMasurium will send into exile the expiration to return in future摩卡then and drinks the coffee fruit the usage to disseminate. (1)Austria Masurium you discovered the coffee the fable is extremelypopular in the Arabic area, I think this fable Yu Shizhuo severalpoints: First, Austria Masurium you are possibly the public figurewhich independent rediscovers the edible wild coffee. He possiblydiscovered the different wild species as soon as to plant 培种.Already verified, the coffee had the different wild species anddevelops in this foundation plants 培种, if 小果 - the Arabiccoffee (Coffea arabica), center the fruit - went against the basketgirl coffee (C. canephora), big fruit - Liberia coffee (C. 1iberica);[ 1 ] (P258-259) two, Austria Masurium you possibly are the Arabicarea most early attempt one of planter coffee public figures; Third,Austria Masurium you are promote the coffee edible and one ofcultivation public figures. We knew, when Arabic area middle ages the agriculture quite is alsodeveloped, massively plants the multipurpose crops 椰枣 and othercrops. The Arab in knows the coffee to be possible edible to drinkafter and has the marvelous effect not to carry on the manualcultivation then with difficulty to persuade by reasoning. Therefore Iextrapolated, 6 since the probably centuries have been thenfragmentary in the Yemenese area, occasionally watch, the researchcultivation coffee, you the time namely develop from Austria Masuriumfrom the l3 century for the big field cultivate. In 1454, Yemen'sMuslim dynasty officially proclaimed the command allows to drink withand plants the coffee. (2) This indicated the coffee the planteredible before this had the quite long section of times, and hasachieved the certain scale. From this time on, the coffee and drank inthe length and breadth Arabic area widely planter with 古代非洲埃塞俄比亚人发现了咖啡，中世纪阿拉伯人栽培了咖啡。中世纪晚期，中国人促进了咖啡从神饮药饮转变为大众休闲饮料，土耳其人发明了咖啡正宗科学的饮用法，印度人参与了传播咖啡。在地理大发现时代(15世纪末至17世纪末)，欧洲人把咖啡传遍全世界；此后又将咖啡馆文化发展得最繁荣。所以非、亚、欧人民都为咖啡发展为今日世界的三大饮料之一做出了贡献。晚清咖啡传入我国，民国在华已站稳脚跟。改革开放以来咖啡饮用开始在中国流行，并在逐步形成自己的咖啡文化。 Ancient times the African Ethiopians had discovered the coffee, themiddle ages Arab has cultivated the coffee. The middle ages laterperiod, the Chinese promoted the coffee to drink the medicine from thegod to drink transforms into the populace leisure drink, the Turkinvents the coffee orthodox school science to drink the usage, theIndian participated in the dissemination coffee. In the geography bigdiscovery time (15 century's ends to 17 century's ends), the Europeanspread over the coffee the world; Hereafter develops the cafe cultureprosperously. Therefore non-, Asian, the European people all have madethe contribution for the coffee development for today world one ofthree big drink. The late clear coffee spreads to our country,Republic of China stands firm in Hua Yi. Since the reform and openpolicy the coffee has drunk with starts to be popular in China, andgradually is forming own coffee culture.