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樱桃鹿儿
变质岩是由变质作用形成的。变质作用可分为动力变质作用、接触变质作用、区域变质作用和混合岩化作用等几种类型,实习区变质作用方式主要为后三种。
一、接触变质作用
接触变质作用是伴随着岩浆侵入作用而发生的一种变质作用。围岩因受岩浆散发的热量及挥发分影响发生重结晶或交代形成一种新的岩石。根据岩浆作用于围岩有无交代作用分为热接触变质作用和接触交代变质作用。
1.热接触变质作用
在刘家房、花场峪一带的响山花岗岩与下寒武统毛庄组和中寒武统徐庄组、张夏组的页岩、泥灰岩和灰岩接触带上,见有不同程度的热变质作用(没有物质成分的带出,带入),有明显重结晶现象,泥质岩石受热变黑、变硬,密度变大,变余层理清楚可见,绝大多数已经达到了角岩化。如在刘家房见到的泥质岩变成堇青石角岩,局部地段灰质泥炭变成钙硅酸岩角岩,部分石灰岩重结晶变成大理岩。
2.接触交代变质作用
接触交代变质作用主要见于杜庄至小王庄一带的响山花岗岩岩体与实习区中下寒武统碳酸盐岩接触带上,以透辉石榴子石矽卡岩为代表。此外,还有硅化灰岩、透闪石大理岩、阳起石大理岩、硅灰石大理岩,并有磁铁矿化和铜、铅、锌矿化,有的接触带以萤石矿化为特点。透辉石榴子石矽卡岩主要矿物有钙铁榴石、透辉石—钙铁榴石(亦有些石榴子石、透辉石被绿帘石、透闪石—阳起石、绿泥石、方解石、石英交代)以及磁铁矿、黄铜矿等金属矿物。
二、区域变质作用
区域变质作用是在大面积范围内发生,并由温度、压力以及化学活动性流体等多种因素引起的变质作用,常与强烈的构造运动有密切联系,并伴随有大规模形变、岩浆活动和混合岩化等作用。
实习区见到的区域变质岩仅以大小不等的包体(捕虏体、暗色岩浆包体)产于新太古代花岗岩和中生代花岗岩中。主要岩石类型如下:
(1)斜长角闪岩。呈绿黑色,中-细粒粒状变晶结构,片麻状构造,主要矿物有普通角闪石(含量大于40%)、绢云母化斜长石(含量小于60%)以及少量辉石、绿泥石化黑云母等。
(2)角闪石岩。呈黑绿色,粒状变晶结构,块状构造,主要矿物有普通角闪石(含量大于80%)、辉石(含量10%)以及少量黑云母、斜长石、磷灰石等。
(3)角闪斜长片麻岩。呈绿黑色,中-粗粒变晶结构,片麻状构造,主要矿物有斜长石(钠—更长石,含量45%~60%)、绿帘石-黝帘石化角闪石(含变余辉石,含量15%),还有少量分布在角闪石周围的黑云母和石英。
三、区域性混合岩化作用
混合岩化作用即超深变质作用,它是由变质作用向岩浆作用转变的过渡性地质作用。当区域变质作用进一步发展,特别是在温度很高时,岩石受热而发生部分熔融并形成酸性成分的熔体,同时由地下深部也能分泌出富含钾、钠、硅的热液。这些熔体和热液沿着已形成的区域变质岩的裂隙或节理渗透、扩散、贯入。甚至和变质岩发生化学反应,形成新的岩石,这就是混合岩化作用。通过混合岩化形成的岩石称为混合岩。
混合岩一般包含两部分物质,一部分是变质岩,称为基体,一般是变质程度较高的各种片岩、片麻岩,颜色较深;另一部分是从外来的熔体或热液中沉淀的物质,称为脉体,其成分是石英、长石,颜色较浅。混合岩中脉体与基体的相对数量关系及其存在状态不同,反应了混合岩化的不同程度,相应的有不同程度的混合岩。如果脉体呈斑点状分散在基体中,则形成斑点状混合岩;如果脉体呈条带状贯入到基体中,则形成条带状混合岩;如果脉体呈肠状盘曲在基体中,则形成肠状混合岩。当长英质熔体或富含钾、钠、硅的热液彻底交代原来岩石时,原来岩石的宏观特征完全消失,并形成花岗岩。这种花岗岩称为混合花岗岩,它是混合岩化作用程度极高时的产物。
本区的混合岩,即绥中花岗岩,涉及“绥中花岗岩”的成因问题,到目前为止还是一个有争议的课题。本实习指导书把它归入新太古代侵入的岩体中。
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