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电影翻译中文化意象的重构、修润与转换电影翻译中文化意象重构能及时有效地吸引广大观众。而对文化意象作恰如其分的修润,能使译文在有限的时间内传达于观众。东西方文化的差异导致了某些文化意象的不等值,采用直译手法处之,会使观众难以认同。关键词:电影翻译;文化意象;寓意;重构;修润;转换中国的电影翻译事业已走过了五十多年辉煌的历程。在这半个世纪中,电影翻译工作者给广大观众奉献出了许多优秀的译制片,观众从这些优秀的译制片中不仅领略、了解到了异国的风土人情,同时也感受到了语言给人带来的无穷魅力。许多优秀译制片中的精彩对白已成为中国观众争相传诵的佳句。如“面包会有的,一切都会有的”。(前苏联影片《列宁在一九一八》)曾鼓舞了几代身处逆境中的中国观众。由此可见,电影作为大众传媒,其社会效应是无可估量的。然而,在学术领域内,由于受世俗偏见的影响,电影翻译研究却颇受冷落,翻译研究人员似乎“完全把这一领域给忽略了。”[1](P99)为此,我国著名影视翻译界学者钱绍昌教授撰文指出:“翻译界对影视翻译的重视远不如文学翻译。”而这“与影视翻译的社会作用不相称。这一现象亟应引起翻译界的注意。”[2](P61)鉴于此,本文拟从语言的角度来探讨电影翻译中文化意象的重构、修润与转换。一、语言与文化意象语言(Language)不仅是人类思想感情表达与交流的工具,而且是文化的组成部分,是文化的载体。语言能真切地反映一个国家、一个民族的生态地域、政治经济、物质文化、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等。不同的语言决定了不同民族的不同思维方式,行为方式以及语言表达方式。语言在有声电影中是必不可少的组成部分,因为声画同步的视听艺术手段能最大程度地模拟现实,创造出酷似“真实”的艺术时空。如中国观众非常熟悉的《简爱》、《王子复仇记》、《叶塞尼亚》等优秀译制片中那玲珑别致、清晰明亮、颇具异国风情的语言,逼真、自然、随意,充满了生活气息。因而这些精彩的对白、片段令人百听不厌,久久不能忘怀,它们留给观众余韵不尽的美的享受。文化意象(Culture image)是“一种文化符号,它具有了相对固定的独特的文化含义,有的还带有丰富的意义,深远的联想,人们只要一提到它们,彼此间立刻心领神会,很容易达到思想沟通。”[3](P184)物象(Physical image)与寓意(Connotation)是意象(Image)的两个重要的组成部分。物象是信息意义的载体,是形成意象的客观事实;寓意是物象在一定语言文化环境中的引伸意义。意象的功能即能在不同的语境中,“以具体来表现抽象,以已知或易知来启迪未知或难知。”[4](P137)如宋代大诗人苏轼在其著名的“前赤壁赋”中用蜉蝣这种朝生暮死的小昆虫来比喻人生的短暂,人很渺小:“寄蜉蝣于天地,渺沧海之一粟。”[5](P509)英语谚语It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back.[6](P1578)意为“骆驼负载过重时,再加上一根稻草也会把它压死。”谚语中意象词语the last straw “最后一根稻草”,生动形象地寓意为“某事或某物使人到了忍无可忍的极点。”二、重构文化意象译制片又称翻译片,顾名思义,一些国外优秀的影片必须通过翻译方能为中国观众所接受。电影翻译与其它文学作品翻译具有共同性,即用形象化的语言来表达形象思维中高超的艺术意境。但电影翻译又有区别于其它翻译的特殊性,即其译文要做到能见之于文,形之于声,达之于观众。著名翻译家Nida指出:“语言是文化的一部分,任何文本的意义都直接或是间接地反映一个相应的文化,词语意义最终也只能在其相应的文化中找到。”“文化的不同几乎很自然地体现在语言上的不相同。”[7](P28)汉语、英语分属两大不同的语系。汉语是象形文字而英语是一种字母文字。要在这两种截然不同的语际间进行成功切换,这对电影翻译工作者来说不是件易事。但研究表明老一代电影翻译工作者不仅给观众留下了许多耐人寻味的优秀译制片,同时也给电影翻译研究留下了不少值得研究的课题。笔者80年代初第一次在电视上看到英国电影Red Shoes播放时被译成“红舞鞋”,觉得也无可厚非。此片主要讲述了英国一名芭蕾舞女演员面对爱情与事业而不能作出正确抉择,最终走向断崖的凄惋的故事。尽管“红舞鞋”正确无误地译出了英文的原意,也紧扣剧情,但直译的平铺直叙,没有更深的寓意。观众如果光看片名,确实难以激起任何联想的波澜。80年代后期,在一次外国优秀影片巡回展的大幅广告上Red Shoes这部英国影片片名被译成了“红菱艳”,细细品味“红菱艳”这一译文,译者把那双纤巧的红舞鞋比作了中国观众妇孺皆知的红菱。它寓意红菱虽生长于浊水污泥,却娇艳迷人,特别是那两只弯弯的红菱角,犹如中国古代女子的三寸金莲,三寸金莲虽然小巧,但凝聚了多少女子的血泪,有的甚至为之付出了生命的代价。因此“红菱艳”这一片名隐含穿着如红菱般舞鞋的舞女艳丽却薄命。译者把这一极具中国文化特色的文化意象“红菱”注入其翻译中,从而成功地重构了一幅为广大中国观众所熟悉、能会意、肯接受的崭新的文化意象。文化意象重构(Reconstruction of Culture Image)这一巧夺天工的翻译手法在电影翻译中随处可见。如美国电影Waterloo Bridge这一片名原意为“滑铁卢桥”。众所周知,1817年英国在泰晤士河上出资建造了滑铁卢桥,以此来纪念威灵顿公爵指挥英国军队打败拿破仑而取得的滑铁卢战役的胜利。如果依据英文直译成“滑铁卢桥”,乍一看,观众定会认为这是部与拿破仑打仗有关的战争片或介绍与该桥建筑有关的纪录片。但看过此片的观众都知道这是一部感人至深的爱情片。影片描绘了第一次世界大战期间,年轻漂亮的女演员玛拉在滑铁卢桥上结识了青年军官罗依,并成了恋人。而后,玛拉获悉罗依战死疆场,痛不欲生,为了生存沦落为妓。当罗依奇迹般地出现时,她无法面对现实,为了爱情和名誉,她再次来到与罗依初恋的地方,丧生在车轮滚滚的滑铁卢大桥上。在中国几千年的文化史中,有着许多与之相仿的神话传说。如牛郎织女的“鹊桥相会”,陕西省蓝田县一年一度的“蓝桥相会”等。而“蓝桥相会”的传说与Waterloo Bridge故事情节有着许多异曲同工之处。所以译者把原名“滑铁卢桥”译成了“魂断蓝桥”,这样做不仅避开了中国观众由于地城文化差异、历史背景知识缺乏而引起的迷域;而且“蓝桥”这一隐含中国文化的意象能使观众一看到片名即刻领悟到这是部关于爱情的电影。电影翻译中文化意象重构的意义在于它能及时有效地达到使译文与观众勾通,使观众心领神会的效果,由此来吸引广大的影迷,创造译制片票房纪录的新高。仔细认真研究电影翻译中文化意象重构这样的翻译手法会不时令人拍案称奇。三、文化意象的修润由于中外观众知识面及文化背景等方面存在着巨大的差异,电影翻译工作者应尽可能地帮助观众去理解那些与一个民族的历史、地域文化、宗教习俗等有着密切相关的语言现象。电影翻译中如果对某些特定文化意象不作任何修润(Modification of Cultural Image)处理,就事论事直译,会造成这一文化意象的缺损,文化涵义支离破碎。英国电影《魂断蓝桥》[8]一开始,有这样一段画外音: Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.广播员的声音:今天上午11点15分,首相在唐宁街10号向全国发表了讲话,宣布英国与德国处于交战状态。 应该指出此例忠实地译出了原文的字面层意义。但对“唐宁街10号”这一隐含文化意象地名不作些补充说明的话,相信绝大多数中国普通观众会茫然不知其所云。其一、观众不知道这个“唐宁街10号”在什么地方?其二、他们更不知道广播员在这里特地提及这个地名有何特别的寓意?为了使电影译文能在有限的时间内达之于广大观众。译者宜对上述译文作恰如其分的增补修润,如:今天上午11点15分,首相在唐宁街10号———英国首相府邸向全国发表了讲话,宣布英国与德国处于交战状态。通过增补“英国首相府邸”,观众这才真正认识到了“唐宁街10号”的“庐山真面目”。至此,“唐宁街10号”所隐含的意象立体地展现在观众的面前,观众才真正懂得具有典型地起域文化地名“唐宁街10号”的全部文化内涵。又如:Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?彼得:这个吗?我休息的时候不想被别人干扰,在那方面我很敏感,不想被别人偷看。你看这耶利哥城墙,比不上约书亚用号角吹倒的墙厚,却比它安全多了。你看,我没有号角,为了表示我的公正无私,我把我那套最好的睡衣交给你用吧。你不想做以色列人吗?此例选自英国电影《一夜风流》[9]。这段对白译文非常具有代表性,因为在这段译文中出现了“耶利哥城墙,约书亚,以色列人”这三个与《圣经》历史故事有关的词语。众所周知,东方盛行佛教,尤其是在中国,中国观众对佛教还可略知一二,而对西方文化,特别是西方宗教历史文化就知之甚少了。因而在影片切换的瞬间让中国观众把上述三者的关系联系起来是件难事,他们会搞不懂这“耶利哥城墙”、“约书亚”、“以色列人”之间究竟是什么关系。直译用于上述译文中不仅令中国观众丈二和尚摸不着头脑,同时也失去了电影翻译的真正意义。为使中国观众明白这三个词语间的关系,使原文中所涉及的那些特殊文化意象丰满起来,译者应在电影翻译过程中对这段文字作如下润色:彼得:这个吗?我休息的时候不想被别人干扰,在那方面我很敏感,不想被别人偷看。你看这像《圣经》中的耶利哥城墙,虽比不上《圣经》里以色列人的军长约书亚用号角吹倒的墙厚,却比它安全多了。你看,我没有号角,为了表示我的公正无私,我把我那套最好的睡衣交给你用吧。你不想做以色列人吗?由于对“耶利哥城墙”、“约书亚”、“以色列人”这些出自《圣经》故事的词语增补了必要的文化涵义修润词后,观众不仅了解了这些“典故”的出处,同时在上下语境中也弄明白了最后一个词语“以色列人”的特定意指。修润增强了语言文字在语境中的透明度;增强了文化意象在观众认识理解中的清晰度。四、文化意象的转换语言学家认为世界上各族人看到的同一客观现象,不同的民族语言会给它“刷上不同的颜色”。缘于此,文化意象的错位(Nonequivalence of Culture Image)会具体表现为作为喻体的文化意象上的差异。换言之,在一种文化传统中一个具有正面寓意的美好文化意象在另一种文化里却成了反面寓意的丑陋文化意象。如英国电影《呼啸山庄》[10]中有这样一个片断:Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young : Oh, you want a dragon?Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.依莎贝拉:这是一个哥哥的义务,亲爱的埃得加,你总不能把自己的妹妹介绍给那些花花公子或弱不禁风的年轻诗人吧。埃得加:哦,你该不是想嫁一个龙骑兵吧?依莎贝拉:是的,还长着火红的大胡子。在上述翻译中“dragon”是一个关键词。在英语语言中,“dragon”作“魔鬼”解释。每当提及此词,西方人的思想意识中立刻会呈现出一只面目狰狞的魔鬼正张牙舞爪地扑向人间,由此不难看出“dragon”在西方语言文化中隐含贬义。而在中国文化中“龙”字象征着“高贵,至高无上”等意,昔日中国人称皇帝为“真龙天子”。因此与“龙”字相关的词语绝大多数具有崇敬之意。如中国人称自己为“龙的传人”;祈盼着自己的子女将来有出息为“望子成龙”等。“dragon”在东西方语言中,其文化意象的寓意是绝然相反的。简言之,它们的物象虽同,但寓意却完全相异。由此可见用“龙骑兵”来硬译“dragon”一词显然不妥当。因为当中国观众在观赏影片时忽尔听到“龙骑兵”这一词语,他们肯定即刻会联想到“他”可能是个“皇家骑兵”。但依莎贝拉的回答却又使观众对影片的阐释如坠云雾。观众不禁要问:这个堂堂正正的“皇家骑兵”怎么会是“长着火红的大胡子”呢?在中国传统历史文化中,只有那些三头六臂的怪物才有一张可怕的绿眉毛、红胡子嘴脸。如此生搬硬套不仅不能处理好东西方语言文化中意象错位这一棘手问题,同时也不能传神地译出这段对白的真实含义,反而给上下文语义的贯通设置了语言障碍。因此,例中埃得加与依莎贝拉的最后一段对话不妨翻译如下: Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?哦,你该不是想嫁给一个野蛮人吧?Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.是的,还长着火红的大胡子。由于东西方文化的差异,电影翻译中许多英语词语若直接硬译,会令广大中国观众无法接受与认同。此外,电影翻译文本受电影画面切换时间的限制,不能像翻译文学作品那样,可以在一些晦涩难懂之处作些注释,所以对白译文一定要让观众一听、一看即能明了。译者应立足于本国观众,从观众领略欣赏译制片的艺术角度出发,选用本民族语言中与原片艺术最相似、最贴近的、为本国观众所熟悉的、易于接受的词语和文化意象来进行电影翻译。

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薛苏一世

。 好了,就让我们在英国,看电影,学英语,找乐趣。 在语言环境中耳濡目染,才能真正“活学”,掌握语音、词汇、句型、思维和文化;在语言环境中入乡随俗,也才能真正“活用”,达到理解和表达、交流和沟通。但是中国人在跟电影学英语时,多数人走入只看不听,或只听不看;只泛不精,或只精不泛的误区,以致看了一些英文电影,但是听和说却没有本质的提高。 但是学好英语,又必须从听说入手。因为学习英语听说可以使英语不再是望而生畏、死气沉沉的学问,而成为妙趣横生、鲜活灵动的实践。但是学习听说不等于“习得听说”,美籍华人的英语好是因为具备了“习得听说”的必要条件:英语环境。但是我们没有条件,可以创造条件,比如看美国电影和情景喜剧,有意识地给自己营造出一种国外的英语环境强迫自己用耳朵接受英语,同时开口说英文,就能在轻松、愉快的氛围中“习得听说”。 英语听说包括语音、语调节奏、用词、句式、思维和文化六部分。首先,对于任何一门语言,语音是基础,它不仅包括单词的发音,还包括真实交际中词汇、习语的连读、失爆、弱化、浊化、重音、缩读等许多音变形式。至于语调节奏,则是地道流利表达英语的润滑剂,没有接触过地道的老外,没有和他们有过面对面的交谈,是很难感受到语调节奏在表达思想中的巨大作用和强大震撼力的。语言是文化的载体,用词和句式的正确与否直接体现了对异国文化了解的程度。可以说,达到前三者就达到了与美国人的形似,若是又学会了美国人的思维和文化,能够用美国文化思维则可达到神似的效果。这就是立体英语教育模式,电影则是最好的媒介。 做到语言、文化双丰收。1、融入原则:不要把自己看成旁观者,而要是当成局内人看待,要与角色同呼吸、共命运,产生场景感觉。2、突破原则:关键在于模仿,模仿不能离开背诵,熟练直到能脱口而出。3、扩展原则:首先要在词汇和句式层面上扩展;其次是在此基础上,“泛看”电影,电影题材可以不受很大限制,但每部影片都至少要看三遍以上。4、挖掘原则:此时不能仅限于看懂表面意思,而是要透过现象看本质,去挖掘语言背后深刻的文化内涵,变被动为主动,以此达到听说的最高境界。周宁人暑期看电影学地道英语身临其境的快感英语听说六要素影视学习四原则影视选材原则1、生活类影片:这是最好的语言素材,向大家推荐的书目有:初级???《情归巴黎》、中级???《阿甘正传》、《西雅图不眠夜》、《漂亮女人》、高级???《旅行冒险记》2、美国情景喜剧:代表作是七、八年前在电视上播出的那部《成长的烦恼》,当代最流行的有《森弗一家》、《朋友》等,更多内容可参看:《美国“情景喜剧”俚语百分百》。

81 评论

cangyingvvv

《Alexander》about it. ——《亚历山大大帝》观后感~I am a student, study more onerous task to all immersed in a pile, thick book of other aspects of knowledge about nature also less. In order to broaden their horizons, when choosing courses, I usually choose some human science classes. Remember when a friend gave high school had a Greek mythology to me, that is, from the book, I see a god of the mind and I've also is the traditional Chinese religion in the image of god is completely different. Greek mythology of the gods of the people who have thoughts, feelings, and the joy of the people, sadness, jealous, have fear. But god is the Oriental religions in, or even omnipotent, is ordinary mortals cannot be achieved. But because those books and the names of the gods and long, sometimes make me confused, I eventually failed to read the book. Myth, of course, is part of the culture of the classical Greek, in order to understand with many Greek mythology, when he saw the ancient Greek culture, when elective without hesitation, I chose. Fortunately, I choose. Through a study of the semester, although no Greek culture and in-depth understanding of ancient Greece, but the experienced periods have probably know for certain period of development, the typical of the political system, cultural phenomenon also have certain knowledge, I think is good harvest. Of course, the teacher said to the final paper to write, I still feel a bit silly, I don't know what good, because although much knowledge of ancient Greece, but to really understand some of the problems one write an essay, I think my knowledge is not enough. Just recently saw "Alexander of Alexander's life", interest, but to know before Alexander, so you have to find some information, and some of the facts is mentioned below from these materials, not do introductionAlexander the great was about the history of the world's first emperor Alexander conquered Eurasian of life. Alexander BC, in Macedonian king is Philip ii, once studied Aristotle, 19 years old father was assassinated succession to the throne. He first, then pacify defeated the Persian empire, began 22,000 miles of conquest. 25 years old, Alexander had established including the Nile valley, dry peninsula and the Indus civilization across Europe in Asia, but the Alexander under age 33 because inexplicable disease die this film, Alexander the great friend (Anthony Hopkins ptolemaic general) through memory, the emperor's will as life. Forty years ago, Hollywood has taken Alexander, but only about his hero. The new version, full of adventure and dream from the childhood, thrust his parents fight, then the sad for him by Aristotle and mapping lesson, gradually to his invicible paving the way to conquer. This is the life of the vivid director of Alexander oliver stone said: "this is probably the biggest challenges in my life, hope can make it much objective." In order to do this, stone is hard. Rafer specially invited professor of the university of Oxford robin Ryan fox as the historical consultant. The fox is research of Alexander the great expert, once wrote biographies of Alexander, sales of more than 100 million copies. He accepted the invitation gladly, but a condition, is to them in the emperor's elite cavalry, and must stand in the front of the team, he "fight" for Alexander has invited the ancient linguists, tries to make some of the lines to real effect. Language Fox watched the movie said after school and historical scholars should get there watching for , if the movie copy history book, it obviously lost as the value of the movie. "Alexander" in the context of history, the plot details on again. Films, Alexander's father told him: a woman more dangerous than men, as the king had hurt his lover, Mother kept his place before him, said his father. Without these details on the history, but the parents struggle was mentioned. Alexander, such as wedding night, the bride almost killed him, although not in the historical lee, but the bride was defeated by Alexander, daughter of darius, the plot and have confidence. Therefore, the writer's creation that is reasonable, no violation of addition, the recent history of the new viewpoint about Alexander historiography, more and more absorbed some characters, appear very pursuit of dreamsAbove has been mentioned in the film, and the understanding of Alexander before, so he is the first impression from the movie, here is to put the matter what facts. Admittedly, the film Alexander some arbitrary, even some cold, but sometimes think conversely, if no such a domineering, pride and resolute, he can become a history of Chinese strategists hoyywood hills? However, I want to discuss and not his military command art, but his pursuit of dreams and in the process which reflects personality, it is exciting and amazing. If someone was born, this man is the conqueror Alexander. As a great soldier son, Alexander had been instilled many heroism and high adventure stories. He can reel off in the early lead, read Homer in the shelter of personality and lyrics. Whether in the house or in the battlefield, he had a pillow YiLiYaTe "with him to sleep. He led his Greek soldiers and defeated the Persian empire, strong and continue to crusade. Along the way, he and his army met with human body is similar, but what we know, hair, it is a monkey. They rode on large and those of the east, the elephant who had never seen defeated the monster. Of course, though, Alexander the great personality charm, many of his soldiers to fight for Alexander has faith, but for a long time, the journey of hard driving, the warriors who still alive and tired, they obviously very to return to his country and so on the roster appeared, the army also appeared a mutiny. One section, I is very impressive, when he determined to continue to advance in India, unwilling to part soldiers, one of the important general said a touching, they finally wish is only in them to the soldiers who died superempirical essence and meet them before the meeting, the wife and children. Alexander said: "yes, you're right, I, Ross, negligence. Should I send you back as soon as possible, all pensions from me to send, respected and wealthy, love, in the rest of you will be his wife and son of a hero, finally died peacefully. But your dreams, Ross, you, the simple, early in your child's life with Persia, with gold and silver in your pockets stuffed with you when you love, because it can destroy everything in the life of a man!" , kelat rose that touching words some long, here I will not lead to, but when I'm hearing his words, I was really touched by it and feel a mortal ordinary and true feelings, in my opinion, that he was not too. Then, Alexander the retort that enthusiasm, yes, Alexander and their pursuit of something different, he pursues the sun rays, the pursuit of great, so the life of ease, money and enjoy attractive for him, he defeated the Persian empire, Babylon the great wealth, costly court life and can't baffel him to continue the after the movie's feelings, then some literatures on Alexander's expedition, some of the objective a detailed analysis. According to the data, Alexander expedition, he himself has said the Persian, and had ravaged sanctuary in Greece was assassinated Philip ii, the purpose is the expedition, revenge against the Persian stronger. But the specific analysis, find the reason for the expedition is just an excuse. Firstly, the assassination of the killer waves Philip ii, paulson and no relationship with the Persian empire. O Nebuchadnezzar, paulson wave is a young aristocrat, he and Philip ii, the generals have personal in Dallas. Whatever wave, is of Nebuchadnezzar's, but he SiYuan what action, really have no direct connection with the Persian empire. Alexander said he was assassinated in Persia, Philip ii, historical records on no. Secondly, from the assassination of Nebuchadnezzar, wave, paulson to Philip ii, so the action in advance of horses prepared assassination scene, it shows that he really otherwise conspiracy. Third, revenge is only according to Greek long-standing extremely extensive mental state, as to stimulate the greeks into the slogan of the , I think it is worth affirmation, Alexander the great dream, in order to realize its can not wealth, enjoy thier durance and courage to explore the Tim HeFei and about Alexander, RONAlexander the great films, especially sexual orientation private life a lot dispute. In fact, he HeFei and ask the relationship, and I was at the movies process has been very puzzled, why history so great a character is gay? Believe that many people have the same , when I accidentally see teacher site of excellent assignments exploring ancient Greek young titled "love", I feel like a life. For the love of the young this phenomenon from different aspects. First is the ancient greeks aesthetic idea. Ancient Greece is extremely attractive appearance and the worship of strong and handsome figure, in this respect, they don't care, as long as the male sex "golden hair, jiongjiongweishen eyes, ruddy complexion, strong muscle, broad shoulders." He must be able to attract others' eyes and love. Beautiful young completely meet greeks aesthetic standards and, in some cases, the young beauty of man can be less attractive girl. Secondly, the ancient Greek culture condition is the root of young love. The ancient culture and modern culture and the fundamental difference between the ancients to men, women, children in the man's eyes is only the mother and the family business managers. The ancient greeks regarded the spirit of man is the center of activities, they think that the girl was not what education, this kind of situation is caused by a woman because education condition, the cultural resources, and the spirit world of ancient Greek men spirit grades. This kind of social status can appear a situation: men and women together only flirting with youth, and can be found in the heart. They are likely to rationally between the dialogue lies not only in the young, beautiful, because they have more abundant knowledge and talent. Therefore, in ancient Greece appeared a modern difficult to understand customs: every man have attracted a boy or a young man, and in close daily life as his tutor, guardian and friends, also encouraged him to study all noble character. If any man have deceived than his little boy, will be considered not perform duties of a man, No one can get to a young man of friendship is a shame for. This kind of social and cultural customs in promoting cultural and ideological progress in a little deeper, to help build social moral standards have contribution. We can not surprised to find that most firmly hold the view that homosexuality is the most important and the most influential cultural elite of ancient Greece. At this point, even the spirit of love, Socrates also no addition, a professor of the university of Oxford robin Ryan fox in the privacy of Alexander is explained. He said, Alexander has three wives, and his mistress, four grow up together, carry the HeFei partners have homosexual relations, and the one who Persian royal eunuch very close. The fox said, many of these ancient historians recorded the plot, compared with these records could be understatement. While these sparked controversy, because of different age has different view. Ancient Greece, polygamy and homosexuality is normal, Christian Europe, strict monogamy was established, homosexuality was considered evil, so, if we use today's morality to request more than 2,000 years ago, the ancients are serious to use words to summarize the feeling after see: "bravely to pursue their dreams!"

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