黑人英语特征的论文文献

不知道楼主研究这个做什么，语言是最难研究的东西了。

美国和中国有些相似，每一个地区的英语都有自己的语音语调和一些外人听不懂的俚语。然而每个地区都有黑人，他们的英语又各不相同，而且不是所有黑人都有黑人腔。

举例说明，其中一个朋友来自Atl，他说话在我听起来就是哇啦哇啦吐字不清，还有两个朋友来自NYC，他们说话我听起来就是在说rap，或是在说英语相声，最后那个朋友来自德州，结果一点奇怪的口音用法都没有，连美国人都说他说话是播音腔。难道德州黑人就都没特殊语音语调习惯用法了吗？难道扭腰黑人就都是黑人界的郭德纲了吗？亚特兰大黑人就都是含着一口热水再说话了吗？事实当然不是这样的。这要从黑人文化说起，美国的黑人有本土黑人，也有从非洲拉丁美洲移民去的黑人。

非洲拉丁美洲那么多殖民地，每个殖民地统治国家又不同，官方语言当然不同，母语不同，之后学的二外当然带有母语的口音以及习惯性用法。拿我为例，我刚说几句英语，会有美国人觉得我是ABC，结果越说越露怯，表达方式不够地道，语音语调不够准确，仔细一听就不像native了，再举个例子，路易斯安那州一直延伸到加拿大魁北克，都是法语区，LA州的人母语都是法语，但作为美国人又得说英语，可是那里离拉丁美洲又近，还收到了西班牙语的熏陶，于是大家开辟了新的语种creole，各种语言纠结在一起的大杂烩，那里的黑人当然也就会说这种语言，说着说着本身英语是什么样他们就忘得差不多了。另外，黑人又是一种极其抱团的人种（Family oriented and Group oriented），下一代英语说的怎么样一部分取决于由上一代教导和周围环境的熏陶。就像德州的那个朋友，父母都是大学教授，从小就带着他说标准的美语，初中高中念得又都是百分之八十是白人的学校，久而久之他也就只会说标准的美语。 我最开始理解的黑人英语就是:Y'all what's up my son.... 结果说出来被他们嘲笑了很久，他们说我是深受美剧和美国大片洗脑的小白。黑人英语是不存在的，存在的只是地区差异和家庭差异下的英语。不过他们确实给我举了几个他们黑人英语的几大特点。

首先是Not literal,very unformal。基本说不成句，没有时态单三等各种语法。这个不用解释，好多高票的答案举了好多例子。 其次是full of metaphor。举个例子，'Bless your heart'字面上的意义大家都懂，但其实，黑人朋友们用它来表示'I don't really give a sh*t'...硬生生把好话说成了骂人话。还有个例子是'Flick of the wrisk'字面意思大家也懂，其实深层意义好几个，比如做个饭啊，弹个琴啊，掀个桌子啊什么的。最后是单词的特殊用法，以下例子准确度有待考证。其中两个南部来的黑人朋友把一切形式的碳酸饮料都叫coke，芬达雪碧可乐醒目所有都是coke。管传递什么东西给他们都说成toss me blablablah。

The importance of family education Family education on the issue since ancient times by people's concern, but as a subject to study in China in recent years is also the matter. This is the development of the times, the demand, the National necessary to improve the overall quality of the issues involved. Here with the parents of the importance of family education, the aim is to the family and society, the education sector to shoulder the common task of educating the next generation. The education is a system of education works here include a family education, social education, collective (Tuoyouyuansuo, school) education, the three interrelated and organic combination of mutual influence, interaction and mutual constraints The education project from which one can, but in this project, family education is the foundation of all education. The former Soviet Union educators famous Su Huomu Belinsky transferred to a child than marble, he said, to shape this into a marble statue of need six sculptor: 1 family, 2 schools, 3 children of the collective; 4 child; books; 6 occasional factor. From the order, the family was included in the first place, can see the family in shaping children in the course of a very important role in the hearts of the educators occupy a position. For this reason parents understand the importance of family education is very necessary. First, family education is the starting point for education and basic point Family education generally refers to the family of parents and adult children of minors education process. Their educational objectives should be: the child into the community to accept collective education (kindergarten, school education) prior to guarantee the physical and mental health development of children, to accept the kindergartens, schools of education to lay a solid foundation. The child for admission into the school, with kindergartens, schools to moral, intellectual, physical, the United States, the various aspects of comprehensive development. Education is the focus of moral education mainly among children good moral quality and develop good habits mainly habits include: living habits, labor practices, learning habits, the church children how to learn "life." As a result of family education in the family, and kindergartens, schools of education, social education, compared with the following characteristics of these features so that family education to become the starting point for education and basic point is by no other educational advantages. (A) family of early education The family is the cradle of life of children, who are receiving education after the birth of a venue that is the first class life; parents are children's first teachers, that is, the Enlightenment division. Therefore, parents of children by the application of early education the most. Generally speaking, after the birth of a child after three years of development, access to early childhood, from the 3-year-old…… 6-year-old is preschool, which is said in the early stages of education, this is the physical and mental development of an important period. China's Gu Yan: "Cang, with the Cang, with the yellow, yellow." Childhood is gradually nurture life with the beginning of many basic human capacity is a stage of this age, such as language, and some basic moves Living habits, and so on, the character is gradually taking shape. . psychologists Bloom, a person's intellectual development if his 17-year-old regarded as the level reached 100 percent, then 4 years old when it reached 50 percent. 4-8 years old and a 30% increase ,8-17-year-old also won 20 percent. This shows that children in the 5-year-old former intelligence is the fastest growing period, the early intellectual development is the best, if parents in this period by the implementation of good family education, early child will be the key to intellectual development. Since ancient times, many people with lofty ideals, celebrities in the early years of fruitful period by a good family education is their future become an important cause. For example, the German poet, playwright Goethe's become, effective early education in the family. Goethe 2-3 years old, his father hold on to the outskirts of the field visit to observe nature, culture Goethe's observation capability. 3-4 years old, his father taught him to sing, the songs back, said a fairy tale, and we intend to let him in the face of public lectures, training his speaking ability. These are awareness education so that young Goethe optimistic, progressive, happy to think, be good at learning. Goethe-8-year-old can use, Germany, Britain, Italy, Latin, Greek reading books, 14-year-old wrote the script, the 25-year-old with a month's time wrote a famous poem in Europe, "The Sorrows of Young Werther . " Another example of ancient "and his son calligrapher," Wang Xizhi's known for, Wang Xianzhi, there have been a number of 1350 Edison invented the great inventors, the generation of literary star Guo Moruo, Mao Dun and other celebrities of the growth process that the family education in the early intellectual development is very important . Instead, the period of childhood are not good family education and intellectual impact on the normal development of many of the examples is. Such as India, "Langhai" Ka Mala, who was Diao to the wolf, when 8-year-old was found, but their living habits with the same people, their living habits and almost like a wolf, limbs, crawling, eating raw meat, day V Night, Later, a man-made training, two years before standing, after six years can be like walking Xiangren, four years learned to six words, in his 17-year-old, the intellectual level reached only 3-year-old child's level. According to "China Women" revealed that China's Nanjing City Xingma one of the workers suffering from mental and psychological diseases, Shenpa children persecuted by the people, will own three children from small lock at home, people so that they contacts with the outside world, has a long Up to 10 years, resulting in the children mental retardation, speech delay, compared with their peers, intellectual capacity and very different life, near idiots, so the family can not be neglected the role of early education, (B) family education continuity of family education second characteristic is the continuity. After the birth of a child, from small to large, almost 2 / 3 of time living in the family, Zhaochaomumu, all the parents in the education. Such education is the intentional and unintentional, planned and unplanned, consciously and unconsciously, are carried out, no matter what, in what time education, parents are in their own words and deeds at any time affect their children's education . Such education of children living habits, moral conduct and behaviour and so on in the style of conversation kept to influence and demonstrations, the subtle influence of the considerable role, accompanied by a person's life can be said to live to old to learn the old, some Parent educator again called for life teachers. This life of the education often reflects a family's Family Style, Family Style is good or bad often have to continue for several generations, or even a dozen, dozens generation, and this Family Style often with family members engaged in the employment-related . Such as: Xinglin family "," Pear Orchard House, "" family education ", etc. At the same time Family Style also reflects a family's style of study, study, good or bad is often the continuation of many generations, a dozen people, several dozens of generations . As in modern China, Wuxi people Yan Gong added-not "countries selected in the Museum", statistics from 2003-Shunzhi Branch to Guangxu 30 years Bing Xu Jia Chen Branch, the champion of 114 people, including his son by the first brothers Shuzhileishi Absolutely not, such as Suzhou Miao, Wu and Pan Sanxing, Changshu Weng, both surnamed Jiang, Chen Haining, Zhejiang, check the two surnames. See, family education is often the continuity of personnel groups have an important impact on the rise. This Situation. Ancient and modern times quite prominent in the contemporary with the development of science, and social needs of the unemployed increased, the broad people's careers, a family member can not have all engaged in the same work, but many see this situation That some family members work frequently appears in the results, be commended, but some family members one after another crime. This is a continuous education and family have great relations. (C) family education authority Family Education is the authority of parents in their children on their elders reflected by the power and power. The existence of the family, parents and children identified the blood relationship, upbringing, emotional, moral and ethical children in the living needs of the elderly parents have great dependence, family members and the fundamental interests of consistency, have decided The father of each of their children a greater role in the constraints. Parent education was easier to accept and submit to the children, parents and reasonable use of this feature, the children good moral character and habits formed the usefulness, for child care, in particular, is the case. Child care and other children in playing the game, when disputes arise when parents are often invoked to confirm their own speech act is right, if they like to say: "My father is saying this." Or "My mother is So do. "And so on. Children of parents in the eyes of the authority decided to accept the child how to treat the nursery schools and community education. The relationship between children and parents, the child is the first to face an important social relations. In this relationship, almost embodies the moral social ethics in all aspects, if such a relationship in the formation of cracks and defects, the children then to the community, in a variety of relationships will be reflected. Therefore stressed the importance of parental authority, but also because the children of parents in childhood has always played a dual role: the safety of children is not only the survival of protected persons, but also a life of the Wizard of Enlightenment. The effects of parental education, depends on the extent to establish the authority of parents, foster parents must be authoritative Built on respect for children on the basis of personality, rather than the feudal patriarchal system, parents are wise to understand the importance of establishing authority, but also know how to establish the authority does not rely on repression and force, subjective assumptions, but the method used Gangrouxiangji. Both parents in the education of their children's attitude on the first concerted and coordinate with each other, should be wide, wide, it should be strict martial law, in front of their children establish a kind of dignity and image, so that parents accept their children's education. (D) of the infected family education Parents with children between the blood relationship and kinship between the natural and close, making the parents of the children have strong feelings on the role of infection. Children on the demeanour of the parents can often Xinlingshenkuai to intelligence-intelligence. In dealing with in and around the side of the relationship between matter and the issue of children on the attitude of parents is very easy to resonate. In the happy parents, the children will take part in joy, the parents showed irritability and Menmenbuyue, the child's emotions can easily be affected, even young children as well. If the parents lack of rational and emotional, hot temper, will enable blind children to absorb its weaknesses. Some parents in dealing with unexpected incidents, show panic anxiety, surprise, the impact on children is not good if the frightened parents the same, steady firm and children in distress will also calm the situation calmly, so the quality of child psychology training Play a positive role. (5) timeliness of family education Family education process, parents are parents of children in the family of the individual acts of education than kindergarten, school education should promptly. As the saying goes:知子莫若父, that women Morrow home. Overnight between parents and children, their situation can be said to be well known to the children was slightly changed, even a look, a smile can make parents Xinlingshenhui, so as parents through their children's every move, his every word and deed can make the best of At this very moment of their psychological state, found the child on the existing problems, timely education, timely corrective, not the problem overnight, so that bad habits in the embryonic stage of the eradication. And kindergartens, schools, teachers faced with dozens of children, only for the children of this age stage for general education, that is, education groups, because of time and energy constraints, it is impossible to take care of each child's characteristics, Prone to the phenomenon of loss, or even to take care of the children of teachers and the poor do not have a sense of trust, and parents could guide their children promptly correct understanding. So parents of children to the correct family education so that children can enter kindergarten before forming a good habit, to accept collective education has laid a good foundation, can make up for the lack of mass education. Second, a good family education is the 21st century created the necessary conditions for personnel "China's 1990s development program for children" in the specified: "Today's children are the masters of the 21st century, child protection and the bottom-up development is to improve the quality of the population base, which is a prerequisite for development. The healthy growth of children Related to the future and destiny of the motherland. Improve the quality of the entire nation, from the start with children. "And:" In 2000 to make 90 percent of children (under the age of 14) of the parents to varying degrees, master conservation, education of children of knowledge. "This Top targeted the parents shoulders for the state created the heavy responsibility of the 21st century talents. Can this generation of children training to become Dezhitimei the all-round development of people, this country is Houjiyouren relationship to the Bainiantaiji. Fu-Lu Bell also said: "The country's fate is not so much lies in the hands of those in power, we might as well have said to be in the hands of his mother." This sentence is very philosophical, it profoundly understand the parents pick in the education of their children in The role played by. Parents should first clear direction of education and national interests, the people's request in line with the principle, the child can not be regarded as private property, it is necessary to establish the idea of the country, correct educational purposes. China's 21st century is what the situation, with the words of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, to make our country in the middle of the 21st century to achieve the level of moderately developed countries, per capita income reached 4,000 . dollars, in gross national product amounted to 6 trillion . dollars. The 21st century should be a good ideologies and noble moral character, and improve the psychological quality, positive spirit of cooperation with others, strong adaptability, Chikunailao the comprehensive development of the new generation. If the 21st century do not have such a group of high-quality builders is very difficult to complete this great, with such a quality is not overnight can do, and a good family education training is a prerequisite for high-quality people. Third, a good family education is a catalyst to optimize the children hearts Children from infancy into childhood, with age, from the family environment will eventually enter the small community, contact with the crowd outside the home, things. Lee Jia Choue those in society from time to time to enter the child's perspective, adults take isolation tactics will not work, because in the family video from different angles will continue to reflect the reality in today's society, issues both positive and negative have The. Children, especially young children lack a rational ability to distinguish right from wrong, but sensitive than adults have the feeling of capacity. They occurred around the kind of terrible things, sensitive, and this sensitivity training is the ability to rationally distinguish between a good basis, as parents should take advantage of this extension, help the children feel in this capacity on the basis of , The development of the social life of the ability to identify and psychological capacity, social filter information, optimize the hearts of young children. If parents in their daily life can be for young children is not strong capacity to accept the characteristics specific to seize the day-to-day chores, help children understand the community in identifying the Shishifeifei, specifically so that they feel Lee's bright side, Experience to the ugly despicable, can help children enhance the Yangshan Chuxie sense of justice, thus resist the dark side of the ugly soul of the child erosion. For example, today's video into the urban residents in almost every family, the children almost every day to deal with them, it can be said is not out of their homes, Bianzhi the world. Which can be received from all over the world all kinds of information. There are political situation, scientific and technological progress, ordinary people of Sushi, from which you can learn a lot of knowledge and understanding of major domestic and international events, both within and outside small home. It is inevitable that some homicide violence, obscene absurdity of the lens Yingru child's eyelid. Parents should address these issues timely guidance, to improve their children's ability to identify, we need to keep their own perceptions of behaviour, for their children establish a positive image, optimizing the hearts of children, the prevention of child make mistakes, and even violations of law and discipline. Family to work in this area, help small and stability of the environment. The family is society's cells, with healthy cells, can we have a sound body, the sick cells, the body will cause disease. As an ancient saying goes: "body repair and then home-and-then-State governance, rule of the then-world", "Qijia, the country, the world-the" point of view is that this truth. For this reason parents do a good job in optimizing the work of children's mental stability and social, stability and national power in ages. In short, as parents to the importance of family education fully and conscientiously do a good job in their children's education, make good parents responsibilities and obligations for the country to train qualified personnel in the building.

《美国历史发挥作用的黑人》美国南北战争 亦称“美国内战”（1861—1865），美国北部诸州同南部发动叛乱的各奴隶制州之间的战争，是资本主义北部同奴隶制南部之间对抗性矛盾激化的结果。在美国历史上，黑人的作用比较明显的在体育运动上外，在政治上、宗教上都是很重要的，特别是奥巴马当选为美国总统，这种在政治上的地位黑人已经达到了巅峰；主要有以下方面的内容可以参考：1、在美国黑人政治地位明显提高，从林肯总统呼吁并解决对黑人的奴役和歧视被暗杀到现在出现美国历史上第一位黑人总统，可以看作是美国国内人权进步的一种象征。2、南北战争时期《解放黑人奴隶宣言》后积极参军，击败南方政府，促成国家再统一和强大；美国南北战争 约有19万黑人(其中72％来自南部各州)入伍，25万黑人在后方勤务部队中服役。 3、人种融合，使用社会的发展，20世纪前绝大部分黑人生活的处境，他们先是充当奴隶，后来成为谷物分成制佃农，而后者是20世纪的产物，是农村黑人大规模迁往城市带来的后果。在这样两种环境下，黑人既吸收了白人文化，又发展了自己独特的亚文化。一方面，黑人接受了美国民主信条中的平等价值观；另一方面，他们不得不面对不平等和不为社会接受的现实。这促进了一个独特的文化共同体的形成。4、身体素质良好，推动了美国体育发展；这个比较多的，资金找找补充。 5、黑人民权领袖马丁路德金为美国民主献出生命，马丁·路德·金为黑人谋求平等，发动了美国的民权运动，功绩卓著，闻名于世。金在成为民权运动积极分子之前，是黑人社区必有的浸礼会的牧师。民权运动是美国黑人教会的产物，本文记叙金的第一次民权演说，揭示了民权运动与黑人教会的关系。 6、马尔科姆·艾克斯于1925年出生在美国内布拉斯加州东部的奥马哈市，少年时期是个不学无术的街头混混，贩毒、吸毒、滥交、抢劫、杀人几乎无恶不作。终于自食恶果，被抓入监狱。入狱后，他居然从看字典开始，学习了世界历史，哲学，政治，自然科学等方面的知识，并参加了黑色穆斯林组织。出狱后，他投身黑人运动，成为声望仅次于马丁·路德·金的黑人运动领袖。参考文献： 美国黑人解放运动简史 美国黑人在觉醒 黑皮肤的感觉——美国黑人音乐文化 非洲裔美国黑人小说及其传统 走向后代多元文化主义:从里德和罗思看美国黑人和犹太文学的新趋向 大海(美国黑人诗人兰斯顿.休斯自传) 美国黑人文学的巨星-托妮.莫里森小说创作论 美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究 20世纪美国黑人小说史 一个美国黑人家族的历史—根 美国黑人史 美国黑人问题与南部农业经济 美国黑人教育发展研究 美国黑人文学的巨星--托妮.莫里森小说创作论 美国黑人短篇小说集 美国黑人斗争史 the American Negro/美国黑人研究 文化的断裂--美国黑人问题与南方重建

去李阳英语网，哪儿里有参考资料！

黑人是有口音的，还有些不合正统语法的口语。来源于纽约哈林黑人聚集区。为了显示他们的african american特点和个性，有意识特别强调这种口音或者语法。在艺人，运动员里特别明显。甚至有的国会议员，我也听过他有意识的说这种口音。但是黑人如果从事播音或者比较有地位的行业，或受过良好教育，例如大学教授，就和白人口音完全一致。听声音你辨别不出白人黑人。美国黑人地位其实很高，黑人问题是他们的禁忌，为了政治正确political correctness, 一般很少说他们有口音或不标准。最近一件事，参议院领袖说欧巴马没口音被舆论群攻了。 黑人英语的详细介绍 请看百度百科

黑人英语(Black English)是英语的一种变体，使用者多为身处社会下层的美国黑人。现在的好来坞大片黑人英语可谓是大行其道。将黑人英语视为劣等英语是一种基于种族歧视的社会观，与语言学观相悖。黑人英语的语音、形态、句法和词汇系统有明显不同于标准英语的特征，但它符合“语言是规则系统”的原则，是语言规则操作的产物，有着明显的自律性和系统性。 认为黑人语言是一种所谓的“天生劣等”、“欠缺性”、“非完整”的语言的观点是不正确的。黑人英语的区别性特征继续存在不是由种族因素造成的，而是由社会、教育和经济因素造成的。种族歧视和隔离政策加剧了黑人英语与美国标准英语之间的差异，也使黑人英语使用者难以融入美国主流社会。 就语音而言，最为显著的语音特征是对词尾的辅音连缀进行简化,如 Words Black English Standard English Passed /pa:s/ /pa:st/ Past /pa:s/ /pa:st/ Desk /des/ /desk/ 在句法上，黑人英语中的”be”动词经常被省略： Black English Standard English Mary interesting. Mary is interesting. Socks mine. The socks are mine. 其次在标准英语中使用”there is”的地方，黑人英语中往往使用”it is”。此外黑人英语中存在双重否定结构，如: He don’t do nothing 在黑人英语中这句话的意思是”He don’t do anything.”黑人英语中的双重否定结构也是体系的：当一个动词被否定时，句中的不定代词something, somebody, some变为nothing, nobody和none。 黑人英语的社会环境 黑人英语的形成是特定的社会环境、教育背景和经济状态所致，这与民族本身无关。并不是所有的黑人都说黑人英语，也不是说黑人英语的人都是黑人。说什么语言与人所处的社会环境有关，与肤色无关。 黑人英语与其他变体一样是一个民族身份的象征，是一个民族社会文化的象征。一个人的语言变体的改变意味着社会文化身份的改变和社会价值观念的改变。这也是黑人不愿意放弃他们语言模式的原因之一。