药品流通论文英文文献

根据学术堂的了解，参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分，也是编辑加工和重要内容。接下来就为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求，欢迎阅读。I.文内引用(一)直接引用1.引用中的省略原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出(…)，中文用6个(……);若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出(‥‥)，中文用6个(……)。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释，应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂，应在引用后立即插入[sic]，中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例：例一：The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345).例二：Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" ().2.大段落引用当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进)。当英文引用超过40字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行，首行缩进5个空格，左对齐，之后每行都缩进)。Elkind (1978) states:In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perceptionsas well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely innate but are rather progressively constructed through the gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing out of an analysis of beginning reading. ()(二)间接引用1.基本格式同作者在同一段中重复被引用时，第一次必须写出日期，第二次以后则日期可省略。a.英文文献：In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。b.中文文献：李福印(2004)提出概念隐喻的重要性，…;李福印同时建议…。2. 单一作者a. 英文文献：姓氏(出版或发表年代)或(姓氏，出版或发表年代)。例如：Porter (2001)…或…(Porter, 2001)。b. 中文文献：姓名(出版或发表年代)或(姓名，出版或发表年代)。例如：杨惠中(2011)…或…(杨惠中，2011)。3.两个作者英文引用时，在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓氏，并使用“&”来连接，在正文中，使用“and”连接两名作者。中文引用时，在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓名，并用顿号“、”来连接，在正文中，使用 “和”、“与”、“及”等字连接两名作者。例如：(Smith & Jones, 1994), or Smith and Jones (1994) found....In 1994 Smith and Jones researched.... Always cite both names in text.陈国华和田兵(2008)认为…或…(陈国华、田兵，2008)4.三至五个作者英文第一次引用参考资料时，列出所有的作者的姓氏，除最后一名作者之前在正文中使用逗号加“and”、在圆括号内使用逗号加“&”连接外，之前的其他作者之间使用逗号“，”;之后引用时，英文用第一个作者的姓随之以“et al.”。中文第一次引用参考资料时，列出所有作者的姓名，除最后两名作者之间用“和”连接外，之前的其他作者之间使用顿号“、”;之后引用时，用第一名作者加“等”字。例如：Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences.... (第一次使用).Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests.... (在段落中第二次使用).Starsburger et al. found discrepancies.... (在同一段落中再次使用，此时省略年份).卫乃兴、李文中与濮建忠(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴、李文中、濮建忠，2005)。(第一次使用)卫乃兴等(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴等，2005)。(第二次使用)5.六个作者及以上使用英文时，只用第一个人的姓氏加“et al.”;使用中文时，只列出第一名作者的姓名，再加上“等”。例如：Pouliquen et al. (2003)……或……(Pouliquen et al., 2003)王洪俊等(2007)…或…(王洪俊等,2007)6.团体作者使用中文时，第一次用全称，比如，(首都师范大学教育科学学院[首师大教科院]，2001);之后可以用简称，比如，首师大教科院(2001)的调查表明……。使用英文时，第一次引用时，拼出团体，比如, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996);以后用团体缩写加年份表示，比如，The NIMH (1996) examined....。7.没有作者的文献当一部作品没有作者时，在文中引用参考文献目录单中的前几个字(通常是标题)和年份。比如，一项关于成年人抑郁症的调查(“Study Finds”, 1997)报告……。当某作品的作者列为“Anonymous”、中文使用“匿名”或“无名氏”时，英文引用时用“Anonymous”加逗号及年份，即(Anonymous, 1997)，中文用“匿名”加逗号及年份，即(匿名，1997)。8.英文文献作者姓氏相同英文文献作者姓氏相同时，相同姓氏之作者于论文中引用时均引用全名，以避免混淆。例如：R. D. Luce (1995) and G. E. Luce (1988)…。9.多篇文献a. 多篇文献，同一作者若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献，只需用逗号“，”来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晚依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表，请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按：abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应，而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。)例如：1)A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).2)Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholismb.多篇文献，多位作者文献依姓氏字母(笔画)、出版年代等顺序排列，不同作者之间用分号“;”分开，相同作者不同年代之文献用逗号“，” 分开。例如：…(Pautler, 1992; Razik & Swanson, 1993a, 1993b)。例如：…(董伟，2010;周音，2011a，2011b)。

英文论文写作参考文献

参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献，文后参考文献是指为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。

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您好，很高兴回答你的问题。你的范围有点逛，我帮你调查了下周围的朋友，找了一篇文献。如果你用的着就拿去吧。一共找了2篇名字是：《Use of IDEF modeling to develop an information management system for drug and alcohol outpatient treatment clinics》 《FDA Automated Drug Information Management System》还有这些文献都需要写reference~(参考)的意思，不然他们会不高兴的。呵呵..希望对你有帮助！Use of IDEF modeling to develop an information management system for drug and alcohol outpatient treatment clinicsHoffman, KennethProc. SPIE Vol. 2499, p. 96-105, Health Care Technology Policy II: The Role of Technology in the Cost of Health Care: Providing the Solutions, Warren S. Grundfest; information systems create a standardized clinical patient record in which there are discrete and concise observations of patient problems and their resolution. Clinical notes usually are narratives which don't support an aggregate and systematic outcome analysis. Many programs collect information on diagnosis and coded procedures but are not focused on patient problems. Integrated definition (IDEF) methodology has been accepted by the Department of Defense as part of the Corporate Information Management Initiative and serves as the foundation that establishes a need for automation. We used IDEF modeling to describe present and idealized patient care activities. A logical IDEF data model was created to support those activities. The modeling process allows for accurate cost estimates based upon performed activities, efficient collection of relevant information, and outputs which allow real- time assessments of process and outcomes. This model forms the foundation for a prototype automated clinical information system (ACIS). 《使用法语国家法律协会建模开发一个信息管理系统的药物和酒精的门诊治疗诊所》霍夫曼，肯尼思过程。 SPIE成交量。 2499年，第96-105 ，卫生保健技术政策二：技术作用的医疗保健费用：提供的解决方案，沃伦南Grundfest ;版。 几个信息系统建立一个标准化的临床病历，其中有离散和简洁的意见病人的问题及其解决办法。临床注意到通常说明不支持系统的信息汇总和分析结果。许多程序收集信息的诊断和编码的程序，但没有集中在病人的问题。综合定义（法语国家法律协会）的方法已接受了美国国防部的一部分，企业信息管理倡议并作为基础，建立了必要的自动化。我们使用了法语国家法律协会模型来描述当前和理想化病人护理活动。一个合乎逻辑的法语国家法律协会的数据模型的成立是为了支持这些活动。在建模过程中可以准确的成本估算为基础进行的活动，有效地收集有关资料，和产出，使实时评估的过程和成果。该模型的基础形式的原型自动临床信息系统（ ACIS ） 。第二篇：FDA Automated Drug Information Management SystemThe Automated Drug Information Management System (ADIMS) is being developed as an integrated, fully electronic information management system for the receipt, validation, evaluation, and dissemination of drug safety and effectiveness data. As the core enterprise architecture for FDA's pre-market drug review process, all systems involved in that process will either be replaced or integrated into ADIMS. The system will be seamless, with single sign-on access to information and tools used in daily decision-making. The Document Archiving, Reporting, and Regulatory Tracking System (DARRTS) will be the backbone of the system. Over fifty current large and small systems will be integrated as ADIMS, including the Corporate Oracle Management Information System (COMIS), the Electronic Document Room (EDR), the Division File System (DFS), and systems within the FACTS@FDA program. As the volume of technologically advanced electronic information coming into FDA increases, the need for a robust information management system increases. In addition to facilitating drug review and approval, an integrated data management system to collect and evaluate electronic clinical data facilitates the identification of trends and other critical information (., potential product safety issues). Also, the validation and back-up capabilities of ADIMS will facilitate data verification and correction with increased efficiency. Currently all systems across FDA are being reviewed for potential migration to the MedWatch Plus, FASTAR, EDSR, Product Quality Program investment in FY10. Consolidating current stovepipe and stand-alone drug information systems into a cohesive, easily supportable platform will allow reviewers to be able to access information from one place and will improve accessibility and reduce redundancy. Reducing redundant manual data entry and consolidating access to data will improve data quality and improve performance objectives as well as save time and resources required to keep multiple systems updated. Thus, ADIMS directly supports the goal of e-Government by creating efficient electronic access to the most up-to-date and complete information within the Agency and the HHS strategic goal of Improve health care quality, safety, cost and value by allowing real-time transfer of information. This, plus the system's capabilities of accepting electronic submission, will improve the FDA's responsiveness to consumers, industry, and healthcare providers.《美国FDA药物自动化信息管理系统》自动药品信息管理系统（ ADIMS ）正在开发的一个综合的，全面的电子信息管理系统，负责接收，验证，评价和传播的药物安全性和有效性的数据。为核心的企业架构，美国FDA的上市前药品审查过程中，所有系统参与这一进程将被取代或整合到ADIMS 。该系统将无缝的，与单一登录获取信息和使用的工具在日常决策。该文件存档，报告和管理跟踪系统（ DARRTS ）将是该系统的骨干。 50多个大，小电流系统将被整合为ADIMS ，包括甲骨文公司管理信息系统（ COMIS ） ，电子文档室（增强数据率） ，该司文件系统（ DFS ） ，和系统内的输电@ FDA的计划。随着数量的技术先进的电子信息进入美国FDA的增加，需要有一个强有力的信息管理系统增加。除了促进药物审查和批准，以综合数据管理系统，以收集和评估电子临床数据有助于查明趋势和其他重要信息（即潜在的产品安全问题） 。此外，审定和后备能力ADIMS将有利于数据的验证和校正与提高效率。目前，所有系统在美国FDA目前正在审查潜在的移民到MedWatch另外， FASTAR ， EDSR ，产品质量计划投资FY10 。巩固现有的烟囱和独立的药物信息系统纳入一个统一的，容易支持的平台将允许审评能够访问信息从一个地方，并会改善无障碍环境和减少冗余。减少多余的人工数据输入和巩固获得的数据将提高数据质量和提高绩效目标以及节省时间和资源必须保持多个系统更新。因此， ADIMS直接支持的目标，电子政务，建立高效的电子进入最最新的和完整的信息的机构和卫生与公众服务部的战略目标改善保健服务质量，安全，成本和价值，允许实时时间传递信息。这一点，再加上系统的能力，接受以电子方式提交，将改善美国的反应对消费者，工业和医疗保健机构。